B BIOSCIENCE B BIOTECHNOLOGY Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. R RESEARCH Vol. (3) No. (1) June, 2010(43-49) C COMMUNICATIONS

Corelation of biotic and abiotic factors in lakes of , Melghat region

Makode, P. M. and A. P. Charjan*

* Postgraduate Department of Zoology, G.S.Gawande College, Umarkhed, District - Yeotmal -4454206, India.

Received:2/8/09 Accepted on 3/4/2010 after revisions ABSTRACT

Environmental parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and salinity were measured during collection of zooplanktons from Sakkar Talav, Macchi Talav, Dev Talav and Paras Talav in Chikhaldara, dist. Amravati, Maharashtra. The reservoir is used for irrigation and supply of drinking water to the villages around the Chikhaldara taluka. The samples were collected from month of April 2009 to March 2010. The population density was also measured in these months. It was observed that maximum density of the zooplanktons was recorded in the month of February and October, while the minimum density was recorded in the month of April and May. There are abundance of zooplanktons were recorded of the order Protozoan's, Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda. The seasonal fluctuation in population density of zooplanktons is related to the physic- chemical factors and due to the organic pollution in the lake water by adding detergents to the water due to washing clothes in the lake water. In Sakkar Talav various physico-chemical parameters determined that the fluctuation in water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and salinity were within the desirable limits. In Macchi Talav, the contamination of water bodies might lead to a change in water that it is unsuitable for fish farming. Several physico-chemical or biological factors could acts as a barrier and adverse effect on the fish growth and reproduction. For that the regulation monitoring of physico-chemical and biological water quality parameters is essential to determine status of water body.

Key words: Chikhaldara Lakes, Abiotic and Biotic Parameters.

INTRODUCTION There is no report of a server forest in this area in recent Melghat region situated between the latitude 21.150 N past. On 12th January 1934, the temperature of and 21.450 N and Longitudes 76.570 E and 77.33 0 E is one Chikhaldara had gone down to 2.20 C. The relative of the forests in India. It is situated in the mountain humidity is high during the period of rainy season. The region, the Gavilgarh hills of Satpura from Chikhaldara summer months are dry and the relative humidity is as and Dharni tahsils of of Maharashtra low as 30.35 %. The wind velocity is high in May and state. These parts of Satpura are known as Melghat and during the period of monsoon. The plateaus of consist of succession of hills and valley showing many Chikhaldara, Makhala and Vairat experience the variations in aspect, gradient and altitudes.The highest wind velocity during monsoon. temperature in different localities of the Melghat varies with the altitude. Higher plateaus and the valleys are In India agriculture is totally based on south-west cooler than the peripheral low hills. There is a marked monsoon and its consequent effects have made difference in day and night temperature in summer. For compulsion in utilization of the country's surface and Chikhaldara the mean daily maximum temperature is ground water resources in the form of large number 350 C and the mean daily minimum temperature is 230 C. tanks, small resources besides the large multipurpose In winter months for the same place the mean daily dams, wells, and diversion canals, to raise the gross maximum temperature is 220 C while the mean daily irrigated areas. We constructed large multipurpose minimum temperature is 130 C. The low minimum reservoir, the small irrigation reservoir, constructed on temperatures of 50 C or 6 0 C are often recorded during small intermittent water resources for serving to capture winter. Similarly during summer the maximum the surface run-off for its abstraction during seasonal temperature up to 400 C are also recorded. 43 Makode and Charjan Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. Vol. (3) No. (1) June, 2010(43-49) irrigation demands. These projects have provide and MATERIALS AND METHODS revealed that an immense potential for fish husbandry, For the study of various abiotic and biotic parameters, irrigation, drinking purpose. It is also possible through water samples were collected from the selected four extensive techniques of aquaculture, and they would lakes of Chikhaldara out of which two lakes are in contribute significantly in the production of inland Gavilgarh and another two are in municipal area on fisheries. It is managed with right scientific approaches. the every month in between 7 to 8 am. regularly for a period of 12 months from April 2009 to March 2010. The The highly seasonal rainfall and heavy discharge of water samples were collected, about 5 meters away water during the monsoon results in high flushing rate in from the shore and one-meter depth from the surface by most of reservoirs, which does not favour using sieve net no. 40. One liter of water was collected in colonization by macrophytic communities. a wide mouth polythene bottle and tightly stoppered for Inadequate availability of suitable substrate regards the subsequent Physico-chemical analysis. The care was growth of periphyton. Plankton by virtue of drifting habit taken to avoid air bubbling during the sampling and also and short turnover period constitutes the major link in during transporting of water samples from Kemmerer the tropic structure and events in the reservoir sampler to PVC Container. Another bottle of same ecosystem. Fish production in reservoir is directly or capacity was similarly filled with surface water for indirectly dependent on the abundance of planktons. biological analysis. Dissolved oxygen was estimated at The Physico-chemical properties of water determine the site. Plankton net (mesh size 65 µm) was used to the quality and quantity of planktons. The plankton filter 50 liters of surface water to obtain the net plankton community consists of organisms ranging from minute concentration. All the samples were packed in a cane plants to the small animals. Zooplankton is abundant in basket protecting them from intense sunlight and the shallow areas of water body. The zooplanktons contamination was transported to the laboratory without unlike phytoplankton are particularly distributed any delay. horizontally and vertically in an ecosystem. The zooplanktons forms an important group as it occupies Chemical constituent like DO, pH, free carbon dioxide, an intermediate position in the food web, many of them carbonate alkalinity, bicarbonate alkalinity, total feeding on algae and bacteria and in turn being eaten up hardness, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, salinity, on by fishes. They also indicate the tropic status of a nitrates, phosphates and Sulphates were analyzed in water body, their abundance increase in eutrophic the laboratory within six hours following the standard water. They are also sensitive to pollution and many methods as recommended by APHA (1985). species are recognized as indicators of pollution. Processing and preservation of samples of zooplanktons is done in three essential steps, which Limnological studies in tropical region are include collection of samples, concentration of comparatively merged. In India a notable contribution planktons and preservation after fixation. Processes for are due to Ganpati, (1941, 1955, 1970, and 1973). Much collection of planktons depend on the type of planktons. work has been carried out in , The sampling of surface water is done based on habitat Rajasthan and Andhra. A remarkable work on Physico- of plankton. The plankton net made up of nylon and chemical characteristics with special reference to different net sizes are used for collecting zooplanktons. planktonic benthic and microbial studies are Concentration of planktons is done by filtering through a Kulshrestha, (1988,1989); Hydrobiological studies on net to reduce water or to centrifuge and separate the several ecosystem in Rajastan_have been carried out zooplanktons. by Jakhar et al., (1990) studies on Hussein sager for different limnological aspects are contributed by Zafar, Various fixation and preservation methods were (1986); Munawar, (1970); Kodarkar et al., (1991, 1994); adopted which were based on the purpose of fixation, Rao et al ., (1985). Thus an extensive work was carried i.e. weather the samples were preserved for cytological, out on the study of flora and fauna of Lake Ecosystem. A anatomical morphological or taxonomic study. The 2% little attention has been given on the study of microbes. formalin for Protozoans, 4% formalin for Rotifers and These biological studies are essential for 6% formalin for Cladocerans and Copepodes were monitoring the environmental contamination. used for fixation. The organisms belong to Protozoa and Plankton provides a relevant and a convenient point of Rotifera were also killed by submerging them into hot focus for research in to the mechanism of eutrophication water and then were transferred to 2-4% formalin to and for development of measure to control its adverse avoid their distortion. Lugo's iodine was used for impact on ecosystem. preservation of algae and Protozoans. Depending upon plankton type the methods of their collection, preservation, processing.

44 Makode and Charjan Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. Vol. (3) No. (1) June, 2010(43-49)

Sampling station Location in Chikhaldara Specificity

Sakkar Talav Towards South West Washing cloths, animals, Vehicle vegetation,

Macchi Talav Towards South East Washing cloths, animals, Vehicle vegetation,

Paras Talav Towards South Migratory birds, Fishing Activity.

Dev Talav Towards North East Cattle Grazing, Fishing activity.

y = 0.0984x + 13.822 y = 0.0015x + 19.095 33 27.5 r = 0.577 r = 0.553 31 27 29 26.5

27 26

25 25.5

23 25 21

Water Temperature24.5 Water Temperature 19 24 17 23.5 50.00 70.00 90.00 110.00 130.00 150.00 170.00 190.00 210.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00

Alakalinity (T) Tot. Zooplankton

Water Temperature Linear (Water Temperature) Water Temperature Linear (Water Temperature)

y = -0.0786x + 9.8197 y = 0.004x + 16.489 7.87 39 r = -0.398 r = 0.872 7.86 37 7.85 7.84 35 7.83 7.82 33

D.O. 7.81 31 7.8

Transparency 7.79 29 7.78 7.77 27 7.76 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00 24.80 25.00 25.20 25.40 25.60 25.80 26.00 26.20 Total Zooplankton Water Temperature

Transparency Linear (Transparency) D.O. Linear (D.O.)

45 Makode and Charjan Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. Vol. (3) No. (1) June, 2010(43-49)

y = -0.0198x + 6.738 y = -0.2517x + 8.4121 4.0 7.9500 r = -0.687 r = -0.393 7.9000 3.5 7.8500 7.8000 3.0 7.7500 7.7000 2.5 D.O. 7.6500 7.6000 Carbon dioxide 2.0 7.5500 7.5000 1.5 7.4500 150.00 170.00 190.00 210.00 230.00 250.00 270.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Total hardness Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide Linear (Carbon dioxide) D.O. Linear (D.O.)

y = 476.82x - 143.63 y = 4213.8x - 943.37 490 4700 r = 0.746 r = 0.786 470 4500 450 4300 430 4100 410

Ostracoda 390 3900

370 TotalZooplankton 3700 350 3500 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 Silicate Silicate

Ostracoda Linear (Ostracoda) Total Zooplankton Linear (Total Zooplankton)

y = -0.00009x + 8.1296 y = 1.0513x + 145.29 7.8400 220 r = -0.171 r = 0.625 7.8200 215 7.8000

7.7800 210 7.7600 7.7400 205 D.O. 7.7200 7.7000 200 Total hardness 7.6800 195 7.6600 7.6400 190 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 Total Zooplankton Chloride

D.O. Linear (D.O.) Total hardness Linear (Total hardness)

y = 0.0038x + 26.256 y = 0.0001x + 0.4516 47 1.00 r = 0.556 r = 0.621 46 45 0.95 44 0.90 43 42

Nitrate 0.85 41 40 Calciumhardness 0.80 39 38 0.75 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 5000.00 5500.00 Total Zooplankton Total Zooplankton

Calcium hardness Linear (Calcium hardness) Nitrate Linear (Nitrate)

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Table: Matrix Showing Correlation And Significance Level of Physico - Chemical And Biotic Parameters of Water From Chikhaldara Lakes, Melghat Region During April 2009 To March 2010

WT Tra pH Tur TDS DO CO 2 TA TH CaH MgH CHL Phos Sul Nit Si Prot Rot Clad Cop WT 1 Tra 0.643** 1 PH 0.431 0.107 1 Tu -0.023 -0.356 0.491 1 T.D.S -0.134 -0.189 0.195 0.800* 1 D.O. -0.398 -0.366 0.162 0.365 0.382 1 - CO 2 0.191 0.557*** -0.449 0.962* -0.710* -0.39 1 - TA 0.577*** 0.661* -0.123 -0.118 0.14 0.125 0.345 1 TH 0.004 -0.160 0.526 0.695* 0.748* 0.149 -0.687* -0.136 1 - Ca H 0.415 0.674* -0.170 -0.376 -0.01 0.370 0.506 0.551*** 0.067 1 Mg H -0.09 -0.309 0.559*** 0.773* 0.741* 0.230 -0.794* -0.260 0.974* -0.16 1 - CHL 0.161 0.057 0.304 0.750* 0.742* 0.131 0.619** 0.246 0.625** 0.061 0.605*** 1 - - Phos -0.024 0.536 -0.440 0.728* -0.472 0.231 0.733* 0.239 -0.402 0.346 -0.475 -0.45 1 - - - - Sul 0.523 0.770* -0.186 0.809* 0.635** 0.470 0.888* 0.477 -0.465 0.610*** 0.597*** -0.46 0.743* 1 - Nit 0.452 0.851* -0.139 0.745* -0.521 -0.43 0.842* 0.463 -0.360 0.661* -0.504 -0.4 0.785* 0.966* 1 Si 0.591*** 0.857* 0.064 -0.236 -0.108 -0.38 0.384 0.576*** 0.092 0.680* -0.061 0.205 0.573*** 0.699* 0.760* 1 Prot 0.526 0.831* 0.352 0.069 0.141 -0.17 0.104 0.407 0.235 0.513 0.120 0.286 0.274 0.424 0.583*** 0.782* 1 Rot 0.605*** 0.917* 0.289 -0.054 0.059 -0.25 0.252 0.528 0.100 0.592*** -0.032 0.210 0.325 0.538*** 0.677* 0.796* 0.976* 1 Clad 0.574*** 0.893* 0.331 -0.037 0.036 -0.14 0.227 0.474 0.098 0.559*** -0.027 0.223 0.306 0.510 0.650** 0.785* 0.971* 0.983* 1 Cop 0.535 0.809* 0.350 0.082 0.164 -0.12 0.091 0.408 0.235 0.494 0.124 0.269 0.255 0.414 0.567* 0.750* 0.990* 0.968* 0.970* 1 Ostr 0.412 0.813* 0.160 0.083 0.288 -0.1 0.115 0.509 0.225 0.578*** 0.094 0.387 0.289 0.364 0.533 0.746* 0.949* 0.942* 0.934* 0.953* TotZooP 0.553*** 0.872* 0.311 0.018 0.121 -0.17 0.170 0.472 0.172 0.556*** 0.047 0.265 0.297 0.470 0.621** 0.786* 0.992* 0.991* 0.988* 0.990* WT - Water temperature, Tra - Transparency, pH - pH, Cond - Conductivity, Tu - Turbidity, TDS - Total dissolved Solids, DO - Dissolved Oxygen, CO2 - Carbon Dioxide, TA - Total Alkalinity,TH - Total Hardness, Ca H - Calcium Hardness, Mg H - Magnesium Hardness, Chl - Chloride, Phos - Phosphate, Sul - Sulphate, Nit - Nitrate, Sil - Silicate,Prot - Protoza, Rot - Rotifera,Clad - Cladocera, Cop - Copepoda, Ostr - Ostracoda, Tot Zoop - Total Zooplanktons. Significance : - (*) P<0.01, (**) P<0.02, (***) p<0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1% level with total zooplanktons at all the sampling In the present studied correlation matrix showed stations. significant positive correlationship with water temperature and total alkalinity at 5 % level of The biotic communities of Chikhaldara Lakes were significance. Similarly water temperature also found to be independent with water temperature and correlates directly with total zooplanktons at P < 0.05 there were no specific trends of distribution pattern (0.553). The established relationship also supported by amongst various planktonic organisms. A feeble to regression equation. This is evident with the significant correlationship was observed in between observation of Singhai et al., (1990). Correlation studies total zooplankton respectively. However rotifers and of whole lakes shows that significant positive correlation cladocerans population influenced with water was observed with carbon dioxide, while inverse temperature. Water temperature also exhibit significant correlationship associated with dissolved oxygen. In the correlation with transparency. Multiple correlations exist present findings transparency significantly correlated at between correlated factors such as total zooplankton,

47 Makode and Charjan Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. Vol. (3) No. (1) June, 2010(43-49) water temperature and transparency in combination 1.4 ppm oxygen is sufficient to maintain life in water. these factors are responsible for the better growth of Verma (1970) also, opined that dissolved oxygen range zooplanktons. 3.6 mg/L – 4.8 mg/L favoured the growth of organism. Ganapati (1943); Rao (1955); Shaha et al., (1959) all Correlation studies of whole lakes shows that significant had shown well marked inverse relationships between positive correlation was observed with carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen as found in the while inverse correlationship associated with dissolved present study, which fully agree with the observations oxygen. During rainy season when water influx in to the of earlier workers. lake on its way comes in contact with clay, mud and inorganic particles. All these particles are brought into The data of the present study also confirm strong the lake as suspended particles present in water. Water positive correlation between carbon dioxide with feeble was also found more turbid during the month of May and positive correlation being established with total June. This may be due to evaporation of water and zooplanktons. Correlation matrix reveals positive shrinkage in water spread area. This is in agreement correlation with total alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate and with Ajmal and Razi–ud–Din (1988); Kumar (2001); silicate at most of the stations indicate that hardness Kamal Kishor (2005). due to calcium ions, strong positive correlation exhibited with group member of zooplanktons proves that calcium In the present study correlation matrix showed positive is utilized by these organisms. Correlation between correlation at 1% level with total hardness, magnesium chloride and total zooplanktons at all the sampling hardness and chloride, where as strong negative stations showed positive correlationship. correlation was observed at 1% with carbon dioxide and nitrate Strong significant inverse correlation of turbidity Therefore, it is suggested that high chloride in water was established with total zooplanktons. During the favoured the growth of zooplanktons, particularly study period total dissolved solids significantly copepods and ostracods. Inverse relationship in correlated with water hardness, chloride and soil between silicates and pH shown by Nair et al., (1988). microbes. Where as strong negative correlation He observed that with the increase pH, silicates recorded with carbon dioxide, sulphate. In the present concentration reduces in water. In the present study though the total dissolved solids found to be investigation inverse correlationship in between silicate moderate, confirm poor positive correlation between and pH was observed. Similarly positive correlation was total dissolved solids (r = 0.373), this might have not reported by Munavar (1970) in between silicates and favoured good water conditions for the survival of water temperature. The present study agreed with the benthic fauna. statement of earlier workers.

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