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Regional Endemism in New Zealand Grasses

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Regional Endemism in New Zealand Grasses New Zealand Journal of Botany ISSN: 0028-825X (Print) 1175-8643 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzb20 Regional endemism in New Zealand grasses H. E. Connor To cite this article: H. E. Connor (2002) Regional endemism in New Zealand grasses, New Zealand Journal of Botany, 40:2, 189-200, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512782 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512782 Published online: 17 Mar 2010. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 78 View related articles Citing articles: 10 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzb20 Download by: [Dept of Conservation] Date: 29 March 2017, At: 14:55 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2002, Vol. 40: 189-200 189 0028-825X/02/4002-0189 $7.00 © The Royal Society of New Zealand 2002 Regional endemism in New Zealand grasses H. E. CONNOR than in tribes Poeae and Danthonieae, primarily Department of Geography because of the lack of coherent morphological-geo- University of Canterbury graphic patterns in species of wide amplitude. Private Bag 4800 Christchurch, New Zealand Keywords regional endemics; disjunct dist- ribution; grasses; phytogeography; biogeography; New Zealand Abstract Regional endemism is evident in 60 grass taxa among the 182 species and infraspecific taxa that comprise the New Zealand endemic grass INTRODUCTION flora. The pattern of regional endemism matches that described earlier for dicotyledons with high frequen- Biogeographic analyses of the native New Zealand cies in Nelson-Marlborough of northern South Is- flora have revealed patterns of regional endemism land, and in southern South Island in Otago, attributed variously to the effects of glaciation, Southland, and Fiordland. Low frequencies in south- tectonism, and climatic change (Wardle 1963,1991; ern North Island and central South Island are also Burrows 1964, 1965; McGlone 1985). The consistent with patterns earlier described. In north- frequencies of endemic taxa in rather broadly defined ern North Island grass endemism is low, consistent regions were mapped by Wardle (1963, 1991) and with the long history of forests in that region. Habi- McGlone (1985), and in more detailed subdivisions tat preference is evident for most regional endemics for South Island by Burrows (1964, 1965). Heads with rupestral and edaphic constraints dominating. (1997) used the 1 degree squares of the Fauna of Taxonomic rank is the first imperative in establish- New Zealand series in mapping a selected number ing status as a regional endemic. Disjunctions frag- of genera. ment species into genetically isolated populations The New Zealand grass flora has been recently with their own evolutionary potentialities. These circumscribed (Edgar & Connor 2000) and it seems populations, unadorned by taxonomic rank, are opportune to compare the regional endemism of one treated as simple species disjunctions unlike those monophyletic monocotyledonous group, with the supported by an infraspecific taxonomic foundation details of the record of dicotyledons (Wardle (1963) that qualify for regional endemism. This distinction on data compiled from Allan (1961) and as part of seems biologically inconsistent. Regional grass the "higher plants" treatment of McGlone (1985) endemics conform in chromosome number, repro- primarily based on data from the unpublished ductive biology, and habitat selection to other con- analyses of A. P. Druce. Some examples of major generic species except for rare departures. A disjunctions in species distribution will be discussed comparison of the frequencies in regional distribu- briefly because regional endemism studies tions of endemic Gramineae and endemic herba- emphasise their presence. ceous Compositae showed a high level of agreement, This paper describes the current geography of unlike that with endemic Cyperaceae. Among the endemic New Zealand grasses especially in terms of tribes of New Zealand Gramineae, Agrostideae have long recognised centres of floristic richness. It is not a lower ratio of regional endemics:total endemics an account of the evolution of the New Zealand grass flora nor of the pathways of dispersal to modern distribution patterns, and is therefore not of the same genre as Wardle (1963) or of McGlone et al. (2001). B01047 Published 31 May 2002 The current end points of evolution, dispersal, and Received 17 September 2001; accepted 2 April 2002 habitat occupation are the central foci, not their 190 New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2002, Vol. 40 origins, nor their dispersal processes, nor the rates Kermadec Islands or times of expansion or contraction. Two taxa are endemic: Imperata cheesemanii, Poa For the grasses, the results, which effectively anceps subsp. polyphylla. partition data in McGlone (1985), and which are in part a taxonomic parallel to those of Wardle (1963), North Island indicate conformity to the Wardle-McGlone Five species are endemic in the northern region: distribution pattern of two floristically rich regions Chionochloa bromoides, Cortaderia splendens, and two floristic gaps, but are not in agreement for Festuca luciarum, Microlaena carsei, Zoysia northern North Island frequencies primarily because pauctflora. of the paucity there of forest grasses. Four taxa are southern North Island endemics: Chionochloa beddiei, C.flavicans forma temata2, C. rubra var. inermis, Rytidosperma nudum. METHODS South Island Distribution data for all endemic and indigenous grasses as recorded in Edgar & Connor (2000) and Seventeen taxa are endemic to Nelson-Marlborough. the preparatory Flora papers were examined and Thirteen taxa are exclusive to Nelson and western fitted to the mapping units of Wardle (1991). Marlborough: Chionochloa defracta, C. flavescens Species, subspecies, varieties, and forms occurring subsp. lupeola, C. júncea, Deyeuxia lacustris, exclusively within the boundaries of those mapping Festuca deflexa, F. ultramafica, Koeleria riguorum, units are interpreted as regional endemics. Disjunct Poa acicularifolia subsp. ophitalis, P. celsa, P. distributions also derive from this analysis. sudicola, P. xenica, Simplicia buchananii, Stenostachys deceptorix. Four taxa are exclusive to Subspecies are included here, as in Heads (1997). eastern Marlborough: Australopyrum calcis subsp. In species with recognised subspecies the typical calcis1, Dichelachne lautumia, Ely mus sacandros, subspecies, i.e., that bearing the autonym, is here Festuca matthewsii subsp. aquilonia. treated as an independent taxon so that Australopyrum Two taxa are endemic to Canterbury: Austral- calcis subsp. calcis and subsp. optatum are treated as 3 two taxa in the enumerations, and not as one species opyrum calcis subsp. optatum , Festuca actae. with a modest South Island disjunction. There are 37 Fourteen taxa are endemic to Otago-Southland- subspecies for scrutiny. Fiordland. Eight taxa are in Otago-eastern South- land: Poa spania1 in North Otago, and Deschampsia Data for interfamily comparisons of the relative pusilla, Elymus apricus, Festuca matthewsi subsp. distribution of regional endemics of Cyperaceae and pisamontis, Poa pygmaea, P. schistacea, P. senex, herbaceous Compositae were gathered from Rytidosperma tenue, all primarily of Western and specimens in CHR, and from distribution details in Central Otago, but Poa schistacea and P. pygmaea recent papers. Variation in regional endemism among extend into eastern Southland. Six taxa are in grass tribes was assessed from the data presented here. Fiordland-western Southland: Chionochloa acicu- laris, C. crassiuscula subsp. directa, C. ovata, C. spiralis, C. teretifolia, Zotovia acicularis. RESULTS The New Zealand native grass flora comprises Stewart Island 5 endemic genera, 157 endemic species, and Three taxa are endemic: Chionochloa crassiuscula 23 endemic subspecies, 1 variety, and 1 form; 30 subsp. crassiuscula, C. lanea, Poa aucklandica species are indigenous (Edgar & Connor 2000). subsp. rakiura. Other estimates are inexact. Chatham Islands Endemic taxa Three species are endemic: Cortaderia turbaría2, Regional endemism on the Wardle-McGlone Festuca coxii, Poa chathamica. mapping bases is displayed by 44 species, 14 subspecies (three autonyms included), 1 variety, and Subantarctic islands 1 forma. Taxa included by de Lange et al. (1999) in Five taxa are endemic to Auckland and Campbell classes of plants at various levels of risk of extinction islands: Agrostis subulata, Chionochloa antárctica, are signified by superscripts: Critically Endangered; Poa aucklandica subsp. aucklandica and subsp. 2Endangered; Vulnerable. campbellensis, P. ramosissima. Connor—Regional endemism in New Zealand grasses 191 Fig. 1 Numbers of regionally i endemic grasses in each region; 175-E mapping after Wardle (1991). -35°S- -40°S- -45°S- 170°E 175°E Three taxa are in an irregular pattern of mountains; Achnatherum petriei and Festuca endemism; in Lachnagrostis, L. pilosa subsp. matthewsii subsp. latifundii of inland Waitaki nubífera is on the Aucklands and Antipodes, and L. and Central Otago basins. Boundary adjustments leptostachys is on both and on Campbell Island as could accommodate some of these species but the well; Poa litorosa is endemic to the Aucklands, grasses on their own are not sufficiently important Antipodes, Campbell, and Macquarie islands. to alter a pattern receiving credible support. In One taxon is endemic solely to the Antipodes attempting to redefine the boundaries of the lower Islands: Puccinellia
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