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Arizona's Diverse Vegetation and Contributions to Plant Ecology Author(S): Mitchel P

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Arizona's Diverse Vegetation and Contributions to Plant Ecology Author(S): Mitchel P Society for Range Management Arizona's Diverse Vegetation and Contributions to Plant Ecology Author(s): Mitchel P. McClaran and Ward W. Brady Source: Rangelands, Vol. 16, No. 5 (Oct., 1994), pp. 208-217 Published by: Allen Press and Society for Range Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4000982 Accessed: 21/05/2010 21:08 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=acg. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Allen Press and Society for Range Management are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Rangelands. http://www.jstor.org 208 RANGELANDS16(5),October 1994 Rrizona's Diuerse Vegetation and Contributions to Plant Ecology Mitchel P. McClaran,and WardW. Brady In the 1880's, Mr. and Mrs. J.C. at 2,600-4,900 feet elevation separat- the discrete approach has decided Lemmon were among the few ed by mountain ranges reaching advantages when the goal of classifi- botanists to collect plants in Arizona 8,200-10,800 feet. These sharply ris- cation is to improve communication during the conflict between Apaches ing mountain ranges are often referred about the general appearance and and European settlers. Unlike many to as sky islands surrounded by a sea location of vegetation. In this paper, settlers, the Lemmon's traveled safely. of desert. we use a discrete classification to Apparently the Apaches considered As expected, the elevation gradient communicate the variety and dynam- plant collecting a form of insanity and associated climate gradient pro- ics of nine plant communities in (Benson 1959). Many have continued vide the ingredients for a rich and Arizona: desert scrub, desert grass- collecting plants and studying vegeta- diverse flora. Over 3,400 vascular taxa land, chaparral, northerndesert scrub, tion in the groundbreaking and are recognized (Kearney et al. 1960), juniper-pinyon woodland, oak wood- unyielding tradition of the Lemmons. and an ongoing flora revision will land, ponderosa pine forest, mixed These subsequent contributions have increase that number (Vascular Plants conifer forest and riparian forest. By been at the forefront of plant ecology, of Arizona EditorialCommittee 1992). using the discrete approach for com- and their legacy spreads well beyond Plant taxa range from subtropical munication, we are not endorsing its the state borders. species with distributionaland genetic use for describing the factors that Arizona extends over 7 million acres affinities with taxa in Mexico and determine species distributions. between 31 and 360 north latitude, and Central America, Mediterranean about 80% of the area is state or fed- species with affinities in California,and Desert Scrub eral public land. The climate is gener- temperate and alpine species with 25 million ally arid, with a bimodal precipitation affinities to the north and east includ- Covering about acres in pattern of wet summer months (July- ing the Rocky Mountains. (Nichol 1937) southern and western September), moderately moist winter The biotic diversity and the dramatic Arizona, the desert scrub is a sparse, months (December-March) and a very elevation/climate gradients in Arizona low stature vegetation of shrubs, short hot and dry spring and early summer have provided important cases for a trees, cacti and scattered perennial (Green and Sellers 1964). The propor- rich discussion concerning the organi- herbs (Fig. 1). Conspicuous species tion of winter precipitationincreases to zation of plant communities. The life are saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea the north. Additionally,dramatic eleva- zone classification was developed by (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose), palo verde tional gradients in Arizona alter the Marriam(1898) while working around (Cercidium spp.) bursage (Ambrosia magnitude of the temperature and pre- Humphrey Peak north of Flagstaff. His spp.) and creosote (Larrea tridentata cipitation values. This elevational gra- approach described a series of dis- (D.C.) Coville). Generally, annual pre- dient ranges from 68 feet near the crete and sharply differentiated biotic cipitation does not exceed 10 inches, Colorado River in southwest to over communities. In contrast, Shreve and precipitation in this area has the 12,630 feet on Humphery Peak in the (1 915) and Whittaker and Niering greatest annual variation in the United north. The Mogollon Rim is a 1,600- (1965) applied a more gradual or con- States (Hidy and Klieforth1990). 2,300 foot escarpment that rises tinuum approach to describing the dis- The majorityof biomass productivity above the central desert regions. tributionof plant species along the ele- occurs in the spring following winter Rising above the Rim to greater than vation/climate gradients in the sky rains, but some significant growth can 9,800 feet are the White Mountains to islands of southeastern Arizona. They occur following summer rains. Spring the east, and San Francisco suggested that the abundance of wildflower displays are most common Mountains to the north. In the south- species along the gradients were when fall precipitation exceeding 1 east, a basin and range physiography dependent on the tolerance of individ- inch stimulates germination, and suffi- dominates the landscape with valleys ual species to the physical environ- cient winter and spring precipitation ment, and largely independent of other sustains growth until flowering in The authors are associate professor of Range plant species. March (Beatley 1974). Germination Management, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721 and survival of many species are more and professor of Environmental Resources, Arizona Although the debate focuses on the State University, Tempe 85287-2005. factors controlling species distribution, common under other plants than in RANGELANDS16(5), October 1994 209 Greene), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh.) Britt. & Rusby), Arizona cottontop (Digitaria califomica (Benth.) Henr.), tobosa (Hilariamutica (Buckl.) Benth.), and grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.). Generally, annual precipitation is between 10-16 inch- es/yr. The majorityof herbaceous bio- mass production occurs in August and September, and total net annual pro- ductivity is usually less than 1,300 lb/acre (Schmutz et al. 1991). Woody species growth is most abundant in spring when winter moisture is utilized, and some growth occurs in summer with sufficient precipitation. The study of historic vegetation changes have been facilitated by the development of repeat photography Fig. 1. Hot Desert vegetation with saguaro, foothill palo verde (Cercidium microphyllum (Torrey) Rose & Johnson) and triangel leaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea (Torrey) Payne) in techniques and the establishment of Tucson Mountains. the Santa Rita Experimental Range in southern Arizona (Fig. 2). The open areas (McAuliffe 1988). This is ety of ecosystems worldwide. Changing Mile by Hastings and Turner commonly referred to as a nurse plant According to packrat midden analy- (1965) was one of the earliest and relationship. Bursage, living or dead, is ses, much of this area has changed most influential applications of repeat a common nurse plant while creosote from a juniper-oak woodland as the photography (comparing old and con- rarely serves as a nurse plant. warmer and drier post-Pleistocene cli- temporary photographs from the same In 1903, the Carnegie Institute mate developed over the last 11,000 location) to describe vegetation established the Desert Laboratory in years (Van Devender 1990b). The dynamics. Some of the original pho- Tucson as one of the first facilities recent increase in annual plants from tographs were taken on the Santa dedicated to the study of desert the Mediterranean region, including Rita, which was established as the ecosystems (Bowers 1990). The red brome (Bromus rubens L.) and red world's first range experiment station genus Carnegiea used for the saguaro filaree (Erodium cicutarium(L.) L'Her.) in 1903. Research initiallyfocused on cactus reflects the early involvement represent a vegetation change sustainable livestock production, but of the Carnegie Institute Desert (Burgess et al. 1991) equal to the geo- the focus quickly expanded and has Laboratory. The world's oldest, regu- logic time-frame changes because continued to include more general larly measured plots that monitor indi- these recent arrivals with increased plant ecology pursuits (Martin 1975). vidual plant size and mortality are biomass depress native wildflowers The Bureau of Plant Industry initially located on this facility (Goldberg and and promote wildfires. An increased administered the area.
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