306 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1952

ing and lighting to control pompon spray controls, overhead shading, windbreaks, formation. frost protection, etc.

The Florida 'mum grower is confronted with 6—A lack of trained labor capable of handling several problems and situations, which make such a specialty crop. growing interesting as well as difficult. Here are some of the difficulties with which he 7—Transportation problems brought about by must contend: the ever increasing shipping rates, restric tions, bottlenecks, and handicaps of the rail 1—Weather (rain, sun, wind, temperature). way express, trucking companies and air There is not much that he can do about lines. regulating these factors, especially the tem perature. If a minimum of 60°cannot be 8—Markets must befound that will consume maintained at the time for bud formation, the flowers produced at a profitable return the result will be a maturing of the blooms to the grower. We are still in the age off schedule. where the grower produces and produces and does nothing to sell his product. 2—Insects and Diseases. These two troubles are very prevalent and some are not easily All of us have a little of the soothsayer in us and economically controlled. Nematodes in that we like to dream and to peer into the are the number one headache. As for dis- crystal ball of the future. I firmly believe that diseases, to date the growers have been, for the surface has hardly been scratched when it the most part, free from any serious trou pertains to the commercial production of cut bles. This has been due to the veiy short flowers in Florida. Many flowers will be pro time that 'mums have been grown in the duced in the open without the benefit of glass same location. It is amazing to see the protection, but we are going to need green number of menwho are now growing the houses specially designed for our climatic con same crop in the same soil for more than ditions if we are to grow many of these crops the second time without taking the precau economically and profitably for local or dis tion to sterilize the soil. The near future tant markets. may bring some serious setbacks to many a present day grower. Competition with northern greenhouses and California outdoor grown stock will become 3—Hurricanes are not only a nuisance but a very keen. It has already reared its ugly head calamity. in that large flowered standard 'mums are to day being shipped into Florida to florists with 4—Torrential downpours can be as damaging in sight of 'mum growers nearly at a cost less as hurricane winds. than the locally produced flowers. However, 5—Costs of production from the amount of I believe that the future holds much for those electric current consumed, growing struc who will seriously study the requirements for tures and equipment needed, such as sup good cut flower production and who will not ports for the flowers, electrical wiring and leave success and fortune to mere chance.

SALT TOLERANT FOR SOUTH FLORIDA

Catherine Rae Ferguson of no great concern until recent years when many homes were built on the beaches. As Sarasota more people began to construct permanent In the United States a set of unique ecolog residences, a need arose for grass, shrubs, and ical conditions is found along the sea coasts trees that would give cover, stop erosion, pro of south Florida. The environmental situation vide shade, windbreaks, and break the monot is so extreme that few ornamental plants are ony of the long, hot expanses of sand. Little able to successfully survive. This problem was has been written concerning the plants that FERGUSON: SALT TOLERANT PLANTS 807 are suitable for this area. Plants growing Wind is another very important factor in along the coasts have to be tolerant not only beach planting. Its effect is threefold. First of salt but also of several other factors. Though of all, the wind carries salt spray which is this paper deals primarily with salt tolerance, either toxic to the systems of many plants, or these other influences of surroundings must burns the foliage. Secondly, the wind has a also be taken into consideration. If a , drying effect and causes increased transpira even though it withstands salt, cannot tolerate tion. Thirdly, wind causes much breakage, the accompanying conditions found along the uprooting, and defoliation. For a tree to be coasts, it will have little chance of succeeding. wind resistant it must have a deep and/or strong root system, and either reduced and flex The first environmental factor which limits ible foliage and a trunk that will bend or offer the growth of the plants is low soil fertility. little resistance, or very rigid trunk and strong The land along the coasts is geologically new foliage which will not be damaged by the and therefore, extremely low in plant nutri wind. The loss of to a plant may not ents. In most areas the land is just sand. prove fatal, but a sunburn to the usually pro The vegetation found there is very sparse, and tected stem can be the destructive element. what little humus and decayed material that I know of only two trees and two palms in accumulates is often blown away by the wind. south Florida that are salt tolerant and wind The scanty vegetative covering for the ground resistant enough to be able to survive close provides little shade, and the sand becomes to the water's edge. There are many more extremely hot and burns up young seedlings plants, however, which because of their height that may volunteer. The few plant nutrients are much less susceptible to wind and salt present in this sand are easily leached out. spray. A lesson may be easily learned from Of prime importance then is improving the observing a natural beach area. The height soil fertility and moisture retaining properties of plants varies directly with their distance by adding organic matter, or humus, such as from the water. Each plant provides pro manures, peat, black dirt, and the necessary tection for the one behind it. Prerequisite fertilizers and also establishing a groundcover planting for beach property is, therefore, a or mulch. windbreak. Backing up plants with other Another soil condition important in influenc planting will prevent the salt-laden wind from ing plant growth is the soil pH. The land blowing through and prevent a severe burn. along the coasts is neutral to very alkaline, For the same reason, plants placed against a having the pH value of from 7.0 to 8.5. Since house with a solid foundation will survive some plants will not grow in this soil pH, better than plants growing against a house owing to the unavailability of certain nutri on pilings. Foundation planting on the back ents, it is necessary to lower the pH in order side of a house on pilings can be burned as to make it possible for the plants to obtain much as plantings on the water front. Vegeta maximum growth. This can be brought about tion on the corner of buildings is especially by the addition of organic matter and treat subjected to salt-laden winds. Because a hur ment with acidifying agents such as sulphur, ricane wind will cany salt spray over all the iron (ferrous) sulphate, and manganese sul plants, even those far behind the house, wash phate. Aluminum sulphate should be used ing the foliage off and soaking the ground with caution, as even in moderate amounts it is toxic to many plants. with water will save many of these tender plants. Recently planted citrus has been saved The utter lack of minor elements in beach by this method. Judicious pruning done be soils and the absolute necessity of their in fore a hurricane will also prevent many plants clusion in the feeding program should always from being severely injured by the winds. be borne in mind. The ideal fertilizer for beach plantings should be slightly acid in re Water and drainage are the fourth environ action, high in percentage of organics and mental factors to be taken into consideration twice the usual amount of minor elements. when landscaping along the coast. Water Most large fertilizer manufacturers produce often drains either too quickly or too slowly an "Azalea, Camellia, and Gardenia Mixture" from the soil. Water in high dune areas quick which approaches this ideal. ly drains out, leaving the soil very dry, and in 308 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1952 low areas this water — especially because of A halophyte is very similar in external and the extreme salt concentration — becomes such internal appearance to a xerophyte. Because a problem that not much more than mangrove the salt makes the soil physiologically dry to may be grown. The application of good soil the halophyte, a salt tolerant plant has many and the planting of ground covers will remedy external characteristics similar to those of a the first problem. By digging a fresh water desert plant. The leaves of a halophyte are pond and stocking it with fish not only will reduced, thicker, fleshy, leathery, waxy or suc the problem of lack of drainage be solved, but culent. During the exposure to the hot sun a mosquito breeding area will be removed. they often fold, roll up or become parallel The fresh water of the pond will tend to dilute to the incident rays of the sun in order to the strong saline condition of the soil. reduce transpiration. The anatomy of the The problem of fast drainage is aggravated shows that a halophyte tends toward storage by the lack of actual rainfall. The coastal and retention of water. The leaves have a regions and islands have less rain per year thickening of the cutin layer, sinking of sto- than inland parts of Florida. High tempera niata with protecting mechanisms such as tures and the intense light quickly evaporate hairs, lengthening of palisade tissue, doubling of water-storing cells such as mucilage and rainwater and cause increased transpiration. The abundance of soluble salts in the soil epidermal cells, and few intercellular spaces makes the little water in the soil fairly un (2). obtainable. The soil, therefore, is physiologi Certain plant families contain many salt tol cally dry though often physically wet. For this erant species, others few or none. Those fam reason, the plants along the coast have little ilies which have a large number of halophytes available water. This problem necessitates are Amaranthaceae, Aizoaceae, Cruciferae, frequent watering if a plant, especially an in Tamaricaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Um- troduced ornamental, is to survive. These belliferae, Rhizophoraceae, Lythraceae, Pa- four environmental factors, soil fertility, water pilionaceae, Convolvulaceae, Compositae (3), and drainage, pH, and wind, may be overcome and Cactaceae. Those families which dislike by proper maintenance and windbreaks, where salt are Amentaceae, Piperaceae, Urticaceae, as unless the plant is a halophyte no amount Polycarpicae, Rosaceae, Melastomaceae, Erica of care will make it succeed if it is subjected ceae, Orchidaceae, Araceae, Pteridiphyta, and to the saline conditions of the coast. Bryophyta (3). A halophyte is a plant which can withstand During this past summer I traveled a total salt spray and an occasional flooding of salt of nineteen hundred miles while gathering in water. It either tolerates this salt spray or formation about the salt tolerance of plants lecovers quickly from its burning or defoliating growing on the east and west coasts of south action. Salt is not a significant nutritive ma Florida. I covered a continuous area of one terial in the case of most plants though they hundred and twenty miles on the west coast. do absorb a small quantity. This absorption In this area I looked at Clearwater and St. is non toxic and increases the osmotic concen Petersburg beaches, Anna Maria Island, Long tration within the plant so that it is able to boat Key, Siesta Key, Treasure Island, Mana- absorb more water. Salt spray on leaves causes sota Key, and the islands of Captiva and Sani- exosmosis and results in burning and defolia bel off Fort Myers. On the east coast I cov tion of non salt tolerant plants. A factor which ered an area of eighty-five miles from Vero must be taken into consideration is the stage Beach to Delray Beach including the South of growth of a plant when it becomes cov Beach at Fort Pierce, Jensen Beach, Jupiter ered with salt spray. If the growth is young Island, Palm Beach Shores, and Palm Beach. and tender it will be burned, whereas the old In these two regions I observed how close er and tougher leaves might not. Defoliation the ornamental and native plants could grow and too great an absorption of salt will prove to the salt water without being burned or fatal to a plant (1). Only those plants which killed by the salt spray, and then made up can withstand defoliation and do not absorb a list of these plants showing their relative too much salt to be killed and are not burned salt tolerance by the use of numbers. These by sah spray can be considered salt tolerant. plants will withstand the salt spray of an FERGUSON: SALT TOLERANT PLANTS 309

average year, but might be burned to a certain side of the building, plants of group one should extent during a hurricane. This burn may be be used. The numbering system used in the partially prevented by washing the plant off plant list is as follows: after the storm. 1. First line vegetation. These plants are There is a considerable difference in the so salt tolerant that they need no pro amount of salt spray blown on the plants tection. on the east coast and on those of the west coast of Florida. On the east coast during a 2. Very slight protection needed. They great part of the year there is a wind which may be grown immediately behind keeps the first line planting moist with salt plants of group one. spray. On the west coast this is not so, and as a consequence non-salt tolerant plants may 3. Foundation plants for the front (water be grown closer to the water. On the west side) and corners of a house. coast I have seen Hibiscus and Crotons grow ing on the water side of a house. On the 4. Side of house. east coast only the most salt tolerant plants can withstand the extreme environmental con 5. Behind house. On the west coast these ditions found there. For this reason people plants may be grown in position four. have been discouraged from trying new species on the water front. Strong winds and frequent 6. Behind the house. These plants need hurricanes account for the little variety in or complete protection if expected to sur namental flora on the east coast. Each area vive. seems to have only nine or ten different spe cies which are used. Different areas on one * Suitable for bay planting, for they with coast use a slightly different group of plants. stand flooding of salt water. Many excellent salt tolerant plants of the east coast have not even been tried on the west GROUND COVERS coast. For this reason the purpose of this paper has been to draw up a list of plants used on 12 3 4 5 6 1. Canavalia lineata both coasts so that the two coasts may benefit 2. Croton punctatus by the trial and error method of the other 3. Cynodon Dactylon Bermuda Grass coast. 4. Ernodea littoralis As there is little problem of salt spray on 5. Helianthus debilis Beach Sunflower the bay, almost any plants except the most non- 6. Heliotropium polyphyllum tolerant may be grown very near the water. I 7. Ipomoea Pes-caprae Goatsfoot Morning-glory have included, however, several plants that can 8. Iva imbricata withstand flooding of salt water, so are es 9. Kalanchoe Spp. - pecially suitable for the beaches of the bay. (Bryophyllum) 10. Lantana depressa Almost any kind of plant may also be grown Lantana on the back side of a house on the beach if 11. Lantana Montevidiensis Trailing Lantana there is sufficient protection. 12. Mesembryanthemum spp. The numbers used in the following plant (cephalophyllum) Ice Plant 13. Okenia hypogaea list signify the relative salt resistance of the 14. Ruellia ciliosa; plants and the proximity to the salt water with 15. Stenotaphrum secundatum St. Augustine Grass var. Bit which they may be successfully grown. It is ter Blue important that each group of plants will not 16. Tribulus terrestris Puncture Vine succeed unless it is provided with the protec 17. Uniola paniculata tion of the plants of the preceeding numbers. Sea Oats In other words, plants of group three may 18. Vigna marina 19. Wedelia trilobata not be grown in front of a house without Wedelia injury, unless they receive the protection of 20. Zoysia m at r el la Zoysia Grass — "Flawn" the plants of group two and one. If the first 21. Zoysia tenuifolia vegetation nearest the water is to be on the Palm Beach Grass 310 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1952

VINES 4 5 6 Callistemon rigridus 1 2 3 4 5 6 16- Bush Bottle Brush 1. Allamanda catharlica varieties Allamandas 17. Canella Winteriana Wild Cinnamon 2. Caesalpinia Crista - Wood Gossip 18. Carissa arduina Natal Plum 3. Caloryction Tuba _ Moonflower 19. Carissa grandiflora Amatungula 4. Chiococca alba 20. Casasia clusifolia 5. Clerodendron Thomsonae Bag Flower — Bleeding Heart 21. Cassia bicapsularis Golden Pea Bush 6. Combretum grandiflorum 22. Casuarina equisetifolia 7. Cryptostegia grandiflora Australian Pine (pruned) False purple Allamanda— Rubber Vine 23. Cestrum diurnum Day Blooming Jessamine 8. Cydista aequinoctialis Garlic Vine — Equinox Vine 24. Cestrum nocturnum Night Blooming Jessamine 9. Echites Andrewsii Keys Allamanda 25. Cereus peruvianus Tall Apple Cactus 10. Ficus pumila Creeping F'ig 26. Chrysobalanus Icaco Coco Plum 11. Hylocereus undatus _ Night Blooming Cereus 27. Cistus — most species Rock Rose 12. Lathyrus maritimus _ Beach Pea 28. Coccolobis uvifera 13. Lonicera japonica Sea Grape Japanese Honeysuckle 29. Codiaeum variegatum 14. Parthenocissus quinquefolia Croton Virginia Creeper 30. Cordyline indivisa Sword Dracena 15. Petraea volubilis Queen's Wreath 31. Cortadenia Seloana 16. Quisqualis indica Pampas Grass Rangoon Creeper 32. Crinum — all species 17. Senecio confusus 33. Croton linearis Mexican Flame Vine 34. Cryptostegia grandiflora (pruned) 18. Solandra guttata False Purple Allamanda Golden Chalice Vine 35. Cuphea hyssopifolia 19. Tecomaria capensis 36. Cuphea platycentra Cape Honeysuckle 37. Cytisus canariensis 20. Tetrastigma Harmandii Genista — Broom Ayo 38. Dalbergia brownei 21. Trachelospermum jasminoides Confederate Jessamine 39. Datura arborea & suaveolens Angels trumpet SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS 40. Daubentonia punicea Red Sesbania Dodonea jamaicensis 12 3 4 5 1. Acacia Farnesiana 42. Duranta repens Popinac Golden Dewdrop 43. Eleagnus pungens Fruitlandii 2. Acacia longifolia Russian Olive — Silverthorn Sidney Golden Wattle 44. Erythrina herbacea 3. Acalypha spp. Copper Leaf 45. Eugenia uniflora Surinam cherry 4. Agave — most species 46. Euphorbia lactea Century Plant Candelabra 5. Aloe arborescens 4 7. Euphorbia Tirucalli 6. Aloe vera Spaghetti Bush—Milk Bush Bitter aloe 48. Feijoa Sellowiana 7. Alternanthera Pineapple Guava 8. Ardisia paniculata 49. Flacourtia indica Marlberry Governor's Plum 9. Ardisia polycephala 50. Furcraea gigantea (and others) 10. Bauhinia tomentosa Striped Century Plant St. Thomas Tree—Yellow Or 51. Gazania aurantiaca chid Tree African Ox Eye Daisy 11. Beaucarnea recurvata 52. Glaucium spp. (Nolina tuberculata) Prickly poppy—Sea Poppy 12. Beloperone guttata Shrimp Plant 53. Halimodendron halodendron Salt Bush 13. Brousonetia papyrifera 54. Hamelia erecta Papyrus Scarlet Bush

14. Cactus — some species 55. Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Not dry desert types) Brilliantissima and Versicolor 15. Caesalpinia mexicana —best FERGUSON: SALT TOLERANT PLANTS 311

2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 56. Hymenocallis Keyensis (and others) 97. Rhoeo discolor Keys Spider Lily Moses in the Cradle 57. Ilex glabra 98. Ricinus communis Inkberry — Gallberry Castor bean 58. Ilex vomitoria 99. Sanseveria — all spp. Yaupon Snake Plant—Ribbon Plant 59. Ixora coccinea 100. Scaveola plumierii Flame of the Woods Beach

60. _ Jacquinia armillaris 101. Schinus terebinthefolius 61. Jacquinia Keyensis Brazilian Pepper Joewood

102. Sedum — some spp. _ 62. _ 103. Sempervivum — some spp. Shore Juniper 104. Severinia buxifolia 63. Kalanchoe — varieties known Box Thorn as Bryophyllum 105. Sophora tomentosa

64. Kopsia arborea (shrub clon) _ 106. (Ochrosia eliptica) Stapelia gigantea Starfish Cactus

65. Lantana camara (Hort. varieties _ 107. Suriana maritima

66. Leptospermum scoparium _ Bay Cedar Australian Tea Bush 108. Tamarix africanus 67. Ligustrum lucidum Tamarisk Wax Leaf Privet 109. Tecomaria capensis 68. Ligustrum lucidum nobile Cape Honeysuckle Tall Wax Privet 110. Thevetia nereifolia 69. Ligustrum Quihoui 111. Thryallis glauca 70. coccigera 112. Tournefortia gnaphaloides Singapore Holly Sea Lavender 71. Melaleuca hypericifolia _ 113. Triphasia trifoliata

72. Melaleuca nesophylla _ Lime Berry 73. Metrosideros tomentosa 114. Viburnum odoratissimum Ironwood 115. Viburnum suspensum 74. Murraea exotica & paniculata Sweet Viburnum Orange Jessamine 116. Vinca rosea 75. Musaparadisiaca sapientum Madagascar Periwinkle Banana 117. Vitex Agnus — castus

76. Myrica caroliniana _ Tree Lavender Bay berry 118. Yucca aloifolia 77. Myrica cerifera Spanish Bayonet Wax Myrtle 119. Yucca filamentosa

78. laetum _ Adams Needle 79. Nerium oleander 120. Zanthoxylum fagara Oleander Wild Lime

80. Opuntia — most flat bladed spp. _ Prickly Pear TREES

81. Pandanus Baptistii - 2 3 4 5 6 1. Acacia auricuaeformis 82. Pandanus Veitchii _ Earpod acacia

83. Pedilanthus tithymaloides _ 2. Albizzia Lebbek Devils Backbone —Redbird Woman's Tongue Cactus 3. Aleurites moluccana 84. Phormium tenax Candlenut Flax 4. Araucaria Bidwillii

85. Pittosporum tobira _ Bunya-Bunya Pine Japanese Pittosporum 5. Araucaria excelsa 86. Plumbago capensis Norfolk Island Pine Blue Lead wort 6. Bischofia javanica 87. Plumeria alba & rubra Toog Tree Frangipani 7. Brachychiton acerifolius 88. Podocarpus macrophylla Maki Australian Plame Tree False Japanese Yew 8. Brachychiton populneum

89. Polyscias spp. _ Kurrajong — Bottle Tree Aralia 9. Bucida buceras 90. Poinciana Gilliesii Black Olive Bird of Paradise Tree 10. Callistemon lanceolatus 91. Poinciana pulcherimma Weeping Bottlebrush Dwarf Poinciana 11. Canella Winteriana 92. Psidium Cattleyanum Wild Cinnamon Cattley Guava 12. Calophyllum antillanum

93. Rapanea guayanensis _ Maria 94. Raphiolepis indica 13. Calophyllum inophyllum Indian Hawthorn Beauty Laurel — Kamani 95. Raphiolepis umbellata & ovata 14. Carica Papaya Yeddo Hawthorn Papaya 96. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 15. Casuarina equisetifolia Downy Myrtl« Saltwater Australian Pine 312 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1952

2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. Chrysophyllum oliviforme 54. Montezuma speciosissima - Satin Leaf Cuban Mallow Tree

17. Citharexylum spinosum 55. Noronhia emarginata -

Tiddlewood 56. Ochrosia eliptica (Tree don) -

18. Citrus aurantifolia 57. Pandanus utilis - Key Lime Screw Pine 19. Citrus Limonia 58. Parkinsonia aculeata Lemon Jerusalem Thorn

20. Citrus mitis 59. Peltophorum inerme - Calamondin Yellow Flamboyant 21. Clusia rosea 60. Pinus caribaea Monkey Apple Slash Pine 22. Coccolobis floridana 61. Pinus clausa Pigeon Plum Sand Pine 23. Coccolobis uvifera 62. Pistacia Simarouba Sea Grape (Elaphrium) Gumbo Limbo

24. Conocarpus erecta 63. Pithecellobium dulce _ Buttonwood Madras Thorn

25. Cordia sebestena 64. Plumeria spp. _ Geiger tree Frangipani 26. Datura arborea 65. Podocarpus macrophylla var. Angels trumpet False Japanese Yew 27. Delonix regia 66. Pongamia pinnata Royal Poinciana Pongam 28. Dalbergia Sissoo 67. Prunus caroliniana 29. Dillenia indica Cherry Laurel 30. Erallagma latifolia 68. Quercus nigra & Virginiana - (Crescentia ovata) Black Water and Live Oak

Calabash 69. Ravenala Madagascariensis - 31. Eriobotrya javonica Traveler's Tree

Loquat 70. Rhizophora mangle - 32. Eucalyptus robusta Mangrove

Swamp Mahogany 71. Sapota achras - 33. Eucalyptus tereticornis Sapodilla Gray Gum 72. Schefflera actinophylla - 34. Eugenia spp. Queensland umbrella tree Stopper — Cherry 73. Simarouba glauca _ 35. Ficus Aureus Paradise Tree—Simar Gum

Strangler Fig 74. Swietenia mahogani - 36. Ficus — many species Mahogany 37. Fcrtunella spp. 75. Syzygium cuminii Kumquat Java Plum 38. Guaiacum officinale 76. Tamarindus indica Lignum vitae Tamarind 39. Hibiscus elatus 77. Terminalia Arjuna - Mountain Mahoe Evergreen Almond 40. Hibiscus tiliaceus 78. Terminalia Catappa - Yellow Mahoe Tropical Almond 41. Juniperus barbadiensis 79. Thespesia populnea — - Barbadoes Red Cedar Seaside Mahoe

80. Triplaris americana - 42. Juniperus silicola Southern Red Cedar 81. Vitex lucens Red Vitex 43. Juniperus Virginiana Eastern Red Cedar S2. Ximenia americana - Hog Plum 44. Leptospermum laeviegatum Australian Tea PALMS AND CYCADS 45. Leucaena glauca White Popinac 2 3 4 5 6 46. Lucuma nervosa Egg Fruit — Canislel 1. Acrocomia Totai 47. Lysiloma bahamiensis 2. Adonidia Merrillii Wild Tamarind Manila Palm 48. Mammea americana 3. Arecastrum Romanzoffianum Mamey Apple Cocos Plumosa—Queen Palm 4. Bulia capitata 49. Mascarenhasia elastica Pindo — Blue Palm — Hardy Madagascar Rubber Tree Cocos 50. Melaleuca leucadendron 5. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Cajeput — Punk Tree Areca 51. Melia Azedarach 6. Coccothrinax argentata ' Chinaberry Seamberry Palm 52. Melicocca bijuga 7. Coccothrinax argentea Genip — Spanish Lime Silver thatch palm 53. Mimusops elengi 8. Cocos nucifera Spanish Cherry Coconut palm - FERGUSON: SALT TOLERANT PLANTS 313

12 3 4 5 6 Acknowledgements 9. Cycas circinalis Queen Sago I wish to express my thanks to Mr. Erdman 10. Dictyosperma album West of the University of Florida for identify Hurricane Palm ing some of the native plants. I would also 11. Latania Loddigesii 12. Paurotis Wrightii like to thank Mr. E. S. Reasoner and Mr. Eric Saw Cabbage Palm V. Golby of Reasoner's Tropical Nurseries, 13. Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm Bradenton, Mr. John Henderson of Mike 14. Phoenix spp. Blank's Nursery, Delray Beach, Mr. Roy Rood 15. Pseudophoenix Sargentii of Rood Landscape Company, Jupiter and Mr. Buccaneer Palm 16. Sabal palmetto Miller of Island Landscape Company, West Cabbage Palm Palm Beach, for information on salt tolerant 17. Serenoa repins Palmetto plants and for showing me some of the beach 18. Thrinax microcarpa homes and estates on the east and west coasts. 19. Thrinax parviflora Golden thatch palm 20. Washingtonia robusta LITERATURE CITED 21. Zamia floridana Coontie 1. Schimper, Dr. A. F. W., Plant Geography Upon a Physiological Basis (Oxford, 1903). pp. 86-88.. For the most part the nomenclature used in 2. Ferguson, C. R., Leaf Anatomy of Species of Trop is according to Bailey's Hortus ical Salt Tolerant Plants, unpublished, January, Second (1941). The common names, where 1952. given, are those of common usage. 3. Schimper, op. cit., p. 90.