Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences. Print version ISSN 0970 4639 Vol.38 F (Geology), No.2, Online version ISSN 2320 3234 July-December 2019: P.232-245 DOI: 10.5958/2320-3234.2019.00018.0

Available online at www.bpasjournals.com

Original Article

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Distict, ,

Arti Dawar1, Pramendra Dev2,*

Author’s Affiliations: 1School of Studies in Earth Science, Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh 456010, India. 2House No. 9 Adarsh - Vikram Nagar, Ujjain, M. P. India.

*Corresponding Author: Pramendra Dev, House No. 9, Adarsh Vikram Nagar, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh 456010, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

(Received on 22.09.2019, Accepted on 04.11.2019)

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with hydrogeological setting of the Bagh study area Dhar District of Madhya

Pradesh. Systematic hydrogeological survey has been carried out covering an area of 163.56 Sq. km. The

well inventory involves examination of 30 dug wells in existence of study area. The data were recorded in

respect of location of well, diameter, depth of well, and measurements of static water level during pos t--

and pre - monsoon periods to observe fluctuations in ground water levels. Static water levels during the

post - monsoon period reveals a fluctuation range from 1.9 to 6.1 m b. g. l, and during pre - monsoon

period the range of static water level varies from 3.8 to 10.7 m bgl. The fluctuations of ground water level

from post - to pre - monsoon season have been observed as 1 to 7 m b.g.l. Based on static water level data,

the ground water level contour maps have been prepared. The ground water level contour maps have

helped in computing direction of ground water movement. The post - monsoon water level contour trend

contributes in demarcations of ground water potential zones in study area. The changes in direction of

ground water movement can be assigned to the lithology and structural characters. The ground water level

fluctuation trends have been described as a result of excessive withdrawal of ground water.

KEYWORDS: Well inventory, Direction and Movement, Fluctuation, Static water level, Ground water,

Bagh, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

1. INTRODUCTION

Ground water hydrology is a science of the occurrence, distribution and movement of water below surface of the earth. Hydrogeology is a study of geological conditions that regulating the occurrence and movement of ground water. The water occupying, cavities and spaces in rocks are called ground water. There are two main sources of the water- (1) juvenile water, which rises from a deep magmatic source and (2) Meteoric water, which is due to rainfall haring moved into underlying rocks (Todd 1959, 1980). Hydrogeology deals with the “study of the ground water with particular emphasis given to its chemistry, mode of migration and relation to the geologic environment” (Davis and De Wiest, 1966). The term hydrogeology has been defined by Fetter (1988, 1990) as “interrelationship of the geologic intervals and processes with water especially ground water”. According to Karanth (2003), hydrogeology is “evaluation of hydraulic properties of aquifers and those of adjoining formation is an important aspect of any scheme of ground water resource assessment.”

Hence, Hydrogeology is the study of occurrence, distribution and movement of water beneath the earth surface. It is identified that about 0.67% of the fresh water (3%), occurs as underground water. Most of rainwater falling on the surface flows as runoff and small amount of it infiltrates through pore present in the soil and decomposed zone and contribute to ground water supply.

The ground water in Bagh study area, Dhar district, is necessary to increase due to the inadequate rainfall that led the failure of crops and on large scale climate fluctuation that resulted in condition of drought or floods. The nature of hydrogeological system of a particular area involves the occurrence, movement, availability and nature of chemical quantity of ground water for different uses. An elaborated account of hydrogeological study, carried out in Bagh area of the Dhar district (M. P.) has been incorporated in this work.

2. LOCATION AND GEOLOGY

Present study has been carried out in the Bagh area situated in Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, Dhar district is bounded by the districts of , Ratlam, , and . The study area located in and around Bagh town is covering 163.58 sq. km. area within the latitudes 22° 15´ to 22° 25´ N and longitudes 74° 45´to 74° 50’ E (Survey of India toposheet No. 46 J/15). Study area is approachable by road throughout the year.

Bagh study area is situated in the western part of India as small isolated outcrops in the form of inliers of older succession surrounded by Deccan Traps of younger age are along the Narmada valley over a distance of about 350 km. from Rajpipla in the west in Gujarat to the neighborhood of Indore in the East in Madhya Pradesh. The different classifications of Bagh beds proposed by many workers comprise Blanford (1869), Bose (1884), Rode and Chiplonkar (1935), Roy Chowdhary and Sastri (1962), Poddar (1964), Jain (1971), Guha and Ghose (1975), Khosla 2003 and others. The classification given by Khosla (2003) has been adopted (Table 1).

The study area forms a part of Baghni River basin and it is characterized by presence of different rock formations, such as Archaeans (Metamorphic), cretaceous (Bagh and Lameta beds) and Upper cretaceous to Eocene Deccan Traps. Bagh study area is underlined by the metamorphic rocks, and consists of a succession comprising of the sandstone, Nodular limestone, Deola Chirakhan Marl and Coralline limestone. These beds are richly fossiliferous and overlain by the Basaltic rocks of Deccan traps (Table 1).

233 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Dhar Distict, Madhya Pradesh, India

Table 1: Geological setups of the Bagh study area (after Khosla et al. 2003).

Formation Age Lithology

Deccan Traps Late Cretaceous Basaltic flows

Lameta Formation Late Cretaceous Red Sandstone (Maastrichtian) Lameta Limestone …..Disconformities….. Bagh Bad Cenomanian to Coralline Limestone Turonian Nodular Limestone Nimar Sand Stone …..Unconformity….

Achaeans Precambrian Phyllites, Quartzites and Gneisses

2.1 Hydrogeological Characeristics of Study Area

Hydrogeologically, study area can be divided into different formations as the Bagh, Lameta beds, and Deccan traps (hard rock - basaltic lava flows with weathered zones i.e., red boles occurring at various depth). Bagh and Lameta beds are sedimentary formations having a limited extent with moderate to poor permeability. The limestone and calcareous clays when karstified form productive aquifers. Corralline limestone, marls and nodular limestone are hard and compact having poor permeability. The Nimar sandstone has inter-granular porosity, joints, fracture, bedding planes, which give moderate scope for ground water movement. The depth of wells varies from 3 to 13 m.b.g.l. and depth to water level between 2 to 12 m bgl. In Deccan traps, the weathered, fractured, jointed and vesicular units of basalts form moderate to good aquifers. These formations have highly variable yields ranging from 10 to 750 m3/ day. Dug wells range in depth from 4 to 20 m with water levels varying between 2 and 14 m.b.g.l. Alluvium is limited to the area along the river course.

3. HYDROGEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF STUDY AREA

Systematic hydrogeological studies are carried out on the nature of ground water condition of a particular area or basin. Hydrogeological survey is commonly known as the well inventory. Hydrogeological survey of Bagh study area has been conducted on the basis of Survey of India toposheet number 46 J/ 15. The procedure proposed by Davis and De Weist (1966) has been followed for the systematic hydrogeological studies. Total of 42 open dug wells have been analyzed by recording data namely the location of village, type of well, name of owner, bench mark, mode of lifting and measurements of depth of well, well diameter, static water level, and yield of water in all the examined wells.

234 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

Figure 1: Well Location Map of Bagh Study Area.

3.1. Well Data Analysis The hydrogeological data in respect of 42 open dug wells recorded during April. 2015 and October, 2015 have been displayed in tabular form (Table 2) Data in respect of the dug wells such as diameter of wells, bench mark, and static water level, depth of wells have been recorded.. The monitoring of seasonal ground water levels have been analyzed and described.

235 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Dhar Distict, Madhya Pradesh, India

Table 2: Details of the dug well inventory data of the Bagh study area, Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh.

Bench Total Diamet S.W.L. Use of well Sl. No. Name of Name of owner Mark depth of er of Post Monsoon Pre Monsoon Mode of Lind/ village well m well lifting Unlined bgl m 1 Resaola AmarSingh 328 7.31 3 1.90 5.18 M Lined Ag 2 Resaola Mangi lala 320 8.21 2 2.54 5.54 M Lined Ag 3 Resaola Mangi lal 305 7.62 2 2.00 5.49 PB+M Lined Ag 4 Jamniyapura Dhan Singh 308 6.70 2 2.10 3.90 M Lined Ag 5 Jamniyapura Hirujama 290 7.01 3 2.20 3.81 PB+M Lined Ag 6 Jamniyapura Bandar Singh 280 10.97 2 3.00 10.37 M Lined Ag 7 Jamniyapura Vem Singh 268 8.9 3 3.70 5.58 M Lined Ag 8 Jamniyapura ChimlaJ Singh 278 9.48 4 4.10 7.93 PB+M Lined Ag 9 Mahakal road 278 12.19 3 3.30 7.25 M Lined Ag 10 Mahakal Manawar road 318 10.25 2 2.70 8.23 M Lined Ag 11 Agar Chhatar Singh 316 9.75 2 2.00 6.00 M Lined Ag 12 Agar Nan Singh 302 8 2 1.62 2.44 M Lined Ag 13 Agar Vesta 304 4.87 3 2.10 3.35 M Lined Ag 14 Agar Ratan Singh 324 5.48 2 2.92 6.71 M Lined Ag 15 Agar Kuwar Singh 314 9.14 3 2.30 4.77 M Lined Ag 16 Agar Sarif Khan 299 6.25 2 3.00 4.28 M Lined Ag 17 Agar Dilip Master 304 7.28 3 2.30 4 83 M Lined Ag 18 Garbari SumlaBaghel 292 8.23 2 1.80 3.81 M Lined Ag 19 Garbari Kuwar Singh 320 5.23 2 3.80 5.22 M Lined Ag 20 Garbari Amar Mandloi 293 9.22 3 2.63 5.19 M Lined Ag 21 Bagh Ken Singh 255 7.62 3 3.70 6.43 PB+M Lined Do+Ag 22 Bagh Amar Singh 263 8.53 3.2 4.00 6.11 M Lined Do+Ag 23 Bagh Ezaz Khan 279 8.54 3.2 6.10 10.00 PB+M Lined Ag 24 Wandha Balu Singh 329 12.2 4.6 7.30 11.70 M Lined Ag 25 Ghatia deo Mukesh 350 13 4.05 2.93 4.00 M Lined Ag 26 Gumiya Chen Singh 354 8.25 3 3.10 4.00 PB+M Lined Ag 27 Gumiya Mika Singh 343 7.26 2.6 3.40 4.97 M Lined Ag+Do

236 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

28 Gumiya Bhal Singh 281 9.23 3 4.20 6.70 M Lined Ag 29 Tikabairi Madan Kabra 274 10.66 3 4.80 7.00 PB+M Lined Ag+Do 30 Tikabairi Bhagirat Kalu 267 9.48 3 3.70 5.35 M Lined Ag 31 Tikabairi Naran Sikhi 372 8 2.9 4.90 6.00 M Unlined No Use 32 Jobat Road Darbar ji 359 7.2 3.1 4.40 6.70 M Lined Do 33 Khandlai Raghu 364 12.6 4.6 6.80 10.17 PB+M Lined Ag+Do 34 Udiapur Kanjyobala 305 7 3.4 5.20 6.10 M Lined Ag+Do 35 Deodha Bhuwan 305 7.2 3.8 4.40 6.40 PB+M Lined Ag+Do 36 Jugtalai Maniya 359 10.5 7 3.50 6.90 M Lined Ag 37 Chilwa Sitaram 309 6 3.2 2.30 4.20 M Lined Ag 38 Baryiar Sher Singh 252 10 3.3 3.10 9.00 M Lined Ag 39 Thuati Habu 256 7.8 3.4 3.60 5.70 M Lined Ag 40 Billai Kishan 282 6.2 3.3 3.15 5.00 M Lined Ag 41 Kundara Kalu 283 7.9 3.5 4.30 6.20 M Lined Ag 42 Aspura Mgan lal 251 10.3 3.2 3.80 8.40 M Lined Ag

237 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Dhar Distict, Madhya Pradesh, India

3.2.1 Diameter of Dug Well

Diameter measurements of 42 dug wells range from 2 m to 7 m in Bagh study area (Table. 3).

Table 3: Diameter range of dug wells in Bagh area, Dhar district (M.P.)

S. No. Diameter Range (M) Number of Well Percentage % 1 2-3 27 64.28 2 3-4 11 26.19 3 4-5 3 7.142 4 5-6 0 0 5 6-7 1 2.38 Total 42 100

The analysis of well diameter data indicates that 27 dug wells have a range of 2 - 3 m. constituting 64.28 % of examined well and one well belongs to range of 6 - 7 m making 2.38 % of total examined wells (Table 3). There is no well in the range of 5 - 6 m. The minimum diameter has been recorded in the dug well at villages of Resala, Agar, Jamniapura and Mahakal (2 m.) and the maximum diameter has been noted at Jugtalai (7 m).

Figure 2: Large diameter of dug well at Jugtalai in Bagh study area, Dha.

3.2.2 Total Depth of Wells Total depth of dug wells varies from 4 to13 m.b.g.l. Data analyses of total depths of wells have been recorded (Table. 4). The minimum depth range of 4 to 5 m. has been observed in one well (Agar) constituting 2.38 % of total wells.

238 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

Table 4: Total depth of dug wells in the study area

S. No. Total depth of well (m) Number of Well Percentage % 1 4 – 5 1 2.38 2 5 – 6 3 7.14 3 6 – 7 4 9.52 4 7 – 8 12 28.57 5 8 – 9 6 14.28 6 9 – 10 7 16.66 7 10 – 11 5 11.90 8 11 – 12 0 0 9 12 – 13 4 9.52 Total 42 100

The maximum depth range (12 to 13 m.) has been observed in 4 wells, constituting 9.52 % of total examined dug wells. The maximum numbers of 12 wells have a depth within range of 7 to 8 m.b.g.l., constituting 28.57 % total examined wells have been analyzed (Table 4).

Figure 3: A view of Depth of dug well at Agar, Bagh study area, Dhar District

4. VARIATION IN GROUND WATER LEVEL IN STUDY AREA

The pattern of variation in ground water levels observed on the basis of static water level data collected from observation wells during post and pre monsoon periods in the Bagh study area have been recorded and displayed (Table 5).

239 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Dhar Distict, Madhya Pradesh, India

Table 5: Variation in ground water level in wells of study area

S. No. Fluctuation range (m) Number of Well Percentage % 1 1 – 2 25 59.51 2 2 – 3 7 16.66 3 3 – 4 7 16.66 4 4 – 5 2 4.76 5 5 – 6 0 0 6 6 – 7 1 2.38 Total 42 100

The measurement of static water levels during post - and pre - monsoon periods indicates a fluctuation range from 1 to 7 m.b.g.l. The 25 wells are characterized by variation range within 1 -2 m bgl (59.51 %). Only 1 well at Jamniyapura area is indicating 6 - 7 m (2.38%) seasonal variation range of water levels.

4.1 Analysis of Observation Wells of Study Area

In the present study area, 32 dug wells have been selected as observation wells out of 42 open dug wells for recording the seasonal water levels fluctuations during post - and pre - monsoon sessions. The data of observation wells are displayed (Table 6).

Table 6: Observation Wells Data of Bagh study area, Dhar district, M.P.

Reduced Water Static Water Level Level Fluctua Bench S. Name of Name of Post – Pre- Post - Pre – tion Mark No. Village Owner Monso Monsoo Monso Mons (m) (m) on n on oon m m m m 1 Resaola Amar Singh 328 1.9 5.18 326 323 3 2 Resaola Mangi lala 320 2.51 5.54 317 314 3 3 Resaola Mangi lal 305 2 5.52 303 299 4 4 Jamniyapura Dhan Singh 308 2.1 3.9 306 304 2 5 Jamniyapura Hirujama 290 2.2 3.81 288 286 2 Singh 6 Jamniyapura Bandar Singh 280 3 10.37 277 270 7 7 Jamniyapura Vem Singh 268 3.7 5.58 264 262 2 8 Mahakal Public 258 3.3 7.25 255 251 4 9 Mahakal Pubic 318 2.7 8.23 315 310 5 10 Agar Chhatar Singh 316 2 6 314 310 4 11 Agar Vesta 286 2.1 3.35 284 283 1 12 Agar Ratan Singh 324 2.52 6.71 321 317 4 13 Agar Kuwar Singh 314 2.30 3.77 312 310 2 14 Agar Mesry Bai 299 3 4.28 296 295 1 15 Agar Dilip Master 304 3.3 4.83 301 299 2 16 Garbari Kuwar Singh 320 3.8 5.22 316 315 1 17 Garbari Amar Mandloi 293 2.63 5.19 290 288 2 18 Bagh Amar Singh 263 4 6.11 259 257 2 19 Bagh Ezaz Khan 279 6.1 10 273 269 4 20 Ghatia deo Mukesh 350 2.93 4.05 347 346 1 21 Gumiya Mika Singh 343 3.4 4.97 340 338 2 22 Gumiya Bhal Singh 282 4.2 6.70 278 275 3 240 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

23 Tikabairi Naran Sikhi 373 4.9 6 368 267 1 24 Jobat Road Govt. 359 4.4 6.7 355 352 3 25 Khandlai Raghu 364 6.8 10.17 357 354 3 26 Udiapur Kanjyobala 305 5.2 6.1 300 299 1 27 Deodha Bhuwan 305 4.4 6.4 301 299 2 28 Jugtalai Maniya 359 3.5 6.9 355 352 3 29 Baryiar Sher Singh 252 3.1 9 249 243 6 30 Thuati Habu 256 3.6 5.7 252 250 2 31 Billai Kishan 282 3.15 5 279 277 2 32 Kundra Kalu 283 4.3 6.2 279 277 2

The static water level during the post - monsoon period reveals a fluctuation range from 1.9 to 6.1 m bgl, during pre - monsoon period the range of static water level varies from 3.8 to 10.7 m bgl. The fluctuations of ground water level from post - to pre - monsoon season have been observed as 1 to 7 m bgl. The lower fluctuation value of ground water level indicates the favourable site for the extraction of ground water.

5. GROUND WATER LEVEL CONTOUR MAPS Ground water level contour maps have been prepared on the basis of static water levels measurements in existing 32 observation dug wells in study area by subtracting static water level values from the bench mark, which determines the reduced water levels. The maps for the post - and pre - monsoon periods have been prepared (Figure 4, 5 ). The direction of flow has been demarcated by drawing perpendicular lines from the higher level contour to the lower level contour and indicated on map by the sign arrow.

5.1 Post Monsoon Ground Water Level Contour Map

The ground water level contour maps of study area have been prepared for post -monsoon period, based on ground water level variation in respect of 32 observation wells. The reduced water levels have been determined by subtracting the static water levels from the bench marks for drawing the water level contours. The direction of ground water movement has been exhibted by sign arrow from the higher level contours to lower level contours.

The ground water level contour map of post - monsoon period exhibits variations in nature of ground water levels. Widely spaced contours have been observed in SE - SW direction at Ghatiyadeo, Garbari, Agar, Wandha, Nimkhera, Udiyapur, Tirkabairi, Burkiya, Mahakal, Gumiya, Nandgaon, Bargiar, Billai, Kundara, (Figure 4) indicating ground water potential sites in study area. The closely spaced contours are observed in E - W direction at Bagh (Figure 4) indicating poor ground water potential site.

241 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Dhar Distict, Madhya Pradesh, India

Figure 4: Post- monsoon ground water level contour map of Bagh study area.

6.3 Pre -Monsoon Ground Water Level Contour Map The pre - monsoon ground water level map indicates more or lee identical nature of contour map of post - monsoon period. Ground water levels contour map of study area prepared for the pre - monsoon period. The observation of ground water level contours map indicates that widely spaced contours are noted in North - Eastern portion of the study area namley, Aagar, Udipur, Deodha and Limkhere villages. The closely spaced contours have been observed in central and north - western part of the study area namely, Bhurkia, Bagh, Ghumia, Jamniapura and Wandha. There is no specific change is observed in the comparison of post and pre monsoon ground water level contour maps.

242 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

Figure 5: Pre - monsoon ground water level contour map of the study area.

6.4 Ground Water Level Fluctuation Map The monitoring of static water levels in 32 observations well for the period of post - pre- monsoon periods (Table 5) exhibits that the variation range is of 1 - 7 m b.g.l. by an average of 4.5 m bgl. The pattern of ground water level fluctuation has been delineated (Figure 6). The reason for ground water level fluctuation may be assigned to the over exploitation, insufficient recharge, depleting trend of rainfall amount, nature of topography, lithology, and geological structures.

243 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Monitoring of Seasonal Ground Water Levels Fluctuation in Bagh Study Area, Dhar Distict, Madhya Pradesh, India

Figure 6: Ground water level fluctuation map of Bagh study area.

7. CONCLUSION

The current study deal with data generation and interpretation, reveal that conventional well inventory method is supportive for demarcations of ground water potential sites. Bagh study area of Dhar District, Madya Pradesh is facing the problem of an acute shortage of water supply, particularly during the period from January to June. The localities for constructions of open dug wells namely at Ghatiyadeo, Garbari, Agar, Wandha, Nimkhera, Udiyapur, Tirkabairi, Burkiya, Mahakal, Gumiya, Nandgaon, Bargiar, Billai, and Kundara, villages are indicating ground water potential sites in study area.

244 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019

Arti Dawar, Pramendra Dev

AKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are extremely grateful to authorities of Vikram University, Ujjain, for providing facilities and generous support. One of the author (A' Dawar) is obliged to Government of India, for awarding the Rajiv Gandhi National Research Fellowship. This work forms a part of Ph. D. thesis (Dawar, 2019). Sincere thanks are expressed to all the staff members, family members, research fellows and others for the generous assistance during the span of research.

REFERENCES

[1]. Blanford, W.T. 1869. On the geology of the Tapti and lower Narbada Valleys and some adjoining districts. Mem Geol. Surv. Ind. 6, p.163-384. [2]. Bose, P.N. 1884. Geology of the lower Narbada Valley between Nimawar and Kawant. Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind. 21, p.1-72. [3]. Davis, S. N. and De Wiest, R. J. M., 1966. Hydrogeology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 463. p. [4]. Fetter, C.W., 1988. Applied hydrogeology. Merrill Publ. Co., A. Bell Howell Information Co., Columbus, U.S.A, 529 p. [5]. Fetter, D.K., 1990. Applied Hydrogeology, C.B.S. Publications and Distributors, Delhi. 592.p. [6]. Guha, A.K. and Ghose, B.K. 1975. Palaeoecology of the Bagh Group, Madhya Pradesh - An investigation based on Bryozoa. Indian Jour. Earth Sciences. 2, p. 190-197. [7]. Jain, S.p. 1971. Contribution to the study of Marine Cretaceous osteracoda of the Penisular India. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis submitted to Punjab University. [8]. Karanth, K.R., 2003. Groundwater assessment, development and management. Tata Mc-Graw Hill Publ. Co. Ltd. New Delhi, 696 p. [9]. Khosla, A. and Sahni, A., 2003, Biodiversity during the Deccan volcanic eruptive episode: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 21(8), p. 895–908. [10]. Poddar, M.C. 1964. Mesozoics of Western India- their geology and Oil possibilities, Int. Geol. Congr., 22nd session India. Part 1. p.126-143. [11]. Rode, K.P. and Chiplonkar, G.W. 1935. A contribution to the stratigraphy of the Bagh Beds. Curr. Sci., Vol. 4, No.5, p.322.323. [12]. Roy Chowdhury, M.K. and Sastri, V.V 1962. On the revised classification of the Cretaceous and associated rocks of the man River Section of the Lower Narbada Valley. Rec. Geol. Surv. India, 91 (2): p. 283-304. [13]. Todd, D.K., 1959. Ground water hydrology. JohnWiley and Sons,New York, 336 p. [14]. Todd, D.K., 1980. Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 287 p.

245 Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences / Vol. 38-F (Geology), No. 2 / July-December 2019