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Download (7MB) https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] BRITISH-COLONIAL PRIVATEERING IN THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION 1702-1713 NICHOLAS MORLEY Thesis for the degree of M-Phil (Research) University of Giasgow Department of History March 2000 ProQuest Number: 10647576 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the author did not send a c o m p le te manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a note will indicate the deletion. uesL ProQuest 10647576 Published by ProQuest LLO (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 fGLASGOW ) u n iv e r s it y librar? ^ \155l OOM X Abstract Despite the fact that privateers cruised in all the major inter-colonial wars of the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often enjoying far greater success in capturing prizes than the Royal Navy, for the twentieth century mind privateering is an almost unknown enterprise. Piracy and the activities of the navy, by contrast, are far better understood. Historians must, first and foremost, take the blame for this anonymity, for by neglecting to discuss privateering history in a detailed and accurate fashion, they have tended to shroud Its existence and significance. The role of literature and film has exacerbated this situation. Since the 1970s, a growing number of academics have begun to discuss the prize war generaliy, and privateering specifically, in a far more systematic fashion. The work of Kenneth Andrews, J.S. Bromley and David Starkey, to name but three, have greatly improved our understanding of the role and importance of private men-of-war. Their work tends to concentrate on privateering in European waters, leaving the colonial experience largely at the mercy of traditional historiography. Carl Swanson has made some useful inroads into this inequality with his investigation of the American prize war in the 1740s. He has convincingly demonstrated that privateering was a popular and widespread enterprise that was actively encouraged by imperial governments. British- colonial privateering in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, by contrast, has received only scant attention from historians, old and new alike. This fact seems strange when one considers that during this period government took an unprecedented interest in privateering and the prize war. In the War of the Spanish Successuion (sometimes known as Queen Anne's War), for instance, British privateering became more strictly regulated than ever before, while French naval resources were almost entirely handed over to private armateurs. My aim in writing this thesis is to try and extend our understanding of British- colonial privateering in the War of the Spanish Succession. French privateering and the activities of the Royal Navy will also be occasionally discussed in an attempt to provide a more complete picture of the prize war. I will seek to discard traditional historiography wherever possible and approach my research with an open mind as to the significance of privateering in early eighteenth century warfare. I have focused on three main areas, namely, the rules of privateering, its attraction to government, investors and seamen, and finally, its effect on commerce and economic development. The major evidential base for this study is a data file, of references to prize captures that have been drawn from a variety of manuscript and printed primary sources. Secondary sources have also proved extremely useful, particularly in my discussions of French privateering and the activities of the Royal Navy. The results of my research have broken with traditional historiography and suggested that rather than being a borderline enterprise of limited significance, privateering played an important part in the colonial sphere of the War of the Spanish Succession. In addition, I have argued that the early eighteenth century marked a crucial turning point in privateering history, the ramifications of which were felt in later inter­ colonial wars. Encouraged by imperial and colonial governmental officials at every level, British-colonial privateers were more numerous in Queen Anne’s War than ever before. The outbreak of hostilities in May 1702 was greeted with jubilation because of the opportunity it offered for privateering. Royal instructions were issued, and parliamentary legislation enacted, to ensure that privateering was not only better regulated, but also more financially attractive for investors and seamen. As a consequence, many of the 111 most affluent and respected members of British North American and Caribbean society invested ships and money in privateering, while thousands of seamen risked their lives in the hope of making their fortune. Privateers not only captured hundreds of enemy vessels, worth hundreds of thousands of pounds, but also helped indirectly protect British colonial trade. Privateering thus had a significant impact on inter-colonial and Atlantic commerce, and, more generally, on the progress and even the outcome of the War of the Spanish Succession. IV Contents Tables VI Abbreviations vil Chapter 1 Rules of Privateering 1 Chapter 2 Attraction of Privateering 20 Chapter 3 Effect of Privateering 47 Conclusion 110 Appendix 1 The Privateer Data File 115 Appendix 2 Analysis of Royal Navy Prize Activity In Colonial Waters, 1702-1713 153 Notes 155 Bibliography 164 Tables 3.1 Distribution of British-Colonial Privateering Prize Captures, 1702-1713 3.2 Distribution of British-Colonial Privateer Prize Nationality, 1702-1713 3.3 Distribution of the Condemnation of British-Colonial Privateer Prize Captures, 1702-1713 3.4 Yearly Distribution of British-Colonial Privateering Prize Captures, 1702-1713 3.5 Mean Tonnage, Crew Size, and Ordinance of Prizes Captured By British-Colonial Privateers, 1702-1713 3.6 Distribution of Types of Vessels Captured by British-Colonial Privateers, 1702-1713 A 2.1 Distribution of Royal Navy Prize Nationality, 1702-1713 A 2.2 Distribution of the Condemnation of Royal Navy Prize Captures, 1702-1713 A 2.3 Yearly Distribution of Royal Navy Prize Captures, 1702-1713. A 2.4 Distribution of Vessel Types Captured by the Royal Navy, 1702-1713. A 2.5 Mean Tonnage, Crew Size, and Ordinance of Royal Navy Prize Captures, 1702-1713 VI Abbreviations C.S.P. Col. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial C.T.B. Calendar of Treasury Books C.T.P. Calendar of Treasury Papers M.H.L. Manuscripts of the House of Lords, Historical Manuscripts Commission J.H.C. Journal of the House of Commons J.H.L. Journal of the House of Lords J.C.T.P. Journal of the Council of Trade and Plantations P.R.O. C.O. Colonial Office Manuscripts, Public Records Office P.R.O. H.C.A. High Court of Admiralty Papers, Public Records Office Vll Chapter 1 RULES OF PRIVATEERING The seventeenth century had produced little interest in an effective, uniform system of control over British North American and Caribbean privateering. Steady commercial and maritime expansion under Queen Anne changed this situation. Privateering was no longer merely a 'private' means of redress against individual loss during peacetime, but rather an officially sanctioned and controlled form of 'general' reprisal against an enemy during wartime. Privateering became a tool of war, a way to protect England’s growing interest in overseas trade, as well as expand it at the expense of her rivals. Instructions from the Crown and legislation enacted by Parliament legitimized privateering activity within an established international maritime code. The various regulations outlined the eligibility of privateers, stipulated which vessels could be sought as prizes, and articulated a complicated procedure for ensuring compliance with basic rules. They also made privateering a more profitable enterprise, increasing its attraction to seamen and prospective investors. The principal means by which the Crown regulated privateering was through Admiralty courts. Dating back to the fourteenth century, Admiralty courts were established to control the issuing of privateering licenses, regulate the behaviour of privateers once at sea, and adjudicate over the condemnation of prize captures. As a result. Admiralty courts were, In theory, able to control numbers of privateers, channel their conduct within acceptable boundaries of international maritime law, and ensure that prize captures were taken from the correct nationalities and did not exceed the loss to be recovered. Admiralty courts also acted as a way for the monarch and the Lord High Admiral to collect the percentage of prize profits due to them. In the reign of Henry VIII, the adjudication of the High Court of Admiralty in England was extended by the creation of an extra 19 Vice-Admiralty courts in the English districts. They looked after local maritime business, leaving all matters involving offences against the King’s revenue to the common law courts, and all cases involving prizes taken at sea, or criminality on the high seas involving life or death, to the High Court of Admiralty in London.
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