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Rural Women's Livelihoods and Unique Transition Experiences in Bulgaria Dissertation

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Rural Women's Livelihoods and Unique Transition Experiences in Bulgaria Dissertation TEXTILE FACTORIES AND SUBSISTENCE PLOTS: RURAL WOMEN’S LIVELIHOODS AND UNIQUE TRANSITION EXPERIENCES IN BULGARIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Maria Catharina Polderman, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Kendra McSweeney, Adviser Approved by Dr. Paul Robbins Dr. Linda Lobao ________________________ Dr. Darla Munroe Adviser Graduate Program in Geography ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore rural women’s livelihoods under varying trajectories of transition, which might be unevenly distributed and experienced across space, generations, and ethnicity. Previous research has shown that post-socialist transitions are unique, complex, and spatially uneven processes, with multiple outcomes. Much, however, remains poorly understood regarding these processes. The dominant macro-level focus of neo-liberal and evolutionary theories on transition has not been particularly helpful in understanding experiences of post-socialist rural women. It is therefore critical to complement this work with a focus on the micro- scale. Literature on transition ethnography, women and economic restructuring, and feminist political ecology has shown how insights at the micro-scale can begin to predict and explain the changes in rural women’s livelihoods. Overall, it is clear that incorporation in the global economy and the economic restructuring associated with transition has profound and differential impacts on women’s livelihoods and everyday lives. This literature does not make clear, however, whether rural women in particular are ultimately better or worse off, how transition experiences vary among rural women, and to what degree these are influenced by local uneven development. Finally, recent literatures on post-socialist countries show that people combine a variety of capitalist and ii non-capitalist practices to make a living, but leaves unexplored how rural women’s reliance on such non-capitalist practices, including subsistence farming and barter, may change under economic transition, and what role natural resources play in these practices. This study combines approaches that highlight multiple regional transitions and everyday life with a feminist political ecology approach that provides tools to study local experiences of women and their relationship to the environment. I use a regional comparative study of two villages to elicit the different transition paths evident in the research region. Semi-structured interviews with rural women, interviews with key persons, and relevant secondary data provide a thorough account of the experiences of rural women in Bulgaria. Several findings from my research stand out. First, I show that uneven local development in the study area started long before the transition, but has been reinforced by the unevenness of the transition. Second, this study shows that the transition in Bulgaria has profoundly influenced rural women’s livelihoods in both villages, although just how their lives are affected varies with such factors as their age/life cycle, employment status, income, job, ethnicity, and residence. Third, this study also shows that non-capitalist practices, such as subsistence farming, continue to be a critical part of rural women’s livelihoods. Furthermore, these non-capitalist practices have become more important in relative terms for women who saw their household’s cash incomes decline. A final insight from this study is that local uneven development plays an important role in rural women’s livelihoods, because it produced different villages, which characteristics are reflected in the variety and kind of livelihoods found in these villages. iii For Jan iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would not have been able to complete this dissertation without the help and support of numerous people. I want to start with thanking the people in Bulgaria who made this research project possible and enjoyable. I am greatly indebted to my respondents, who invited me into their homes or offices and were generous with their time. I also want to thank to Tanya Minkova, Vangelica Chincheva, Plamen Shterev Manolev, Ventzislav Plamenov Panayotov, Vanya Podgorska, Atanaska Emilova Kostadino, Pavlina Ilieva Gavrilova, Professor Margarita Ilieva from the Institute of Geography at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Aoi Shirane, Violetta Chincheva, and the ‘Women’s Alliance for Development’ in Sofia for their help, support, and time. Writing a dissertation has very much been a learning process and I wish to thank my advisers Paul Robbins and Kendra McSweeney for their advice, support, encouragement, and time. I would also like to thank my committee members Linda Lobao and Darla Munroe. I especially want to thank Jan for his support, encouragement, and most of all for his understanding in the last five years. I also wish to thank my family for the support I received through the years. And, I also thank my friends in Columbus and back home in the Netherlands for their interest and encouragement. v This research project would not have been possible without the financial support from the Office of International Affairs at The Ohio State University, The Graduate School at The Ohio State University, the Russian, Central Eurasian and Eastern European Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers, the Hoffman award from the Association of American Geographers, and the Department of Geography at The Ohio State University. vi VITA December 8, 1975 ............................. Born – Middelburg, The Netherlands 1999................................................... M.A. Human Geography, University of Amsterdam 2000 – 2005....................................... Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Robbins, Paul, Annemarie Polderman, and Trevor Birkenholtz. 2001. Lawns and Toxins; An Ecology of the City. Cities 18(6): 369-380. FIELDS OF STUDY Major field of study: Geography vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...............................................................................................................................ii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita....................................................................................................................................vii List of tables.......................................................................................................................xi List of figures ...................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem statement...................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Regional context ........................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Significance of study.................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Organization of study................................................................................................. 8 2. Rural women’s livelihoods under transition: looking beyond transition theories ........12 2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Transition theories ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Neo-liberal view ................................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Evolutionary view ............................................................................................. 16 2.2.3 Perspectives on women and transition............................................................... 17 2.2.4 Looking beyond neo-liberal and evolutionary views ........................................ 18 2.3 Everyday life in transition........................................................................................ 19 2.3.1 Scale .................................................................................................................. 19 2.3.2 Everyday life of rural women............................................................................ 21 2.4 Global economic restructuring and women ............................................................. 23 2.4.1 Impacts of global economic restructuring on women ....................................... 24 2.4.2 Global economic restructuring and post-socialist countries.............................. 28 2.5 Capitalist and non-capitalist economic and work practices..................................... 30 2.6 Transition and local natural and agricultural resources ........................................... 31 2.7 Differences among women ...................................................................................... 34 2.8 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................
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