ANTARCTIC RESEARCH CENTRE TE PUNA PĀTIOTIO
Annual Review 2019 IMPROVING CONTENTS UNDERSTANDING OF 2 Impacts by Numbers 4 Director’s Summary ANTARCTIC CLIMATE 6 Research Outcomes AND ICE SHEET 20 Science Drilling Office PROCESSES, AND 22 Teaching & Supervision THEIR IMPACT ON 24 Significant Events 30 Financial Summary NEW ZEALAND AND 34 Our Engagement THE EARTH SYSTEM 38 Publications & Conferences 42 Our People
The Antarctic Research Centre’s new reo Māori name is Te Puna Pātiotio. Te Puna means ‘the spring’, and refers to something that wells up or flows, and Pātiotio means ‘to be frozen over’. The name captures both the energy and output of the Centre with the concept of ‘flowing ice’ relating to the glaciers and ice sheets studied at the Centre and in the context of how research conducted in the frozen environment of Antarctica and New Zealand springs forth into the world. th 4 6 36 42 year ARC Director new staff ocean voyages legacy Rob McKay, appointed to welcomed to the ARC: taken by Lionel Carter during of Antarctic science and the position following the Alexandra Gossart, Liz Keller, his career. Lionel retired in drilling support celebrated resignation of Jamey Stutz, Lauren Vargo, June, but continues working at Alex Pyne’s retirement Andrew Mackintosh. Oliver Wigmore, and with the ARC as an function in June. Holly Winton. Emeritus Professor. IMPACTS BY NUMBERS $324 $1.6 $3million $4.4m thousand million marsden fund subcontract subcontract to PI Rob McKay of Capex funding from ARC awarded to Bella Duncan as awarded to co-PI Huw Horgan from NIWA for Antarctic and GNS Science to build an co-PI on one of the first two for Antarctic Science Platform Science Platform Project 2: Antarctic Intermediate Depth Marsden Fund Council Awards. Project 1: Antarctic Ice Ocean Mechanics. Drill as part of the Antarctic Dynamics – Past, Present, Science Platform. and Future.
10 17staff 19 584 theses & students researchers metre submitted in 2019 deployed to Antarctica for the from the ARC are involved hole drilled through the Ross by ARC supervised 2019/20 field season, making in research within the Ice Shelf for Project 1 of the students; five PhD and it one of the largest Victoria Antarctic Science Platform. Antarctic Science Platform. five MSc. University of Wellington Antarctic Expeditions ever!
6 Nature 37 40 41 & Science publications interviews presentations publications by in 2019 with ARC staff and given by ARC staff given to politicians, ARC staff in 2019. student authorship. and students on stakeholders, schools and Antarctic and climate community groups by ARC related issues. staff and students.
ARC Annual Review 2019 3 TE PUNA PATIOTIO-ANTARCTIC RESEARCH CENTRE IS A CENTRE OF RESEARCH EXCELLENCE WITHIN THE WELLINGTON FACULTY OF SCIENCE AT TE HERENGA WAKA-VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON
DIRECTOR’S SUMMARY
The Antarctic Research Centre (ARC) has achievements with the design of the even allow major expansion of our field-based Nancy Bertler has developed a long list have successfully led the international have been made possible through the undergone a period of significant growth more logistically demanding ANDRILL research campaigns over the next decade. of international leadership experience search for four new research fellows above collaborations with NIWA and over the past year, and several long-term project, providing sedimentary drill cores In this context, the strong emphasis in her career at the ARC, and this was employed across the three institutes. GNS Science, but we have also been strategic investments are now setting us from the sea floor beneath the Ross Ice that the ARC has made in investment recognised by her appointment as These new positions and shared facilities disproportionally successful in obtaining up to lead key aspects of New Zealand’s Shelf – the world’s largest ice shelf. This in early career researchers over recent the Director of the ASP. However, our will promote a vibrate, cross-discipline nationally competitive, investigator-led Antarctic research direction for the next technological breakthrough cemented years is now paying significant dividends. successes in hot water drilling, and the research dynamic, and strengthens the grants. In my mind, this has resulted decade and more. The past year was our international reputation as global We currently have a critical mass of scientific leadership of the entire ARC ARC’s already strong collaborations with from the development of an international also a period of significant change, with innovators in Antarctic scientific research, mid-career researchers who are taking team was recognised by a total of 19 NIWA and GNS Science. It is initiatives reputation for the ARC of fostering early the departure of our previous director, and provided the first direct evidence that major leadership roles in both national ARC staff and students being involved such as this that underpins our core career researchers, and a place where the Professor Andrew Mackintosh in April. the West Antarctic Ice Sheet melted during and international science projects. In in contracts with the ASP. Several of our strategic aim to translate our Antarctic world’s best young talent want to come The leadership skills Andrew climates similar to those projected by the recognition of this capability, we have staff are appointed in key leadership roles, research programme into society relevant and work. As I write this, the spectre demonstrated with our group will be end of the century, providing guidance seen a large increase in revenue and with Tim Naish employed to oversee the outcomes, an aspect of our work that is of Covid-19 has brought much of the well valued in his new position as Head for models used to determine Antarctic infrastructure investment within the ARC strategic direction of the Physical Science becoming increasingly more measurable. world to a halt, and it is clear 2020 will of the School of Earth, Atmosphere contributions to future sea level scenarios. this year, and this will fuel the future of aspects of the platform, while Huw Horgan This is emphasized by Richard Levy and bring challenges across all sectors of our and Environment at Monash University, our research priorities for many years to and Richard Levy are co-leading the Tim Naish’s leadership of the MBIE- society. However, the hard work of the Australia. Over his 17 years at Victoria The second retirement was that of Lionel come. flagship “Antarctic Ice Dynamics – Past, funded NZ SeaRise programme, another entire ARC team throughout 2019, along University of Wellington, Andrew’s strategic Carter who was employed as Professor Present and Future” project. This project GNS Science and NIWA collaboration led with the inherent adaptability that is vision was fundamental in helping expand of Marine Geology in 2006. While Lionel The year also saw the last field season of is particularly important for the ARC, by the ARC, that is now resulting in more required to work in hostile environments our Centre into the avenues of numerical only spent the latter part of his illustrious the NZARI-funded Aotearoa New Zealand as it requires major new technological accurate projections of regional sea-level such as the Antarctic, gives me assurance modelling and glaciology, and we will career at the ARC, he was instrumental Ross Ice Shelf Project. The science in innovations by our Science Drilling Office, rise in New Zealand. We are also excited the ARC is well placed to weather this miss his unique and diverse perspectives. in the diversification of our research into this project has clearly seen significant led by Darcy Mandeno and Alex Pyne. In to continue to provide key capability to storm. However, he remains a part of the global the oceanographic realm. His broad and success, but it will also leave a lasting 2019, the ARC entered into a partnership NIWA-led efforts to monitor New Zealand’s ARC family and his move is a fantastic insightful perspectives encouraged us all legacy in developing New Zealand with GNS Science and the ASP to co- shrinking glaciers, an area of research opportunity for us to help foster and in the ARC to consider the environmental capability for traverse-based logistics. In fund the $1.6m Antarctic Intermediate that is critical not only for tourism, but also broaden New Zealand’s Antarctic research and oceanic consequences of Antarctic particular, it allowed us to more readily Depth Drill system. We anticipate this future energy and water resources. It is links with Australia. ice sheet change to regions beyond that conduct remote deep-field campaigns new technology will maintain our place as exciting that the ARC is taking a key role in of the icy continent. In particular, he at critically sensitive regions of the West global leaders and innovators in sub-ice these initiatives with our Crown Research We also saw the retirement of two emphasized that New Zealand was a Antarctic Ice Sheet. Over the past four shelf exploration and has great potential Institute partners in Wellington, and we other staff members who have been maritime island located at the boundary of years, the University and the ARC have to stimulate international partnerships to hope the successes of these projects fundamental in our Centre’s success the warm Pacific Ocean and cold Southern been instrumental in the success of further broaden the scope, ambition and will act to seed many more collaborative of achieving its vision of becoming a Ocean, and consequently New Zealand’s this project, through the financing and relevance of the science that New Zealand opportunities with them into the future. world-class Antarctic scientific leader. climate was at the centre of a constant building of a ~$1M Hot Water Drill (HWD) is are able to conduct in the Ross Sea. Alex Pyne retired after 42 years of tug of war of competing influences from system. The successful deployment of Finally, despite the departure of three service to the University, and without his the polar and tropical regions. the ARC’s HWD through 584 metres of One of the most exciting developments senior staff this year, we have also seen contributions the ARC would not exist in the Ross Ice Shelf in the 2019/20 season for us this year has been the planning of an expansion of staff numbers. Oliver the form it does today. New Zealand’s Personally, I have found that taking on the is an outstanding achievement from our the Antarctic Science Platform’s National Wigmore and Holly Winton were employed international recognition as innovators in role as Director of the Antarctic Research Science Drilling Office. This achievement Modelling Hub, a joint Victoria University in 2019, with Liz Keller, Alexandra Antarctic science are the direct result of Centre since April 2019, to be a highly has now laid the foundations for a new of Wellington, GNS Science, and NIWA Gossart, Lauren Vargo and Jamey Stutz Alex’s creativity and vision. His unique rewarding job. It has been a privilege phase of ambitious NZ-led science within facility, with a physical space hosted by joining in early 2020. It is most satisfying contributions to Antarctic geological to work with the ARC team, who are an the $49 million MBIE-funded Antarctic the ARC that is due to formally open in that these appointments are in the form drilling with the CIROS and Cape Roberts incredibly driven and ambitious group but Science Platform (ASP) that was launched 2020. This facility will be managed by of early career research fellows, as we Projects were revolutionary, where he work together for a common purpose. It in 2019. Nick Golledge and Liz Keller as part of have long considered a significant part Associate Professor Rob McKay figured out how to overcome countless is this collective mindset that has been their roles as chairs of an Expert Group of the ARC’s long-term success over the Director, Antarctic Research Centre logistical and technical issues to obtain fundamental for our scientific successes The ASP represents a fundamental shift on ‘Future Projections’ for the ASP. Nick past two decades has resulted from the geological drill-cores from floating sea ice this year, but it is most notable for the in the way New Zealand research in and Liz worked tirelessly in 2019 to get investment and support of early career drilling platforms. He then topped these building of the solid foundations that will Antarctica will be funded in the future. this initiative up and running, and they researchers. Many of the new positions
ARC Annual Review 2019 5 OUR RESEARCH APPROACH
Rationale Outcome-based research
We are rapidly heading towards a Our research approach is policy-relevant sheet systems, by advancing the physics, climate that is 2-4oC warmer than and outcome focused. We aim to improve and then carrying out sound evaluation of present. Ice sheets and oceans forecasts of future climate change models against modern observations and RESEARCH take centuries to millennia to fully including their global and New Zealand past climate reconstructions. adjust to climate forcing, and the impacts, for the benefit of humanity. By fundamental changes that we are reducing the uncertainties around future d. Using our models to improve future observing today may be irreversible on climate and sea-level rise predictions, our climate simulations, and projections of OUTCOMES human timescales. In order to provide cutting-edge research is informing the glacier and ice sheet contribution to sea- reliable, policy-relevant projections of International Panel on Climate Change level rise, river flows and other changes in future climate and sea level, scientists (IPCC). Improved understanding of climate the Earth System. are increasingly relying on computer change impacts including sea-level rise models. Our Centre has undergone a impacts in the southwest Pacific region e. We disseminate our research findings numerical revolution, and around half provide tangible benefits to all New through publications in the world’s leading of our staff now routinely carry out Zealanders. Our research is leveraged scientific journals, and through education, physics-based computer simulations of by very strong national and international communication and engagement with the past, present and future climate. collaborations and partnerships, and public, practitioners and policy makers. world-leading in-house polar drilling We develop confidence in future technology provided by the Science Drilling climate projections if models show Office. We are funded and supported skill at simulating present and past through a range of MBIE, Marsden, and climate. Because direct climate and Rutherford programmes, Antarctica New ice sheet observations span the last Zealand and private donations. century at best, reconstructions of past climate conditions provide the In summary, our approach involves: only means to assess climate and ice sheet models on their relevant a. Improving our physical understanding timescales. Furthermore, past climate and observation of modern climate, ocean, observations provide insight into the glacier and ice sheet systems. long term “endgame” (equilibrium OUR RESEARCH PROVIDES response), that we will commit our b. Acquiring past observations of surface planet to this century based on current temperature, precipitation, atmospheric EXCITING OPPORTUNITIES AND warming scenarios. Past climate composition (greenhouse gases and CHALLENGES FOR YOUNG records also provide insight into the aerosols), ice sheet, glacier, and sea-ice rates and magnitudes of climate variability, and oceanic conditions from RESEARCHERS, A SOUND BASIS and ice sheet changes that may be terrestrial, marine, lacustrine and ice core possible in the near future, and allow archives. FOR INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE the fingerprint of human influences to CHANGE ASSESSMENT, AND be identified in the context of natural c. Developing and improving numerical variability in the climate system. models of climate-ocean-glacier and ice WILL HELP BUILD A MORE RESILIENT NEW ZEALAND
Photo: ARC Annual Review 2019 7 PAST SEA LEVELS REVEAL POTENTIAL FOR WIDESPREAD ANTARCTIC MELTING
Antarctic ice sheets are in the past when atmospheric carbon ability to make accurate projections of capable of widespread dioxide levels were in excess of the Antarctic contribution to global sea- melting, raising sea-levels up 400 parts per million, as they are today. level rise. to 20 metres under current This supports the idea that a tipping This new research is consistent with atmospheric carbon dioxide point may be crossed, if global model results by the ARC’s Nick levels, according to an ARC- temperatures are allowed to rise more Golledge that show long-term ice led study published in Nature. than two degrees, which could result sheet retreat under current carbon in large parts of the Antarctic ice sheet dioxide levels. The rate of sea-level The research shows up to one third of being committed to melt-down over change estimated from this study is Antarctica’s ice sheets melted during the coming centuries. It reinforces the also in line with our understanding of the Pliocene epoch around three million importance of the Paris Agreement climate sensitivity and supports future Nansen Ice Shelf, Antarctica - Photo: Gavin Dunbar years ago, causing sea levels to rise target. predictions of one metre of sea-level rise as much as 25 metres above present by 2100. levels. Carbon dioxide in the Earth’s The study also has implications for atmosphere was similar to today’s levels computer-based ice sheet modelling. EARTH’S TILT MAY INTENSIFY and in response, temperature was 2-3oC The new sea-level estimates provide CONTACT: [email protected] ANTARCTIC MELTING warmer. a target for testing the results from computer models and improving their Led by Georgia Grant, a recent ARC PhD New research published in astronomical parameters and threshold temperate. Atmospheric carbon dioxide graduate now at GNS Science, the study Nature Geoscience, confirms changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide was higher-than-present during this time developed a new method as part of her levels. Prior to this new research, it and global temperatures, on average, PhD research on geological cores from a connection between o astronomical changes, remained a mystery as to why the ice were warmer by 3-4 C. We also found Whanganui Basin on the west coast Georgia Grant (front) and former MSc student Juliet Sefton at Siberia sheet responded differently to the same that sensitivity to Earth’s tilt generally of North Island, New Zealand. Georgia Station drill site, Whanganui - Photo: Darcy Mandeno variations in the amount astronomical cycles at different times in decreased after 14 million years when analysed marine geological sediments of carbon dioxide in the the geological past. carbon dioxide dropped below to determine the magnitude of past sea- atmosphere, and changes 400 parts per million and sea ice became level change through analysing the size in the size and extent of the To recreate the history of the ice sheet a more persistent feature in the Southern of particles moved by waves. Georgia Antarctic ice sheet. over the past 34 million years, we used Ocean. These results suggest that ocean was able to show that during the past geologic records from around Antarctica dynamics at the Antarctic margin are warm period of the Pliocene about three and linked them to more distant deep-sea influenced by changes in the tilt of the million years ago, global sea levels We’ve long known that the way the Earth marine sediment cores containing the Earth’s axis, and that ice sheet response regularly fluctuated between 5 and moves in space influences climate – both fossil shells of ocean dwelling microscopic to these changes are amplified when it is 25 metres. the shape of our passage around the sun organisms known as foraminifera. The most exposed to the ocean. and variations in the Earth’s rotational oxygen chemistry of foram shells contains The study, which was funded by the axis affect the distribution and intensity of a signature that documents the ebb and Today, sea ice creates a barrier between Royal Society Te Aparangi’s Marsden incoming energy from the sun. flow of Antarctic ice. Forams living in the the ocean and Antarctica’s ice shelves Fund, also involved the ARC’s Tim deep ocean accumulate oxygen isotopes and marine ice sheets and reduces the Naish, Gavin Dunbar, Rob McKay and The research led by Richard Levy (ARC in their shells, and different isotopes influence of Earth’s tilt on ice sheet Richard Levy, as well as other scientists and GNS Science), with contributions of oxygen can yield a detailed chemical sensitivity. Elevated carbon dioxide in from GNS Science, Waikato University, from ARC’s Tim Naish, Nick Golledge and record of the changing volumes of the the atmosphere and the resulting loss of the Netherlands, the United States Rob McKay, synthesized scientific drilling Antarctic ice sheet. sea ice around the Antarctic previously and Chile. Georgia says of critical results in the Ross Sea and placed these played a big role in amplifying the effects concern is that over 90% of the heat into a global context through integration The study found a relationship between of changes in the Earth’s astronomical from global warming to date has gone with long-term deep sea records. This the sensitivity of the ocean oxygen motions on the Antarctic ice sheet. If we into the ocean, and much of it into the paper represents a culmination of isotope record and changes in the tilt fail to achieve carbon dioxide emissions Southern Ocean which surrounds the decades of ARC-led drilling research, of Earth’s rotational axis relative to its targets and Earth’s average temperature Antarctic ice sheet. One third of the beginning with Emeritus Peter Barrett’s orbit around the sun. These changes warms more than 2oC, sea ice will likely Antarctic ice sheet—equivalent to up to leadership within the Deep Sea Drill coincided with evidence from Antarctic diminish. We will then jump into a world 20 metres sea-level rise—sits below sea Project, CIROS, and Cape Roberts Projects drill cores of large variations in ice sheet that is more like that last experienced level and is vulnerable to widespread in the 1970s to 1990s, through to the expansion and retreat across Antarctica’s during the early to mid Miocene, one in and catastrophic collapse from ocean subsequent successes by Richard and continental shelves. The results indicate which Antarctica’s ice sheets were highly heating. The Antarctic ice sheet melted Tim with the ANDRILL programme in that ice sheets were most sensitive to variable, driving sea-level changes of the 2000s. Combined, these geological change driven by Earth’s tilt during the 40 metres across glacial cycles. records suggest significant variability in early to mid Miocene, a geological epoch the size of the Antarctic ice sheet driven between 23 and 14 million years ago by the predictable changes in Earth’s when the Earth and its polar regions were CONTACT: [email protected]
ARC Annual Review 2019 9 ACCURATELY PREDICTING ANTARCTICA’S ICE SHEET RESPONSE
A new model could help It fundamentally supports sea-level research. Dan is now employed at GNS accurately predict how projections for cities and infrastructure Science to support the ARC’s Antarctica’s ice sheets will in New Zealand and elsewhere. MBIE- funded NZ SeaRise programme. respond to a warming world Dan’s research was funded by the Royal and impact global sea-level Society Te Apārangi’s Marsden Fund CONTACT: [email protected] rise. and in 2017, Dan also received an Antarctica New Zealand Sir Robin Irvine Postgraduate Scholarship to support his Recently completed ARC PhD student Dan Lowry, developed the model and Icicles, Antarctica - Photo: Nick Golledge published the results in the open-access Science journal Science Advances. The purpose of this research was to MELTING ICE MELTS MORE ICE determine how stable the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is in a warming world to help project future sea-level rise. Research published in Nature contributions to global mean sea level by model simulations suggest that this last shows even with immediate the year 2100 than some previous studies happened around 125,000 years ago, at The main findings are that ocean and stabilization of emissions, parts had suggested, which came as something a time when global mean air temperatures atmosphere warming are the primary of a surprise. were only a degree or two warmer than controls on the major glacial retreat that of West Antarctica will still most pre-industrial times - essentially the same took place in the Ross Embayment since likely collapse. A thorough statistical reassessment of as the aspirational ‘safe limit’ of global the last ice age. But significantly, the one such previous study, led by Tamsin warming agreed to in the 2015 Paris modelling showed that the dominance In February 2019, Nick Golledge and his Edwards (King’s College London, UK) and Agreement. Global sea level during that of these two controls in influencing collaborators published two new papers published jointly with Nick’s other paper past warm period was more than five the ice sheet was different at different in the journal Nature. The first of these, in Nature, showed that the mechanisms metres higher than today, suggesting times, with melting from underneath the led by Nick and bringing together a invoked to produce previously high sea- that even relatively modest warming can Ross Ice Shelf due to ocean warming team of climate and ice sheet modellers level contributions were not necessary trigger significant changes to the world’s becoming the main driver of ice sheet from New Zealand, the UK, Canada, the for explaining past, or present, ice coastlines. Since the process of self- retreat over time. USA and Germany, presented results loss. And without those mechanisms, sustaining retreat seems to have already from simulations of the Greenland and the predicted sea-level contribution been initiated in parts of West Antarctica, The model works by simulating the Antarctic ice sheets under low and high from Antarctica is much lower. Despite our best hope to limit the scale and speed physics of the ice sheet and its response greenhouse gas emissions scenarios this ‘good news’, however, the models of future sea-level rise is to implement to changes in ocean and atmosphere forecast for the 21st century. also predicted something much more rapid and widespread emissions temperatures. The simulations are worrying. Under all scenarios, even with reductions across the world. then compared to geological records, The culmination of nearly three years of immediate stabilization of emissions, many of which were developed by ARC effort, the model experiments were the parts of West Antarctica will still most researchers, and tested against past first in the world to use observational likely collapse. Geological evidence and CONTACT: [email protected] scenarios to check its accuracy. This all datasets to constrain all parts of the goes back to the question of sea-level mass budget of the two ice sheets. That rise and how the processes, that have is, the models correctly simulate the affected the Antarctic ice sheet through Simulated formation of the Ross Ice Shelf. As the ice sheet retreats balance between accumulation through its history, will continue to affect global The consequence of the ice-ocean melt feedback is greater for toward Byrd Glacier, ice velocity increases (indicated by panel a and snowfall, calving of icebergs, and melting Antarctica (blue) than Greenland (grey), due to the much larger volume of sea level. The past really is the key to b), and the ice sheet begins to float. The black line represents the beneath floating ice. Furthermore, by ocean-terminating ice - Image: Nick Golledge the future. grounding line (the transition between grounded and floating ice). also running climate model experiments With the development of the ice shelf, simulations that use different in which ice sheet melt was allowed to Dan’s supervisor and co-author Nick ocean forcings (orange lines in panel c) show greater variation than influence oceanic conditions, Nick and Golledge says this modelling work model simulations that use different atmosphere forcings (purple his team explored the significance of a is critical to help policy makers and lines in panel c), highlighting the importance of sub-ice shelf melting positive feedback effect that previous communities develop adaptation and in past ice sheet retreat over the past 10,000 years Image: Dan Lowry work had suggested could lead to mitigation strategies for sea-level rise. accelerated ice sheet retreat. Nick’s results showed that this feedback could almost double the amount of ice loss, under certain conditions, and also that this meltwater could substantially affect ocean circulation and disrupt global climate. The results also showed lower ARC Annual Review 2019 11 ICE SHELF-OCEAN MODELS HELPING TO UNDERSTAND SEA-LEVEL RISE
Fringing ice shelves play a key role in stabilizing Antarctica’s ice sheets and understanding their future behaviour is critical for predicting global sea-level rise.
It is widely recognized that basal melting, driven by oceanic heat is the main threat to their structural integrity. A multitude of processes on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales are responsible for delivering heat to the base of ice shelves. Measuring a transect along the boundary between the tidal flat and the low salt marsh at Aramoana, Dunedin - Photo: Dan King Three modes of ice shelf melting are being distinguished; one induced by sea ice formation over Antarctica’s continental shelf seas, the second by heat that is entrained in the global deep oceans at intermediate depths between 1000 and ANOTHER PRODUCTIVE YEAR FOR THE 3000 metres, and the third from summer NZ SEARISE PROGRAMME - TE TAI PARI O AOTEAROA warming of surface waters near ice shelves.
Considerable progress has NZ SeaRise funded PhD student, Dan survey to acquire information on public The mechanisms that are responsible been made in the NZ SeaRise King, is also making excellent progress understanding of future sea-level for the three modes are still not well programme to improve on his detailed reconstructions of change. Stakeholder activities included understood, including the elevation of simulations of Antarctic ice past sea-level change in Dunedin, targeted meetings with regional warm water from the deep Southern Auckland, and Porirua. Colleagues at councils and iwi. A highly successful Ocean to the continental shelf seas, the sheet response to climate GNS Science have established a refined science and stakeholder workshop held subduction of warm surface water under warming. reference frame for GPS measurements at the University in December, led to a the front of ice shelf cliffs, deep ice shelf and have produced a closely spaced new case study on impacts of sea- melting near grounding lines, and the These simulations reduce the grid (100 metre resolution) of vertical level rise for the vulnerable Southern evolution of the boundary layer between uncertainty in estimates of future land movement for the entire New Firth of Thames and Hauraki Plains, the ice shelf base and the ocean beneath. Simulated ocean surface temperature and ice shelf melt rates in the year 2080. Red ocean is about 23oC and dark blue is -1oCDark; red ice shelf is where melt sea-level change at both the global Zealand coastline using GPS calibrated involving Waikato Regional Council rates are greater than 5 metres per year, blue is where the ocean water freezes and regional scale. Stefan Jendersie InSAR satellite data. These data are and local district councils. A drilling Numerical ice shelf-ocean models, to the ice base - Image: Stefan Jendersie was appointed as a Research Fellow being integrated with regional estimates programme in South Dunedin, was constrained by observations are an in Ocean Modelling at the ARC of sea-level change to provide the completed, to characterise the sub- effective method to investigate these to develop high-resolution ocean first location-specific probabilistic surface geology and provide information different mechanisms, and explore the modelling capability that will be projections of sea level for New Zealand for the groundwater model that will underlying physical processes and their coupled to ice sheet models to improve for the range of IPCC climate scenarios. be used to access future flooding interactions to predict the evolution of the range of resolutions, with the largest Coupling these new ocean-ice shelf understanding of the role of ocean To achieve this, the team are using the hazard in this vulnerable region. The system in the context of warming oceans. being the Southern Ocean Cirumpolar models to existing ice sheet models warming on ice shelf melting. Paolo methodology of project collaborator team also conducted a case study Simulation and the smallest, the Terra operated at the ARC will fundamentally Stocchi (Netherlands Oceanographic Professor Bob Kopp (Rutgers University, for Antarctica New Zealand providing This work, conducted by the ARC’s Stefan Nova Bay Model (8 kilometre and 180 improve understanding of where, when Institute), visited New Zealand in USA). Bob’s methodology is the sea-level projections for the Scott Base Jendersie, is linked into the NZ SeaRise metre resolution, respectively). By using and how much ice shelf melting impacts 2019, and developed a plan on how to international standard and is being redevelopment. Finally, a broad range programme that aims to project sea GCM outputs as boundary conditions, the mass loss of Antarctica’s ice sheets conduct the Glacial Isostatic Modelling used for global sea-level projections for of media interactions and outreach levels along New Zealand’s coasts and the ensemble is designed to bridge a and contribution to global sea-level rise. component of the project. The research the IPCC’s 6th assessment report. events have helped to raise the profile expected impacts under the different crucial gap whereby current GCM neither on local relative sea-level projections, of the NZ SeaRise programme and sea warming scenarios as projected by global simulate ocean cavities under ice shelves to include vertical land movement, is Public engagement efforts and activities level research in New Zealand. climate models (GCM). Stefan developed nor have sufficient spatial resolution CONTACT: [email protected] progressing well and will help make continue. The NZ SeaRise website an ensemble of currently five nested ice to explicitly capture some of the very better decisions about how to manage (www.searise.nz) is online. Rebecca shelf-ocean models that encompasses important meso-scale oceanographic the consequences of rising seas in New Priestley, Director of the Science in CONTACT: [email protected] or different geographic domains at a processes that lead to ice shelf melting. Zealand. Society research centre at Victoria [email protected] University of Wellington, conducted a
ARC Annual Review 2019 13 THE FIRST ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PLATFORM FIELD SEASON COMPLETED
The 2019/20 season saw the by a traversing train of sleds towed by outcrops surrounding Byrd Glacier in a Antarctic Ice Dynamics Project large snow tractors that took 14 days study of long-term ice thickness changes team working alongside the to reach the site. A 584 metre access and deployed permanently recording NZARI Ross Ice Shelf Project hole was melted through the ice using GPS stations on the front of the Ross Ice Victoria University of Wellington’s Hot Shelf to investigate its velocity variability. to directly access the ocean Water Drilling (HWD) system. The HWD ASP Project-1 is off to flying start, and cavity beneath the Ross Ice system melted approximately 150 we are grateful to everyone who pitched Shelf near the grounding zone tonnes of ice. The hole was kept open in to help make it happen - in particular, of Kamb Ice Stream on the for nine days before the deployment of Antarctica New Zealand to get us to this Siple Coast. a long-term oceanographic mooring. remote, but critically important region. Numerous experiments were run throughout the season, examining the The Antarctic Ice Dynamics Project ice shelf, ocean cavity, and underlying CONTACT: [email protected] Loading the Twin Otter at KIS1 Camp, Antarctica - Photo: Theo Calkin is a collaborative study led by GNS sediment properties. Robots swam, Science as part of the Antarctic Science probes probed, and corers cored. Platform’s Project-1, and will be a major Highlights included retrieving shallow focus for the ARC over the coming years. cores that record past ice sheet and ice The interest in the Siple Coast region shelf behaviour, seeing the underside of MSc student, Theo Calkin, with the ANTARCTIC SCIENCE PLATFORM TAKES FLIGHT gravity corer - Photo: Theo Calkin is motivated by the knowledge that the the ice shelf through the eyes of our US West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) has an collaborators tethered ROV (Icefin), and Inaugural Platform Director, The world-leading scientific capability have a background in ice-ocean, regional important role to play in future sea- NIWA recording the previously unknown Nancy Bertler, and her of the ARC has resulted in numerous climate, biogeochemical modelling and level rise. A key control on whether the temperature and salinity structure of leadership team have had a staff playing roles in the platform. Tim large data analysis. The Hub supports the WAIS grows or shrinks are the large ice the water column at this remote and very busy and successful first Naish is providing strategic science four core projects and is addressing key streams by which most ice leaves the important location. leadership of the Physical Sciences questions around better predicting the ice sheet and enters into the floating ice year working with the Steering Programme, which contains two of the future contribution Antarctic meltwater shelves and ocean. These ice streams Science experiments were also Group chaired by ex-Antarctica core research projects, by coordinating contribution to sea-level rise, changes are capable of speeding up and slowing conducted in the region near the New Zealand Chief Executive, the national and international science in ocean uptake of heat and carbon down (or even stopping) on geologically borehole site, with glaciological surveys Gillian Wratt, to get the community to improve our understanding dioxide, changes in ocean currents, sea short (years to centuries) timescales, and sub-ice geophysical survey work Antarctic Science Platform up of Antarctica’s contribution to future ice extent, nutrient fluxes, and ecosystem and our limited understanding of the characterising the broader ice stream and running. sea-level rise. This programme highlights dynamics and impacts. Overall, a total of processes governing these behaviours behaviour, and laid the groundwork our strong collaborative links to our GNS 14 ARC staff and five students contribute introduces significant uncertainties for identifying the exact locations for Science partners, with Richard Levy significantly to strategic research priorities to models used to conduct future the next two seasons of direct access The purpose of the Antarctic Science and Huw Horgan co-leading one of the of the ASP. projections. drilling on the Siple Coast. This work Platform (ASP), funded at $49m by flagship research projects - ‘Antarctic Ice is anticipated to culminate in the the New Zealand Ministry of Business Dynamics – Past, Present, and Future’. Of equal importance, the ASP is also The 2019/20 field location, intermediate depth coring scheduled for Innovation and Employment (MBIE) and Projections of Antarctic ice sheet melt driving technical innovation. The ARC’s approximately 850 kilometres from the 2021/22 season. Beyond the Siple hosted by Antarctica New Zealand, is to being produced in this project will feed Science Drilling Office team Darcy Scott Base, was supported primarily Coast, separate teams sampled the rock conduct excellent, world-leading science into IPCC reports and the MBIE-funded Mandeno and Alex Pyne supported a to understand Antarctica’s impact on the NZ SeaRise programme, co-led by Richard hugely successful field season, drilling global earth system, and how this might and Tim, which is providing improved 584 metres through the Ross Ice Shelf change in a warmer world of +2oC (the location-specific sea-level predictions for near the grounding line at the Kamb RECONSTRUCTING PAST ICE THICKNESS CHANGES Paris Agreement target). Nancy oversaw anticipating and managing the impacts of Ice Stream on the Siple Coast of West that project proposals were rigorously sea-level rise in New Zealand. Antarctica, providing critical access to Building on successful They targeted Lonewolf Nunataks, a outcrops and a window into geological reviewed by an independent science the Ross Ice Shelf ocean cavity near the cosmogenic surface exposure remote site situated upstream of the diversity of the East Antarctic continent. advisory panel comprising the world’s Nick Golledge and Liz Keller are chairing grounding line. This allowed the team to dating campaigns in Victoria Byrd Glacier fjord, on the edge of the We collected samples of these glacial leading Antarctic scientists and chaired the Expert Group on ‘Future Projections’ collect short sediment cores, conduct polar plateau. This lonely group of rocky erratics in systematic vertical transects, by Rob Dunbar (Stanford University, which aims to prioritise and coordinate in situ measurements in the ocean Land, the 2019/20 field season peaks have a long history in NZ-led polar which extended up to 300 metres above USA), thus allowing $38m of research modelling experiments and to provide cavity, and provided access for NIWA and saw the ARC’s Jamey Stutz and exploration after a four-man New Zealand the present-day ice surface. investments to be approved. This process policy-ready projections for stakeholders NASA colleagues to deploy a long-term Shaun Eaves move south to geological and surveying expedition made has ensured the Platform’s science plan and decision-makers. Building on mooring, and an underwater remotely Byrd Glacier, one of the largest the first sighting of these outcrops in The samples have recently arrived in is well-integrated, both nationally and longstanding partnerships, a collaboration operated vehicle, called Icefin. At the glaciers in East Antarctica. 1960, and several of the nunataks are Wellington, where work will soon begin internationally, and is addressing the between Victoria University of Wellington, same time, the team is pushing ahead now named after sled-dogs that pulled in the Victoria University Cosmogenic highest priority questions for both New NIWA and GNS Science, has created with the development of a new, lightweight Supported by Project 1 of the Antarctic that team. Laboratory to unveil when and how Zealand and the world concerning the the ASP National Modelling Hub, hosted sediment drilling system to recover the Science Platform, this project aimed to fast the Byrd Glacier changed in the response of Antarctica’s physical and in new facilities within the ARC, due longer sediment records below the ice provide terrestrial constraints on past The site was accessed via more centuries and millennia prior to human biological systems to climate change. to be formally opened in 2020. The shelf that may hold a precious archive of changes in ice sheet geometry using comfortable means - a scenic Twin Otter observations. Hub, managed under the Expert Group West Antarctic Ice Sheet behaviour from cosmogenic surface exposure dating. The flight along the Transantarctic Mountains The funds support four strategic research ‘Future Projections’, will co-host four the geological past when the world was priority this year was Byrd Glacier - a major south from Scott Base. At each of the projects, two expert groups, four leading research fellows and facilitates known to be 1-3oC warmer. outlet glacier draining approximately 10% three nunataks visited, they found the CONTACT: [email protected] research fellowships in modelling, and interactions between diverse modelling of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to the Ross dolerite bedrock to be littered with [email protected] a contestable funding round including experts, bringing perspectives and skills to For more information please visit: Ice Shelf– the gatekeeper of the marine- cobbles of exotic lithologies – a clear sign support for early career researchers. the wider science community. The fellows www.AntarcticSciencePlatform.org.nz based West Antarctic Ice Sheet. that ice had previously covered these
ARC Annual Review 2019 15 ARC PARTICIPATES IN THE LARGEST POLAR EXPEDITION EVER
Ruzica Dadic will take part in Ruzica is participating as part of the MOSAiC, the first year-round project “Direct imaging of 3D snow and expedition into the central sea ice microstructure by micro-CT”, Arctic exploring the Arctic which is led by the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, climate system and the role it Switzerland. plays in climate change. In February 2019, Ruzica participated Spearheaded by Alfred Wegener in a training camp to prepare scientists Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar for the expedition. The weeklong and Marine Research (AWI), MOSAiC training took place in Hailuoto, (Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory Finland, and was designed so that all for the Study of Arctic Climate) will participating scientists, who have a focus on direct in-situ observations special interest in sea ice, were trained of the climate processes that in handling each others instruments. couple atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, Considering the logistical scale and biogeochemistry, and ecosystems. the integrated nature of MOSAiC, the Ruzica is the sole New Zealand scientists need to not only operate their participant, and one of hundreds of own instruments, but contribute to daily researchers from 20 countries who will operations to ensure the success of the take part in the operation. Scientists project while onboard the icebreaker. rotate in roughly 2-month shifts on Joides Resolution, IODP leg 374 - Photo: William Crawford, IODP board the icebreaker RV Polarstern, drifting with the sea ice across the CONTACT: [email protected] central Arctic during the years 2019- 2020. The expedition set sail in September 2019. OCEAN DRILLING LEGACY CONTINUES RV Polarstern in sea ice - Photo: AWI
ARC continues to contribute the scientific community, with past 100 million years. The scientific to the success of the IODP 62 conference presentations already rationale for this new proposal was well- FROM THE POLES TO THE TROPICS Program with new drilling presented from this expedition so received by the IODP Science Evaluation far, including plenary and invited Panel, and after some suggested expeditions and frameworks revisions, a resubmission of this for future ocean drilling. presentations at the International Indonesia is as far from the (the last Balinese tiger was killed in the combined with radiometric ages from Symposium of Antarctic Earth Science proposal is anticipated for late 2020. polar regions as one can get. 1920s), but nowhere east of there. the abundance of uranium and thorium and the American Geophysical Union Nonetheless the link between allow for reconstruction of monsoon A flagship accomplishment for Fall Meeting during 2019. Rob was also one of 16 scientists them is profound. A new study, by PhD student Claire Krause rainfall patterns. These revealed that the International Ocean Discovery internationally to be selected to write the (The Australian National University) and exposure of the continental shelves in Program (IODP) Expedition 374, which Looking to the future, Rob and Laura scientific framework for the next including ARC co-author Gavin Dunbar, ice ages resulted in a dramatic decrease investigates West Antarctic Ice Sheet submitted a brand new IODP drilling 25 years of scientific ocean drilling, after On the scale of ice ages, this link comes published in Earth and Planetary in the strength of deep atmospheric history over the past 20 million years proposal in April 2019, which also the current phase of IODP comes to an about through the impact of changing ice Science Letters investigates stalagmites convection and thus rainfall across the in the Ross Sea, was the publication of included ARC proponents Richard Levy, end in 2023. This document is a major volume on sea level, which dramatically collected in Sulawesi, Indonesia in 2009 Indo-Australian region. the Scientific Proceedings volume. This Huw Horgan and Tim Naish. The aim stepping-stone towards ensuring that changes the land area in what is now the by Dan Zwartz (previously with the ARC), volume is the cornerstone document of of this proposed expedition is to drill the 50-year legacy of scientific ocean ‘Indonesia maritime continent’ – but it and colleagues from Indonesia and the expedition and was led by the ARC’s an East to West transect on the Ross drilling continues to provide innovative was much less maritime in the last ice Australia. Oxygen isotopes in the calcium CONTACT: [email protected] co-chief scientist Rob McKay, alongside Sea continental shelf that seeks to new science into the future. Rob was age. Exposure of the continental shelves carbonate that form the stalagmites, Italian co-chief Laura De Santis obtain unprecedented insights into the a lead author on the Flagship initiative results in a dramatic decrease in the (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e earliest ice sheets in both East and chapter “Groundtruthing Future Climate strength of deep atmospheric convection di Geofisica Sperimentale, Italy). It West Antarctica. The targets also seek Change” that sets out a strategy on and thus rainfall in the Indo-Australian Flooding and exposure of the continental shelf - Image: Gavin Dunbar is the culmination of over five years to obtain the first detailed geological how scientific drilling can directly region. of planning and implementation long-term reconstructions of “pre- inform on climate change at policy bringing together a large international icehouse” climates at high latitudes in relevant timescales, through integration A biogeographic consequence of this sea collaboration of 33 scientists. This 871 Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous with modelling communities and level fall was pointed out by evolution page volume synthesizes all of the initial to Eocene (100 to 34 million years ago); instrumental timescale data scientists. pioneer and contemporary of Charles results of this expedition, and like all while another novel aspect of this new Darwin, Alfred Russell Wallace; the previous IODP proceedings volumes, will proposal is the aim to constrain timing channel (Wallace’s Line) between the guide analysis on the cores over many of Ross Sea tectonic rifting, and how CONTACT: [email protected] islands of Bali and Lombok is so deep it decades. The detailed scientific results these tectonic processes may have was a barrier to the migration of Asian are now widely being communicated to influenced ice sheet evolution over the animals into Australasia across the otherwise widely exposed continental shelves. So, tigers are (were) found in mainland Asia, Sumatra, Java, Bali
ARC Annual Review 2019 17 IS CLIMATE CHANGE MAKING GLACIERS RETREAT?
NEW ZEALAND’S LITTLE This seems like a simple from a range of different models) and ICE AGE REALLY WAS question with an obvious as a number of different realisations QUITE LITTLE answer. But, as in many of the same GCM (the CESM large areas of science, reality is far ensemble). By comparing the model output between a ‘natural historic’ and more complex and the answer anthropogenically-altered climate, she Master’s research provided requires careful work. quantitative constraint on was able to calculate whether human- induced climate changes caused these the magnitude and timing of Until now there have been just a handful extreme melt years, and if so, by how past glacier length changes of studies that have formally attributed much? in New Zealand. glacier retreat to climate change; Gerard Roe and others (Nature Geoscience, The results showed that for the two The Little Ice Age is commonly cited 2017) showed that the current rate of glaciers which have mass balance as one of the greatest glacier advance glacier retreat is far outside natural records in New Zealand, the extreme events of the Holocene, but its global variability; and Ben Marzeion and melt years (2011 and 2018) were influence is debated. Master’s student others (Science, 2014) showed that at least 10 times more likely to have Lisa Dowling examined this debate in the difference between glaciers in a happened in the human-modified her MSc thesis, completed in 2019, ‘natural’ climate and a human-modified climate. The end-of-summer snowline in which she provided quantitative climate could only be robustly detected records provide an easier to measure Shaun Eaves showing a boulder with glacier striae, Mt Ruapehu - Photo: Emily Warren-Smith constraint on the magnitude and timing after 1990. These studies were but less direct indication of glacier mass of past glacier length changes at Dart difficult to interpret in a New Zealand change. However, these records can Glacier in the Mt Aspiring region of New context as many glaciers here were determine melt by measuring how far Zealand’s Southern Alps. Previous advancing after 1990. The reasons stakes drilled into the glacier in spring research undertaken in the 1980s behind that advance are now clear as have melted out from the glacier at the GLACIER DETECTIVES PIECE used the size of lichens on boulders Andrew Mackintosh and others (Nature end of each summer. For the additional TOGETHER PAST CLIMATE CHANGE atop a well-defined moraine to estimate Communications, 2017) showed, a nine glaciers measured, each one was that the glacier was 4.5 kilometres regional cooling in the 1990s supplied more likely to have experienced these longer than present in the year 1850, enough additional mass to the glaciers very high snowlines in the human- ARC researchers have been advance that occurred 12,000-14,000 age. Between 25,000 and 20,000 during the Little Ice Age. However, to make them advance. modified climate. piecing together evidence left years ago. This advance coincides years ago the former 25 kilometre long the speed of lichen growth is poorly by glaciers, combining state- with a cold interval seen in geological Cobb Valley glacier reduced in length by constrained, making this age highly The large year-to-year variability in As a result of this work, we now have of-the-art geological dating records from elsewhere in the southern more than half. This retreat is curious uncertain. Supported by a Marsden glacier mass changes makes attribution much more certainty about the role mid-latitudes, as well as in Antarctic as most glaciers in New Zealand, and Fast Start grant led by ARC researcher studies difficult, so Lauren Vargo, of anthropogenic climate change – techniques and computer ice cores. More recently, during the around the world, remained at their Shaun Eaves, Lisa applied cosmogenic who completed her PhD in the ARC in and yes, climate change is making modelling to provide Holocene interglacial (the last ~11,000 maximum extent during this interval. beryllium-10 dating, which uses the 2019, took a new approach. Rather glaciers retreat! Critically, this work quantitative constraints on years), glaciers on Mt Ruapehu have Shaun’s model experiments showed well-constrained rate of beryllium-10 than relying on long records of glacier has developed a new toolkit that past natural climate variability undergone overall retreat, punctuated the low elevation and low surface- production by cosmic radiation in the mass balance (which are very rare), she can be applied much more widely to in New Zealand. by several advances, including during slope of this former glacier enhanced boulder surfaces, to estimate the time looked at a few extreme years of glacier understand glacier loss, and which does the Little Ice Age (around 150-400 its sensitivity to climate change, since deposition by the glacier. mass loss and asked the question – not depend on sparsely distributed long- years ago). Shaun and others, such that warming of just 0.5oC was could these extreme negative mass term records of mass balance. Glaciers drag themselves over Earth’s reconstructed the former snowlines enough to drive the retreat recorded Lisa showed that this landform actually balances happen in a ‘natural’ climate? surface, eroding and transporting rocks associated with the Little Ice Age in the geological record. In contrast, formed in the year 1696 (± 44 years), Lauren did this by driving a glacier and sediment, creating characteristic glacier extent and found that retreat steeper glaciers, with higher-altitude also during the Little Ice Age, but 150 mass balance model with climate data CONTACT: [email protected] glacial landscapes that can persist for over the last century is consistent with accumulation areas, were more resilient years earlier than the lichen-based downscaled from a series of Global [email protected] tens or hundreds of millennia. These that expected from the observed 1oC to this small climatic change. These estimate. Furthermore, Lisa found Circulation Models (GCMs), both as a ice age clues left behind after glacier temperature increase detected by long- results highlight the importance of an older glacial landform situated set of different GCMs (to get the spread retreat provide windows into past term weather station data. glacier geometry in dictating glacier further down valley which formed climates. response to climate change and further 7,800 ± 300 years ago, indicating the Lauren Vargo measuring the total melt over the summer of Brewster Glacier; in this case Well-dated former glacier limits, such demonstrate the utility of numerical Little Ice Age advance was a relatively the melt was over five metres of water equivalent - Photo: Lauren Vargo In the journal Quaternary Science as those described above, afford modelling to quantify the climatic small event in the wider context of Reviews, ARC researcher Shaun Eaves useful targets from which we may significance of past glacial change. the present Holocene interglacial. and co-authors presented a new quantify past climatic changes using This result contrasts evidence of a chronology of length changes from physics-based computer models. longer and larger event in the Northern New Zealand’s northernmost glaciers, Published in Geology this year, Shaun, CONTACT: [email protected] Hemisphere. Lisa received First Class situated on Mt Ruapehu. Applying and fellow ARC researchers, Brian Honours for her thesis and a highly a technique known as cosmogenic Anderson and Andrew Mackintosh competitive Masters Publication surface exposure dating to ancient (now Monash University), used such Scholarship to support the publication glacial landforms, Shaun and his numerical modelling to explain why a of her results. colleagues showed that deglaciation former glacier situated in Cobb Valley of the volcano after the last ice age (northwest Nelson region), retreated was punctuated by a significant re- many kilometres during the last ice CONTACT: [email protected]
ARC Annual Review 2019 19 The Science Drilling technical issues with the engine fuel Ice Core Lab Manager) attended the drilled and maintained a 350 millimetre Office is hosted within system. Alex continued with the scoping Copenhagen Eighth Ice Drill Symposium. diameter, 584 metre deep hole through the Antarctic Research and conceptual design work for the This meeting, held every four to six years, the Ross Ice Shelf for nine days allowing Centre, comprising Darcy Antarctic Intermediate Depth Drill (AIDD) provided a rare opportunity to meet and various scientific observations, data core system, a major contribution to future discuss with the rest of the Arctic and collection and instruments to be installed. Mandeno as Operations seafloor and potential sub-glacial bed Antarctic drilling community the latest Despite challenges from logistical and Field Engineer, and coring capability. drilling and field support technologies constraints and HWD technical issues the Alex Pyne - now as Antarctic supporting science in the polar regions. system proved once again to be a capable Drilling Advisor, following his With the additional works in retrofitting asset for gaining access to one of the retirement. three new engines, and the resulting The close of the year saw hot water least known bodies of water in the world. electrical and mechanical reconfiguration drilling operations at Kamb Ice Stream, SCIENCE with the existing chassis and genset Ross Ice Shelf approximately 850 km The success of this season’s scientific With an eventful year culminating systems required the focussed expertise from Scott Base. The science was led objectives was once again built on the in a successful hot water drilling of diesel mechanic Jeff and engineer by ARC researcher Huw Horgan (co-PI) ARC’s reputation for innovative world- DRILLING (HWD) season at Kamb Ice Stream in Darcy. Together, they spent six weeks in with Darcy as the Drill Systems Field class technical, drilling and scientific Antarctica, the Science Drilling Office the workshop after three new Deutz diesel Leader along with drill team members, capabilities in Antarctica, a satisfactory (SDO) took time in June to take stock engines arrived in April 2019, supplied by Jane Chewings (seconded to ARC from conclusion to another busy year. and celebrate the legacy of Alex Pyne Shaw’s Diesel Ltd of Auckland. the School of Geography, Environment OFFICE upon his retirement. Attended by many and Earth Sciences), Hedley Berge of Alex’s past and current colleagues Testing and running on Diesel, and (contracted Senior Electrician), Sean CONTACT: [email protected] alongside industry partners from then AN8 (Kerosene), was completed Heaphy (contracted Mechanic), Tim Webster Drilling and Exploration, we at Webster Drilling and Exploration’s McPhee (contracted Electrician) and Da celebrated the highs and lows of a Porirua workshops. Swapping to AN8 Gong (Jiling University, China). The team prolific and distinguished career in with oversight of Peter Shaw from Shaw’s Antarctic drilling and science support. Diesel ensured that the generators were Alex continues with the ARC in a in the best state they could be for the part-time capacity to provide critical 2019/20 drilling season at Kamb Ice technical support to our current Stream. All gensets were ready for their projects. southbound journey to Christchurch in The drill team, KIS1 (L-R) Darcy Mandeno, Hedley Berge, Jane Chewings August in time for a winter flight ensuring (sitting), Tim McPhee, Da Gong, and Sean Heaphy (in front) Over the last few years the SDO has enough time to make the 1200 kilometre Photo: Jane Chewings continued its focus with HWD for ice traverse from Scott Base to the Kamb Ice shelf and ocean cavity access after the Stream drill location. construction of the VUW HWD1000 facsimile of a British Antarctic Survey’s A large part of the remainder of 2019 1000 metre HWD in 2016. This system involved effort from Darcy with Alex and has now been successfully utilised external independent liquid fuel heater during the summers of 2016/17 expert David Howell of Gaslabs Ltd, to at Windless Bight, 2017/18 for the get the existing hot water drill kerosene Ross Ice Shelf Project (HWD2), and heaters certified to the required Worksafe continuing this year’s 2019/20 season NZ legislative standards. This required for the Kamb Ice Stream Project (KIS1/ justified engineering exemptions where HWD1). A further four drill sites are the legislation could not be applied in a planned under the Antarctic Science safe way to the system within an Antarctic Platform (ASP) for the next five to six context. David was able to evaluate years. additional risk mitigation systems to the operation and observed a test rig setup A rare Antarctic field work hiatus for by Darcy. This involved using the heater Darcy over the 2018/19 season, in an environment closely mimicking allowed him to work with long-time Antarctic ambient conditions and provided SDO collaborator Jeff Rawson to supporting data submitted for the reassess the power requirements from Worksafe NZ report. our current generators for the HWD - as drilling operations in 2017/18 In late September and early October, Alex, had persisted in throwing up a few Darcy and Rebecca Pyne (GNS Science
ARC Annual Review 2019 21 INTERNATIONAL FIELD COURSES ARC STAFF TAUGHT IN COURSE TO THE USA
ESCI 111 The Earth System: An Introduction to Physical Geography and In November 2019, Warren Dickinson Earth Sciences (ARC course co-ordinator) and Nikita ESCI 132 Antarctica: Unfreezing the Continent Turton (ARC MSc graduate) along with Christine Siddoway and Solomon Seyum ESCI 201 Climate Change and New Zealand’s Future (Colorado College, USA) ran a four-week ESCI 204 Petrology and Microscopy geology field trip in the southwestern GEOG 220 Hydrology and Climate USA, as part of the ESCI 349/449 course. Nine students from Victoria ESCI 241 Introductory Field Geology University of Wellington and five from ESCI 301* Global Change: Earth Processes and History Colorado College took part in the trip. GEOG 318 Quaternary Environmental Change The first two days were spent studying Our staff support a wide the San Andreas Fault, which is similar range of teaching being ESCI 349/449* Earth Sciences - International Field Course to the Alpine Fault, and threatens about carried out in courses within ESCI 403* Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments 20 million people in Southern California. the School of Geography ESCI 412* Paleoclimatology The next 10 days were spent at Borrego Springs Research Station where Environment and Earth GISC 424* Introduction to Remote Sensing TEACHING & Sciences. exposures at Split Mt Gorge record ENVI 520 Environmental Management the opening and closing of the Gulf of California over the past six million years. SUPERVISION The ARC supports a significant * An ARC staff member was the course co-ordinator proportion of the research being The American tradition of Thanksgiving carried out in the paleoclimatology dinner took place in a snowstorm at an theme through teaching and old homestead in the Mojave Desert. graduate supervision. There is The feast, not unlike those at McMurdo also a close interaction between GRADUATE COMPLETIONS Station in Antarctica, included mashed ARC staff and projects with other potatoes, sweet potatoes, various kinds research programmes in geophysics, Lisa Dowling (MSc) Lukas Eling (PhD) of salads, cheese cakes, pavlovas, and geology, physical geography, and the The Holocene glacial history of Dart Early Holocene Antarctic climate fruit pies, all centred around a deep-fried environmental studies programme. Glacier, Southern Alps, New Zealand. variability - drivers and consequences “Turducken” - a turkey stuffed with a Supervised by - Shaun Eaves (ARC/ as captured by major ions in the chicken, stuffed with a duck. Our teaching contribution includes SGEES) and Andrew Mackintosh (then Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution lectures in both undergraduate ARC). (RICE) ice core. The group then spent the next eight and graduate courses as well as Supervised by - Nancy Bertler (ARC) and days at the SHEAR Centre just outside supervision of graduate students Clarrie Macklin (MSc) Rob McKay (ARC). Death Valley owned by the University enrolled with the School of Geography, Finite-element modelling of Haupapa/ of Washington. One could spend three Environment and Earth Sciences Tasman Glacier’s basal sliding events. Dan Lowry (PhD) months studying the geology of Death (SGEES). In 2019, our staff Supervised by - Huw Horgan (ARC/ Deglacial climate and ice sheet Valley, but some of our highlights supervised 19 PhD and five MSc SGEES) and Brian Anderson (ARC). evolution of the Ross Embayment, included; un-metamorphosed Snowball students, with ten students completing Antarctica. Earth sediments (750 million years their thesis. Rebecca Pretty (MSc) Supervised by - Nick Golledge (ARC) and old), enormous alluvial fans, ancient Ice dynamics and ocean productivity Nancy Bertler (ARC). lake sediments (1-14 million years old) during the Late Miocene, offshore representing wetter periods in Death Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. Abhijith Ulayottil Venugopal (PhD) Valley, and lots of recent faults and Supervised by - Rob McKay (ARC) and Glacial Antarctic warm events as folds. The Tecopa hot pools in the Tim Naish (ARC). captured by the RICE ice core. centre of ancient Lake Tecopa featured Supervised by - Nancy Bertler (ARC) and as a good wash-up before dinner. Simon Reeve (MSc) Guiseppe Cortese (GNS Science). Development of an improved ramped The final week was spent around the pyrolysis method for radiocarbon dating Lauren Vargo (PhD) Grand Canyon. Unfortunately, early and application to Antarctic sediments. Drivers of modern New Zealand glacier snow prevented hiking to the bottom Supervised by - Rob McKay (ARC) and change. of the canyon to observe the Great Tim Naish (ARC). Supervised by - Huw Horgan (ARC/ Unconformity, which recent papers SGEES) and Brian Anderson (ARC). suggest results from glacial erosion Nikita Turton (MSc) during Snowball Earth time. East Antarctic Ice Sheet and Southern Ross Whitmore (PhD) Ocean response to orbital forcing from Outlet glacier and landscape evolution Our Kiwi students gained some Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, Wilkes of Victoria Land, Antarctica. remarkable insight into continental Land, East Antarctica. Supervised by - Andrew Mackintosh geology in desert environments with Supervised by - Rob McKay (ARC) and (then ARC) and Kevin Norton (SGEES). 100% outcrop exposures. In addition, Tim Naish (ARC). they bonded with their American peers, getting a good dose of American culture and southwestern US cuisine.
ARC Annual Review 2019 23 AWARDS AND APPOINTMENTS
In 2019 ARC staff and students were awarded the following:
2019 HILL Awards Bella Duncan — Co-PI on a Marsden TINSLEY MEDAL Council Award. AWARDED TO NICK GOLLEDGE Nick Golledge — Hill Tinsley Medal. Jamey Stutz — New Zealand Antarctic Science Conference Early Career Nick Golledge was awarded Researcher award winner. the 2019 Hill Tinsley Medal from the New Zealand The SCAR Team at the Antarctic Parliamentarians Assembly Tim Naish (2nd Association of Scientists. from right) and SCAR President Steven Chown (far right) - Photo: SCAR Promotions SIGNIFICANT Brian Anderson — Promoted to Associate Professor scale in the 2019 Academic The Hill Tinsley Medal is awarded Promotion Round. EVENTS to an early career scientist for outstanding fundamental or applied THE FIRST ANTARCTIC Huw Horgan — Promoted within the research in the physical, natural, or PARLIAMENTARIANS ASSEMBLY Senior Lecturer scale in the 2019 social sciences. In 2016, the New Academic Promotion Round. Zealand Association of Scientists (NZAS) awarded the first Beatrice Hill The very first ‘Antarctic that even with global efforts to curb Rob McKay — Promoted within the Tinsley Medal, which replaced the Parliamentarians Assembly’ emissions, a certain amount of sea- Associate Professor scale in the 2019 Association’s Research Medal for early involving Parliamentarians level rise was unavoidable, resulting in Academic Promotion Round. career researchers. from 13 countries took place the potential displacement of millions of people this century. However, Tim Nick received the award for his work in London on 2-3 December also reminded the parliamentarians Appointments in modelling ice sheet and individual 2019. that with swift co-ordinated global Tim Naish — Appointed as the Antarctic glacier behaviour over a range of action the target of the Paris Agreement Science Platform Programme Leader: time periods. His work has provided The Assembly, hosted by the House of stabilising Earth’s temperature Physical Sciences. valuable insight into past ice sheet of Commons and held at Whitehall, below +2oC could still be achieved, behaviour. Nick joined the ARC in highlighted the importance of and that would greatly reduce the risks Levan Tielidze — International 2009, soon after completing his PhD. Antarctica in the understanding of our associated with sea-level rise from Association of Cryospheric Sciences While at the Centre, he has focused planet and featured presentations from Antarctic melting. National Correspondent for Georgia. on modelling Antarctic ice sheets and SCAR President Steven Chown and their contribution to sea-level rise. the ARC’s Tim Naish. It provided an Parliamentary delegations were Lauren Vargo — Board member for the He has published many high-impact opportunity for parliamentarians, rather invited from the 54 signatory countries International Glaciological Society (IGS) scientific articles, including a recent than governments, to learn more about of the Antarctic Treaty to take part Early Career Glaciologist Group (EGG). Nature paper which explores the Antarctica and be able to press their in discussions and debates about global consequences of 21st century legislatures to support and prioritise subjects ranging from climate change Lauren Vargo — Member of the ice-sheet melting, and his findings the work of the Treaty. Andrew Bayly and loss of ice from Antarctic ice International Glaciological Society (IGS) have made media headlines across (Member of Parliament for Hunua), was sheets, to the increase in polar tourism committee on governance changes. the world. invited as the New Zealand delegate. and protecting Antarctic biodiversity. He worked closely with Tim and Jana A consensus statement signed Newman (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and by all 19 parliamentary delegates Trade, NZ) to emphasise the important present declares that, as a group of contribution New Zealand has played parliamentarians from Antarctic Treaty in the scientific understanding and Parties, they: governance of Antarctica. ‘Note with concern the recent Tim’s presentation on “How is climate Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change affecting Antarctica and what Change’s Special Report on the Ocean does it mean for us?” focussed on the and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, global consequences of future sea-level which highlights the profound effects rise from loss of Antarctic ice. Tim of climate change on Antarctica’s highlighted the vulnerability of West ecosystems and the potentially Antarctica, which lies below sea level catastrophic effects of Antarctic ice loss The Hill Tinsley Medal - Photo: NZAS and could contribute several metres on global sea level.’ of global sea-level rise. And stressed
ARC Annual Review 2019 25 FAREWELL TO ANDREW ARC STALWART LIONEL CARTER RETIRES MACKINTOSH On the 28 June, the ARC he worked with the International We farewelled Andrew celebrated the career of Cable Protection Committee – an Mackintosh, on 4 April, after 17 Professor Lionel Carter at international forum for the submarine years at Victoria University of his retirement function held telecommunication cable industry – to Wellington, to take up a position at Victoria University of better protect the global fibre-optic cable network from marine hazards. This work as Head of the School of Earth, Wellington. was significanct as this cable network Atmosphere and Environment at carries over 95% of all international Monash University, Melbourne. wider international interest, with Italy Prior to joining the ARC as Professor of internet and communications traffic. partnering with New Zealand and the Marine Geology in 2006, Lionel spent When Andrew was employed as a lecturer in United States to form the big three, 32 years at NIWA and its predecessor the During his career, he has participated the School of Earth Sciences (now SGEES) and with German, UK and Australian New Zealand Oceanographic Institute of on 36 oceanographic voyages of which in 2002, he came with an excellent pedigree scientists also involved. A lot of the DSIR. 28 were as voyage leader. Lionel has in glacial geomorphology, mentored by David operational decision-making came down also been the recipient of numerous Sugden; and in glaciology, mentored by Hans to Alex with his 20 years of experience. Lionel’s research career has centred awards. In 1998, Lionel received the Oerlemans. These two strands of research The result was the successful coring of on investigating basic geological Geological Society of New Zealand’s intertwined throughout Andrew’s time at 1500 metres of strata from 34 to and oceanic processes and applying McKay Hammer for the most meritorious SGEES and the ARC. Andrew joined the ARC 17 million years ago, paving the way for these discoveries to assess ocean research papers between 1996- for 50% of his time as a Senior Lecturer in the ANDRILL Project a decade later to environmental change, natural 1998. He was named a Fellow of 2009 and became Associate Professor and capture the younger story. hazards and resources. Some of his the Royal Society of New Zealand in Deputy Director of the Centre in 2013, and major research achievements include 2003, received the Marsden Medal Director and then Professor in 2017. Alex Pyne at Mt Bastion, Antarctica in 1978 - Photo: Peter Barrett The scientific discoveries based on the determining the abyssal circulation for outstanding services to science in ANDRILL McMurdo Ice Shelf Project and its interaction with the ocean floor 2012, and in 2015 the Hutton Medal for Highlights of Andrew’s time here include have been truly significant. This is in in the SW Pacific Gateway off eastern outstanding scientific research in Earth the start of the Brewster Glacier mass no small part due to the commitment New Zealand. This system of currents sciences. balance programme in 2004; publication and ingenuity of Alex’s work – in forms the local component of the Ocean of one of the first examples of using glacier understanding the scientific priorities Conveyor, which is one of the major While at the ARC, he led the ~$2M models and geomorphology in examining (and uncertainties), and in leading transporters of heat around the planet as ANZICE (Antarctica-New Zealand the climatic significance of the Waiho Loop THIS IS YOUR LIFE – ALEX PYNE: the drilling to produce 1285 metres well as a regulator of climate change. He Interglacial Climate Extremes) glacial moraine (Geology, 2006); and a THE VUW YEARS of high-quality continuous core. The discovered the long distance transport Programme funded by the then New long association with George Denton, Aaron record-breaking drilling revolutionised (>2000 kilometres) of sediment and its Zealand Foundation for Research Putnam (University of Maine, USA) and our understanding of the vulnerability of accumulation as extensive sediment Science and Technology. ANZICE was others mapping and modelling the glacial On 13 June, the ARC and organisational skills, but not the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during past drifts under abyssal currents. Lionel closely aligned with the Global Change geomorphology of the central Southern celebrated the career of too expensive, Alex was the obvious warmer-than-present climates. also identified the Eastern New Zealand Through Time programme at GNS Alps - now one of the best dated regions in Science Drilling Office choice. Oceanic Sedimentary System (ENZOSS), Science and linked with the ice core the world. In the Antarctic space, Andrew Director and ARC Projects In between sediment coring, Alex also whereby sediment generated at the group at NIWA and aimed to understand pioneered the use of ‘mountain dipsticks’ Manager, Alex Pyne at his During the NZ-led McMurdo Sound began working on developing ice coring southern sector of the New Zealand the likely response of the New Zealand- - using boulders left at the margins of ice retirement function based Sediment & Tectonic Studies capabilities. After several successful plate boundary is transferred to the deep Antarctic region to a warmer world. sheets to date their thinning - and thence on the TV series; This is Your (MSSTS-1) drill hole in 1979/80, Alex smaller projects, the next goal needed ocean, transported up to Lionel also embraced teaching whole- gain insights into the origin of meltwater was completing his MSc field work that a big investment – a New Zealand built 4500 kilometres by abyssal currents heartedly and is a highly popular and pulses, and the stability of marine ice Life. season but showed a keen interest in intermediate depth ice core drill. The and returned to the northern sector of respected lecturer at undergraduate sheets. However, for Andrew, the most the discussions and planning, so as drill – Te Wāmua Hukapapa (Ice Cores the plate boundary via the Kermadec level – and has been a dedicated thesis rewarding aspects of his time here were Alex began as a geological assistant Expedition Manager and Core Logger that Discover the Past) was developed subduction zone. supervisor. His scientific advice is working with students on their projects in in 1977, but quickly took a broader he oversaw the whole operation. on the much-proven Danish Hans always sensible and his sense of humour the Southern Alps and Antarctica, and close interest in all aspects of Antarctic Sadly, drilling ended with the drill string Tausen drill, but Alex and engineer, A firm believer in applying research to absurdly brilliant, something everyone collaborations over many years with Brian field operations, including sea ice jammed at 230 metres below the sea Darcy Mandeno, added a good portion real-world problems, Lionel applied his in the ARC has appreciated. The ARC is Anderson (ARC), Kevin Norton (SGEES), and traverses, site surveys and offshore floor. Fortunately though, Alex figured of ingenius inhouse design. In 2011/12 expertise to a wide range of marine pleased to continue working with Lionel others at the University. drilling, and in recent years, deep ice out why and encouraged us to try and 2012/13, after spending almost engineering projects. For 15 years, as an Emeritus Professor. coring on land. In 1983, he obtained a again. eight months in the field, they drilled permanent position with the ARC. the 784 metre deep RICE ice core, the Andrew Mackintosh at his farewell function CIROS-1 was the big one - to be drilled Photo: Michelle Dow backbone of a nine-nation collaboration. Lionel Carter on board NIWA’s Tangaroa research vessel - Photo: Lionel Carter Alex’s first trip to Antarctica was as a 15 kilometres offshore in third year BSc student with Victoria 200 metres of water. By this time, Since that first trip to Antarctica University of Wellington Antarctic Alex had acquired several years of sea 42 years ago, Alex has spent 36 Expedition (VUWAE) 22 in 1977/78 to ice growth data, along with tidal and seasons on the Ice. He has played a assist Barrie McKelvey. Among other current data for drill system design. unique role in organising field operations things, Barrie and Alex measured Drilling terminated at a depth of and adapting drilling technology for and sampled the overlying coal 702 metres below the sea floor with a high quality sampling of Earth and ice measures near the head of Taylor remarkable 98% core recovery. history in the Antarctic and beyond. We glacier for Alex’s Honours project. As thankfully will continue to work with Alex Antarctic research interests broadened Following this success, the Cape on upcoming projects on a more casual at the University to study glacial Roberts Project (1997-1999) was basis allowing him time for fishing in the history through offshore drilling, the designed to core thicker, more Marlborough Sounds. expeditions required a part-time complete and older sequences Expedition Manager with practical than CIROS-1. It also attracted
ARC Annual Review 2019 27 WE REMEMBER BARRIE MCKELVEY 1937-2019 MARIE CURIE FELLOW VISITS
The ARC pays tribute to Barrie and Peter’s arrival at Scott Base Visiting researcher, Lara of the Arctic Ocean. Working in both Barrie McKelvey, the first was grudgingly accepted, in the words Perez, is a Marie Curie Antarctic and Arctic polar margins gives of two Victoria University of of the IGY NZ Science Leader, Dr Trevor postdoctoral fellow based at her a unique global perspective of the Wellington students who went Hatherton, “uninvited, unheralded, the British Antarctic Survey in Cenozoic evolution of Earth. to Antarctica and a supporter and unwanted”. However, their first presence, which included the first the United Kingdom. Currently, Lara is focussed on the project and patron of the ARC geological foray into the McMurdo ‘West Antarctic Margin Signatures of Endowed Development Fund. Valleys, and astute observations and Lara will spend 18 months at the ARC Ice Sheet Evolution (WAMSISE)’ in the publications that followed, led to working in close collaboration with ARC framework of a highly prestigious Marie Barrie left us after a short illness, on Hatherton concluding with the words staff members, including Rob McKay Skłodowska-Curie Individual-Global Lauren Vargo 7 March 2019, at Armidale, NSW, “to the pioneers Webb and McKelvey, and Tim Naish, on data obtained during Fellowship (MSCA) grant. The overall Australia, and is remembered with to the succeeding teams and to the International Ocean Discovery Program objective of WAMSISE is to decipher the great affection by all of us who knew general, Professor Clark, I offer my Expedition 374. history of interactions between tectonic, him, in part because he and his fellow congratulations on a remarkably long- oceanographic, climatic and cryospheric S.T. LEE YOUNG student Peter Webb laid the foundation sustained endeavour in exploration and Lara’s scientific career has been processes along the West Antarctic SCIENTIST EXCHANGE for the Victoria University Antarctic research”. focussed on the analysis of oceanic Margin from Miocene times (https:// Expeditions (VUWAE), which have basins and continental margins, www.bas.ac.uk/project/wamsise/). continued annually to this day. Barrie completed his MSc thesis on his including sedimentary processes and Lauren Vargo was the 2019 work with Peter in the McMurdo Dry seismic stratigraphic records from A key part of WAMSISE is working with recipient of the S.T. Lee Barrie was a third-year geology student Valleys in 1960, and immediately took Barrie McKelvey polar regions. Lara works on the ARC researchers to decode the ice Young Scientist Exchange here at Victoria University of Wellington up a junior position on the lecturing understanding of the interaction of sheet oscillation over the Ross Sea with the University of Alaska- when he and fellow student Peter staff at the University of New England, tectonic, oceanographic, cryospheric continental shelf during the Middle Fairbanks. Webb, decided to present themselves Armidale, New South Wales. Aside VUWAE to Antarctica (VUWAE 1 and climatic processes and their Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO at the New Zealand Trans-Antarctic from teaching, his geological focus 1957/58; VUWAE 2 1958/59; VUWAE evolution through time. Her important ~17-14.5 million years ago). During the Expedition offices in Wellington as was the Devonian and Carboniferous 13, 1968/69; VUWAE 22, 1977/78; scientific contributions have included MMCO global temperatures were about The last chapter of Lauren’s PhD potential polar explorers for the sedimentary strata in northern New VUWAE 24, 1979/80; VUWAE 26, the reconstruction of the evolutionary 3oC higher than present, and therefore thesis involved finding the influence International Geophysical Year (IGY South Wales, completing his PhD 1981/82). However, his interests history of the Drake Passage and it is hypothesized that the Antarctic of humans on the highest melt years 1956-58). The offer was initially thesis in 1967. After this his interests then led to pioneering studies of the Scotia Sea, and the implications ice sheet was constrained to an inland of New Zealand glaciers. Her research turned down, but later accepted, albeit in working with others to interpret the Neogene glacial history of the that this major gateway development position. However, this research is showed that the highest melt years reluctantly, after it became known Gondwana sedimentary strata took Prince Charles Mountains through has had on the Global Thermohaline pointing to a more complex history and were more likely to have occurred with that the pair had approached the US him back four times to Antarctica with the Australian Antarctic Programme Circulation. Lara has also studied highly dynamic ice sheet over the Ross humans, compared to a world without Embassy to go south as part of the US VUWAE between 1968 and 1982. In between 1982 and 1998, interleaved the cryospheric and oceanographic Sea during certain periods of middle anthropogenic climate change. But Antarctic Program. total, Barrie was a member of six with several Ohio State University evolution of the Greenland margins, Miocene. this method requires measurements expeditions with Peter to the glacial and the geological recent glacial history of glacier melt, which we only have sediments of similar age in the central for two glaciers in New Zealand. So, Transantarctic Mountains. Lara Perez Lauren put in an application for the S.T. Lee Young Scientist Exchange with Barrie’s diversity of geological interests University of Alaska-Fairbanks with and his enthusiasm for team work the lofty goal of applying the same also took him offshore to participate analysis used for the New Zealand in two ocean drilling legs (DSDP 26 to glaciers, to over 100 glaciers around the Indian Ocean and ODP 145 in the the world. North Pacific) and two oceanographic cruises with CCOP/SOPAC in 1984 and Lauren worked with Regine Hock, a 1986 studying the seafloor around leading scientist on simulating global Samoa, Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga. It’s glacier mass balance, developing a no surprise that for two decades after plan for applying Lauren’s local New retiring in 1996 he returned annually to Zealand study to glaciers around the the Antarctic margin as a very popular world. tour guide on Antarctic cruises, with a memorable circum-navigation of the Her time in Fairbanks also allowed continent. Lauren a chance to meet and talk with other students and scientists Barrie’s breadth of knowledge and including ice sheet modellers about experience, and unfailing good humour how this method of calculating the in all situations, will be missed by us all. human influence on glacier melt might be applied to ice sheets, which was especially relevant as the Greenland Peter Webb and Barrie McKelvey before ice sheet was setting melt records at they boarded HMNZS Endeavour to head the time. south on the first Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition (VUWAE 1) in 1957 - Photo: Mervyn King
ARC Annual Review 2019 29 REVENUE EXPENDITURE
MBIE funding held through The remaining 17% of our Our expenditure is largely permanent staff, resulting contracts to VUW and via revenue comes from internal related to people costs in significant savings for the subcontracts with our sources. PBRF (Performance- (40%) and Research Direct Centre. The Centre’s 11% research partners accounts Based Research Fund) Costs (37%). Of the $1.76m operational budget of $517k, for 38% ($2m) of revenue. accounts for 11% ($580k) spent on Research Direct included expenditure that ‘Other’ funding sources and is calculated by the Costs, $621k went towards was reimbursed from external includes $800k from GNS University for funding it paying subcontracts to our organisations or transferred The ARC generated a Science to support the receives from the Tertiary research partners and $245k to research grants as well significant surplus in 2019, build of a new Antarctic Education Commission to support student fees and as $165k for office/storage and continues to increase Intermediate Depth Drill based on the quality rating stipends. The remaining space and $21k for IT related revenue, with 83% of funding as well as revenue from of our staff. We received $909k went towards costs. coming from external international organisations 6% from Teaching by way supporting costs such as sources. such as: The International of a transfer of $305k from fieldwork, analyses and travel. The final 3% ($137k) of Cables Protection Committee the School of Geography, expenditure is for depreciation ($50k); Intergovernmental Environment and Earth The ARC contributed $415k of of CAPEX equipment. The ARC finances include both a Panel on Climate Change Sciences for teaching in their overheads from our research Centre budget and 46 grants held ($20k); an Antarctic Science courses and a proportion of grants to the Research Office by the Research Trust of Victoria Bursary from the UK based the supervision hours and and the University. University of Wellington (RTV). Our charitable company Antarctic PBRF graduate completion FINANCIAL consolidated revenue sources and Science Ltd ($12k); and the income. Private revenue The $1.9m of people related expenditure areas as well as five BBC ($2.5k). was $37k of interest earned costs was associated with year summaries are summarized from private donations, held salaries, promotions, annual SUMMARY in the following charts (all figures The ARC had six active by the Victoria University of leave and superannuation. are exclusive of GST). These charts Marsden grants in 2019, Wellington Foundation, and In 2019, the ARC welcomed combine the Centre and all grant contributing $752k (14%) of transferred as ARC Endowed three new Rutherford budgets together. revenue, and six Rutherford Development Fund awards. Postdoctoral Fellows, but Fellowships ($481k). also farewelled three senior In 2019, the ARC received a total of $5.42m in revenue, with a corresponding expenditure of $4.39m. The Centre contributed $415k of overheads to the University, and generated a $190k surplus.
NEW FUNDING
The ARC was awarded several new grants in 2019. In particular, the MBIE-funded Antarctic Science Platform (ASP) resulted in a number of new grants: Tim Naish was appointed as Programme Leader at 0.3FTE; Huw Horgan is co-PI on Project 1 Antarctic Ice Dynamics subcontract from GNS Science worth $4.4m; Nick Golledge received $956k to lead the expert group on modelling future projections; and $160k to support the National Modelling Hub established in early 2020; Rob McKay is PI on the $324k Project 2 subcontract from NIWA looking at ocean mechanics; and Abhijith Ulayottil Venugopal received $20k from the ASP Data Analysis Fund.
As well as these ASP grants, Bella Duncan is co-PI on a new $3m Marsden Fund Council Award to begin in 2020, and Brian Anderson received a $210k subcontract from NIWA to continue work on the climate observations and processes programme looking into New Zealand’s glaciers. Photo: ARC Annual Review 2019 31 ARNOLD HEINE MARSDEN SUCCESS FOR ARC ARC ENDOWED ANTARCTIC RESEARCH RESEARCHERS DEVELOPMENT FUND AWARD
One of the first two Marsden photosynthetic pathways over the Through the generosity The first recipient of Arnold Fund Council Awards was last 40 million years to ground truth of past and present staff, Heine Antarctic Research awarded to a team led by models during past warm climates. alumni, colleagues and Award went to recent PhD Professor Vic Arcus (University More specifically, Bella will analyse collaborators the ARC graduate Lauren Vargo. of Waikato), that includes molecular biomarkers to reconstruct aspects of vegetation evolution and the Endowment Fund has ARC’s Bella Duncan as a carbon cycle. The ARC is very excited reached over $556,000. The award supported Lauren to publish Principal Investigator. to see this broadening of our climate the findings of her PhD thesis. Lauren’s research expertise into collaborative, The ARC Endowed Development thesis investigated how New Zealand These new $3 million “super marsden” multidisciplinary Earth system science Fund enables the ARC to give glaciers have been changing over the grants are designed to support that supports and promotes early career small grants of up to $4,000 to past few decades, and the drivers of innovative trans-disciplinary research. researchers. postgraduate students with research those changes using the End-of-Summer- This study aims to define a theory - in links to Antarctica. This provides Snowline record — photographs of fact a single equation - that explains the A second, $960k standard, Marsden students with some amazing over 50 glaciers along the Southern temperature dependence of all terrestrial grant was awarded to Nancy Bertler opportunities that would not have Alps, taken in March each year since biology from the enzyme to biosphere through GNS Science. Titled Did the otherwise been possible. Examples 1977. The record was started by the scale, and has fundamental implications West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse during include; participation in international late Trevor Chinn when he was working for microbial growth rates, plant and the Last Interglacial Warm Period?, the summer schools, the opportunity to Ray Dibble looking at seimic readings from Mt Erebus, Antarctica at DSIR. Lauren used the photographs soil respiration, photosynthesis and, study aims to develop the first West work with collaborators in world-class Photo: Ray Dibble to measure changes in snowline landscape carbon sequestration. Titled Antarctic ice core account of the last analytical facilities, and the ability to elevations (how much snow is left on Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) interglacial, some 115,000 to 130,000 travel to international conferences the glacier every March), which helps and the temperature-dependence of years ago. Then, temperatures were and workshops to present their GENEROUS BEQUEST BY RAY DIBBLE our understanding of how the mass the terrestrial biosphere over time and 1-2oC warmer and global sea levels scientific discoveries on a world- of the glaciers change from year to space, the team of researchers will work were 6-9 metres higher than today. This stage. year. Lauren also used mass balance across scales and disciplines including makes the last interglacial an important Ray Dibble (1928-2018), the recording seismograph in the process. measurements from Brewster Glacier, chemical physicists, molecular biologists, record to test and improve models that The 2019 recipients were: geophysicist who pioneered In 1974, Ray returned to Antarctica which involved field work twice each year plant physiologists, soil scientists, assess climate change consequences “listening to volcanoes”, to the more substantial physical measuring the accumulation in winter climate modellers and paleoclimate in a Paris Agreement or warmer world. Rachel Corran — to attend gave $20,000 through his challenge of understanding the and melt in summer. As well as using experts. The ARC’s Nick Golledge, Ruzica Dadic the Greenhouse Gases and eruptive behaviour of Erebus volcano glacier modelling to show that some of and Rob McKay are key partners for this Measurement Techniques will to the ARC Endowed (77°S; 3794 metres above sea level), the highest melt years for the glaciers The paleoclimate team from the ARC, project along with leading international Conference 2019 (GGMT-2019) in Development Fund. leading to a further 14 visits to the would not have occurred without human which also includes Nancy Bertler ice core and modelling experts from the Jeju, Korea in September. Ice. In 1981, he set up an array of forcing. The final chapter of her thesis and Tim Naish, will use geological United States and Europe. Ray Dibble was employed straight from seismographs and other sensors showed that high glacier melt years are reconstructions of the evolution of Lukas Eling, Dan Lowry, Clarrie school in 1946 as a cadet in the Public with the help of Phil Kyle and the US caused largely by high temperatures, and temperature, carbon dioxide, and Macklin, and Abhijith Ulayottil Works Department, pursuing studies Antarctic Program. As part of the New these high temperatures are caused by Venugopal — to write-up papers at Victoria University College part time. Zealand Antarctic Programme, he anthropogenic climate change. on their repective research for He completed a BSc in geology in installed a video monitoring system of submission to journals. 1952 and an MSc in 1956, based on the volcano’s lava lake. This almost Bella Duncan in Antarctica - Photo: Bella Duncan a gravity survey of the northern South year-round data was telemetered to Florence Isaacs — to present at the Island. His first visit to Antarctica in Scott Base, giving critical insights Lauren Vargo prior to a glacier flight - American Geophysical Union (AGU) 1962 was to try out a slow speed tape into characteristics of the frequent Photo: Rebekah Parsons-King Fall Meeting in San Francisco, USA in recording seismograph that he had eruptions from the Erebus lava lake. December. designed for measuring ice quakes. His insights into the plumbing of the volcano and his ability to set up Katelyn Johnson and Jamey Stutz In 1965, he joined the Geology electronic equipment around Erebus — to attend the XIII International Department as the inaugural Lecturer summit in sub-zero conditions were Symposium on Antarctic Earth in Applied Geophysics and began a legendary. Sciences in Incheon, South Korea in PhD project on “The seismometric July. study of volcanic activity” - to increase Ray was a much-respected colleague the knowledge and understanding of at the University for many decades. Marjolaine Verret — to present at the volcanic mechanism and behaviour, He was innovative, versatile and at Southern Hemisphere Conference and to search for warning indications times very humorous. He continued on Permafrost in Queenstown, New of potentially disastrous eruptions.” to visit the ARC prior to his death. Zealand in December. His thesis was based on monitoring Ray’s generous bequest to the the volcanos of Ruapehu, White Island, ARC’s Endowed Development Fund Kilauea and Stromboli, refining his will provide support for future ARC students as they pursue their research.
ARC Annual Review 2019 33 The ARC is committed to Newsroom — 17 September, Nick NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE Greymouth Evening Star — 24 May, Brian presenting our research Golledge, Huw Horgan and Gavin ARTICLES Anderson, “Glaciers ‘shorter than and knowledge to the Dunbar, “Drilling into the past to predict ever’.” the future.” https://www.newsroom. NZ Herald — 13 January, Nancy Bertler, wider community. Here The Circle — 13 June, Nick Golledge, “Fast- co.nz/2019/09/17/800954/drilling- “Big Science - Can we stop Antarctica’s are a selection of our forward to the past.” https://arcticwwf. into-the-past-to-predict-the-future collapse?” http://www.nzherald. contributions. org/newsroom/the-circle/arctic-check- co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ Newsroom — 3 October, Tim Naish up/fast-forward-to-the-past/ id=1&objectid=12296448 and Nick Golledge, “Whanganui’s Dominion Post — 28 June, Tim Naish and TV INTERVIEWS ancient rock yields worrying NZ Herald — 22 January, Rob McKay, James Renwick (SGEES), “Councils clues about Antarctic melting.” “Million-dollar study: When will AM Show — 7 February, Nick declare climate emergencies, but will https://www.newsroom. Antarctica’s marine ice sheets Golledge, “Expert says reversing it result in any real change?” https:// co.nz/2019/10/03/841143/ melt?” https://www.nzherald. OUR climate change would be ‘almost whanganuis-ancient-rock-yields- www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ impossible’.” https://www.newshub. news/113747732/councils-declare- worrying-clues-about-antarctic-melting id=1&objectid=12194292 co.nz/home/world/2019/02/ climate-emergencies-but-will-it-result- ENGAGEMENT expert-says-reversing-climate- McGill Newsroom — 6 February, Nick in-any-real-change change-would-be-almost- Golledge, “Melting ice sheets may NZ Herald — 13 July, Lauren Vargo impossible.html RADIO INTERVIEWS cause ‘climate chaos’ according to “Glaciers melt in NZ’s third warmest new modelling.” https://www.mcgill. Newsroom — 18 February, Tim summer.” https://www.pressreader. Radio NZ ‘Morning Report’ – 7 February, ca/newsroom/channels/news/melting- Naish, “Alarming projections com/new-zealand/weekend- Nick Golledge, “Extreme weather ice-sheets-may-cause-climate-chaos- for polar ice sheets.” https:// herald/20190713/281681141449493 could worsen, NZ-led climate study according-new-modelling-294392 www.newsroom.co.nz/@future- says.” https://www.rnz.co.nz/ NZ Herald — 19 July, Nick Golledge learning/2018/02/27/92887/ national/programmes/morningreport/ USA Today — 6 February, Nick Golledge, “Climate Voices: 15 Kiwis’ hopes and alarming-projections-for-polar-ice- audio/2018681371/extreme-weather- “Melting ice from Greenland and fears in a warming world.” https:// sheets. could-worsen-nz-led-climate-study-says Antarctica could cause more extreme www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article. weather.” https://www.usatoday.com/ Newshub — 30 April, Tim Naish, cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12247279 Radio NZ ‘Environment’ – 7 February, story/news/world/2019/02/06/ “Parts of ice shelf in Antarctica Nick Golledge, “NZ-led research global-warming-antarctica- melting at ‘unprecedented levels.” Stuff — 20 August, Lauren Vargo, “New shows extreme weather could greenland-ice-melting-could-spur- https://www.newshub.co.nz/ Zealand glaciers won’t survive this worsen.” https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/ extremes/2791180002/ home/world/2019/04/parts-of- national/381902/nz-led-research- century, scientists say.” www.stuff. co.nz/environment/115135746/ ice-shelf-in-antarctica-melting-at- shows-extreme-weather-could-worsen NZ Herald — 14 March, Tim Naish, new-zealand-glaciers-wont-survive-this- unprecedented-levels.html “Show us how it’s done’ - 22 leading century-scientists-say Radio NZ ‘Pacific’ – 8 February, Nick NZ academics who back the School TVNZ Breakfast — 2 July, Tim Naish, Golledge, “Tropical Pacific could Strike 4 Climate.” https://www. talks about climate change, Paris The Listener — 16 September, experience enhanced sea-level rise.” nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ Agreement, sea-level rise and Lauren Vargo, “Melting moments.” https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/ id=1&objectid=12212794 climate emergencies. pacific-news/382058/tropical-pacific- https://www.pressreader.com/ new-zealand/new-zealand-listen could-experience-enhanced-sea-level- NZ Herald — 15 March, Tim Naish and Newshub — 16 September, Lauren er/20190916/281530817720248 rise Henry Naish, “Class action: Thousands Vargo, “Fears as New Zealand’s of students to march over climate largest glacier continues to shrink.” The Spinoff — 16 September, Shaun The Green Desk Podcast & 95bfm change.” https://www.nzherald. https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/ Eaves, “Our climate story: Life Radio — 8 October, Lauren Vargo, co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ new-zealand/2019/09/fears- in Auckland and Southland in “Declining glaciers in New Zealand.” id=1&objectid=12212703 as-new-zealand-s-largest-glacier- https://95bfm.com/bcast/the-green- 2050.” https://thespinoff.co.nz/ science/16-09-2019/our-climate- continues-to-shrink.html desk-october-8-2019 NZ Herald — 24 March, Brian Anderson, story-life-in-auckland-and-southland- “NZ glaciers ‘sad and dirty’ after Newsroom — 16 September, Richard in-2050/ Neo1 Mein Radio, Switzerland — 12 third-hottest summer.” https://www. Levy and Nick Golledge, “Ups and December, Ruzica Dadic, “MOSAiC: nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ downs of rising seas in a shaky The Conversation — 2 October, Nick Arctic Expeditions with Swiss id=1&objectid=12215803 nation.” https://www.newsroom. Participation.” https://www.neo1. Golledge, “Climate explained: What each of us can do to reduce our carbon co.nz/2019/09/16/800304/ups- ch/news/news/newsansicht/ Otago Daily Times — 8 April, Tim Naish, “Q footprint.” https://theconversation. and-downs-of-rising-seas-in-a-shaky- datum/2019/12/12/mosaic-arktische- & A on NZ SeaRise research.” https:// com/climate-explained-what-each- nation expedition-mit-schweizer-beteiligung. www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/resilient/q-tim- of-us-can-do-to-reduce-our-carbon- html naish footprint-123851
ARC Annual Review 2019 35 Stuff — 1 October, Brian Anderson, Summit.” https://www.nzherald. “Food for thought: Melting ice sheets, Taranaki Geological Society — 3 June, Nick Miramar North School Antarctic Outreach Geosciences Public Lecture — 25 “New Zealand’s incredible shrinking co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ dynamic coastlines, and consequences Golledge, “Causes and consequences Day — 24 September, Hannah Chorley, November, Tim Naish, “Science glaciers.” https://www.stuff.co.nz/ id=1&objectid=12289898. for future sea level change.” of 21st century ice sheet melt.” Gavin Dunbar, Stefan Jendersie, Dao of sea-level change, impacts and environment/116233362/new- Polsiri, Nikita Turton, and Jamey Stutz. management.” zealands-incredible-shrinking-glaciers NZ Herald — 20 December, Nancy Bertler, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade VUW Spotlight Lecture Series — 5 June, “Thousands of kilometres of Antarctic Environment Team — 15 November, Tim Naish, “Sea level rise: How much, Queen Margaret College — 24 September, Monash University — 27 November, Levan Stuff — 2 October, Nick Golledge, “Climate ice housed in Wellington.” https:// Tim Naish, “Antarctic climate change when and what can we do?” Katelyn Johnson. Tielidze, “On the trail of the glaciers: explained: What each of us can do to www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article. and global sea-level rise.” Mission to the Caucasus (Georgia).” reduce our carbon footprint.” https:// cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12295732 Antarctica After Dark — 17 June, Nick Explorers Club Polar Film Festival, www.stuff.co.nz/environment/climate- Antarctic Parliamentarians Assembly, Golledge, “Ice, dice and Oscar Wilde” Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington — Hudson Middle School, New York — 9 news/116231127/climate-explained- Marsden Fund 25 Series — Nick Golledge, Whitehall, London — 2-3 December, September, Jamey Stutz. December, Jamey Stutz. St Andrews-on-the-Terrace Social Justice what-each-of-us-can-do-to-reduce-our- https://royalsociety.org.nz/what-we-do/ Tim Naish, “How is climate change Education Group — 23 June, Peter Earthsong Eco-village (Auckland) — 13 Catawba Springs Elementary, North carbon-footprint funds-and-opportunities/marsden/ affecting Antarctica and what does it celebrating-marsden-research/ mean for us?” Barrett, “Saving Antarctica.” October, Peter Barrett, THIN ICE Carolina — 10 December, Jamey Stutz. Dominion Post — 3 October, Georgia Grant marsden25/professor-nick-golledge screening and Q & A. Miramar Central School Antarctic Family Gros Gap Elementary, Michigan — 11 and Tim Naish, “Widespread ice sheet Day — 10 August, Peter Barrett, Darcy Monash University — 2 October, Florence December, Jamey Stutz. melting in Antarctica could raise sea Mandeno, and Jamey Stutz. Isaac, “Climate variability and sea ice level by 20 m, NZ-led study finds.” SCHOOL & COMMUNITY TALKS TO GROUPS in East Antarctica.” New Zealand Antarctic Society National https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/ A Memory of Ice – the Voyage of the Speaker (Auckland, Wellington, climate-news/116262223/ POLICYMAKERS Te Wāhipounamu ‘TED’ Talk — 24 October, Dunedin, Christchurch, Wanaka) — Explorers Club Polar Film Festival, New Glomar Challenger Book Launch widespread-ice-sheet-melting-in- (Sydney) — 6 September, Peter Barrett Brian Anderson, “The glaciers: Why Tim Naish, “How is climate change Waikato Regional Council — 2-3 April, York City — 23-25 January, Jamey Stutz, antarctica-could-raise-sea-level-by- and Rob McKay. they are remarkable, and why they are affecting Antarctica and what does it Tim Naish and Richard Levy, discuss selected entry, “Past Ice/Future Ice.” 20m-nzled-study-finds retreating.” mean for us?” Hauraki, Firth of Thames Case study for Global R&E Network CEO Forum — 14 St Michaels and All Angels (Christchurch) NZ Herald — 3 October, Georgia Grant NZ SeaRise programme. Marsden Fund 25 Series — 13 November, Track Zero Arts and Climate Science Road February, Nancy Bertler, “Antarctic — 17 September, Peter Barrett, “Saving and Tim Naish, “Paris Agreement’s Antarctica.” Nancy Bertler, “Stability of Antarctic ice Show (Nelson, Dunedin, Hamilton and World Climate Research Programme, 40th change and global consequences - failure could mean 20 m of sea sheets - Implications for sea-level rise.” Christchurch) — Tim Naish. level rise.” https://www.nzherald. Joint Scientific Committee Meeting, Scientific breakthroughs and future U3A Island Bay — 19 September, Peter co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_ World Meteorological Organisation, opportunities.” Barrett, “Saving Antarctica.” id=1&objectid=12159189 Geneva — 6-10 May, Tim Naish. Goethe-Institute — 20 February, Tim The Conversation — 3 October, Georgia Wellington Harbour Assets group — 27 Naish, “Climate change and sea-level Grant and Tim Naish, “If warming June, Tim Naish, “Climate change rise.“ exceeds 2oC, Antarctica’s melting science, impacts and NZ SeaRise NZ Antarctic Society (Auckland Branch) — ice sheets could raise seas 20 programme.” 21 February, Peter Barrett, “Secrets of metres in coming centuries.” https:// Thames Mayor Sandra Goudie — 30 June, the Antarctic.” theconversation.com/if-warming- Tim Naish, “Local sea-level rise issues exceeds-2-c-antarcticas-melting-ice- and NZ SeaRise programme.” Taranaki Geological Society Lecture sheets-could-raise-seas-20-metres-in- Series — 1 April, Jamey Stutz, “Thinning coming-centuries-124484 Executive Committee of the Scientific history of David Glacier.” Committee on Antarctic Research Nature Outlook — 14 November, Nick Meeting — 18-30 July, Tim Naish. Hutt City Library — 8 April, Tim Naish, Golledge, “Beneath the ice.” https:// James Renwick, Judy Lawrence media.nature.com/original/magazine- New Zealand Climate Change Business (SGEES), “Climate Change: Its Effects assets/d41586-019-03464-w/ Conference — 8 October, Tim Naish, on Aotearoa and the South Pacific.” d41586-019-03464-w.pdf “The 10 things every company needs to know: Physical, economic, and Women in Science Photography Project — Glacier Hub — 15 November, Levan operational implications of climate 9 May, Katelyn Johnson. Tielidze, “Photo Friday: GIF shows change.” dramatic reduction of Gergeti Glacier.” Eastern Harbour Environmental Group — https://glacierhub.org/2019/11/15/ Task Force on Climate-Related Financial 28 May, Tim Naish and Judy Lawrence photo-friday-gif-shows-dramatic- Disclosures (TFCD) Workshop — 17 (SGEES), “Impacts of sea-level rise.” reduction-of-gergeti-glacier-georgia/ October, Tim Naish. Karori West Normal School — 30 May, NZ Herald — 1 December, Tim Naish, Department of Conservation — 1 Ruzica Dadic, “Polar expeditions, Jamey Stutz at Miramar North School “Scientists to address London November, Tim Naish and Richard Levy, climate change and polar bears.” Photo: Dao Polsiri
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ARC Annual Review 2019 39 Hoffman, M.J., Humbert, A., Huybrechts, P., Zemp, M., Sajood, A.A., Pitte, P., van Ommen, Naish, T. (2019). Keynote. International Leong, W-J., and Horgan, H. (2019). Eaves, S.,and Dowling, L., (2019). Glacial Kleiner, T., Larour, E., Leguy, G., Lipscomb, T., Fischer, A., Soruco, A., Thomson, L., Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences, DeepBedMap: A super-resolution deep overdeepenings in the Southern Alps: W.H., Lowry, D., Mengel, M., Morlighem, Schaefer, M., Li, Z., Ceballos Lievano, Incheon, Korea, 25 July 2019. neural network for resolving the bed A review. Geosciences, Hamilton, New M., Pattyn, F., Payne, A.J., Pollard, D., Price, J.L., Cáceres Correa, B.E., Vincent, C., topography of Antarctica. International Zealand, 24-27 November 2019. Naish, T. (2019). Mid-Late Pliocene global S.F., Quiquet, A., Reerink, T.J., Reese, R., Tielidze, L., Braun, L.N., Ahlstrøm, A.P., Glaciological Society (IGS) Symposium, sea-level and polar ice sheet variability. Isaac, F.E., Renwick, J.A., Dadic, R., Rodehacke, C.B., Schlegel, N.-J., Shepherd, Hannesdóttir, H., Dobhal, D.P., Karimi, N., Stanford, California, USA, 8-12 July 2019. 13th International Conference on Mackintosh, A.N. (2019). Influence of A., Sun, S., Sutter, J., Van Breedam, J., Baroni, C., Fujita, K., Severskiy, I., Prinz, Paleoceanography. Sydney, Australia, 2 Lowry, D. (2019). Developments and Southern Hemisphere atmospheric van de Wal, R.S.W., Winkelmann, R., R., Usubaliev, R., Delgado-Granados, H., September 2019. challenges in Paleo-ice sheet modelling variability on recent sea ice variability in Zhang, T. (2019). initMIP-Antarctica: An ice Demberel, O., Joshi, S.P., Anderson, B., to constrain past sea level. Geosciences, East Antarctica. AGU Fall Meeting, San sheet model initialization experiment of Ove Hagen, J., Dávila Roller, L.R., Gadek, Stutz, J., and Wilson, T. (2019). Co-location of Hamilton, New Zealand, 24-27 November Francisco, USA, 9-13 December 2019 ISMIP6. Cryosphere 13: 1441-1471. doi. B., Popovnin, V.V., Cobos, G., Holmlund, geophysical and geodetic instrumentation 2019. org/10.5194/tc-13-1441-2019 P., Huss, M., Kayumov, A., Lea, J.M., Pelto, with long-term ice load histories. KOPRI Johnson, K.M., McKay, R., Bertler, N.A., M., Yakovlev, A. (2019). Glacier monitoring LIONESS Workshop, Incheon, South Korea, Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., Etourneau, J., Jiménez-Espejo, F.J., Albot, Tapia, C.A., Grant, G.R., Turner, G.M., tracks progress in limiting climate change. 2 May 2019. Whitmore, R. (2019). Rapid, dynamic A., Riesselman, C., Horgan, H., Crosta, Sefton, J.P., Naish, T.R., Dunbar, G.B., Nature 576: 39. doi: 10.1038/d41586- Holocene thinning of David Glacier. New X., Dunbar, R., Escutia, C., Bendle, J. Ohneiser, C. (2019). High-resolution 019-03700-3 Zealand Antarctic Science Conference, (2019). Holocene ice-ocean interactions magnetostratigraphy of mid-Pliocene Christchurch, New Zealand, 17-20 June in the Ross Sea and Adélie Land regions. (3.3-3.0 Ma) shallow-marine sediments, CHAIRED WORKSHOPS 2019. 13th International Conference on Whanganui Basin, New Zealand. Paleoceanography, Sydney, Australia, 2-6 Geophysical Journal International 217(1): Stutz, J., Mackintosh, A., Norton, K., INVITED PRESENTATIONS Bertler, N. (2019). 21st Century climate September 2019. 41-57. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggz004 Whitmore projections and predictions. AntClim21 , R. (2019). Rapid, dynamic Holocene thinning of David Glacier. Leong, W-J., and Horgan, H. (2019). Taylor-Offord, S., Horgan, H., Townend, J., Carter, L., Collins, K., Creese, C., Waterworth, Workshop, Cambridge, UK, 26-28 July International Symposium of Antarctic Earth DeepBedMap: Using a deep neural network Winberry, J.P. (2019). Seismic observations G. (2019). Chemical and physical stability 2019. Sciences, Incheon, South Korea, 22-26 July to better resolve the bed topography of of crevasse growth following rain-induced of submarine fibre-optic cables in the Bertler, N. and Isern, A. (2019). International 2019. Antarctica. European Geosciences Union glacier acceleration, Haupapa/Tasman area beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Ross Sea Region Collaboration and (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, Glacier, New Zealand. Annals of Glaciology SubOptic 2019, New Orleans, USA, 8-11 Tielidze, L. (2019). Current state, progress, Coordination Workshop, International 7-12 April 2019. 60(79): 14-22. doi: 10.1017/aog.2019.20 April 2019. Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences and challenges of glacier monitoring in Georgia. World Glacier Monitoring Service Stutz, J. Baroni, C., and Lee, J. (2019). Tielidze, L.G., Kumladze, R.M., Wheate, R.D., Carter, L. (2019). UNCLOS BBNJ The United (ISAES), Incheon, Korea, 21 July 2019. General Assembly, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Terrestrial-Marine glacial reconstruction Gamkrelidze, M. (2019). The Devdoraki Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea/ Vargo, L. and Wigmore, O. (2019). 10-14 September 2019. within Terra Nova Bay/western Ross Sea. Glacier catastrophes, Georgian Caucasus. Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Technological and computational XIII International Symposium of Antarctic Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 68(1): 21- Keynote Panel Session. SubOptic 2019 Tielidze, L. and Gadrani, L. (2019). Change innovations in the geosciences. Earth Sciences, side meeting, Incheon, 35. doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.68.1.2 and the International Cable Protection in glacier area and number in Georgia Geosciences, Hamilton, New Zealand, 24- Republic of Korea, 22-26 July 2019. Committee, New Orleans, USA, 11 April from repeat inventories. Second Caucasus Vargo, L.J., Galewsky, J., Rupper, S., Ward, D.J. 27 November 2019. 2019. Mountain Forum, Ankara, Turkey, 30 Stutz, J., Eaves, S., Norton, K., Balco, G., (2019). Reply to “Comment on Sensitivity October-1 November 2019. Spector, P., Goehring, B., Licht, K. (2019). of glaciation in the arid subtropical Andes Golledge, N. (2019). Ice sheets, climate, Constrain long-term thickness changes to changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea-level, from the past to the future. Vargo, L., Anderson, B., Horgan, H., of southern TAM outlet glaciers using and solar radiation by Vargo et al. (2018)” Caltech, Pasadena, USA, 4 March 2019. STUDENT ORAL Mackintosh, A., Dadic, R., King, A., Lorrey, cosmogenic surface exposure dating. 2019 by Martini and Astini (2018). Global PRESENTATIONS A. (2019). Attribution of glacier mass loss to Golledge, N. (2019). Ice sheets, climate, NSF Antarctic Deep Field Camp Planning and Planetary Change 172: 479-481. natural and anthropogenic forcings. Snow and sea-level, from the past to the future. Workshop, Cedar Glen, California, USA, 15- doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.003 and Ice Research Group Meeting, Kurow, University of California, Irvine, USA, 5 Dowling, L., Eaves, S., Mackintosh, A., 16 October 2019. New Zealand, 20-22 February 2019. Webb R.W., Wigmore, O., Jennings, K., Fend, March 2019. Norton, K., Anderson, B., Hidy, A., Lorrey, M., Molotch, N.P. (2019). Hydrologic A., Ryan, M., Vargo, L., Tims, S. (2019). Vargo, L., Anderson, B., Horgan, H., Golledge, N., Lowry, D., van Haastrecht, L., connectivity at the hillslope scale through Current glacier extent in the Southern Alps Mackintosh, A., Dadic, R., King, A., Lorrey, Keller, L., Jendersie, S., Alevropoulos- intra-snowpack flow paths during snowmelt, may be unprecedented in the Holocene. A. (2019). Attribution of glacier mass loss Borrill, A., Levy, R., Bertler, N. (2019). Hydrological Processes 34: 1616-1629. Geosciences, Hamilton, New Zealand, 24- to natural and anthropogenic forcings. The Antarctic ice sheet in our rapidly doi: 10.1002/hyp.13686 (available online) 27 November 2019. 27th International Union of Geodesy and warming world. Antarctic Science Geophysics General Assembly, Montreal, Wigmore, O., Mark, B.G., McKenzie, J., Baraer, Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, 19 Elliot, D., Barrett, P., and Stutz, J. (2019). Canada, 8-18 July 2019. M., Lautz, L. (2019). Sub-metre mapping of June 2019. Pre-middle Miocene landslide deposits in surface soil moisture in proglacial valleys the central Transantarctic Mountains. XIII Verret, M., Dickinson, W., Lacelle, D., Norton, Golledge, N., Lowry, D., van Haastrecht, L., of the tropical Andes using a multispectral International Symposium of Antarctic Earth K., Levy, R., Naish, T. (2019). Origin of Keller, L., Jendersie, S., Alevropoulos- unmanned aerial vehicle. Remote Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22- ground-ice in Miocene sediments, Friis Borrill, A., Levy, R., Bertler, N. (2019). Sensing of Environment 222, 104-118. 26 July 2019. Hills, Antarctica. 1st Southern Hemisphere The Antarctic ice sheet in our rapidly doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.12.024 Conference on Permafrost (SouthCOP), warming world. Risk Conference, Isaac, F.E., Renwick, J.A., and Mackintosh, A.N. Queenstown, New Zealand, 4-14 December Winstrup, M., Vallelonga, P., Kjær, H.A., Fudge, Wellington, New Zealand, 13 November (2019). Influence of Southern Hemisphere 2019. T.J., Lee, J.E., Riis, M.H., Edwards, R., 2019. atmospheric variability on recent sea ice Bertler, N.A.N., Blunier, T., Brook, E.J., concentration in East Antarctica. Snow and McKay, R.M. (2019). Reflections of a past Buizert, C., Ciobanu, G., Conway, H., Ice Research Group (SIRG) Meeting, Kurow, winner. Prime Minister’s Science Prize, Dahl-Jensen, D., Ellis, A., Emanuelsson, New Zealand, 20-22 February 2019. Wellington, New Zealand, March 2019. STUDENT POSTER B.D.f,, Hindmarsh, R.C.A., Keller, E.D., Johnson, K.M., McKay, R., Bertler, N.A., PRESENTATIONS Kurbatov, A.V., Mayewski, P.A., Neff, P.D., McKay, R.M. (2019). Plenary - Antarctic ice Etourneau, J., Jiménez-Espejo, F.J., Albot, Pyne, R.L., Simonsen, M.F., Svensson, A., sheet history in the Ross Sea during the A., Riesselman, C., Horgan, H., et al. Barrett, P., Elliot, D., and Stutz, J. (2019). Tuohy, A., Waddington, E.D., Wheatley, S. Late Cenozoic from geological drill core (2019). Holocene drivers of biogenic bloom Erosional history from landslide deposits in (2019). A 2700-year annual timescale and studies. SCAR International Symopsium on events linked to tropical teleconnections, the Central Transantarctic Mountains. New accumulation history for an ice core from Earth Science, Korea, 22 July 2019. Roosevelt Island, West Antarctica. Climate offshore Adélie Land, East Antarctica. XIII Zealand Antarctic Science Conference, of the Past 15(2): 751-779. doi: 10.5194/ Naish, T. (2019). Opening address. Malaysian International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Christchurch, New Zealand, 17-20 June cp-15-751-2019 International Symposium on Antarctica, Sciences, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 22- 2019. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 18 June 2019. 26 July 2019.
ARC Annual Review 2019 41 Rob McKay Brian Anderson Peter Barrett Nancy Bertler Lionel Carter Associate Professor & Director Associate Professor Emeritus Professor Associate Professor Emeritus Professor Stratigraphy & sedimentology Glacial modelling Antarctic climate history Ice core climatology Ocean history & processes
OUR PEOPLE Michelle Dow Ruzica Dadic Warren Dickinson Gavin Dunbar Bella Duncan Centre Manager Senior Research Fellow Senior Research Fellow Senior Lecturer Postdoctoral Fellow Snow & ice processes Sedimentary petrology Sedimentary geology & geochemistry Paleoceanography
Dao Polsiri Shaun Eaves Nick Golledge Alexandra Gossart Huw Horgan Administrator & NZ SeaRise Lecturer Associate Professor Postdoctoral Fellow Senior Lecturer Project Manager Glaciology & paleoclimatology Ice sheet modelling Regional climate modelling Glacial geophysics
Darcy Mandeno Stefan Jendersie Liz Keller Richard Levy Tim Naish Science Drilling Office Research Fellow Research Fellow Associate Professor Professor Operations & Field Engineer Ocean modelling Modelling Hub Co-Leader Stratigraphy Sedimentology & paleoclimatology
Alex Pyne Jamey Stutz Lauren Vargo Oliver Wigmore Holly Winton Antarctic Drilling Advisor Postdoctoral Fellow Postdoctoral Fellow Postdoctoral Fellow Postdoctoral Fellow Antarctic geology NZ glacier monitoring & modelling Glacial processes Ice core biomarkers
ARC Annual Review 2019 43 ARC ADVISORY BOARD ARC ADJUNCTS LIST OF COLLABORATORS
Dave Harper (Convenor), Dean of Science, Victoria University, Helen Bostock Alena Malyarenko TBC, Antarctica New Zealand Robert DeConto Peter Webb NATIONAL COLLABORATORS Craig Cary, New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute Robert Dunbar Mike Williams Jana Newman, Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade Mario Krapp Terry Wilson Antarctica New Zealand Massey University University of Canterbury Ian McIntosh, Research Office, Victoria University Dave Lowe Dan Zwartz Aqualinc Research Ltd. Max Tarr Electrical Ltd. University of Otago Rob Murdoch, NIWA Dan Lowry Bodeker Scientific Ltd. Meridian Energy - Twizel University of Waikato Ian Simpson, GNS Science GNS Science NIWA Webster Drilling and Exploration James Renwick, SGEES, Victoria University HPFS Solutions University of Auckland Ltd. Prue Williams, Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS
Alfred Wegener Institute (Germany) Northern Illinois University (USA) POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS Berkeley Geochronology Centre (USA) Oregon State University (USA) Binghamton University - State University of New York (USA) Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA) Alanna Alevropoulos-Borrill PhD Modelling Theo Calkin MSc Glaciomarine geology British Antarctic Survey (UK) Southampton University (UK) Francesca Baldacchino PhD Remote sensing Lisa Dowling* MSc Glaciology Australian Maritime College St. Olaf College (USA) Hannah Chorley PhD Antarctic climatology Clarrie Macklin* MSc Subglacial hydrology Cambridge University (UK) State University of New York (USA) Lukas Eling* PhD Paleoclimatology Emily Moore MSc Glacial history Centre for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets (USA) Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL (Switzerland) William Gonzalez PhD Palynology Rebecca Pretty* MSc Sedimentology Imperial College London (UK) Royal Holloway, University of London (UK) Florence Isaacs PhD Antarctic climatology Simon Reeve* MSc Paleoclimatology Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences The Australian National University Katelyn Johnson PhD Ice core climatology Nikita Turton* MSc Sedimentology Chinese Academy of Sciences The Ohio State University (USA) Wei Ji Leong PhD Machine learning Curtin University (Australia) The Pennsylvania State University (USA) Dan Lowry* PhD Modelling *thesis submitted for examination in 2019 Dartmouth College (USA) Tulane University (USA) Jamey Stutz PhD Glaciology Durham University (UK) University of Alaska, Fairbanks (USA) Matthew Tankersley PhD Geopotential modelling ETH (Switzerland) University of Birmingham (UK) Levan Tielidze PhD Glaciology Hokkaido University (Japan) University of California, Irvine (USA) Abhijith Ulayottil Venugopal* PhD Paleoclimatology Indiana State University (USA) University of California, Davis (USA) Laurine van Haastrecht PhD Antarctic glaciology International Cable Protection Committee (UK) University of Colorado (USA) Lauren Vargo* PhD Climate dynamics Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (Spain) University of Copenhagen (Denmark) Marjolaine Verret PhD Permafrost geochemistry Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Italy) University of Delaware (USA) Arran Whiteford PhD Subglacial hydrology Imperial College London (UK) University of Delhi (India) Ross Whitmore* PhD Glaciology Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (Italy) University of Granada (Spain) Japan National Institute for Polar Research (Japan) University of Lausanne (Switzerland) Jilin University (China) University of Maine (USA) Korea University (South Korea) University of Massachusetts (USA) Korean Polar Research Institute (Republic of Korea) University of Milano-Bicocca (Italy) Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l’environnement (France) University of Nebraska-Lincoln (USA) ASSOCIATED RESEARCHERS Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (USA) University of New South Wales (Australia) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA) University of Pisa (Italy) Cliff Atkins Senior Lecturer in Earth Sciences Sedimentary processes and environments Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA) University of Stockholm (Sweden) Michael Hannah Associate Professor in Earth Sciences Marine palynology Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (Germany) University of Tasmania (Australia) Kevin Norton Associate Professor in Geography Geomorphology and geochemistry Macquarie University (Australia) University of Urbino (Italy) Rebecca Priestley Associate Professor - Science in Context Antarctic science history NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (The Netherlands) University of Washington (USA) James Renwick Professor in Physical Geography Atmospheric circulation NOAA (USA) University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) Tim Stern Professor in Geophysics Solid earth geophysics and Transantarctic Mountains National Oceanography Centre (UK) University of Waterloo (Canada) National Research Council (Italy) U.S. Geological Survey National Sun Yat-sen University (Taiwan) Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Niels Bohr Institute (Denmark) Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences (USA) North Dakota State University (USA) Worcester State University (USA) OTHER VUW ACADEMICS WITH ANTARCTIC INTERESTS Northern Arizona University (USA) Yale University (USA)
David Frame Professor of Climate Change Climate policy and future climate change Margaret Harper Adjunct Research Associate in Geology Freshwater algae Malcolm Ingham Senior Lecturer in Physics Properties of sea ice Mark McGuinness Professor in Mathematics Modelling Joanna Mossop Associate Professor in Law International law Nigel Roberts Emeritus Professor of Political Science Antarctic politics and history Ken Ryan Professor in Antarctic Biology Marine algae Antarctic Research Centre Annual Review 2019 Designed and edited by: Michelle Dow Rhian Salmon Deputy Director - Science in Society Science communication Ross Stevens Programme Director in Industrial Design Design of remote field camps Contributions from: Brian Anderson, Peter Barrett, Nancy Bertler, Joe Trodahl Emeritus Professor in Physics Temperature conduction in ice and rock Ruzica Dadic, Michelle Dow, Gavin Dunbar, Shaun Eaves, Nick Golledge, Huw Horgan, Richard Levy, Darcy Mandeno, Rob McKay, Lara Perez, Tim Naish, Lauren Vargo, and Peter Webb.
ARC Annual Review 2019 45 www.wgtn.ac.nz/antarctic
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