World Leader in Building Materials

April 2011

11 1 World leader in building materials

 Leadership positions in all our Businesses  World leader in  No. 2 & No. 3 worldwide in Aggregates &  No. 3 worldwide in Gypsum

 Operating in 78 countries

 Employing 76,000 people

 1,963 industrial sites worldwide

 16,2 billion Euros in Sales

 2,441 million Euros in Current Operating Income

 Listed on Euronext Paris stock exchange

22 2 A well balanced geographical portfolio, present in 78 countries and on every continent

Western Europe Central Workforce: 15,700 and Eastern Europe Sales: 4,313 M€ Workforce : 7,700 Sales: 1,043 M€

North America Workforce: 10,800 Asia Sales: 3,336 M€ Workforce: 19,500 Sales: 2,680 M€

Latin America Workforce:3,400 Middle East and Sales: 894 M€ Africa Workforce: 18,900 Sales: 3,903 M€

Lafarge 2010 key figures 33 3 A worldwide presence to benefit from different markets’ opportunities

8,8% 16,6% 26,7%

5,5%

31,5% Sales by Sales by business line 6,5% geographic area 59,7%

20,6% 24,1%

Western Europe North America Africa & Middle East Central and Eastern Europe Cement Latin America Aggregates & Concrete Asia Gypsum

44 4 Cultural diversity to enrich the Group’s skills

20,7% 25,7% Western Europe Split of North America employees Africa & Middle East Central & Eastern Europe 4,4% by region 14,2% Latin America % Asia 10,1%

24,9%

 About 50% in developed markets 50% in emerging markets

 Making diversity an asset  for a common performance culture  for sharing knowledge and know-how  for targeting excellence everywhere  for applying our values 55 5 Lafarge at the heart of sustainable construction

 Lafarge supports building methods respectful of man’s future and his environment by partnering with different industry players and innovates.

 Carbon footprint reduction of our products and of buildings built with our products focus on Sustainable  Energy savings in our production processes and in buildings built with our Construction products

 Reduction of the cost of construction

66 66 Our priorities (1)

 Be among the best industrial companies in safety

 by ensuring a safe and healthy work environment for our stakeholders

 Strengthen our position in emerging countries to meet their infrastructure and housing needs

 in Cement, Aggregates and Gypsum

 respecting people and cultures

77 7 Our priorities (2)

 Provide our customers with innovative products and solutions to push forward the boundaries of construction

 An R&D center with around 240 researchers

 To develop value-added products and solutions

 Over 50% of our R&D budget is dedicated to sustainable development requirements

 Committed to sustainable development

 Reducing our environmental footprint throughout our products’ entire life cycle

 Care for our neighboring communities and contributing to their social and economic development

88 8 Cement: a universal product used daily

9 9 Priority to emerging fast-growing markets

 World Leader in Cement

 44 250 employees in 49 countries

 125 plants & 43 grinding stations

 215 million ton annual capacity

 A growth strategy centered around emerging markets

 Chine, India, Latin America, Central & Eastern Europe, Middle East and Africa

 The majority of our new capacity projects are in these countries

 High growth potential • Huge needs in infrastructures & housing

10 10 Performance improvement continues

 Industrial expertise supported by over 175 years of experience

 Four technical centers with over 600 engineers and technicians worldwide

 Knowledge and experience sharing culture

 Continuous improvement of environmental performance

 Our alternative fuel usage rate reached 12% in 2010

 Continuous improvement in substitution material rate: • Cement to clinker ratio was 1.30 in 2010 compared to 1.29 in 2009 and 1.28 in 2008

 We’ve achieved, one year ahead of schedule, our objective of

 Reducing our net CO2 per ton of cement emissions rate by 21.7% between 1990 & 2010

 Our dust emissions were reduced by 35.7% between 2005 and 2010 11 11 Developing Innovative and efficient solutions

 Advanced solutions to meet our customer’s demands varying from a basic cement to high-performance applications

 Ready-To-Use in UK

 Concreto in India

 Basis in Greece

 Mascrete in Malaysia

 Developing technological breakthroughs in reducing the CO2 footprint in cement applications. Full range of lower carbon

 Rapidcem in South Africa

 Dynamik in Poland

 Multibat Plus in Czech Republic

12 Aggregates & Concrete: Innovation at the heart of our strategy

DR Médiathèque Lafarge - Ignus Gerber Growth in emerging countries

 World No.2 in Aggregates and No.3 in Concrete

 579 quarries and 1,139 concrete plants in 36 countries

 Products and services to meet construction and infrastructure needs

 Aggregates, ready-mix , asphalt and paving for engineering structures, roads and buildings

 Acceleration of our development in emerging markets

 Solidify positions in India, South Africa and Eastern Europe

 Reinforce our presence in China, Algeria and the Middle East

1414 14 Differentiation through Innovation

 Growing contribution of value-added products …  Concrete value-added products accounted for 24% of our Concrete sales in 2010

 Launch of new concretes contributing to energy performance  Thermedia® developed in partnership with Bouygues  Ductal® based thermal breaker

 International brands guaranteeing product quality and consistency

 Agilia ®, Chronolia ®, Extensia ®, Artevia ®

1515 15 Gypsum: No. 3 Worldwide

16 16 A profitable growth strategy

 No. 3 worldwide in Gypsum  8,000 employees  77 industrial sites in 30 countries

 Consolidate and reinforce our positions  In Europe and North America: reinforce our competitive advantage and increase innovative product and solution sales  Eastern Europe: develop our production capacities and product ranges  Asia and Latin America: confirm our leadership through profitable growth

 Differentiate ourselves  Increase innovative products and customer service levels  Contribute to sustainable construction  strengthen our expertise and human resources  Reinforce benchmarking and product and process transfer

17 17 Innovative and ecological solutions for interiors

 Strong innovation potential for plasterboard

 A « system » approach: plasterboards, metal studs, compounds

 In 2010, 15% of our sales came from new products

 Some promising innovations:

 Synia®, plasterboard with 4 tapered edges

 WAB, water-resistant plasterboard

 Tenace 936, a light plasterboard for ceilings

 BA 18/900, partition system that replaces two traditional plasterboards

 “low dust” compound that produces less dust

 An ecological product

 100% recyclable

 With a low energy content

 Easy to install

18 18 Health & Safety: Lafarge’s Top Priority

19 DR Médiathèque Lafarge - Diego Giudice 19 Health & Safety: our No 1 priority

 Our ambition is:

 Zero incidents and zero occupational illnesses

 Be amongst the safest companies worldwide

 Our KPIs are:

 LTI frequency rate (including sub-contractors) divided by 2 every 3 years

 75% of our Business Units meet the strict criteria for membership of Lafarge’s H&S Excellence Club by 2015

 To be achieved through:

 Visible and strong commitment of our leaders

 Continuous development of employees’ competency and behavior

 Implementation of common rules and standards

 Full integration of Health & Safety within our processes

 Best practices and experience sharing with the world’s best performers

 Recognizing Business Units with strong Health & Safety performance

20 20 21 21 Reinforcing our efforts to deliver results

Reduction of Employee LTI FR*

* Number of accidents leading to loss of time by million hours worked

22 22 Recognizing achievements, rewarding people

 H&S Month  A month dedicated to Health & Safety events worldwide  Targeting employees, their families, contractors, customers, communities

 H&S Excellence Club  Recognizing Business Units which have achieved a superior level of performance

DR Médiathèque Lafarge

23 23 More than ever committed to Sustainable Development

2424 24 Continue our 2012 Sustainability Ambitions

 Lafarge has defined a roadmap of its social and environmental commitments:  2012 Sustainability Ambitions

 Measurable and ambitious objectives to achieve by 2012

 Results from an in-depth dialogue with stakeholders concerning:  Areas where the Group has a real impact  Areas where the Group can positively influence the industry

 Three major priorities:

 Health & Safety management

 Environment: fighting against climate change, biodiversity protection, emissions reduction

 Stakeholder relations management

2525 25 Environment protection: reduce emissions (1/3)

Reduce CO 2 emissions  Our objective  Reduce net emissions per ton of cement produced from 1990 to 2010 by 20%  Our achievements  In 2010, we continued to outperform the CO2 emissions targets we had set for 2010,with a reduction of 21.7%, thanks to: • Fossil fuel substitution with biomass, industrial waste… • Replacement of clinker by cementitious products • Energy efficiency improvement  Example  China : 40% reduction in our specific heat consumption between 1990 and 2009, leading to a 29% reduction of specific net CO 2 missions over the same period. Cut other emissions  Our objectives  Cut our dust emissions by 30% by 2012

 Cut our SO 2 and NOx emissions by 20% by 2012  Our achievements  Dust emissions reduced by 35.7% in 2010

 SO 2 emissions reduced by 52.8% in 2010 and NOx emissions reduced by 27.9% in 2010 2626 26 Environment protection: protect and develop biodiversity (2/3) A systematic and professional approach to biodiversity  Our objectives  Analyze all active quarries to evaluate their environmental potential  Develop a biodiversity program on all potential sites  Ensure that rehabilitation plans are in place for all quarries  Our achievements  In 2010, 94% of the Group quarries were analyzed based on WWF criteria  In 2010, 35% of the Group quarries had identified local opportunities for habitat enhancement or education  In 2010, 84.5% of the Group quarries had a rehabilitation plan

BEFORE (1996) UNDER WORKING (1996) AFTER (2010) Limestone quarry, Korea, Baekdudaegan

 Example  Canada - Rehabilitation of Brookfield quarry . Having diverted 2 waterways and recreated their occupants' habitat, Brookfield now offers footpaths to discover 2727 Canadian nature and is certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council. 27 Environment protection: reduce Water Footprint (3/3)

 Our objectives  Map sites in areas of water scarcity and measure their water footprint  Choose pilot sites

 Our achievements  73% of our sites had a water recycling system in 2010  Experience acquired at pilot sites allowed writing guidance for implementation of the water action plan. It includes instructions for • Step 1: Raising awareness • Step 2: Building the water footprint • Step 3: Reducing water footprint • Step 4: Launching actions with the local communities

 Example  Romania : The pilot project conducted at Medgidia cement plant has identified measures to reduce water consumption, so that the plant has an action plan which is rolled out in 2011

2828 28 Acting globally: Group Partnerships

 With WWF since 2000

 Climate change: continue CO2 emissions reduction

 Persistent pollutants: improve tracking and reporting

 Water footprint: improve understanding in order to reduce

 Biodiversity: apply biodiversity indicator and quarry rehabilitation management system

 Promote sustainable construction

 Help Business Units develop local joint initiatives with WWF

 With Care since 2003

 Spread our know-how regarding the fight against HIV/AIDS

 A system to evaluate the impact of our actions regarding local communities

 Program to improve the quality of housing of lower income people in emerging countries

2929 29 Acting globally: leadership role in international bodies and recognition by third parties

 Member of the United Nations Global Compact since 2003

 Member of the Global Business Coalition against AIDS since its founding in 2002

 Member of WBCSD* :  Founder and core-member of the Cement Initiative for Sustainable Development (CSI) • The world’s 23 largest cement companies work to improve sustainable development • 5 Chinese cement manufacturers joined CSI in 2009  Co-chair of Energy Efficiency in Buildings • An international project aiming to reduce energy use in buildings

 More than 80 external recognitions in 2010  19 countries rewarded  By trade organizations and independent associations  For initiatives in health and safety, sustainable construction, respect for the environment, support to stakeholders...

3030 * WBCSD: Worldwide Business Council for Sustainable Development 30 Acting globally: permanent dialogue with two expert external panels who act as ‘critical friends’

 Stakeholder Panel  10 members : NGOs, architect, unions’ representatives, environmental experts, socially responsible investor,…  Created in 2003  Two formal meetings per year and one Lafarge industrial site visit  Gives recommendations on the Group’s sustainable development management and performance  Participates in the Sustainability Report

 Consultative Biodiversity Panel  10 members  Created in 2006  Two meetings per year  Advises the Group on its biodiversity strategy

3131 31 Dialogue with stakeholders (1/3) Who are we talking about? Main ‘families’ of stakeholders around our sites

Local Elected Government and media officials public services

Opinion makers: Local dignitaries doctors, teachers & professionals A special place for Employees / Professional & representatives trade Associations organizations

Shareholders Other (if listed) industries Schools Neighbors Customers colleges

Stakeholders are…..“All those who exercise, or could exercise, influence over the activity of a site and all those who are, or could be, influenced by the activity of a site.”

3232 32 Dialogue with stakeholders (2/3) Group local communities targets Commitments made in Sustainable Development Report

 Our objectives  Have 100% of local site managers trained  Ensure frequent, regular and structured meetings with identified local stakeholders  Ensure an annual structured local action plan for each site  Implement a vision on partnering communities to support long-term development

 Our achievements, in 2010 include:  55% of key managers trained on stakeholder management  65% of sites meeting with their local communities regularly  51% of sites with annual action plans to engage with local stakeholders  70% of managers have a long-term vision

 Example  Indonesia : implementation of a programme that facilitates New small business the availability of capital loans started by (micro-credits) for small and a woman from the micro entrepreneurs of a local community. In partnership with community local financial organisations, and with the aim to improve the Sharing experiences community general economic welfare. 3333 33 Dialogue with stakeholders (3/3) Further actions with local communities in countries where we operate

India - Training in masonry for unemployed youths Located in rural areas where the population is hit by low-income levels and unemployment, the Lafarge India plants participate in projects to integrate unemployed youths in masonry jobs.

Ecuador - Assistance program for local growers Lafarge carries out an agricultural development project by teaching communities around the plant how to grow blackberries to provide a regular source of income.

Nigeria – IT learning centers development in Nigeria Why ? To anticipate the intellectual needs of the region's young people and students. Since 2010, these centers in Ewekoro and Sagamu have been certified by Microsoft

3434 34 Addressing new construction trends

3535 35 Research & Innovation at Lafarge A competitive advantage

 Long term presence in Cement, Concrete, Aggregates and Gypsum

 A scientific approach developed over 20 years

 From empirical expertise to scientific understanding of mechanisms

A unique multidisciplinary expertise

DR Médiathèque Lafarge

3636 36 The Technology Center near Lyon: an international pool of highly skilled experts

 Research & Development  Undertake research projects in a multi-disciplinary environment  Design the solutions for tomorrow’s construction systems  Preserve natural resources and reduce the Group’s carbon footprint  Cement Division engineering teams  Provide technical assistance to cement plants  Manage cement project engineering  Continuously improve industrial performance

3737 37 An international network linking our research and technical centers

 150 M€ per year (1% of our turnover) dedicated to technology and innovation in products, systems and industrial processes

 Multi-division research center

 Division Technical Centers

 Development laboratories in the largest BUs

Our Technical Centers 3838 38 The world’s largest building materials research center

 Research in France: 250 employees, and over a dozen nationalities

 40 research projects every year

 A portfolio of more than 800 patents

 Unique research facilities dedicated to concrete innovation  Real-time testing of research results conducted in laboratories, on an industrial scale

 Accelerated launch of new and innovative concretes onto the market

3939 39 Cutting-edge research in collaboration with the best academic teams in the world

 Close partnerships with the most prestigious universities and engineering schools, to accelerate advances in materials science

Europe Asia North America

 An education and research chair: “The Science of materials for sustainable construction”

 Member of the network

4040  Collaboration with MIT’s Concrete Sustainability Hub 40 Over 60% of the Research Center’s budget dedicated to sustainable construction issues

Key challenges for Lafarge research and development:

 Improving energy efficiency of our production processes and buildings made with our products

 Reducing carbon footprint

CO 2 emissions  Limiting environmental impact Other reduction

 Effective water management Energy  Preserving natural resources efficiency

 Reducing the cost of construction Comfort & Natural resources Quality of Life  Improving aesthetics Health & Safety

4141 41 Building sustainably A major global challenge

Environment Demographic Growth Climate Change

An opportunity for Lafarge

4242 42 A global and strategic challenge for Lafarge

 Combining construction and sustainable development ⇒Building homes and infrastructures which contribute to social and economic development while preserving an environment in which future generations can live

 Taking into account the entire lifecycle of constructions

Usage of the construction Demolition and Construction deconstruction

Quarrying & production of Recycling materials

Beyond the production of materials, the vital challenge of sustainable construction lies in the life of buildings and infrastructures. 4343 43 Lafarge 7 strategic axes towards sustainable construction

1. Process and manufacturing 2. Products and services 3. Research and Development 4. Training 5. Communication 6. Lobby 7. Partnerships

4444 44 Lafarge is tackling all levels of the construction chain

Aggregates

Development of innovative materials with a lower environmental footprint

Clinker Cement Concrete

The material itself

4545 45 Lafarge is tackling all levels of the construction chain

Aggregates

Clinker Cement Concrete

The material itself

4646 46 Lafarge is tackling all levels of the construction chain

Aggregates Plasterboard

Concrete Construction Buildings method To create efficient solutions over the lifecycle of buildings and the infrastructures 4747 47 Developing local sustainable construction partnerships

Collaborate with builders and engineer on the design and construction of energy efficient building projects using Lafarge concrete-based and other solutions with optimized or reduced costs

Example Jambert -Lafarge Energy Efficient House France Supplying with:  Expertise on construction materials to support the contractor, design office, workers on the jobsite  Materials: Agilia® concrete solutions, Unimat™ insulating flooring solutions , Pregymax™ 29.5 and Pregymetal™ plasterboard systems, Synia®, Pregydro™…  Pedagogic information on efficiency aspects of the project to public all along the construction

4848 48 Our value-added solutions

DR Médiathèque Lafarge Blended cements with reduced CO 2

 Growing use of cement additives such as slag or to produce blended cements with a lower carbon footprint

 Today, 60 % of Lafarge’s cement products are blended cements

 Example: Athlos TM , a blended cement for the Greek market

 Masonry cement CEM IV 32.5 with a clinker, fly ash and limestone

=> Reduced environmental footprint

 -50% CO2 emissions versus

5050 50 Ductal®, a material that combines exceptional performance characteristics

 Compressive strength: 6 to 8 times greater than conventional concrete

 Flexural strength: 10 times greater than conventional concrete

 Ductility: ability to bend under excessive loads without breaking

 Superior surface aspects

 Durability: 100 times greater than standard references

 Ductal® is a structural and architectural material designed to be used without re-bars

 very relevant for earthquake resistant structures

 lighter structures, with reduced volumes and weight

 major civil engineering projects and buildings

5151 5151 Ductal®: reducing environmental impact over the full lifecycle

7,30m

0,20m Typical braced steel girders - bridge 1,10m Two lanes, 30m span

7,30m DUCTAL ® « Pi » shape bridge – developed in collaboration with 1,00 m ...... FHWA and MIT

DUCTAL ® bridge vs. Standard concrete-steel bridge

 35% savings in terms of raw materials

 46% savings in terms of primary energy

 53% savings in terms of CO 2 emissions

5252 52 Agilia ®, the first self-compacting concrete

 Easy to use, aesthetic and ergonomic for superior quality results

 Very fluid, able to pour easily into the smallest corners and spaces of the mold or frame, eliminating some of the most physical or noisy steps, such as vibration

 Allows worksite productivity gains

5353 5353 Chronolia ®, the construction site booster

 Can be transported and handled like conventional concrete

 Once laid, very rapidly develops high mechanical strength  can be removed just 4 hours after manufacture, vs. 12-20 hours for conventional concrete

 Used on all construction sites, with the same workability as a conventional ready -mix concrete

 Increases worksite efficiency and productivity  Optimizes deadlines, cycle times, the use of equipment and costs

5454 5454 Extensia ®, the new dimensions of concrete

 Allows large surface pouring without joints up to 400m² for floors subjected to heavy traffic and storage loads

 Provides better performance in terms of abrasion, flexion and traction

 Allows a reduced slab thickness and a reduction in CO 2 emissions over its life cycle

5555 5555 Synia ®, the new generation plasterboard

 A major revolution in the plasterboard industry

 The first plasterboard with four tapered edges produced on line

 An exclusive and patented technology based on four years of studies

 Easy to use, offering a perfect finish: ideal for ceilings and high partition walls as well as for creating large, flat surfaces free from imperfections

5656 5656 PLAtec ®, made-to-measure solutions for interior design

 PLAtec ®, tailor-made plasterboard solutions for use in creative interior layouts  Made-to-measure plasterboard shapes from the drawing board to final factory production and assembly  Time saving, easier installation and quality finishing

 Easy to use and inexpensively designed plasterboard that works!  PLAtec ® products can be easily assembled on the work site to build architectural works  PLAtec ® can be widely applied in finishing work: to cover columns, structures and suspended ceiling friezes and to create totally concealed access hatches

5757 5757 WAB a water-resistant plasterboard

 Three key benefits:

 Very low water absorption <3%

 High resistance to mold

 More stable mechanical strength after damping

 Same level of performance and aesthetic qualities whatever the ambient humidity

 Ideal for areas prone to very high humidity, pools, saunas, exterior walls

 Sold under different brands in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Sweden, USA, South Korea, Poland and Romania

5858 5858 Thermedia® , a new generation of concretes to reduce heat losses in buildings

 First product developed for the French market, in partnership with French contractor Bouygues: a C25 with 3 times lower thermal conductivity than a standard concrete, with equivalent mechanical strength

 35% reduction in energy losses from thermal bridges

λ = 0.58 W/m.K Ψ = 0.63 W/m.K

5959 59 Pregymax™ 29.5, the market leader in thermal and acoustic insulation

 Plaster board combining highest thermal and acoustic insulation properties

 Maximum ease of installation

 Maximum acoustic comfort with an acoustic absorption factor Rw = +17dB

 Highest thermal insulation properties with expanded polystyrene foam (thermal conductivity λ=29,5 m².K/W)

6060 60 Artevia ®: the art of concrete

 A range for internal or external use

 Offers aesthetic, economic and sustainable solutions

6161 61 Hydromedia™: an innovative solution for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

 A new fast draining concrete pavement solution that rapidly directs storm water off streets, parking surfaces, driveways and walkways.

 Minimizes the urban impact on the natural water cycle, providing natural groundwater recharge in urban environments.

 Thanks to high permeability and drainage capacity, allows for rapid surface water removal in the event of storms, reducing the risk of flash flooding.

 Reduces the risk of water pollution, since rainwater is not trapped on the surface.

6262 62 A close partnership with architects

63 63 A long-term partnership

 Sharing expertise with architects through regular working sessions in our Research Center

 Developing new products to meet the needs of architects and be a source of creation

 Organizing conferences on future challenges in architecture  Princeton, USA “Architecture and Technology: Concrete Futures”

 Shanghai, Tongji University (China): “urban planning in the world’s mega cities”

 Columbia University, NY : ‘’Concrete Innovation & Sustainable Architecture’’ – October 2008

 Being the exclusive partner of international architecture exhibitions and symposiums

 Partner of the Cité Internationale de l’Architecture in Paris

 Supporting young architects

6464 64 French Pavilion, 2010 World Expo: Shanghai, China

 Lafarge is a sponsor of the French Pavilion in the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. The pavilion was designed by architect Jacques Ferrier. The Lafarge alcove was created with Ductal ®, the Group’s ultra high- performance concrete and PLAtec ® plasterboard.

6565 65 Minas Gerais State Administrative Center, Brazil

 Belo Horizonte, a cement concrete and gypsum project designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer, Governor Palace

6666 66 CCTV Headquarters: Beijing, China

 The Chinese Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters uses Lafarge cement and was designed by architects Ole Scheeren and Rem Koolhaas from the firm OMA.

6767 67 The Musée d’Art Moderne in Lille, France

 The Musée d'Art Moderne in Lille, in northern France, now has a new perforated Ductal® façade. The new façade of the extension, designed by architect Manuelle Gautrand, is composed of mesh panels made from Ductal® with a total surface area of 185m². The ductile properties of the material made it possible to produce large but thin openwork panels with randomly dispersed openings - something impossible to create using traditional concrete. The panels are up to 5.5m wide, between 3m and 8m high and a maximum of 7cm to 9cm thick.

6868 68 Cape Town Stadium: Cape Town, South Africa

 The Cape Town Stadium, which hosts the 2010 World Cup, hold 68,000 spectators and was built using « Ultra Post Tension » a value-added concrete available in South Africa.

6969 69 Olympic Village: Vancouver, Canada

 Completed in 2009, the Vancouver Olympic Village is a certified LEED project (Leadership Energy and Environmental Design), built using Ultra Series ® and Agilia ® concretes.

Over 85,000m 3 of concrete were supplied to the worksite. An example of sustainable construction.

7070 70 Energy Efficient Social Housing: Colombes, France

 Due to its partnership with Bouyues Construction, Thermedia 0.6 B, a new generation of concrete contributing to a building’s energy performance, was able to used in this project.

Facades built using Thermedia 0.6 B. An example of sustainable construction

7171 71