DOCSLIB.ORG

The 25Th Annual Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The 25Th Annual Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment The 25th AnnualFordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal Symposium CLE Course Materials 9 February 2018 Fordham University 9 – 3:30 p.m. | program McNally Ampitheatre 140 West 62nd Street Table of Contents CLE Materials Panel 1 Safeguarding Information Integrity in the Era of Fake News Panel 2 European Union Comparative Law Panel 3 Political Non-Neutrality in the Press THE NEW GOVERNORS: THE PEOPLE, RULES, AND PROCESSES GOVERNING ONLINE SPEECH Kate Klonick* *Ph.D Candidate in Law, Yale University, and Resident Fellow at the Information Society at Yale Law School. Research for this project was made possible with the generous support of the Oscar M. Ruebhausen Fund. The author is grateful to Jack Balkin, Molly Brady, Kiel Brennan-Marquez, Peter Byrne, Adrian Chen, Bryan Choi, Danielle Keats Citron, Rebecca Crootof, Evelyn Frazee, Brad Greenberg, Tarleton Gillespie, James Grimmelmann, Alexandra Gutierrez, Woody Hartzog, Gus Hurwitz, Thomas Kadri, Margot Kaminski, Alyssa King, Jonathan Manes, Toni Massaro, Christina Mulligan, Frank Pasquale, Robert Post, Jeff Rosen, Andrew Selbst, Jon Shea, Rebecca Tushnet, and Tom Tyler for helpful thoughts and comments on earlier versions of this article. A special thank you to Rory Van Loo, whose own paper workshop inadvertently inspired me to pursue this topic. Elizabeth Goldberg and Deborah Won provided invaluable and brilliant work as research assistants. 2 DRAFT: KLONICK – NEW GOVERNORS [October 2017] DO NOT DISTRIBUTE Private online platforms have an increasingly essential role in free speech and participation in democratic culture. But while it might appear that any Internet user can publish freely and instantly online, many platforms actively curate the content posted by their users. How and why these platforms operate to moderate speech is largely opaque. This Article provides the first analysis of what these platforms are actually doing to moderate online speech under a regulatory and First Amendment framework. Drawing from original interviews, archived materials, and internal documents, this Article not only describes how three major online platforms—Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube—moderate content, it situates their moderation systems into a broader discussion of online governance and the evolution of free expression values in the private sphere. It reveals that private content moderation systems curate user content with an eye to American free speech norms, corporate responsibility, and at the core, the economic necessity of creating an environment that reflects the expectations of its users. In order to accomplish this, platforms have developed a detailed system rooted in the American legal system with regularly revised rules, trained human decision-making, and reliance on a system of external influence. This Article argues that to best understand online speech, we must abandon traditional doctrinal and regulatory analogies, and understand these private content platforms as systems of governance. These platforms are now responsible for shaping and allowing participation in our new digital and democratic culture, yet they have little direct accountability to their users. Future intervention, if any, must take into account how and why these New Governors regulate online speech in order to strike a balance between preserving the democratizing forces of the Internet and the generative power of our New Governors. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4 I. SECTION 230, THE FIRST AMENDMENT, AND THE BEGINNINGS OF INTERMEDIARY SELF- REGULATION .................................................................................................................. 8 A. History and Development of Section 230 ...................................................... 8 B. First Amendment Implications ..................................................................... 15 C. Internet Pessimists, Optimists, and Realists ................................................. 19 II. WHY GOVERN WELL? THE ROLE OF FREE SPEECH NORMS, CORPORATE CULTURE, AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTENT MODERATION ................... 22 A. Platforms’ baseline in free speech ................................................................ 24 3 DRAFT: KLONICK – NEW GOVERNORS [October 2017] DO NOT DISTRIBUTE 1. Free Speech Norms ..................................................................................... 25 2. Government Request and Collateral Censorship Concerns ..................... 29 B. Why moderate at all? .................................................................................... 33 1. Corporate Responsibility and Identity ...................................................... 33 2. Economic reasons ...................................................................................... 34 III. HOW ARE PLATFORMS GOVERNING? THE RULES, PROCESS, AND REVISION OF CONTENT MODERATION SYSTEMS ................................................................................ 38 A. Development of Moderation: From Standards to Rules ............................. 38 B. How the Rules Are Enforced: Trained Human Decision-Making .............. 43 1. Ex Ante Content Moderation ..................................................................... 44 2. Ex Post Proactive Manual Content Moderation ....................................... 46 3. Ex Post Reactive Manual Content Moderation .......................................... 47 i. Who Enforces the Rules? ...................................................................... 48 ii. How Are the Rules Enforced? ............................................................... 51 a. Training .............................................................................................. 51 b. Similarities to American Law and Legal Reasoning ......................... 53 4. Decisions, Escalations, and Appeals .......................................................... 57 C. System Revision and the Pluralistic System of Influence ............................ 59 1. Government requests ................................................................................. 60 2. Media coverage .......................................................................................... 63 3. Third-party influences ............................................................................... 66 4. Change through process ............................................................................ 68 D. Within Categories of the First Amendment ................................................. 69 IV. THE NEW GOVERNORS ............................................................................................ 73 A. Equal Access ................................................................................................... 76 B. Accountability ............................................................................................... 78 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 81 4 DRAFT: KLONICK – NEW GOVERNORS [October 2017] DO NOT DISTRIBUTE INTRODUCTION In a lot of ways Facebook is more like a government than a traditional company. We have this large community of people, and more than other technology companies we’re really setting policies. -Mark Zuckerberg1 In the Summer of 2016, two historic events occurred almost simultaneously: a bystander captured the police shooting of Alton Sterling on cell phone video, and another recorded the aftermath of the police shooting of Philando Castile, and streamed the footage via Facebook Live.2 Following the deaths of Castile and Sterling, Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg stated that the ability to instantly post a video like the one of Castile dying “reminds us why coming together to build a more open and connected world is so important.” 3 President Barack Obama issued a statement saying the shootings were “symptomatic of the broader challenges within our criminal justice system”4 and the Department of Justice opened an investigation into Sterling’s shooting and announced it would monitor the Castile investigation.5 Multiple protests took place across the country.6 The impact of these videos is an incredible example of how online platforms 1 DAVID KIRKPATRICK, THE FACEBOOK EFFECT: THE REAL INSIDE STORY OF MARK ZUCKERBERG AND THE WORLD’S FASTEST GROWING COMPANY (2011). 2Richard Fausset, Richard Pérez-Peña & Campbell Robertson, U.S. Examines Police Killing in Louisiana, N.Y. TIMES, Jul. 6, 2016, at A1; Matt Furber & Richard Pérez-Peña, 11 Officers Shot, 4 Fatally, at Rally Against Violence, N.Y. TIMES, Jul. 7, 2016, at A1. 3 Mark Zuckerberg, FACEBOOK (Jul. 7, 2016), www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10102948714100101. 4 Press Release, The White House, President Obama on the Fatal Shootings of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile (Jul. 7, 2016) https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/07/07/president-obama-fatal-shootings-alton- sterling-and-philando-castile. 5 Press Release, The U.S. Dept. of Justice, Att’y Gen. Loretta E. Lynch Delivers Statement on Dallas Shooting (Jul. 8, 2016) https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general- loretta-e-lynch-delivers-statement-dallas-shooting. 6 Mitch Smith, Christina Capecchi, and Matt Furber, Peaceful Protests in Minnesota Follow Call for Calm, N.Y. TIMES, Jul. 9, 2016, at A14; Liz Sawyer, Protest results in brief closure of State Fair’s main gate, STAR TRIB. (Sept. 3, 2016 at 9:38 PM)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Law Made Silicon Valley
    Emory Law Journal Volume 63 Issue 3 2014 How Law Made Silicon Valley Anupam Chander Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj Recommended Citation Anupam Chander, How Law Made Silicon Valley, 63 Emory L. J. 639 (2014). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol63/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory Law Journal by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHANDER GALLEYSPROOFS2 2/17/2014 9:02 AM HOW LAW MADE SILICON VALLEY Anupam Chander* ABSTRACT Explanations for the success of Silicon Valley focus on the confluence of capital and education. In this Article, I put forward a new explanation, one that better elucidates the rise of Silicon Valley as a global trader. Just as nineteenth-century American judges altered the common law in order to subsidize industrial development, American judges and legislators altered the law at the turn of the Millennium to promote the development of Internet enterprise. Europe and Asia, by contrast, imposed strict intermediary liability regimes, inflexible intellectual property rules, and strong privacy constraints, impeding local Internet entrepreneurs. This study challenges the conventional wisdom that holds that strong intellectual property rights undergird innovation. While American law favored both commerce and speech enabled by this new medium, European and Asian jurisdictions attended more to the risks to intellectual property rights holders and, to a lesser extent, ordinary individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • No Monitoring Obligations’ the Death of ‘No Monitoring Obligations’ a Story of Untameable Monsters by Giancarlo F
    The Death of ‘No Monitoring Obligations’ The Death of ‘No Monitoring Obligations’ A Story of Untameable Monsters by Giancarlo F. Frosio* Abstract: In imposing a strict liability regime pean Commission, would like to introduce filtering for alleged copyright infringement occurring on You- obligations for intermediaries in both copyright and Tube, Justice Salomão of the Brazilian Superior Tribu- AVMS legislations. Meanwhile, online platforms have nal de Justiça stated that “if Google created an ‘un- already set up miscellaneous filtering schemes on a tameable monster,’ it should be the only one charged voluntary basis. In this paper, I suggest that we are with any disastrous consequences generated by the witnessing the death of “no monitoring obligations,” lack of control of the users of its websites.” In order a well-marked trend in intermediary liability policy to tame the monster, the Brazilian Superior Court that can be contextualized within the emergence of had to impose monitoring obligations on Youtube; a broader move towards private enforcement online this was not an isolated case. Proactive monitoring and intermediaries’ self-intervention. In addition, fil- and filtering found their way into the legal system as tering and monitoring will be dealt almost exclusively a privileged enforcement strategy through legisla- through automatic infringement assessment sys- tion, judicial decisions, and private ordering. In multi- tems. Due process and fundamental guarantees get ple jurisdictions, recent case law has imposed proac- mauled by algorithmic enforcement, which might fi- tive monitoring obligations on intermediaries across nally slay “no monitoring obligations” and fundamen- the entire spectrum of intermediary liability subject tal rights online, together with the untameable mon- matters.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    JENNIFER E. ROTHMAN University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School • 3501 Sansom Street • Philadelphia, PA 19104 Email: [email protected] ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA CAREY LAW SCHOOL, Philadelphia, PA Visiting Professor of Law Spring 2021 LOYOLA LAW SCHOOL, LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY, Los Angeles, CA William G. Coskran Chair and Professor of Law 2020–present Professor of Law and the Joseph Scott Fellow 2009–2020 Associate Professor 2007–2009 Teaching Awards: David P. Leonard Faculty Service Award (voted on by students for the outstanding professor of the year for both teaching and service) (2020) Service: Faculty Workshops (Chair, 2008–present); Entertainment Director Search Committee (2019– 2020); Intellectual Property & Entertainment Curriculum & LL.M Committees/Study Groups (2008– present); Disability Review Committee (2014–present); Research & Sabbatical Grants Committee (2018–2020); Appointments (2009–2013); Distance Learning Study Group (2013–2014); IP Moot Court Advisor (2009–2010); Clerkships (2008–2009) WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, St. Louis, MO Associate Professor 2005–2007 Service: Clerkships (2005–2007); Building & Design Committee (2006–2007); Intellectual Property & Technology Law Program Advisor (2005–2007); Intellectual Property LL.M. Program Advisor (2005– 2007); Curriculum (2005–2006) OTHER ACADEMIC AFFILIATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS YALE LAW SCHOOL, New Haven, CT Affiliated Fellow, Yale Information Society Project 2016–present Member, Ph.D. Committee with Jack Balkin and Robert Post 2018–2020 AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE, Philadelphia, PA Adviser, RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW THIRD, TORTS: DEFAMATION AND PRIVACY 2019–present Elected Member 2013–present EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, SCHOOL OF LAW, J.D. Honors and Awards: Graduated 1st in class; 3-time recipient of the Laurence E.
    [Show full text]
  • English, French and Russian, the Media Self-Regulation Guidebook Was Launched at the Eurasia Regional Forum for Media Development Held in Paris on 17–19 April 2008
    Yearbook 2008 Yearbook 10 2008 THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA www.osce.org/fom THE REPRESENTATIVE ON FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA The Representative on Organization for Security and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ISBN 978-92-9234-627-0 Co-operation in Europe Freedom of the Media The views expressed by the contributing authors in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. © 2009 The Representative on Freedom of the Media Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Wallnerstrasse 6 A-1010 Vienna, Austria tel +43-1-512 21 45-0 fax +43-1-512 21 45-9 e-mail [email protected] www.osce.org/fom Design & Layout: Phoenix Design Aid, Denmark ISBN 978-92-9234-627-0 Yearbook 10 2008 The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Vienna 2009 contents Contents 11 Preface by Alexander Stubb 15 Foreword by Miklos Haraszti Contributions 19 Greeting on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of ARTICLE 19 Miklos Haraszti 23 The Success Story of the Media Self-Regulation Guidebook Adeline Hulin 29 When confrontation ends and co-operation begins. The media and the government Zoya Kazanzhy Mandate of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media 35 Decision No. 193: Mandate of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media 43 Decision No. 1/07: Extension of the Mandate of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media Declarations 47 Joint Declaration by the four Global Rapporteurs on Freedom of
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 of 26 the Psychology Behind Morbid Reality
    Page 1 of 26 The psychology behind morbid reality: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the fascination with blood, gore, injury, and death on the internet Rebecca Fox Supervised by: Jane Adlard May 2013 Page 2 of 25 The psychology behind morbid reality: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of the fascination with blood, gore, injury, and death on the internet ABSTRACT The psychological effects of viewing fictional, morbid and often, violent material are long researched and often in a negative light; yet despite the abundance and growing popularity of factual morbid material, predominately on the internet may be having on their psyche. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was crucial to gain best insight into participants’ experience with blood, gore, injury, and death; and ultimately, the research question; “why do people view (Anderson, 2012), few studies have explored the effects of watching someone become injured or die. Using five male and three female adult participants from around the world, this study looked to address the motivations behind viewing factual morbid material on the internet and the effects it reality material involving injury and/or death?” Themes identified participants’ keen interests in the material, along with reporting both positive and negative psychological consequences. In comparison with previous literature based on both factual and fictional morbid material (e.g. Zuckerman & Litle, 1986), albeit largely based on short-term exposure, results were mixed and further research with these participants or from other similar internet domains would be necessary to further explore the effects of viewing factual morbid material. This is an entirely original study and themes identified and conclusions drawn should be taken with caution, acting merely as an introduction to the psychology behind the fascination in viewing morbid material.
    [Show full text]
  • Objectivity and Autonomy in the Newsroom: a Field Approach
    OBJECTIVITY AND AUTONOMY IN THE NEWSROOM: A FIELD APPROACH A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Jay F. Gabriel May, 2008 © Copyright 2008 by Jay F. Gabriel iii ABSTRACT Objectivity and Autonomy in the Newsroom: A Field Approach Jay F. Gabriel Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2008 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Paul Garrett This dissertation provides a better understanding of how journalists attain their personal and occupational identities. In particular, I examine the origins and meanings of journalistic objectivity as well as the professional autonomy that is specific to journalism. Journalists understand objectivity as a worldview, value, ideal, and impossibility. A central question that remains is why the term objectivity has become highly devalued in journalistic discourse in the past 30 years, a puzzling development considered in light of evidence that “objectivity” remains important in American journalism. I use Bourdieu’s notion of field to explore anthropological ways of looking at objectivity, for instance, viewing it as a practice that distinguishes journalists from other professionals as knowledge workers. Applying notions of field to the journalistic field through anthropological methods and perspective permits the linkage of microlevel perspectives to macrolevel social phenomena. The dissertation demonstrates how qualitative research on individuals and newsroom organizations can be connected to the field of journalism in the United States. Additionally, it offers insight into why journalists continue to embrace objectivity, even as they acknowledge its deficiencies as a journalistic goal. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank dissertation chair Paul Garrett, committee members Jayasinhji Jhala and Carolyn Kitch and outside reader Andrew Mendelson for their guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • News Corporation 1 News Corporation
    News Corporation 1 News Corporation News Corporation Type Public [1] [2] [3] [4] Traded as ASX: NWS ASX: NWSLV NASDAQ: NWS NASDAQ: NWSA Industry Media conglomerate [5] [6] Founded Adelaide, Australia (1979) Founder(s) Rupert Murdoch Headquarters 1211 Avenue of the Americas New York City, New York 10036 U.S Area served Worldwide Key people Rupert Murdoch (Chairman & CEO) Chase Carey (President & COO) Products Films, Television, Cable Programming, Satellite Television, Magazines, Newspapers, Books, Sporting Events, Websites [7] Revenue US$ 32.778 billion (2010) [7] Operating income US$ 3.703 billion (2010) [7] Net income US$ 2.539 billion (2010) [7] Total assets US$ 54.384 billion (2010) [7] Total equity US$ 25.113 billion (2010) [8] Employees 51,000 (2010) Subsidiaries List of acquisitions [9] Website www.newscorp.com News Corporation 2 News Corporation (NASDAQ: NWS [3], NASDAQ: NWSA [4], ASX: NWS [1], ASX: NWSLV [2]), often abbreviated to News Corp., is the world's third-largest media conglomerate (behind The Walt Disney Company and Time Warner) as of 2008, and the world's third largest in entertainment as of 2009.[10] [11] [12] [13] The company's Chairman & Chief Executive Officer is Rupert Murdoch. News Corporation is a publicly traded company listed on the NASDAQ, with secondary listings on the Australian Securities Exchange. Formerly incorporated in South Australia, the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on November 12, 2004. At present, News Corporation is headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Ave.), in New York City, in the newer 1960s-1970s corridor of the Rockefeller Center complex.
    [Show full text]
  • Hosting the Public Discourse: News Organizations, Digital
    Hosting the Public Discourse 1 Hosting the Public Discourse: News Organizations, Digital Intermediaries, and the Politics of Making Newsmedia Social Joshua Braun, Dept. of Communication, Cornell University Tarleton Gillespie, Dept. of Communication, Cornell University Contact: Joshua Braun 336 Kennedy Hall Dept. of Communication Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853 [email protected] Hosting the Public Discourse 2 Abstract In this paper, we will examine the inverse and converging movement of two sets of institutions: news organizations, as they find that part of their mission necessarily includes hosting an unruly user community that doesn’t always play by the norms of journalism; and online media platforms and social networks designed for users to share content, finding that the content being shared is often a form of news, some of which challenges their established user guidelines. We draw on a range of in-depth interviews to understand how each industry is finding itself in the other’s turf, and facing the challenges and tensions the other has long coped with, but from its own distinct vantage point. From this we will explore the ways in which the roles of news provision and community management are increasingly intermingled—in ways that will continue to have an impact on both news organizations and digital intermediaries, along with their audiences and users. Hosting the Public Discourse 3 While today’s headlines are full of stories about the death of newspapers at the hands of the Internet, the longer story has been the efforts of all kinds of news organizations to adjust to, take advantage of, and in some ways migrate to an online environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Danielle Keats Citron, Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law
    PREPARED WRITTEN TESTIMONY AND STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD FOR Danielle Keats Citron, Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law HEARING ON “Fostering a Healthier Internet to Protect Consumers” BEFORE THE House Committee on Energy and Commerce October 16, 2019 John D. Dingell Room, 2123, Rayburn House Office Building Washington, D.C. INTRODUCTION Thank you for inviting me to appear before you to testify about corporate responsibility for online activity and fostering a healthy internet to protect consumers. My name is Danielle Keats Citron. I am a Professor of Law at the Boston University School of Law. In addition to my home institution, I am an Affiliate Faculty at the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard Law School, Affiliate Scholar at Stanford Law School’s Center on Internet & Society, Affiliate Fellow at Yale Law School’s Information Society Project, and Tech Fellow at NYU Law’s Policing Project. I am also a 2019 MacArthur Fellow. My scholarship focuses on privacy, free speech, and civil rights. I have published more than 30 articles in major law reviews and more than 25 opinion pieces for major news outlets.1 My book Hate Crimes in Cyberspace tackled the phenomenon of cyber stalking and what law, companies, and society can do about it.2 As a member of the American Law Institute, I serve as an adviser on Restatement (Third) Torts: Defamation and Privacy and the Restatement (Third) Information Privacy Principles Project. In my own writing and with coauthors Benjamin Wittes, Robert Chesney, Quinta Jurecic, and Mary Anne Franks, I have explored the significance of Section 230 to civil rights and civil liberties in a digital age.3 * * * Summary: In the early days of the commercial internet, lawmakers recognized that federal agencies could not possibly tackle all noxious activity online.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation
    Free Speech in the Algorithmic Society: Big Data, Private Governance, and New School Speech Regulation Jack M. Balkin* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1151 I. BIG DATA IS SOYLENT GREEN ................................................. 1154 A. Technology Mediates (and Constitutes) Relationships of Power Between People ..................................................... 1157 B. Information Fiduciaries ................................................... 1160 C. Algorithmic Nuisance ...................................................... 1163 D. Personal Robots ............................................................... 1168 II. NEW SCHOOL SPEECH REGULATION AND PRIVATE GOVERNANCE ......................................................................... 1172 A. The Right to Be Forgotten and the Problem of Fake News 1172 B. New School Speech Regulation ......................................... 1173 1. Collateral Censorship ............................................... 1176 2. Digital Prior Restraint............................................... 1177 C. Public Private Cooperation/Cooptation ............................ 1179 III. PRIVATE GOVERNANCE ........................................................... 1182 A. From Game Gods to Social Media .................................... 1184 B. From the Dyadic to the Pluralist Model of Speech Governance ..................................................................... 1186 C. Problems of the New System of
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 1 (2010) 1-2
    MEDIJSKE STUDIJE MEDIA STUDIES ISSN 1847-9758 UDK 316.77 Zagreb, prosinac 2010. / December 2010 MEDIJSKE STUDIJE / MEDIA STUDIES Izdavači / Publishers Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet političkih znanosti i Hrvatsko komunikacijsko društvo / University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Science and Croatian Communication Association Za izdavače / Offi cial representatives Nenad Zakošek Smiljana Leinert-Novosel Adresa uredništva / Editorial Offi ce Medijske studije / Media Studies Lepušićeva 6 10000 Zagreb, Hrvatska / Croatia e-mail: [email protected] Uredništvo / Editorial Board Nebojša Blanuša, Viktorija Car (glavna urednica / chief editor), Marijana Grbeša, Igor Kanižaj (izvršni urednik / executive editor), Marina Mučalo, Helena Popović, Nenad Prelog, Božo Skoko, Gordana Vilović Urednički savjet / Editorial Advisory Board Sandra Bašić Hrvatin, University of Primorska, Slovenia Helena Bilandžić, University of Augsburg, Germany Peter Dahlgren, University of Lund, Sweden Nail Kurtić, University of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Vesna Lamza Posavec, Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Croatia David Morley, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Ivan Šiber, University of Zagreb, Croatia Dejan Verčič, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Barbie Zelizer, University of Pennsylvania, USA Lektorica hrvatskog jezika / Croatian Language Editor Ivana Vrtič Lektor engleskog jezika / English Language Editor Brett Campbell Korice i dizajn / Cover and Layout Design Davor Šunk, Defi nicija Prijelom / Layout Hrvoje Stančić UDK klasifi kacija / UDC Classifi cation Irena
    [Show full text]
  • Free Speech and Hostile Environments
    Reprinted from 99 Columbia L. Rev. (1999). Copyright Jack M. Balkin 1999. All rights reserved. FREE SPEECH AND HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS J.M. Balkin* One major concern about sexual harassment law is that employers will restrict employee speech in order to avoid hostile environment liability, thus violating free speech principles. In this Essay, Professor Balkin argues that this “collateral censorship” is constitutionally permissible when there are good grounds for vicarious liability. Because employers actively control workplace culture, and because they are better able to prevent hostile environments than individual employees, vicarious liability for employee speech is more justified than in the case of distributors or common carriers. Professor Balkin also argues that captive audience doctrine, generally thought to apply only to speech in the home, is actually better suited to workplace speech. Hostile environments are a method of sex discrimination that maintains gender segregation; a hostile environment does its work precisely through making the employee a captive audience. The Essay concludes that First Amendment challenges to sexual harassment law should not become a defense of employer prerogatives presented in the guise of worker liberties. Without the incentives created by sexual harassment law, employees will not be freed from censorship; they will simply be remitted to the economic and social control of employers. Does sexual harassment law conflict with the First Amendment? A number of commentators now argue that it does.1 Generally, these * Knight Professor of Constitutional Law and the First Amendment, Yale Law School. My thanks to Bruce Ackerman, Akhil Amar, Ian Ayres, Dan Kahan, Sandy Levinson, Vicki Schultz, Reva Siegel, and Eugene Volokh for their comments on previous drafts.
    [Show full text]