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1 Online Material Academic Legitimacy by Patricia J. Gumport Online Material Academic Legitimacy by Patricia J. Gumport (Cover page revised September, 2018) Tables/Figures Table 1. Case Study Design Table 2. Institutional Logics in Public Higher Education Table 3. Higher Education Enrollment by Year and Control: 1950, 1975, 2000 Table 4a. Degrees Awarded by Carnegie Classification and Degree Level: 1975 Table 4b. Degrees Awarded by Carnegie Classification and Degree Level: 2000 Table 5a. State Tax Revenues Appropriated for Higher Education Table 5b. State Budget Appropriations to Public Higher Education by Year Table 6. State Appropriations 1976-2000: Case Study Sites Table 7. Enrollments 1975, 1997: Case Study Sites Appendices Appendix A. Research Methods and Data Collection Instruments Appendix B. Case Study Site Data Profiles Appendix C. Degrees & Certificates Awarded by Knowledge Area: Case Study Sites by Sector Appendix D. Degree Programs Offered by Knowledge Area & Degree Level: Case Study Sites Appendix E. Primary Sources Cited by Case Study Site Appendix F. State Policy and Oversight Contexts Appendix G. Bibliography (to add) 1 Table 1. Case Study Design Metropolitan Areas Institution Type San Francisco Bay Chicago New York City University of University of Illinois State University of New Research Universities California, Berkeley at Chicago York at Stony Brook Comprehensive State San José State Chicago State City College of New Universities University University York Harry S Truman Borough of Manhattan Community Colleges San José City College College Community College 2 Table 2. Institutional Logics in Public Higher Education Social Institution Industry Wider Context Societal expectations Market forces Legacy of Service to Society Multiple: access, economic Contribute to economic development development, education for via skill training to meet employer citizenship, knowledge needs; teaching new ideas; research preservation, discovery, & public applications service Appropriate Response to Identify, deliberate, & selectively Scan, plan, re-position, make new Changing Demands respond in context of mission & investments, & identify collaborative campus legacies opportunities Central Value of Knowledge Inherent worth of ideas & original Instrumental value of training scholarship; relevance to society’s workforce in skills; problem-solving; needs both social & economic generating revenue; potential commercialization Time Horizon Longer-term (reflecting on legacies Short-term and near-term, projecting and future) while attending to future impact short-term needs Dominant Rationale from Invest in people for society broadly Procure educational services; Perspective of Funders conceived; inquiry, including basic training & research for applications, & applied research; support for economic competitiveness & operating costs of public prosperity of individuals & society institutions Shapers of Knowledge Disciplines, faculty-driven Markets, demand-driven Ideal Academic Structure Comprehensive; with continuity; Selective investment; optimizes changes with knowledge; reflects flexibility; changes to keep pace shared governance (academic with demand, opportunities, & content & practices overseen by changes in knowledge faculty experts) Ongoing Academic Challenges Explicate mission and ideals; Prioritize external interests; manage manage scrutiny, ambiguity, & rising costs; find savings with no tension; maintain educational quality loss; insufficient/uncertain quality within resource constraints; revenue; use resources strategically cover costs of enrollment with for efficiency/productivity; cultivate uncertain resources; garner faculty revenue, allies, & advocates support; cultivate revenue, allies, & externally; avoid jeopardizing public advocates externally; retain trust by lack of alignment between legitimacy in context of complex mission, resources, & activities; divergent pressures, mandates, & retain legitimacy by responding & interests initiating valued activities 3 Table 3. Higher Education Enrollment by Year and Control: 1950, 1975, 2000 Years 1950 1975 2000 1950-1975 1975-2000 Control All 2,281,298 11,184,859 15,312,289 390.3% 36.9% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% ------ ------ Public 1,139,699 8,834,508 11,752,786 675.2% 33.0% 50.0% 79.0% 76.8% ------ ------ Private 1,141,599 235,0351 3,559,503 105.9% 51.4% 50.0% 21.0% 23.2% ------ ------ Enrollment Full- ------ 6,841,334 9,009,600 ------ 31.7% time Status ------ 61.2% 58.8% Part- ------ 4,343,525 6,302,689 ------ 45.1% time ------ 38.8% 41.2% ------ ------ Source: IPEDS 4 Table 4a. Degrees Awarded by Carnegie Classification and Degree Level: 1975 Sector and Carnegie Classification Public Total All Public Master's Degree Research Associate of All Colleges & Colleges & Colleges & Universities Arts Colleges Universities Level Universities Universities 1,276,742 408,638 333,753 349,285 1,769,057 Total 72.2% 23.1% 18.9% 19.7% 100.0% 77,082 9,516 2,082 63,118 90,865 Certificates 84.8% 10.5% 2.3% 69.5% 100.0% 319,641 8,117 11,066 286,167 362,607 Associate's Degrees 88.2% 2.2% 3.1% 78.9% 100.0% 639,534 265,078 248,998 0 931,640 Bachelor's Degrees 68.6% 28.5% 26.7% 0.0% 100.0% First 24,150 16,671 1,022 0 56,219 Professional Degrees 43.0% 29.7% 1.8% 0.0% 100.0% 194,329 89,498 70,542 0 293,640 Master's Degrees 66.2% 30.5% 24.0% 0.0% 100.0% 22,006 19,758 43 0 34,086 Doctorate Degrees 64.6% 58.0% 0.1% 0.0% 100.0% Source: IPEDS 5 Table 4b. Degrees Awarded by Carnegie Classification and Degree Level: 2000 Sector and Carnegie Classification Public Total All Public Master's Degree Research Associate of All Colleges & Colleges & Colleges & Universities Arts Colleges Universities Level Universities Universities 1,766,485 491,013 419,152 578,295 2,607,941 Total 67.7% 18.8% 16.1% 22.2% 100.0% 191,657 5,929 156,720 230,288 Certificates 9,000 83.2% 3.9% 2.6% 68.1% 100.0% 454,559 7,720 12,613 418,979 543,876 Associate's Degrees 83.6% 1.4% 2.3% 77.0% 100.0% 816,410 326,516 312,244 2,596 1,253,121 Bachelor's Degrees 65.2% 26.1% 24.9% 0.2% 100.0% First 32,562 20,914 1,746 0 79,578 Professional Degrees 40.9% 26.3% 2.2% 0.0% 100.0% 242,975 103,859 86,089 0 456,260 Master's Degrees 53.3% 22.8% 18.9% 0.0% 100.0% 28,322 23,004 531 0 44,818 Doctorate Degrees 63.2% 51.3% 1.2% 0.0% 100.0% Source: IPEDS 6 Table 5a. State Tax Revenues Appropriated For Higher Education State 1973 1978 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 California 7.9% 10.5% 12.0% 10.4% 9.1% 7.5% 7.9% Illinois 6.8% 6.8% 7.1% 6.8% 7.0% 6.1% 7.9% New York 4.9% 5.1% 5.4% 5.2% 4.4% 3.6% 3.6% Sources: Halstead, K. 1998. State Profiles: Financing Public Higher Education 1978 to 1998 Trend Data. 21st Edition. Washington, DC: Research Associates of Washington. SHEEO. 2004. State Profiles, State Higher Education Finance. 7 Table 5b. State Budget Appropriations to Public Higher Education byYear 12% 0.12 California 11% 0.115 0.109 0.108 New York 0.105 10% 0.104 0.1 0.096 0.095 Illinois 9% 0.094 0.091 0.091 0.084 0.084 8% 0.082 0.08 0.079 0.076 0.075 0.074 7% 0.072 0.072 0.072 0.071 0.071 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.067 0.065 0.064 0.063 0.063 0.063 6% 0.062 0.061 0.06 0.06 0.059 0.055 0.054 0.054 0.053 0.053 0.053 5% 0.052 0.051 0.051 0.049 0.048 0.047 4% 0.044 0.039 0.038 0.036 0.036 0.036 3% 0.031 0.03 0.03 2% 1973 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Sources: Halstead, K. 1998. State Profiles: Financing Public Higher Education 1978 to 1998 Trend Data. 21st Edition. Washington, DC: Research Associates of Washington. SHEEO. 2004. State Profiles, State Higher Education Finance. 8 Table 6. State Appropriations 1976–2000: Case Study Sites FY 1976 FY 1980 FY 1985 FY 1990 FY 1995 FY 2000 Institution St. Apps.1 % of Tot2 Per FTE St. Apps.1 % of Tot2 Per FTE St. Apps.1 % of Tot2 Per FTE St. Apps.1 % of Tot2 Per FTE St. Apps.1 % of Tot2 Per FTE St. Apps.1 % of Tot2 Per FTE CSU $43,615,564 65.6% $9,780 $46,818,552 68.3% $10,085 $33,652,485 62.1% $6,854 $38,202,408 63.8% $10,258 $33,246,579 49.3% $5,103 $48,592,296 59.3% $9,833 HSTCC $7,977,472 43.8% $3,375 $6,875,347 33.3% $2,331 $7,529,134 50.2% $1,475 $15,679,944 31.5% $2,009 $15,151,634 28.5% $1,891 $12,473,623 28.7% $2,052 BMCC $22,161,303 34.0% $3,206 $22,281,966 34.9% $3,317 $24,167,490 28.4% $2,876 $27,579,984 33.7% $2,953 $33,407,406 29.9% $2,747 $28,910,000 32.1% $2,534 CCNY $80,183,073 39.2% $5,106 $80,448,386 50.5% $7,709 $117,581,202 66.5% $11,980 $130,511,977 74.7% $13,746 $86,723,849 57.3% $8,274 $28,689,000 36.8% $3,857 SJCC $23,966,327 24.8% $3,111 $21,764,030 48.6% $3,665 $14,548,733 54.9% $2,779 $14,347,828 38.7% $3,513 $5,977,428 18.2% $1,367 $9,472,432 13.8% $2,571 SJSU $161,891,200 67.0% $7,761 $171,343,122 65.8% $9,279 $165,130,501 57.9% $9,150 $166,274,996 67.2% $7,963 $118,093,888 49.1% $5,973 $138,792,000 40.2% $6,842 SUNYSB $192,052,813 66.0% $14,741 $263,222,932 68.2% $19,137 $276,233,201 63.3% $21,694 $330,586,055 44.4% $23,765 $316,755,159 33.9% $21,413 $310,089,467 31.3% $19,354 UCB $393,571,381 48.7% $12,996 $454,686,851 50.3% $15,844 $481,103,941 48.5% $16,493 $499,503,695 46.5% $18,231 $347,673,159 33.0% $12,526 $424,423,000 32.8% $14,357 UIC $130,951,155 59.1% $5,852 $131,977,375 58.3% $6,209 $348,185,355 42.0% $17,477 $352,094,415 40.8% $17,822 $337,330,503 30.5% $16,163 $327,369,595 28.2% $15,430 1State Appropriations are in constant 2000 dollars, HEPI adjusted, and include appropriations for hospitals for all years.
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