Varietal Wealth in Orchids 40 46

Popular Article Journal Home: www.bioticainternational.com Article: RT0027 Biotica How to cite this article? De, 2020. Varietal Wealth in Orchids. Research Today Research [2(4): 40-46. [ Today Abstract 40 f about 1350 species of orchids, belonging to 186 genera Vol 2:4 reported from India; Northeast India sustains the highest 2020 46 Onumber with about 856 species. Amongst them, 34 species of orchids are identified among the threatened plants of India and as many as endemic to different states of this region. Out of the eight Varietal Wealth in orchid habitat regions in India, the two most important areas namely; the Eastern Himalayas and the North Eastern Region fall within the political boundaries of North Eastern Region. Terrestrial orchids Orchids are located in humus rich moist earth under tree shades in North Western India. Western Ghats harbour the small flowered orchids. L. C. De Native endangered and rare orchid species are used as genetic resources for unique germplasms, crop improvement program and ICAR-NRC for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim (737106), India herbal medicines.

n India, about 1350 species belonging to 186 genera represent about 5.98% of the world orchid flora and 6.83% Iof the flowering plants in India. The Eastern Himalayas and North Eastern; North West Himalayas; Peninsular India; and Andaman & Nicobar Islands are the major orchid regions of India. As many as 34 species of orchids from Northeast India Open Access are listed among the threatened plants of India (Nayar and Corresponding Author Sastry, 1990) and 85 species are endemic to this region. Out L. C. De of the eight orchid habitat regions in India, the two most e-mail: [email protected] important areas namely; the Eastern Himalayas and the North Eastern Region fall within the political boundaries of North Eastern Region. More than 1/5th of the orchid species found in the region are endemic i.e., they are unique to the region Keywords and are not found anywhere in the world. Orchid, flower, North East Indian terrestrials are located in humus rich moist earth under tree shades in North Western India. Western Ghats harbour the small flowered orchids. Epiphytic orchids are common in North-Eastern India which grow up to an elevation of 2000 MSL. Indian orchid species with high ornamental values originated from this region are Aerides multiflorum, Aerides odoratum, Arundina graminifolia, Arachnis, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe masuca, Coelogyne elata, Article History Coelogyne flavida, C. corymbosa; Cymbidium aloifolium, C. Received in 09th April 2020 lowianum, C. devonianum, C. hookerianum, C. lancifolium, Received in revised form 10th April 2020 Dendrobium aphyllum, D. nobile, D. chrysanthum, D. farmeri, Accepted in final form 12th April 2020 D. chrysanthum, D. densiflorum, D. moschatum, D. fimbriatum, D. jenkinsii, Paphiopedilum venustum, P. spicerianum, P. hirsutissimum, P. insigne, Phaius wallichii, Pleione praecox, Renanthera imschootiana, Rhyncostylis retusa, Thunia alba, Vanda cristata, Vanda coerulea and Vanda coerulescens (Singh, 1990).

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Table 1: Important species and hybrids of orchids (De and Maitra, 2019) Categories/Types Species/ Varieties/ hybrids Common names for Bamboo orchid: Arundina bambusaefolia orchids Boat Orchid: Spathoglottis plicata Bee Orchid: Cottonia pedunculata Blue orchid: Vanda coerulea Cat’s Tail Orchid: Aerides Chinese ground orchid: Phaius tankervilliae Christmas lily: Calanthe triplicata Queen orchid: Cattleya Cut-grass orchid: Cymbidium lancifolium Dancing Girls orchid: Oncidium Dove orchid: Peristeria elata Duck orchid: Caladenia Dwarf orchid: Orchis ustulata Easter orchid: Cattleya Faham tea orchid: Jumellea fragrans Fire/ Red orchid: Renanthera imschootiana Fly orchid: Orchis muscifera Fried egg orchid: Dendrobium chrysotoxum Fringed orchid: Platanthera cristata Foxtail orchid: Rhyncostylis retusa Frog orchid: Polyrrhiza lindeni Giant orchid: Epipactis gigantea Glory of the East: Pleione Hyacinth orchid: Blitia striata Jewel orchids: Goodyera, Anoectochilus Ladies of the night: Brassovola Lady’s Slipper: Paphiopedilum Lily of valley orchid: Eria spicata Mayflower orchid: Laelia majalis Moth orchid: Phalaenopsis Moon orchid: Phalaenopsis amabilis Necklace orchid: Coelogyne Nun orchid: Phaius Old man orchid: Dendrobium senile Onion orchid: Epidendrum Pansy orchid: Miltonia Pencil orchid: Vanda teres Pineapple orchid: Dendrobium densiflorum Popcorn orchid: Oncidium sphacelatum Rainbow orchid: Epidendrum radicans Rattlesnake orchid: Pholidota Scorpion orchid: Arachnis Snow orchid: Diplomeris hirsuta Spider orchid: Arachnis Tree orchid: Cymbidium dayanum Violet orchid: Ionopsis Wasp orchid: Ophrys apifera Commercial orchids for Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Miltonia, cut flowers Aranda, Mokara, Vascostylis Orchids for International Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis, Cymbidium trade Parents for Standard Cymbidium iridioides (syn. C. giganteum), C.eburneum, C. hookerianum (syn. C. grandiflorum), Cymbidium hybrids C.sanderae, C. lowianum, C. tracyanum, C. insigne andC. erythrostylum)

Categories/Types Species/ Varieties/ hybrids Parents for Miniature Cymbidium ensifolium, C. devonianum, C. tigrinum Cymbidium hybrids Parents for potted D. carronii, D. canaliculatum, D. phalaenopsis,D. var. compactum, D. bigibbum var. compactum Dendrobium Parents for P. amabilis, P. formosana and P.Aphrodite, P. lueddemanniana, P. sanderiana, P.schileriana, P. manni, Phalaenopsis hybrids Doritis pulcherrima var. coerulea, Phalaenopsis violacea var. coerulea, Phalaenopsissanderiana Parents for Paphiopedilum rothschildianum, P. bellatulum, P. godefroyae, Paphiopedilum callosum var Paphiopedilum sanderae, P.fairrieanum var. album, P. charlesworthii var. album hybrids Parents for Vanda V. teres, V. hookeriana, Vanda sanderiana, V. coerulea hybrids Indian species for Aerides multiflorum, Cymbidiumdevonianum, C. lowianum, C. tracyanum, C. elegans, Dendrobium hybrid development aggregatum, D. chrysotoxum, D. formosum, D. nobile, Paphiopedilum venustum, Vanda coerulea Monopodial orchids Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Vanilla Sympodial orchids Cymbidium, Cattleya, Dendrobium, Oncidium Epiphytic orchids Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, Oncidium, Miltonia, Aranda, Mokara, Vascostylis Terrestrial orchids Calanthe, Eulophia, Phaius, Paphiopedilum, Spathoglottis Saphrophytic orchids Neotia Temperate orchids Cymbidium, Odontoglossum,Masdevallia, Disa, Cypripedium, Pleione,Habenaria, Zygopetalum Subtropical orchids Oncidium, Miltonia, Paphiopedilum, Lycaste,Bulbophyllum Tropical orchids Vanda, Cattleya, Ascocenda, Phalaenopsis,Calanthe C3 orchids Habenaria platyphylla, Arundina graminifolia, Coelogyne masangeana, Cymbidium cynense, Oncidium spp, Vanda tessellata, Eulophia keithii, Spathoglottis plicata C4 orchids Arundina graminifolia CAM orchids Vanilla, Cattleya, Thunia marshiliana, Coelogyne cristata, Laelia spp, Dendrobium, Calanthe vestita, Bulbophyllum, Aerides odoratum, Phalaenopsis, Aranda, Aranthera Cymbidium hybrids White: Jungfrau ‘Snow Queen’, Jungfrau ‘Dos Pueblos’, Camalex, Showgirl ‘Cooksbridge’, Showgirl ‘Marion Miller’, Swallow var. ‘Takarazuki’ Pink: Lilian Stewart ‘Coronation’, Lilian Stewart ‘Party Dress’, Orkney ‘Pink Heather’,Ensikhan, ‘Alpha Orient’, Pacific Rose ‘Swansea’, Soulhunt Series,Valley Paradise ‘Shangriila’, Rievaulx ‘Cooksbridge’, Rincon Fairy ‘Pink Perfection’. Yellow: Angelica ‘December Gold’, Highland Sunset ‘Plumpton’, Mini Sarah ‘Artisan’, Hawtescens ,Gwen Sherman, ‘Arthur Fetzer’, San Francisco ‘Mona Lisa’, Valya Craig ‘Sutherland’, Luana ‘Imperial’, ‘Pine Clash Moon Venus’, ‘Valley Legend Steff’ Green: Joyce Duncan ‘Susan Hughes’, ‘R.D. Hughes’,Miretta ‘Mcbean’, Lucense, Tricia Allen ‘The Globe’,Sparkle ‘Late Green’,Levis Duke ‘Belle Vista’ , Sparkle ‘Late Green’, Amsebury ‘Frank Slattery’, ‘Valley Zenith ‘Top Spot’, ‘Madrid Forest King’, ‘Winter Beach Sea Green’ Red: Chief Joseph ‘Pathfinder’, Sensation ‘Chianti’ 4N, Terama ‘Robin,’Barushka ‘Dos Pueblos’, Khyber Pass ‘Rowes Red’, James Toya, ‘Fire Storm Ruby’, ‘Fire Storm Blaze’ ‘Bob Marlin Lucky’, ‘Red Beauty Evening Star’ Dendrobium hybrids White: ‘Snow White’, ‘Pagoda White’, ‘Emma White’, ‘White Surprise’, ‘Jacquelyn Concert x Walter Oumae’, ‘Kasem White’, ‘Big White 4N’, ‘Big White Jumbo’, ‘White 5N’ Blue: ‘Vorawit Blue’, ‘Lee Chong Blue’, ‘Kultana Blue’, ‘Kiyoshi Izumi’, ‘Blue Fairy’, ‘Lee Chong Blue’, ‘Bangkok Blue’ Pink: ‘Chiengmai Pink’, ‘Ekapol Panda’, ‘Jisu’s Star’, ‘Juree Red’, ‘Kiilani Stripe’, ‘Long Champ’, ‘Penang Sugar’, ‘Sagura Pink’, ‘Miss Singapore’, ‘Madam Pink’, ‘Sonia -16’, ‘Ear Sakul’, ‘Candy Stripe Pink’, ‘Sonia-17’, ‘Sonia -28’, ‘Dr. A. Abraham’ Yellow: ‘Sri Siam’, ‘Swan Lake’, ‘Thongchai Gold’, ‘Bonchoo Gold’, ‘Sarifa Fatima’ Green: ‘Daangsaard’, ‘Kanjana Green’, ‘Green Mist’, ‘Little Green Apples’ Red: ‘Meike Beauty’, ‘Pathum Red x Sabin’, ‘Little Lolita’, ‘Cleopatra’, ‘Diamond Star’, ‘Fireball’, ‘Little Lolita’, ‘Kating Daang’.

Categories/Types Species/ Varieties/ hybrids Phalaenopsis hybrids Standard white: Elisabethe, Doris, Alice Gloria, Cast Iron Monarch, Dos Pueblos, Elinor Shaffer, Gladys Read, Grace Palm, Joseph Hampton, Juanita, Palm Beach, Ramona, Richard Shaffer, Sonja, Taisuco Bright, Taisuco Crane, Taisuco Snow, Cygnus, Brother Sister Windian Semi - alba Hybrids: Roselle, Ruby Lips, Sally Lowry, Judy Karleen, Sharon Karleen, Karleen’s Wendy, Bright Lights, Devon Michele, Spitfire, Mad Hatter, Rodco’s Lady, Lipstick, Career Girl, Show Girl, , Miki Wata Nabe, Memoria Francis Hunter, Dtps. Ox Prince Thunder, Dtps. Chian Xen Magpie Striped Hybrids: Robert W. Miller, Peppermint, Samba, Barbara Freed Saltzman, Career Girl, Chorus Girl, Ella Freed, Marginata, Kaleidoscope Spotted White Hybrids:Elise de Valec, Rouserrole, Dame de Coeur, Snow Leopard, Marry Krull, Ann Krull, Cabrillo Star, Paifang’s Queen Pink Hybrids: Grand Conde, Versailles, Alger, Reve Rose, Zada, Barbara Bread, Ann Marie Beard, Lipperose, German Pinks, Danse, Ida Fukumura Standard Yellow : Bonnie Vasquez, Sogo Manager ‘Nina’, Brother Lawrence ‘Montclair’, Brother Oxford, Brother Passat, Brother Stage, Golden Gift, Goldiana, I- Hsin Sunflower, Misty Green, Sogo Lisa, Taida Lawrence, Taipei Gold, Hsin Yang Fortune, Shih Hua Long First Love, Detroit Standard Orange Desert Orange, Carnelian Queen, Orange Glow, Orange Beauty, Tangelo, Cinnamon Glow, Brother Sara Gold ‘Peach’, Zuma creek, Burnished Copper, lawless Red Peppers, Black Ball, Chen, Peachy, Amber, Ember, Bold Beauty Red and Purple Hybrids: Engine Red, Cardinal, Ewing, Red Galaxy, Liberty Hill, Imp’s Pride, Red Hot Imp, Venimp, Spirit House, Summer Morn, Red Buddha, Mahalo, Tapestry, Orchidland, Bloody Mary, Dixie Sunset, Peter Lin, Hwa Yuan, Sogo Grape, Taida Salu, Katherine, Ruby Glow, Burgundy Beauty, Purple Gem, Carol, Garnet Beauty, Spotted Beauty, Strawberry, Plum Rose x Ox Black Jack Harlequins Hybrids: Golden Peoker ‘BL’, Golden Peoker ‘Nan - Cho’, Ever Spring King, Beautiful Dreamer, Ever Spring Prince, Ever Spring Light, Ever Spring Pioneer, Carolina Bronze Meteor Montclair, Montclair, Brother Jungle Cat, Nobby, Peacock, Celebration Cattleya hybrids Blue Cattleya hybrids: Cattleya Alcmeda, Cattleya Bobby Howarth, Cattleya Intertexa, Cattleya Mrs. Myra Peters, Cattleya Veriflora Laeliocattleya: ‘Hidden Agenda’, ‘Magic Road’, ‘Samba Crown’, ‘Tropical Fashion’, ‘Higher Ground’, ‘Mini Case’, ‘Nobiles General’, ‘Spring Parade’, ‘Upstrart’, ‘Harmony Show’, ‘Julie Anne’, ‘Beautiful Park’, ‘Orange Sunset’,’Carbon Lines’, ‘Good Friend’, ‘Pat’s Golden Dream’, ‘Sunlight Kiss’, ‘Sweet Cream’, ‘Penny Love’, ‘Big Lucy’, ‘Blue Boy’, ‘Gatton Park’. Epilaeliocattleya hybrids: ‘Chocolate Kisses’, ‘Kopaa’, ‘Rainbow Sherbet’, ‘Pixford’, ‘Tiny Magic’, ‘Highland Canary’, ‘Pseudogold’, ‘Jackie Bright’ Epicattleya hybrids: ‘Cathy Meincer’, ‘Painted Hill Star’, ‘ Calandria’, ‘Erin Routon’, ‘Burdekin Honey’, ‘Peles Flame’ Oncidium hybrids Golden Shower type: Aloha Iwanga Dogasima, Goldiana, Gower Ramsey, Golden Shower, Sum Lai Who Jungle Queen, Taka H & R, Sharry Baby Sweet Fragrance AM/AOS Red coloured: Popki Red, Irine Gleason Red, Vision Brownish Red, Catherine Wilson x New Calidonia Brownish Red Pink Coloured: Robson Orchid Glad Colmanara hybrids: Colm. ‘Jungle Monarch’, Colm. ‘Wildcat’, Colm. Wildcat ‘Bobcat’, Colm. Wildcat ‘Cheetah’, Colm. Wildcat ‘Rainbow’, Colm. Wildcat ‘Red Star’, Colm. Wildcat ‘Tiger’ Paphiopedilum hybrids Multi-floral or strap leafed Paphiopedilums:Prince Edward of York’, Paph. ‘Michel Koopuwitz’, Paph ‘Saint Swithin’, Paph ‘Mount Toro’ Fragrant Slipper Orchids: Paph. ‘Joyce Hasegawa’, ‘Paph. ‘Lynleigh Koopwitz’, ‘Paph. ‘Magic Lantern’, Paph. ‘Harold Koopwitz’, Hybrid Phragmipediums: Phrag. ‘Sorcerer’s Apprentice’, Phrag. ‘Grande’, Phrag. ‘Don Wimber’, Phrag. ‘Elizabeth March’, Phrag. ‘Hanne Popow’, Phrag. ‘Jason Fischer’, Phrag. ‘Living Fire’

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Categories/ Species/ Varieties/ hybrids Types Vanda Vanda hybrids: ‘Roberts Delight’, ‘Dr. Anek’, ‘Pakchong Blue’, ’Miss Joaquim’, ’Fuch’s Delight’, ‘Lumpini Red’, hybrids ‘Motes Indogo Blue’, ‘Pat Delight’, ‘Rasri Gold’, ‘Samsai Blue’, ‘Adisak Smile’, ‘Robert Sorenson’, ‘Kasems Delight’, ‘Richard Brandon’, Kultana Delight’, ‘Brigton’s Pride’, ‘Hope’, ‘Mark Lewis’, ‘Dr. Mahathis’, ‘Kultana Miami White’, ‘Kultana Violet’, ‘Grand Lady’, ‘Fuch’s Midnight’, ‘Motes Nut Brown’, Prayoon Delight’ Aranda hybrids: ‘City of Singapore’, ‘Hilda Galistan’, ‘Urmila Nandey’, ‘Christine’, ‘Thailand Sunspot’, ‘Millenium Dawn’, ‘Broga Giant’, ‘Salaya Red’, ‘Propine White’, ‘Propin Spot’, ‘Lueng Cholburi’, ‘Ishbel Manisaki’, ‘Baytown’, ‘Chao Praya Blue’, Chao Praya Dot Com’, ‘Chao Praya Beauty’, ‘ Ethan Pride’, ‘Taksari Chandrabir’ Ascocenda hybrids: ‘Carol Belk’, ‘Renuka Angle’, ‘Joyce Bevins’, ‘Adisak Blue’, ‘Renu Gold’, ‘Tipi Blue Boy’, ‘Bobs Fortune’, ‘Rubychai’, Shah Rukh Khan’, Yang Sophia Firuz’, ‘Abdul Ghani Othman’, ‘Chunika’, ‘Fuch’s Star’, ‘Kultana White’, ‘Golden Peace’, ‘Lani Beauty’, ‘Mahogany Gem’, ‘Copper Pure’, ‘Pokey Dot’ Mokara hybrids: ‘Madam Panne’, ‘Bangkok Gold’, ‘Chao Praya Gold’, ‘Chark Kuan Orange’, ‘Chark Kuan Pink’, ‘Kelvin Red’, ‘ Kelvin Orange’, ‘Walter Ouame’, ‘Jitti Orange’, ‘Happy Beauty’, ‘Margaret Thatcher’, ‘Sarita Gold’, ‘Laura Bush’, ‘Winny Burang’, ‘Gladys Oumae’, ‘Denis Child’, ‘Ratchaburi Blue’, ‘Lion’s Gold’, ‘Chao Praya Sunrise’, ‘Pak-Kred’, ‘Golden Rooster’, ‘Jasso’s Pride’, ‘Chao Praya Classic’, ‘Chao Praya Spots’, ‘ Calypso’, ‘Bota Gold’ Kagawara hybrids: ‘Red Lava Orange’, ‘Mist’, ‘Christie Low Redland’, ‘Broga Cemerlang’, ‘Chao Praya Fantasy’, ‘Curtis Lutchman’, ‘Emily Kavita Rajah’, ‘Diinesh Gold’, ‘Lion’s Flame’, ‘Irene Hew’, ‘Bukit Timah’, ‘Sandy Gold’ Vascostylis hybrids: ‘Ique Pink’, ‘Kruewan’, ‘Banjong Jasmine’, ‘Mishima Lime’, ‘Vanity Fair’, ‘Firuz’, ‘Pine Rivers’, ‘Banjong Elite’, ‘Pichtawit Gold’, ‘Chao Praya Lime’, ‘Lanna Rosy’, ‘Jeans Delight’, ‘Bay Sapphire’, ‘Spring Hill’ Aeridovanda hybrids: ‘Bensiri’, ‘Noreen’, ‘Early Bird’, ‘Shiv Sidhu’, ‘New Dawn’, Harrison Luke Somsri Sunlight’ Bigeneric Aerdachnis = Aerides x Arachnis, Aeridocentrum = Aerides x Ascocentrum, Aredopsis = Aerdies x Phalaenopsis, hybrids Ansidium = Anselia x Cymbidium, Aredovanda = Aerides x Vanda, Aranda = Arachnis x Vanda, Aranthera = Arachnis x Renanthera, Ascocenda = Ascocentrum x Vanda, Brassolaelia = Brassovola x Laelia, Doritaenopsis = Doritis x Phalaenopsis, Epicattleya = Epidendrum x Cattleya, Epilaelia = Epidendrum x Laelia, Laeliocattleya = Laelia x Cattleya, Miltonidium = Miltonia x Oncidium, Odontocidium = Odontoglossum x Oncidium, Odontonia = Odontoglossum x Miltonia, Renades = Renanthera x Aerides, Renanopsis = Renanthera x Vandopsis, Renancentrum = Renanthera x Ascocentrum, Renantanda = Renanthera x Vanda, Renanthopsis = Renanthera x Phalaenopsis, Rhynchovanda = Rhyncostylis x Vanda, Sophrocattleya = Sophronitis x Cattleya, Sophrolaelia = Sophronitis x Laelia, Vandoritis = Vanda x Doritis Trigeneric Brassolaeliocattleya = Brassavola x Laelia x Cattleya hybrids Colmanara = Miltonia x Odontoglossum x Oncidium Dekensara = Brassovola x Cattleya x Schomburgkia Dialaeliocattleya = Diacrinum x Laelia x Cattleya Epilaeliocattleya = Epidendrum x Laelia x Cattleya Hartara = Broughtonia x Laelia x Sophronitis Laeliocattkeria = Laelia x Cattleya x Barkeria Laycockara= Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Vandopsis Lowara = Brassavola x Laelia x Sophronitis Lyonara = Cattleya x Laelia x Schomburgkia Mizulara = Cattleya x Diacrinum x Schomburgkia Moirara = Phalaenopsis x Renanthera x Vanda Mokara = Vanda x Arachnis x Ascocentrum Nakamotora = Ascocentrum x Neofinetina x Vanda Osmentara = Broughtonia x Cattleya x Laeliopsis Rhyndoropsis = Rhyncostylis x Doritis x Phalaenopsis Sappanara = Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Renanthera Sophrolaeliocattleya = Sophronitis x Laelia x Cattleya Trevorara = Arachnis x Phalaenopsis x Vanda Vascostylis = Vanda x Ascocentrum x Rhyncostylis Wilsonara = Cochlioda x Odontoglossum x Oncidium Yapara = Phalaenopsis x Rhyncostylis x Vanda

Categories/ Species/ Varieties/ hybrids Types Tetrageneric Iwanagara = Brassavola x Cattleya x Diacrinum x Laelia hybrids Kirchara = Cattleya x Epidendrum x Laelia x Sophronitis Potinara = Brassavola x Cattleya x Laelia x Sophronitis Recchara = Brassavola x Cattleya x Laelia x Schomburgkia Withnearara= Aspasia x Miltonia x Odontoglossum x Oncidium Yamadara = Brassavola x Cattleya x Epidendrum x Laelia Pentageneric Goodlera = Brassia x Cochlioda x Miltonia x Odontoglossum x Oncidium hybrids Hasegawara = Cattleya x Brassavola x Broughtonia x Laelia x sophronitis Hexa-generic Brilliabdera = Aspasia x Brassia x Cochlioda x Odontoglossum x Onciodium x Miltonia hybrids Polyploids Amphidiploids (Dendrobium) : ‘Jacquelin Thomas Y 166’ Tetraploid (Phalaenopsis): ‘Riverbend’ Tetraploid (Oncidium) : ‘Popcorn’ Tetraploid (Spathoglottis) : ‘Lion’ Tetraploid (Vanda): ‘Atherton’, ‘Juliet’, ‘Hula Girl’, ‘Wood Lawn’ and ‘Douglas’ Potted orchids Phalaenopsis,Oncidium,Miltonia,Cymbidium,Paphiopedilum,Dendrobium, Cattleya,Ascocenda, Vanda, Brassia,Miltonia, Epidendrum, Lycaste, Rhyncostylis, Renanthera, Coelogyne Medicinal  Anti cancer/Anti-tumor: Anoectochilus formosanus, Bletilla striata, Bulbophyllum kwangtungense, orchids Dendrobium chrysanthum, Dendrobium fimbriatum, Dendrobium nobile, Ephemerantha ionchophylla,Gastrodia elata, Spiranthes australis, Bulbophyllum odoratissimum  Convulsive diseases: Gastrodia elata, Goodyera schlechtendaliana, Anoectochilus formosanus  Anti-microbial: Vanilla planifolia, Galeola foliata, Cypripedium macranthos var. rebunense, Spiranthes mauritianum, Gastrodia elata  Anti-inflammatory: Anoectochilus formosanus, Gastrodia elata, Dendrobium moniliforme, Pholidota chinensis  Antioxidant:Anoectochilus formosanus, Anoectochilus roxburghii, Dendrobium amoenum, Dendrobium moniliform, Gastrodia elata, Pholidota yunnanensis  Antidiabetic: Anoectochilus formosanus, Dendrobium candidum  Diuretic:Cymbidium goeringii  Antihepatotoxic: Anoectochilus formosanus, Goodyera schlechtendaliana, Goodyera matsumurana, Goodyera discolor  Neuroprotective: Coeloglossum viride, Gastrodia elata,  Pain treatment: Maxillaria densa, Scaphyglottis livida, Epidendrum Mosenii  Anti-viral: Epipactis helleborine, Listera ovata, Gastrodia elata, Cymbidium spp.  Relaxation:Scaphyglottis livida, Gastrodia elata, Maxillaria densa  Antiplatelet aggregation: Dendrobium loddigesii, Den. densifiorum, Ephemerantha lonchophylla, Gastrodia elata  Anti-allergic:Gymnadenia conopsea,  Antipyretic: Dendrobium moniliforme  Antimutagenic activity: Dendrobium nobile  Endurance capacity: Anoectochilus formosanus  Ameliorative: Anoectochilus formosanus  Anthelmintic: Bletilla striata,  Anti-aging: Coeloglossum viridevar. bracteatum  Gastric: Dendrobium nobile, Gastrodia elata  Herbicidal agent: Epidendrum rigidum,  Maturation: Anoectochilus formosanus  Phytoalexin: Coelogyne cristata  Skin blood flow: Calanthe discolor  Wound healing: Vanda roxburghii

Categories/Types Species/ Varieties/ hybrids Fragrant orchids Aerides multiflorum, Aerides odoratum, Aeranthes, Bulbophyllum odoratissimum, Cattleya maxima, Coelogyne cristata, Coelogyne ochracea, Cymbidium ensifolium, Dendrobium nobile,Epidendrum cristatum, Epidendrum floribundum, Epidendrum nocturnum,Lycaste, Oncidium spaceolatum, Phaius tankervilleae, Rhyncostylis retusa, Vanda cristata, Vanda tesselata, Zygopetalum intermedium Edible orchids Vanilla planifolia, Steveniella, Dactylorhiza, Himantoglossum, Orchis, Ophrys, Serapias, Anacamptis, Satyrium, Habenaria, Caladenia carnea, Cymbidium madidum, Dendrobium speciosum, Microtis uniflora, Jumellea fragrans, Anoectochilus References Nayar, M.P., Sastry, A.R.K., 1990. Red Data Book of Indian Plants. Volume III. Botanical Survey of India. De, L.C., Maitra, S., 2019. Floriculture and Landscape Singh, F., 1990. Indian orchids. Indian Horticulture 35(1), Gardening, p.254, Published by Pointer Publisher, Jaipur, 14-15. Rajasthan (ISBN: 978-81-7132-907-6).