Canadian Journal of Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Capniidae () in Canada east of Alberta D.K. Burton1,2

1Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5. ([email protected]) 2Canadian National Collection (CNCI), Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6

Abstract An examination of adult stoneflies of the available in the Canadian National Collection (CNCI) and the University of Guelph (UOG) was conducted to determine and confirm the recorded distribution of in Canada. The geographic distribution of Capniidae in North America is discussed and an adult-based key to capniid species found in Canada east of Alberta is provided. Twenty-six species of capniids have been found to occur in Canada east of Alberta.

Published online April 05, 2019

Introduction from eastern North America was provided by Hitchcock This study was conducted to update the checklist of (1974) in his guide to the stoneflies of Connecticut. capniid stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Canada east of Alberta Burton (1984) and Dosdall and Lehmkuhl (1979) based on identification of specimens available in the provided distribution information for Manitoba and identified and unidentified Plecoptera collection of the Saskatchewan (respectively), and Dosdall and Giberson Canadian National Collection of , Arachnids, and (2014) summarized the distributional information for Nematodes (CNCI) in Ottawa and specimens located at species found in all three Canadian prairie provinces. the University of Guelph (UOG). The 110th meridian, The distribution of capniid species in western Canada which is approximately the boundary between the (British Columbia, Alberta and the Yukon) has been provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, was chosen covered by extensive studies by Baumann et al. (1977), as a demarcation for this study because specimens Nelson and Baumann (1987 and 1989) and Stewart from Alberta and west have been reviewed relatively and Oswood (2006). A review of Plecoptera species in recently (Stewart and Oswood 2006). The CNCI capniid Canada is provided by Kondratieff et al. (in press). This collection contains over 1600 vials collected between present study includes capniids that occur east of the the late 19th century to present day. A second objective 110th meridian and therefore also includes species that of the study was to produce a photographic key to the are western in distribution but whose range extends into family Capniidae found in Canada east of Alberta using this zone. Included is a photographic key to twenty-six specimens from the CNCI and UOG collections. species and updated distribution records and maps. Ross and Ricker (1971) provided the first detailed The systematic arrangement of the Capniidae given examination of capniids in North America with their in the checklist and species accounts associated with examination of the . The first detailed the key is based on Muranyi et al. (2014). Jurisdictional examination of the capniids in eastern Canada (including abbreviations are from Table 3 of the Canadian Ontario and eastward) was conducted by Harper and Endangered Species Conservation Council (2016) and Hynes (1971, 1972) and for Quebec by Harper and Harper Stark et al. (1986). The morphological terminology is (1983). Harper and Hynes (1971) provide a key to adults that of Hitchcock (1974) and Muranyi et al. (2014). of all 18 species known to occur in eastern Canada and for the nymphs of the 15 species known in the nymphal Materials and Methods stage. Harper and Harper (1983) provided distribution All capniid specimens in the CNCI were examined maps for 16 capniid species in southern Quebec. Harper to verify or determine species and to update any name and Ricker (1994) provided county distribution data for changes due to taxonomic changes. Selected specimens 11 species of capniids from Ontario. from UOG were also examined to verify and determine Another useful reference for the study of capniids species designation. Specimens were examined using

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a Leica MZ6 stereomicroscope. Photos of selected combination of specimens examined from the CNCI and specimens from the CNCI and UOG were taken using UOG and records from the literature. These are listed a Tucsen USB 2.0 H Series camera attached to a Leica in the checklist below (Table 1), with notes on their MZ6 stereomicroscope using Windows Live Photo Canadian distribution. More detail on distribution and Gallery software. All Allocapnia specimens used for biology can be found in the species accounts associated photographic species determination were relaxed in KOH with the photographic key, along with Canadian or North (aq) and cleared with a solution of hydrogen peroxide American distribution maps for each species. and ammonium hydroxide. A photographic dichotomous key is presented which All specimens examined in this study have been will allow the user to separate the adults of all 26 species entered into the CNCI and UOG databases. Distribution reported here. This key includes 8 species of capniids maps were generated using decimal GPS coordinates not covered by the key provided by Harper and Hynes and plotted using an Excel Mapcite software program. (1971). Two species of Allocapnia, A. indianae (Harper Detailed collection data and photographs for specimens and Harper 1983) and A. zola (Ross and Ricker 1971 at the CNCI are available in their online database - INHS) are added as a result of literature records. Six (http://www.cnc-ottawa.ca/taxonomy/SpecSearchD15. species are added, Isocapnia crinitia, I. integra, php). These specimens are indicated using black pins coloradensis, C. confusa, C. gracilaria and on all distribution maps. Detailed collection data and trava, as a result of the extension of the study area to photographs for specimens loaned from the University include the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. of Guelph as part of the BOLD website (UOG) are The inclusion of a photographic key greatly enhances available online at (http://v4.boldsystems.org/index.php/ one’s ability to identify specimens when compared to Public_BINSearch?searchtype=records) (Ratnasingham the simple line drawings available in Harper and Hynes and Hebert 2007), and these specimens are indicated by (1971). For capniids that may be collected that don’t green pins on all distribution maps. Additional records match the specimens in this key researchers are referred included from the Illinois Natural History Survey to the following references: Allocapnia (Ross and Ricker Collection Database (INHS) (http://inhsinsectcollection. 1971; Stark and Kondratieff 2012), Capnia (Nelson and speciesfile.org/InsectCollection.aspx) are indicated by Baumann 1989), (Nelson and Baumann 1987), blue pins on distribution maps. Other records included Isocapnia (Zenger and Baumann 2004), Mesocapnia from previously published research are indicated by (Baumann and Gaufin 1970), Nemocapnia ( Stark et red pins on distribution maps. Distribution maps only al. 2016), (Stark and Baumann 2004) and include literature records where specific collection data Utacapnia (Nebeker and Gaufin 1965). was given, or a map was provided. In some cases, some This study confirms the presence of A. rickeri in collection data was omitted where a distribution map Quebec, adds P. angulata to the New Brunswick and of a species became too cluttered or where distribution Nova Scotia fauna, P. opis to the Nova Scotia fauna and records were repeated locations for specimens in the C. coloradensis to the Yukon fauna based on specimens CNCI collection. present in the CNCI. Allocapnia illinoensis is added to the Also included is a checklist of the Capniidae of Canada New Brunswick fauna based on specimens in the INHS. east of Alberta including their Canadian provincial and The species A. indianae is added to the Quebec fauna territorial distribution (Table 1). Species recorded for the and P. angulata to the Prince Edward Island fauna based first time from a province or territory are indicated inred on literature records. The distribution of A. granulata, A. with an *. Previously published jurisdictional records minima, A. pygmaea and P. opis are extended westward that were not listed in the on-line Plecoptera Species File and the distribution of C. confusa and C. gracilaria (http://plecoptera.speciesfile.org/HomePage/Plecoptera/ are extended eastward based on recently collected and HomePage.aspx) are bolded in red. identified specimens in the CNCI collection. Further research needs to be completed in the northern areas Results and Discussion of Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec and Saskatchewan to Twenty-six capniid species in eight genera were determine the northern range of capniid species in this recorded in Canada east of Alberta, based on a study area.

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Table 1. Checklist of the Capniidae of Canada east of Alberta including their Canadian Provincial and Territorial distribution. Species recorded for the first time from a province or territory are indicated in red with an asterisk (*). Previously published jurisdictional records that were not listed in the on-line Plecoptera Species File (http://plecoptera. speciesfile.org/HomePage/Plecoptera/HomePage.aspx) are bolded in red.

Allocapnia Claassen 1928 Allocapnia granulata (Claassen, 1924) MB ON PQ Allocapnia illinoensis Frison, 1935 ON PQ NB*1 Allocapnia indianae Ricker, 1952 PQ2 Allocapnia maria Hanson, 1942 PQ NB NS Allocapnia minima (Barnston, 1848) ON PQ NB NS NF Allocapnia nivicola (Fitch, 1847) PQ NB NS Allocapnia pechumani Ross and Ricker, 1964 PQ NB Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister, 1839) ON PQ NB NS Allocapnia recta (Claassen, 1924) ON PQ NS Allocapnia rickeri Frison, 1942 ON PQ3 (Claassen, 1924) ON PQ Allocapnia zola Ricker, 1952 NB Capnia Pictet 1841 sensu stricto Capnia s.s nearctica Banks, 1919 YK NT NU BC MB ON Capnia Pictet 1841 sensu lato Capnia s.l. coloradensis Claassen, 1937 YK BC SK MB Capnia s.l. confusa Claassen, 1936 YK NT BC AB SK MB Capnia s.l. gracilaria Claassen, 1924 YK*4 BC AB SK MB Capnia s.l vernalis Newport, 1848 NT NU BC AB SK MB ON PQ NB LB NF Capnura Banks 1900 Capnura manitoba (Claassen, 1924) MB ON PQ NB Isocapnia Banks 1938 Isocapnia crinita (Needhan and Claassen, 1925) YK AB SK Isocapnia integra Hanson, 1943 YK BC AB Mesocapnia Raušer 1968 Mesocapnia sugluka (Ricker, 1965) PQ (Ungava) Nemocapnia Banks 1938 Nemocapnia carolina Banks, 1938 PQ Paracapnia Hanson 1946 Hanson, 1961 SK MB ON PQ NB*5 NS*6 PE7 LB NF Paracapnia opis (Newman, 1839) ON PQ NB NS*8 LB NF Utacapnia Gaufin 1970 Utacapnia labradora (Ricker, 1954) PQ LB Utacapnia trava (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) BC AB SK MB

1 – specimens in the Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection Database (INHS) 2 – Harper and Harper 1983 3 – Harper and Harper 1983 Graniteville, Route 247, Quebec, 1 ♂, 3.iv.1982 (P.P. Harper) 4 – North Fork Crossing, mile 48 Aklavik Road, Olgivie Mountains, Yukon. 1 ♂, 3.vii.1962 (R.E. Leech) 5 – Boutouche River, 10 miles East of Harcourt, New Brunswick, 1 ♂, 13.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 1 mile East of Pokiak, New Brunswick, 6 ♂+♀, 21.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 4 miles East of Magnetic Hill, Moncton, New Brunswick, 5 ♂+♀, 13.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 8 miles East of Forks, Hwy #7, New Brunswick, 6 ♂+♀, 13.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 13 miles East of Magnetic Hill, Cocagne River, New Brunswick, 19 ♂+♀, 13.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 18 miles East of Forks, Hwy #112, New Brunswick, 31 ♂+♀, 13.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 6 – Arm Brook, 1 mile South of Sherbrooke Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 11 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 1 mile West of Wentworth Creek, Hwy #4, Nova Scotia, 3 ♂+♀, 14.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin)

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5 miles West of Mabou, S.W. Mabou River, Cape Breton Island, Hwy # 19, Nova Scotia, 8 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Ecum Secum, Hwy. #7, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 4 miles west of Debert, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 15.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Archibald’s Brook, 1 mile S. of Sherbrooke Hwy. # 7, Nova Scotia, 8 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 3 miles East of Amherst, Hwy. #2, Nova Scotia, 2 ♂+♀, 15.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Moose River at Hwy. # 7, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 1 mile West of Glendale, MacLellan Brook at Hwy. #5, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) S.W. Margaree, Cape Breton Island Hwy # 19, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Nyanza, Cape Breton Island, Hwy # 5, Middle River, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 4 miles East of Moser River at Hwy. # 7, Nova Scotia, 5 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 3 miles East of Port Hastings, Cape Breton Island at Hwy # 5, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Upper Musquodoboit at Hwy # 24, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 19.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 1 mile West of Nyanza, Cape breton Island, Hwy # 5, Nova Scotia, 13 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 5 miles South East of Brookfield, Nova Scotia, 9 ♂+♀, 19.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 7 – Dobrin and Giberson 2003 specimens in the INHS collection 8 – 3 miles West of Glendale, Cape Breton Island, Rough Brook and Hwy. #5, Nova Scotia, 3 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Arm Brook, 1 mile South of Sherbrooke Hwy # 7, Nova Scotia, 7 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 5 miles West of Chester Basin, Hwy #3, Nova Scotia, 20 ♂+♀, 20.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 3 miles North of Dean, Nova Scotia, 12 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 4 miles West of Debert, Nova Scotia, 5 ♂+♀, 15.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) East River, Hwy #3, Nova Scotia, 8 ♂+♀, 20.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Liscombe River at Liscombe Mills, Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 64 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Gold River, Chester Basin, Hwy #3, Nova Scotia, 9 ♂+♀, 20.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) McKeen Brook, Melrose, Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 3 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 4 miles East of Moser River, Hwy # 7, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Musquodoboit Habour, Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 4 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 3 miles East of Port Hastings, Cape Breton Island, Hwy #5, Nova Scotia, 2 ♂, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Middle River, Hwy # 5 at Nyanza, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 4 ♂, 189.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 1 mile East of Preston, Hwy # 7, Nova Scotia, 6 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 2 miles West of Sheet Harbour on Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 20 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 3 miles East of Sheet Harbour, Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 20 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 5 miles West of Sheet Harbour, Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 6 ♂+♀, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 2 miles East of Springhill, Hwy # 4, Nova Scotia, 10 ♂+♀, 15.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 2 miles East of Wentworth, Hwy. # 4, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 15.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Gays River, Hwy 24, Nova Scotia, 3 ♂+♀, 19.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Glendale, Cape Breton Island, Red bridge Hwy #5, Nova Scotia, 81 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 1 mile West of Glendale, Cape Breton Islands, MacLellan Brook at Hwy #5, Nova Scotia, 15 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) New Germany, Meisner’s Section Hwy 10, Nova Scotia, 31 ♂+♀, 20.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Upper Stewiake, Nova Scotia, 4 ♂+♀, 19.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 10 miles East of Antigonish at Hwy #4, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Archibaldi Brook, 1 mile South of Sherbrooke at Hwy # 7, Nova Scotia, 2 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 7 miles East of Amhearst at Hwy # 2, Nova Scotia, 4 ♂+♀, 15.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Jadique, Cape Breton Island, Graham River at Hwy #19, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 4 miles West of Stewiacke, Nova Scotia, 1 ♂, 19.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) 15 miles East of Truro at hwy #4, Nova Scotia, 20 ♂+♀, 18.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin) Moose River at Hwy #7, Nova Scotia, 3 ♂, 17.iv.1967 (J.E.H. Martin)

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Diagnostic characteristics of adult Capniidae

1) • tarsal segment sub-egual in length to apical segment and middle tarsal segment small and wedge shaped (Fig. 1) Fig. 1. Tarsal segments C. elongata

• Multi-segmented cerci (Fig. 2)

• Paraglossae and glossae of labium sub-egual in length with Fig. 2. Cerci A. granulata. apical segment of labial palp similar to the other segments (Fig. 3)

Capniidae 2

1’) • Without the above characteristics Fig. 3. Labium C. elongata – not Capniidae

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Adult-based Key to Species of Capniidae of Canada East of Alberta

Fig. 4. Male Allocapnia vivipara Fig. 5. Male Allocapnia pygmaea Fig. 6. Male Nemocapnia carolina dorsal view dorsal view dorsal view

2) Adults apterous (Fig. 4) . 2’) Adults brachypterous (Fig. 5) or Male and Female Allocapnia macropterous (Fig. 6). Male Mesocapnia Male and Female Capnia nearctica Male Paracapnia Male Isocapnia 3 7

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Separate Fused

Fig. 7. Male P. angulata ventral view Fig. 8. Female M. sugluka ventral view

3) Mesothoracic postfurcasternum 3’) Mesothoracic postfurcasternum fused with mesothoracic separate from mesothoracic furcasternum (Fig. 7). furcasternum (Fig. 8).

4 5

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Separate Broadly attached

Fig. 9. Ventral view female I. crinita Fig. 10. Ventral view of male P. angulata

4) Mesothoraic presternum and 4’) Mesothoracic presterna basisternum broadly attached separate from basisterna (Fig. 9). (Fig. 10).

Isocapnia Paracapnia

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Fig. 11. Female A. illinoensis ventral view

Fig. 12. Female M. Fig. 13. Female of sugluka ventral view C. nearctica ventral view

5) Metapresternum ellipsoid in 5’) Metapresternum diamond or shape (Fig. 11). triangular shaped (Fig.12 & 13). Arctic or subarctic in distribution.

Allocapnia 6

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Fig. 14. Male Fig. 16. Lateral C. nearctica lateral view view of M. bergi

Needle-like tip

Fig. 17. Ventral view of M. sugluka

Fig. 15. Two forms of female C. nearctica

6) Male epiproct composed of upper 6’) Male epiproct composed of a single and lower limbs that are appressed limb that ends in a needle-like tip (Fig. 14). Posterior margin of female 8th (Fig. 16). Posterior margin of 8th sternite sternite membranous, with median of female a large triangle extending sclerotized pattern of subgenital plate almost the complete width of the notched or un-notched (Fig. 15). sternite (Fig. 17).

Capnia nearctica Mesocapnia sugluka

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Anal area

Cu1 & Cu2 Fig. 19. Hind wing of Anal area female C. vernalis

Cu1 only Fig. 18. Hind wing of female A. vivipara

7) Cu of hind wing not branched. 7’) Cu1 and Cu2 present in hind Anal area of hind wing very large, wing. Anal area of hind wing only slightly smaller than remainder smaller in size, not more than ¾ of hind wing (Fig. 18). size of remainder of hind wing (Fig. 19).

Allocapnia 8

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Separate Fused

Fig. 20. Male P. angulata ventral view Fig. 21. Female M. sugluka ventral view

8) Mesothoracic postfurcasternum 8’) Mesothoracic postfurcasternum fused with mesothoracic separate from mesothoracic furcasternum (Fig. 20). furcasternum (Fig. 21).

9 11

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Fig. 24. Fore wing Fig. 22. Fore wing of of P. angulata N. carolina

Fused Fig. 25. Ventral view of P. angulata

Fig. 23. Ventral view N. carolina Separate

9) R1 of forewing straight beyond 9’) R1 of forewing curved forward junction of Rs (Fig. 22). beyond junction of Rs (Fig. 24). Prothoracic and mesothoracic Mesothoracic presterna presterna fused with basisterna separate from basisterna (Fig. 23). (Fig. 25). 10 Paracapnia

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Fig. 26. Fore wing of N. carolina Fig. 28. Fore wing of I. crinita

Broadly attached

Fig. 27. Ventral view N. carolina Fig. 29. Ventral view I. crinita Narrowly attached

10) In forewing no costal crossveins 10’) In forewing at least 1 costal beyond Sc (Fig. 26). Join crossvein beyond Sc (Fig. 28). between mesothoraic Join between mesothoraic presternum and basisternum presternum and basisternum narrow (Fig. 27). broad (Fig. 29).

Nemocapnia carolina Isocapnia

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Epiproct

Fig. 30. Dorsal view male C. gracilaria

Fig. 31. Dorsal view female A. granulata

11) Epiproct recurved over 10th 11’) Epiproct absent – Females (Fig. tergite - Males (Fig. 30). 31).

12 19

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Fig. 33. Lateral view of male C. gracilaria

Fig. 32. Lateral view male U. labradora

12) Epiproct composed of an upper 12’) Epiproct composed of a single and lower limb (Fig. 32). limb (Fig. 33).

13 15

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Fig. 35. Dorsal view of male C. manitoba

Fig. 36. Lateral view Fig. 34A & B. Lateral and of male U. labradora dorsal view of male Capnia nearctica

13) Upper and lower limbs of 13’) Upper and lower limbs of epiproct robust and closely epiproct separated from each associated with each other (Fig. other (Fig. 35 & 36). 34A & B).

Capnia nearctica 14

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Fig. 37A & B. Dorsal and lateral views of male Fig. 38. Lateral U. labradora view of male Capnura manitoba

14) Upper and lower limbs of 14’) Upper and lower limbs of epiproct large and heavily epiproct thin and less sclerous sclerotized (Fig. 37A & B). (Fig. 38).

Utacapnia Capnura manitoba

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8th 7th

Fig. 39. Lateral view C. coloradensis Fig. 40. Lateral view C. gracilaria

15) Conspicuous dorsal process on 8th 15’) Dorsal process absent from 8th tergite. Apex of epiproct with tergite, sometimes present on 7th distinctive downward fkattened tip tergite (Fig. 40). (Fig. 39).

Capnia coloradensis 16

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7th

Fig. 41. Lateral view male C. gracilaria Fig. 42. Lateral view male C. vernalis

Dorsal process

16) Abdominal 7th tergite with a low 16’) Abdominal terga without dorsal dorsal process. Epiproct round process. Epiproct shorter, not in cross section, delicate and reaching 7th tergite (Fig. 42). long, reaching 7th tergite (Fig. 41).

Capnia gracilaria 17

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Fig. 43. Lateral view of male C. confusa Fig. 44. Lateral view male C. vernalis

17) Epiproct uniform in width 17’) Epiproct narrowing abuptly throughout length, not distinctly near apex (Fig. 44). narrow (Fig. 43).

Capnia confusa 18

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Fig. 45. Lateral view male C. vernalis Fig. 46. Lateral view of M. bergi

18) Epiproct anterior third narrow 18’) Epiproct narrowing abruptly to a and bent downward at tip (Fig. needle at the tip (Fig. 46). 45).

Capnia vernalis Mesocapnia

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8th

8th

Fig. 47. Ventral view female U. labradora Fig. 48. Ventral view of C. manitoba

19) Subgenital plate enlanged 19’) Subgenital plate not extending medially, extending over hind over hind margin of 8th sternite th margin of 8 sternite. with or without a distinct Subgenital plate with a sclerotized pattern (Fig. 48). distinct sclerotized pattern (Fig. 47). Utacapnia 20

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Separated 8th United 8th

Fig. 49. Ventral view of female C. manitoba Fig. 50. Ventral view female C. gracilaria

20) 7th and 8th sterna united by a 20’) 7th and 8th sterna separated by median scleritized band of a median scleritized band of varying widths (Fig. 49). varying width, separated by membranous area (Fig. 50).

21 23

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Y-shaped

Fig. 51. Ventral view of female C. manitoba Fig. 52. Ventral view of female C. vernalis

21) Subgenital plate with medial 21’) Subgenital plate not with a Y- heavily darkened sclerite more shaped medial heavily or less Y-shaped, with arms of darkened sclerite (Fig. 52). the Y directed posteriorly (Fig. 51).

Capnura manitoba 22

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8th Narrow Broad 8th

Fig. 53. Ventral view of female C. coloradensis Fig. 54. Ventral view of female C. vernalis

22) Subgenital plate terminating in a 22’) Subgenital plate terminating in a narrow, rounded scerotized tip. wide sclerotized tip. Anterior margin Anterior margin of 8th sternite of 8th sternite with membranous completely sclerotized. Connection area. Connection between 7th and between 7th and 8th sternite broad 8th sternite narrow. (Fig. 54). (Fig. 53). Capnia coloradensis Capnia vernalis

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8th

8th

7th

Fig. 55. Ventral view of female C. confusa Fig. 56. Ventral view of female C. gracilaria

23) 8th sternite mostly membranous, 23’) 8th sternite with a median with 7th sternite having a sclerotized sub-genital plate narrow median sclerotized (Fig. 56). pattern extending to edge of 8th sternite (Fig. 55).

Capnia confusa 24

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8th 8th

Fig. 57. Ventral view of female M. sugluka Fig. 58. Ventral view of female C. nearctica

24) Posterior margin of 8th sternite a 24’) Posterior margin of 8th sternite large triangle extending almost not a large triangle or not the complete width of the extending almost the complete sternite (Fig. 57). width of the sternite (Fig. 58).

Mesocapnia sugluka 25

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8th

8th

Fig. 60. Ventral view of C. nearctica – two forms Fig. 59. Ventral view of C. gracilaria

25) Posterior margin of 8th sternite 25’) Posterior margin of 8th sternite less membranous, with median more membranous, with median sclerotized pattern of subgenital sclerotized pattern of subgenital plate ending in a broad truncate plate ending in a U-shaped notch tip (Fig. 59). or un-notched (Fig. 60). Arctic in distribution. Capnia gracilaria Capnia nearctica

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Key to the Adult Paracapnia of Canada East of Alberta

Fig. 114. Dorsal view Fig. 112. Dorsal view male male P. opis P. angulata Fig. 115. Ventral view female P. opis Fig. 113. Ventral view female P. angulata

26) Epiproct in lateral view strongly 26’) Epiproct in lateral view smoothly angulate at base (Fig. 112). curved at base (Fig. 114). Females Females specimens difficult to specimens difficult to separate separate without associated males without associated males (Fig. (Fig. 113). 115).

P. angulata P. opis

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Key to the male Utacapnia of Canada East of Alberta

Fig. 123. Dorsal view male U. labradora

Fig. 124. Lateral view male U. labradora

Fig. 125. Lateral view male U. trava

Process tergite 7

27) Eastern North America, east of 27’) Western North America, west of Great Lakes. Upper limb of epiproct Lake Manitoba. Upper limb of large in lateral view. Lower limb epiproct slender in lateral view and slender. Process present on dorsal lower limb enlarged at tip. Dorsal surface of tergite 7 (Fig. 123 & surface of tergite 7 only slightly 124). raised (Fig. 125). Utacapnia labradora Utacapnia trava

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 31 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Key to the female Utacapnia of Canada East of Alberta

Anterior sclerotization

Fig. 126. Lateral view female U. trava Fig. 127. Lateral view female U. ladradora 28) Western species. Anterior 28’) Eastern species. No anterior sclerotization present on the 8th sclerotization of the 8th abdominal abdominal sternite (Fig. 126). sternite (Fig. 127).

Utacapnia trava Utacapnia labradora

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Diagnostic characteristics of adults of the Genus Allocapnia

Sc Cord

Cu

Anal area

Fig. 62. Forewing and hind wing of A.vivipara Fig. 61. Ventral view of thorax A.illinoensis • Metapresternum ellipsoid in • Sc of forewing ending before shape (Fig. 61). cord. Cu of hind wing not branched, anal area of hind wing large, only slightly smaller then remainder of Next hind wing (Fig. 62).

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Key to the Species of Adult Allocapnia of Canada

8th

8th

Fig. 63. Lateral view of dorsal abdomen of Fig. 64. Dorsal and ventral view of . male A. vivipara female A. granulata

29) Males: Dorsum of terminal segments with sclerous epiproct consisting of 30 an upper and lower limbs. Dorsal sclerous processes on at least the 8th tergite (Fig. 63). 29’) Females: Dorsum of abdomen without any tergal processes. Sternite 8 41 modified into a simple subgenital plate of various shapes (Fig. 64).

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th th th 8 7 7th 8

Fig. 65. Lateral view of male A. illinoensis Fig. 66. Lateral view of dorsal abdomen of male A. vivipara

30) 7th and 8th abdominal tergites with dorsal processes (Fig. 65). 31

30’) 8th abdominal tergite with dorsal processes; 7th tergite slightly raised but 36 not having dorsal processes (Fig. 66).

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8th with 2 processes

Fig. 67A & B. Lateral and dorsal view of male A. zola 1 process

Fig. 68. Dorsal view of male A. illinoensis

31) 8th abdominal tergite with 2 dorsal processes, a small anterior A. zola process and a large, wide, incised posterior process (Fig. 67A & B).

31’) 8th abdominal tergite with only one large, wide posterior process 32 (Fig. 68).

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Trilobed Bilobed

. Fig. 69. Dorsal view of male A. indianae Fig. 70. Dorsal view of male A. maria

32) Dorsal process on 8th abdominal tergite trilobed (Fig. 69). 33

32’) Dorsal process on 8th abdominal tergite bilobed (Fig. 70). 34 .

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Finger like tip

7th 7th

Fig. 71. Dorsal view of male A. nivicola Fig. 72. Dorsal view of male A. indianae 33) Process on 7th tergite positioned in the middle of the tergite. Allocapnia nivicola Lower limb of the epiproct wide and tapering gradually to a point (Fig. 71).

33’) On close inspection, process on 7th tergite also tri-lobed and Allocapnia indianae positioned near the posterior edge of tergite. Lower limb of epiproct with a long, finger-like tip (Fig. 72).

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Fig. 73. Dorsal view of male A. maria Unilobed Bilobed

Fig. 74A & B. Dorsal view of male A. illinoensis

th 34) Dorsal process of 7 tergite unilobed or cleft but not distinctly bilobed 35 and positioned nearer the middle of the tergite. Tip of lower limb of epiproct rounded. (Fig. 73).

34’) Dorsal process of 7th tergite distinctly bilobed and positioned on the A. illinoensis posterior part of the tergite. Dorsal projection of 8th tergite projecting posteriorly in lateral view, Tip of lower limb of epiproct pointed. (Fig. 74A & B).

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Fig. 76. Dorsal view of male A. pechumani .

Fig. 75. Dorsal view of male A. maria Hybridization of these two species has been reported in eastern Canadian populations (Ross & Ricker 1971).

35) Tip of process of 7th tergite bluntly rounded, not notched; dorsal A. maria process of 8th tergite with apex unusually narrow and very shallowly notched (Fig. 75).

35’) Tip of process of 7th tergite slightly notched and on a raised platform; A. pechumani dorsal process of 8th tergite with apex wide and deeply notched (Fig. 76).

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8th 8th

Fig. 78. Dorsal view of male A. vivipara Fig. 77. Dorsal view of male A. granulata

36) Dorsal abdominal process of 8th tergite bilobed or slightly incised (Fig. 39 77).

36’) Dorsal abdominal process of 8th tergite with a single lobe and not incised 37 (Fig. 78).

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Long

Fig. 81 & 82. Dorsal and lateral view of male A. vivipara

Short 8th

Fig. 79 & 80. Lateral and dorsal view of male A. recta

37) Apical segment of upper limb of epiproct long and flat to tip, very thin A. recta in lateral view. Dorsal process of 8th tergite large and truncate in lateral view and with its ridge semicircular in dorsal view (Fig. 79 & 80). 37’) Apical segment of upper limb of epiproct short. Dorsal process of 8th 38 tergite pointed posteriorly and subtriangular in lateral view (Fig. 81 & 82).

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Fig. 85. Dorsal view of Fig. 86 & 87. male A. vivipara Fig. 88. Dorsal view of Lateral and dorsal Fig. 83 & 84. Lateral male A. minima view of male A. and dorsal view of male minima A. vivipara

38) Dorsal process of 8th tergite with a low sharp profile. Apical segment of A. vivipara upper limb of epiproct less than half as long as basal segment (Fig. 83 & 84). Males apterous or with only rudimentary wings (Fig. 85).

38’) Dorsal process of 8th tergite situated on a definite hump, terminating in a A. minima minute knob like tip. Apical segment of upper limb of epiproct extremely short (Fig. 86 & 87). Males bracypterous (Fig. 88).

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Fig. 89. Dorsal view male A. granulata. Fig. 90. Dorsolateral view male A. pygmaea 39) Dorsal process of 8th tergite forming a pair of oblique rugose A. granulata areas, their dorsal aspect V-shaped in dorsal view (Fig. 89).

39’) Dorsal process of 8th tergite a single bilobed structure (Fig. 90). 40

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Fig. 91. Dorsal Fig. 93. Dorsal view view male A. male A. pygmaea rickeri

Fig. 92. Lateral view male Fig. 94. Lateral view A. rickeri male A. pygmaea

40) Dorsal process of 8th tergite forming two large, widely separated lobes. A. rickeri Apical segment of upper limb of epiproct ovoid in dorsal view and less than one-half length of basal segment (Fig. 91 & 92).

40’) Dorsal process of 8th tergite forming two large, narrowly separated A. pygmaea lobes. Apical segment of upper limb of epiproct pointed in dorsal view and more than one-half length of basal segment (Fig. 93 & 94).

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Fused

8th 8th

Fig. 95. Dorsal and ventral view female A. vivipara Fig. 96. Dorsal view female A. granulata . 41) 8th tergite having little or no mesal membranous area. 7th and 8th A. vivipara sternites fused forming a solid area with no intersegmental suture (Fig. 95). 41’) 8th tergite having a wide mesal membranous area extending its 42 whole length (Fig. 96).

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8th 8th 8th 8th

Fused Separate Fig. 97 & 98. Ventral view female A. rickeri and Fig. 99 & 100. Ventral view female A. recta A. pygmaea and A. pechumani . 42) 7th and 8th sternites solidly fused on the meson, the line of fusion either not visible 43 or indicated by a dark line or crease (Fig. 97 & 98).

42’) 7th and 8th sternites completely separated by a membraneous area; posterior edge 48 of 7th sternite may or may not be darkly sclerotized or basomesal portion of 8th sternite forming a membraneous narrow strap joining 7th sternite (Fig. 99 & 100). .

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8th

8th

Fig. 101. Ventral view female A. rickeri Fig. 102. Ventral view female A. pygmaea

43) Line of fusion between 7th and 8th sternites not evident on meson or A. rickeri incomplete, the two sclerites joining medially without a break in profile (Fig. 101). 43’) Line of fusion between 7th and 8th sternites indicated by a dark line 44 and/or a break in profile (Fig. 102). .

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8th 8th

Fig. 103. Ventral view female A. illinoensis . Fig. 104. Ventral view female A. pygmaea

44) Apex of 8th sternite a wide sclerous mesal portion contrasting with the A. illinoensis much less sclerous remainder of the mesal area of the sclerite (Fig. 103).

44’) Mesal area of apex of 8th sternite not contrasting noticeably with 45 the more basal portion of the sclerite (Fig. 104).

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8th 8th

Fig. 105. Ventral view female A. pygmaea Fig. 106. Ventral view female A. indianae

45) 8th sternite produced into a sclerotized broad rounded flap 46 capable of being reflexed under the edge of the sternite (Fig. 105) 45’) 8th sternite with apical flap indistinct, unsclerotized (Fig. 106) A. indianae

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8th 8th

Fig. 108. Ventral view female A. pygmaea Fig. 107. Ventral view female A. zola .

46) Apex of 8th sternite rounded. Division between 7th and 8th sternite a A. zola thin dark rounded line (Fig. 107).

46’) Apex of 8th sternite truncate. Division between 7th and 8th sternite a 47 straight line (Fig. 108).

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8th 8th

Fig. 109. Ventral view female A. pygmaea Fig. 110. Ventral view female A. nivicola

47) 8th sternite produced into a broadly truncated flap. Division A. pygmaea between 7th and 8th sternite a wide darkly pigmented band (Fig. 109). 47’) 8th sternite with apical flap more narrowly truncated. Division A. nivicola between 7th and 8th sternite a narrow darkly pigmented line (Fig. 110).

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8th 8th 8th 8th

Fig. 111. Ventral view Fig 112. Ventral view Fig. 113. Ventral view Fig.114. Ventral view female A . pechumani. female A. illinoensis female A. recta and female A. granulata .

48) Central portion of 8th sternite forming a flat sclerous area separated from 49 lateral area forming lateral humps; flat area extending full length of sternite and truncate at apex (Fig. 111 & 112). 48’) Central portion of the 8th sternite not forming a flat sclerous area, mesal 52 area of 8th sternite more heavily sclerotized and rounded in shape or central area not distinctly separated from lateral areas (Fig. 113 & 114).

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8th

8th

Fig. 115. Ventral view female A. illinoensis Fig. 116. Ventral view female A. pechumani

49) Basomesal portion of 8th sternite forming a narrow A. illinoensis membraneous strap joining 7th sternite. Mesal portion of 8th sternite with only apical area dark and sclerous, remainder much lighter (Fig. 115). 49’) 7th and 8th sternites completely separated. Mesal portion of 50 sternite completely sclerous (Fig. 116).

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8th 8th

Fig. 117. Ventral view female A. pechumani Fig. 118. Ventral view female A. maria

50) Flat central area of 8th sternite as wide as or wider than lateral A. pechumani humps of 8th sternite (Fig. 117).

50’) Flat central area of 8th sternite narrower than lateral humps of 51 8th sternite (Fig. 118).

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8th 8th

Fig. 120. Ventral view female A. maria Fig. 119. Ventral view female A. minima . 51) Flat central area of 8th sternite very narrow (Fig. 119). A. minima

51’) Flat central area of 8th sternite wider (Fig. 120). A. maria

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8th 8th

Fig. 121. Ventral view female A. granulata Fig. 122. Ventral view female A. recta

52) Apicomesal process of 8th sternite narrow and pointed like a A. granulata spear head (Fig. 121).

52’) Apical margin of 8th sternite usually concave, without a projecting A. recta point (Fig. 122).

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Allocapnia granulata (Claassen,1924)

Common Name: Common Snowfly Type Locality: Johnstown, New York North American Distribution: CAN: MB, ON, PQ. USA: AL, AR, DC, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, TN, TX, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: MB (Flannagan 1978; Flannagan & Cobb 1983; Burton 1984), ON, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), ON (Harper & Hynes 1972, Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: MB, ON, PQ. USA: AR, IL, IN, MD, MI, NJ, OH, PA, VA. Discussion: A. granulata has the most western distribution of all the Allocapnia species in Canada, extending westward into southeastern Manitoba. Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia granulata distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Green Pin - UOG Red Pins - Other Published Canadian Records (Ross & Ricker 1971, Harper & Hynes 1972, Flannagan 1978, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Harper & Harper 1983, Burton 1984).

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 59 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia illinoensis Frison,1935

Common Name: Illinois Snowfly Type Locality: Dolson (Clarksville), Illinois North American Distribution: CAN: ON, PQ, USA: IL, IN, ME, MN, NY, OH, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: ON, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), ON (Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: ON, PQ, USA: IL. Discussion: This species is considered to be extirpated from Illinois (Webb 2002; DeWalt et al. 2005) after repeated attempts to capture new specimens from the type locality and in the state of Illinois have falled to find any specimens. The specimens in the CNC from Illinois are paratypes of the type specimens from Dolson, Illinois captured in 1934. Specimens from New Brunswick* are in the INHS collection. Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia illinoensis distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 61 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia indianae Ricker,1952

Common Name: Indiana Snowfly Type Locality: Creek northwest of Medora, Indiana North American Distribution: USA: IN, KY, NY, OH, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: PQ (Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: USA: IN, KY, NY, OH. Discussion: This record is based on one female specimen collected in the Laurentian Mountains north of Montreal (Harper and Harper 1983).

Distribution in North America

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Allocapnia indianae distribution in North America Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pin - Harper & Harper 1983

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Allocapnia maria Hanson,1942

Common Name: Two-knobbed Snowfly Type Locality: E. Amherst, Massachusetts North American Distribution: CAN: NB, NS, PQ. USA: CT, MA, MD, ME, NH, NY, PA, VA, VT, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NB, NS, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NB, NS, PQ. USA: NH, NY, PA. Discussion: A. maria has been found to hybridize with A. minima in areas where their ranges overlap (Hanson 1960, Ross & Ricker 1971).

Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia maria Distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 65 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia minima (Barnston,1848)

Synonym: Capnella incisura Claassen 1924 Common Name: Boreal Snowfly Type Locality: St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Ontario North American Distribution: CAN: NB, NF, NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, MA, ME, MI, MN, NH, NY, VT, WI (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NF (Brinck 1958), NB, NF, NS, ON, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), ON (Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al.1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NB, NF, NS, ON, PQ. USA: MA, WI. Discussion: A. minima has the most northern recorded distribution of all Allocapnia species. A. minima has been found to hybridize with Allocapnia maria in areas where their ranges overlap (Hanson 1960, Ross & Ricker 1971). Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia minima distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Ross & Ricker 1971

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 67 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia nivicola (Fitch,1847)

Common Name: Brook Snowfly Type Locality: New York State North American Distribution: CAN: NB, NS, PQ. USA: AL, CT, DC, DE, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, NC, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NB, NS, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NB, NS, PQ. USA: KY, MA, NJ, VA. Discussion: Only found to occur in small, clear, spring fed streams that remain cool throughout the year (Ross & Ricker 1971).

Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia nivicola distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 69 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia pechumani Ross & Ricker,1964

Common Name: St. Lawrence Snowfly Type Locality: Otsquago Creek, Starkville, Herkimer County, New York North American Distribution: CAN: NB, PQ. USA: NY, OH, PA (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NB, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971, Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NB, PQ. USA: NY. Discussion: This species appears to hybridize with A. maria over the northern part of their ranges, but not in the southern part of their ranges (Ross & Ricker 1971). This hybridization has been reported for New Brunswick (Ross & Ricker 1971) and for Quebec (Harper & Harper 1983).

Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia pechumani distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pin - INHS Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 71 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister,1839)

Synonym: Allocapnia torontonensis Ricker,1935 Common Name: Pygmy Snowfly Type Locality: Pennslyvania North American Distribution: CAN: NB, NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, DC, IA, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, ND, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NB, NS, ON, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), ON (Harper & Hynes 1972, Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NB, NS, ON, PQ. USA: MA, MN, NY, PA, VA. Discussion: Specimens of A. pygmaea reported from North Dakota (Kondratieff & Baumann 2003) represent the furthest west recorded Allocapnia species in the United States. Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia pygmaea distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Green Pins - UOG Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 73 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia recta (Claassen,1924)

Common Name: Eastern Snowfly Type Locality: Ithaca, New York North American Distribution: CAN: NS, ON, PQ. USA: AL, CT, DC, DE, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MS, NC, NH, NY, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NS, ON, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), ON (Harper & Hynes 1972, Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, IL, IN, KY, MA, NY, OH. Discussion: More extensive collecting in New Brunswick should record this species from that province.

Distribution in Canadian

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Allocapnia recta distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins – Harper & Hynes 1972, Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 75 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia rickeri Frison,1942

Common Name: Midwest Snowfly Type Locality: Big Grand Pierre River, Golconda, Illinois North American Distribution: CAN: ON. USA: AL, AR, DC, DE, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, MN, MO, MS, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, TN, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: ON (Ross & Ricker 1971, Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: ON, PQ. USA: IL, IN, KY, OH, PA, TN. Discussion: This species is rare in its northern range and is found only in clear, cold gravely streams (Ross & Ricker 1971).

Distribution in Canada

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Allocapnia rickeri distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Other Published Record (Ross & Ricker 1971, Harper & Harper 1983)

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 77 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia vivipara (Claassen,1924)

Common Name: Shortwing Snowfly Type Locality: Lake Forest, Lake County, Illinois North American Distribution: CAN: ON, PQ. USA: AR, DC, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, OK, PA, TN, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: ON, PQ (Ross & Ricker 1971), ON (Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: ON, PQ. USA: IN, KY, NY, OH. Discussion: Males of Allocapnia vivipara are the only Allocapnia species in Canada in which the male specimens are completely wingless. Females are the only Allocapnia species in Canada in which the 8th tergite is completely sclerotized. Distribution in Canada

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 78 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia vivipara distribution in Canada Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Ross & Ricker 1971, Harper & Harper 1983

doi:10.3752/cjai.2019.36 79 Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification No. 36 (April, 2019) Burton

Allocapnia zola Ricker,1952

Common Name: Ash Snowfly Type Locality: 3 km SSW Cedar Falls, Ash Cave, Hocking Hills State Park, Hocking County, Ohio North American Distribution: CAN: NB. USA: CT, KY, ME, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: NB (Ross & Ricker 1971). Material Examined: USA: TN. Discussion: This species was reported from New Brunswick by Ross & Ricker (1971) based on a female specimen collected in an extensive survey of the Maritimes by J.E.H. Martin in 1967. This specimen is in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) collection. The only specimens in the CNCI are from Tennessee.

Distribution in North American

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Allocapnia zola distribution in North American Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pin - Hitchcock 1974

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Capnia coloradensis Classen,1937

Common Name: Colorado Snowfly Type Locality: Seven Falls, N. Cheyenne Canyon, El Paso County, Colorado North American Distribution: CAN: BC, MB, SK, YK. USA: AK, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: BC, YK (Baumann et al. 1977, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006), MB (Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Burton 1984), SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979). Material Examined: CAN:YK. USA: MT. Discussion: C. coloradensis is a western and northern species which reaches eastward into Manitoba’s western escarpment. D. Muranyi (pers. commun., Hungarian Academy of Sciences) suggests that this species should be designated Capnia sensu lato and belongs to the genus Arsapnia.

Distribution in Canadian

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Capnia coloradensis distribution in Canada. Black Pin - CNCI Green Pin - UOG Red Pins - Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006).

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Capnia confusa Claassen,1936

Synonym: Capnia liqulata Hanson,1943 Common Name: Widespread Snowfly Type Locality: Maligne Lake, Jasper N.P., Alberta North American Distribution: CAN: AB, BC, MB, NT, SK, YK. USA: AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, SD, UT, WA, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB, BC, NT, YK (Ricker 1964, Baumann et al. 1977, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006), MB (Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Burton 1984), SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979). Material Examined: CAN: AB, BC, MB, NT, YK. USA: AK, CO, MT, UT, WA. Discussion: This is a western and northern species Distribution in Canada which reaches eastward into Manitoba’s western escarpment. Muranyi et al. (2014) designates this species as Capnia sensu lato and suggests that this species belongs to the genus Arsapnia (D. Muranyi pers. commun., Hungarian Academy of Sciences).

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Capnia confusa distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pin - INHS Green Pins - UOG Red Pins – Ricker 1964. Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Burton 1984, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006).

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Capnia gracilaria Claassen,1924

Common Name: Slender Snowfly Type Locality: Aweme, Manitoba North American Distribution: CAN: AB, BC, MB, SK. Mexico: Baja California. USA: AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB, BC (Baumann et al. 1977, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006), MB (Claassen 1924, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Burton 1984), SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Dosdall 1992). Material Examined: CAN: MB, YK*. USA: AK, MT, NV, SD, UT, WA. Discussion: C. gracilaria is a western species which Distribution in Canada reaches eastward into Manitoba’s western escarpment. Muranyi et al. (2014) designates this species as Capnia sensu lato and suggests that this species belongs to the genus Arsapnia (D. Muranyi pers. commun., Hungarian Academy of Sciences).

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Capnia gracilaria distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pin - INHS Green Pins - UOG Red Pins - Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Burton 1984, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006).

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Capnia nearctica Banks,1919

Common Name: Nearctic Snowfly Type Locality: Bernard Harbour, Nunavut (formerly Northwest Territories), North American Distribution: CAN: BC, MB, NT, NU, ON, YK. USA: AK (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: BC, NT, NU, YK (Nelson & Baumann 1989), MB, ON (Ricker 1944,1964). Material Examined: CAN: BC, NT, NU, YK. USA: AK. Discussion: C. nearctica is a northern species which has also been recorded from the Far East of Russia (Potikva 2015). Muranyi et al. (2014) designates this species as Capnia sensu stricto. This is the only species of Capnia sensu stricto that has been found in the Nearctic region (Muranyi et al. 2014). A female specimen recorded from Bowron P.P., British Columbia by Stewart & Oswood (2006) is most likely Capnia gracilaria. Distribution in Canada

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Capnia nearctica distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pin - INHS Red Pins - Ricker 1964, Burton 1984, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006.

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Capnia vernalis Newport,1848

Synonym: Capnia limata Frison,1944 Synonym: Capnia tenuis (Walker,1852) Common Name: Vernal Snowfly Type Locality: Albany River, Ontario North American Distribution: CAN: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NU, NT, ON, PQ, SK. USA: AK, CO, ID, MI, MN, MT, NM, NV, UT, WI, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB, BC, NT (Baumann et al. 1977, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Stewart & Oswood 2006), MB (Burton 1984), LB, NF, ON (Ricker 1944, 1948), NB (Kondratieff & Baumann 1994, Giberson & Garnett 1996), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983), SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979). Material Examined: CAN: AB, BC, MB, ON, PQ, SK. USA: CO, MT. Discussion: Muranyi et al. (2014) designates this species Distribution in Canada as Capnia sensu lato and suggests that this species belongs to the genus Arsapnia (D. Muranyi pers. commun., Hungarian Academy of Sciences). This is the only species of Capnia sensu lato which has an extensive eastern distribution in North America.

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Capnia vernalis distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Green Pin - UOG Red Pins – Ricker 1964, Nelson & Baumann 1989, Giberson & Garnett 1996, Stewart & Oswood 2006).

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Capnura manitoba (Claassen,1924)

Common Name: Manitoba Snowfly Type Locality: Aweme, Manitoba North American Distribution: CAN: MB, NB, ON, PQ. USA: CT, MA, ME, MI, NY, VT, WI (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: MB (Claassen 1924, Burton 1984, Nelson & Baumann 1987), NB (Kondratieff & Baumann 1994), ON (Harper & Hynes 1972, Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al.1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: MB, NB, ON, PQ. Discussion: C. manitoba is an eastern species that reaches the western range of it’s distribution in Manitoba. All other Capnura species are western Nearctic in distribution (Muryani et al. 2014).

Map of North American Distribution

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Capnura manitoba distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pin - INHS Green Pin - UOG Red Pins - Ricker 1964, Harper & Hynes 1972, Harper & Harper 1983, Nelson & Baumann1987).

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Isocapnia

This genus includes 12 western Nearctic and 7 eastern Palaearctic species of Capniidae (Muranyi et al. 2014). They are distinguished by the relatively large size of the females compared to most other Capniid species.

Two species of Isocapnia have been reported from the extreme southeastern region of Alberta near the Saskatchewan border in the Cypress Hills (Dosdall & Lemhkul 1979).

Isocapnia crinita and Isocapnia integra

Another species, Isocapnia grandis has been reported from western and northern Canada (Zenger & Baumann 2004) and may be present in the northern parts of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Nunavut and Quebec.

See Zenger & Baumann (2004) for a detailed key to the Nearctic species of Isocapnia.

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Isocapnia crinita (Needham & Claassen ,1925)

Common Name: Hooked Snowfly Type Locality: Montana Experiment Station, Bozeman, Montana North American Distribution: CAN: AB, SK, YK. USA: AK, CO, ID, MT, NM, UT, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB/SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Zenger & Baumann 2004), YK (Stewart & Ricker 1997). Material Examined: USA: CO, UT. Discussion: I. crinita has been found in the Cypress Hills of Alberta and Saskatchewan (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979). It is possible that this species may extend its range eastward into northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Nunavut. Map of Canadian Distribution

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Isocapnia crinitia distribution in Canada. Red Pins - Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Zenger & Baumann 1970

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Isocapnia grandis (Banks,1907)

Synonym: Isocapnia fumigata (Claassen,1937) Synonym: Isocapnia fumosa Banks,1938 Common Name: Giant Snowfly Type Locality: Banff, Alberta North American Distribution: CAN: AB, BC. USA: AK, CA, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB, BC, NT, YK (Zenger & Baumann 2004). Material Examined: CAN: AB, BC, YK. USA: AK, CA, OR, WA. Discussion: It is possible that this species may extend its range eastward into northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Nunavut. Map of Canadian Distribution

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Isocapnia grandis distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Red Pins - Zenger & Baumann 1970

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Isocapnia integra Hanson,1943

Synonym: Isocapnia fraseri Ricker,1959 Synonym: Isocapnia missourii Ricker,1959 Common Name: Alberta Snowfly Type Locality: Banff, Alberta North American Distribution: CAN: AB, BC, YK. USA: AK, ID, MT, SD, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979), YK (Stewart & Ricker 1997), AB, BC & YK (Zenger & Baumann 2004). Material Examined: CAN: AB, BC, YK. Discussion: I. integra has been found in the Cypress Hills of Alberta (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979). It is possible that this species may extend its range eastward into northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Nunavut.

Map of Canadian Distribution

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Isocapnia integra distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Red Pins - Zenger & Baumann 1970

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Mesocapnia sugluka (Ricker,1965)

Common Name: Sugluk Snowfly Type Locality: Payne Bay, Ungava Peninsula, Quebec North American Distribution: CAN: PQ (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: PQ (Ricker et al.1968, Nelson & Baumann 1989). Material Examined: CAN: PQ Discussion: This species has only been recorded from the type locality. No male specimens have been collected. The females of Mesocapnia are very similar and this species may be conspecific with the Holarctic species M. variabilis (Baumann & Gaufin 1970).

Distribution in Canada

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Mesocapnia sugluka distribution in Canada. Black Pin - CNCI

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Nemocapnia carolina Banks,1938

Common Name: Southern Snowfly Type Locality: Morgantown, North Carolina North American Distribution: CAN: PQ. USA: AL, AR, FL, GA, IL, IN, MS, NC, SC, VA (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: PQ (Harper 1971) Material Examined: USA: AL, GA, NC, VA. Discussion: In Canada N. carolina has only been reported from one locality on the North Shore of Quebec (Riviere Nabisipi, Saguenay) in 1962 (Harper 1971). This record is over 2000 Km from its nearest American locality in Virginia. Extensive collecting in this area has produced no additional specimens of this species (Harper & Harper 1983). This species is considered to be extirpated from both Illinois and Indiana (DeWalt & Grubbs 2011).

Distribution in North American

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Nemocapnia carolina distribution in North American. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Red Pins - Harper 1971, Stark et al. 2016

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Paracapnia angulata Hanson,1961 Common Name: Angulate Snowfly Type Locality: Pelham, Massachusetts North American Distribution CAN: LB, MB, NF, ON, PQ, SK. USA: AR, CO, CT, DE, GA, IL, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, VA, WI, WV, WY (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: LB & NF (Stark & Baumann 2004), MB (Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Burton 1984), ON (Harper & Ricker 1994), PE (Dobrin & Giberson 2003), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983) and SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, 1987). Material Examined: CAN: MB, NB*, NS*, ON, PQ, SK. USA: CO, KY, MA, MI, MN, MO, NY, PA, SD, TN, VA, WV, WY. Discussion: P. angulata is an eastern species whose range extends west as far as Saskatchewan in Canada and South Dakota and Colorado in the United States. Distribution in Canada

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Paracapnia angulata distribution in Canada. Black Pins – CNCI Blue Pins – INHS and Dobrin & Giberson 2003 Red Pins – Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, 1987, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Harper & Harper 1983, Burton 1984, Stark & Baumann 2004)

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Paracapnia opis (Newman,1839)

Synonym: Paracapnia curvata Hanson,1946 Common Name: Northeastern Snowfly Type Locality: Newfoundland North American Distribution: CAN: LB, NB, NF, ON, PQ. USA: CT, ME, MI, MN, NJ, NY, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: LB, NB & NF (Stark & Baumann 2004), ON (Harper & Ricker 1994), PQ (Ricker et al. 1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: NB, NF, NS*, ON, PQ. USA: MA*, MN. Discussion: P. opis is the more eastern species of Paracapnia whose range only extends west as far as northern Ontario and eastern Minnesota.

Distribution in Canada

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Paracapnia opis distribution in Canada. Black Pins - CNCI Blue Pins - INHS Green Pin - UOG Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983, Stark & Baumann 2004

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Utacapnia labradora (Ricker,1954)

Common Name: Labrador Snowfly Type Locality: Nain, Ungava Peninsula, Labrador North American Distribution: CAN: LB, PQ (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: LB (Ricker 1954), PQ (Ricker et al.1968, Harper & Harper 1983). Material Examined: CAN: LB, PQ. Discussion: U. labradora is the only species of Utacapnia that has an eastern Nearctic distribution.

North American Distribution

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Utacapnia labradora distribution in North America. Black Pins - CNCI Red Pins - Harper & Harper 1983

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Utacapnia trava (Nebeker & Gaufin,1965)

Common Name: Yellowstone Snowfly Type Locality: Shields river 15 miles north of the junction of the Yellowstone river, Montana North American Distribution: CAN: AB, BC, MB, SK. USA: ID, MT (DeWalt et al. 2018). Published Canadian Records: AB, BC (Stewart & Oswood 2006), MB (Flannagan & Cobb 1983), SK (Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979). Material Examined: CAN: AB. USA: MT. Discussion: A western species that reaches the eastern extent of its range in the escarpment of western Manitoba.

Distribution in Canada

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Utacapnia trava distribution in North America. Black Pin - CNCI Red Pins - Dosdall & Lehmkuhl 1979, Flannagan & Cobb 1983, Stewart & Oswood 2006.

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