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Contribution À Une Étude Phytochimique De Quelques Plantes Toxiques Utilisées Dans La Région De Tlemcen

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Contribution À Une Étude Phytochimique De Quelques Plantes Toxiques Utilisées Dans La Région De Tlemcen الجـــمـــهوريـــــة الجزائريـــة الديمقــــــراطيــة الشــــعـــبية République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire وزارة الــــــــــتعـــليم العــــالــــــــــــي MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR والبـــحث العـــــــــــــــلمـــــــــي ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE جــامعة أبو بكــر بلـقـا يد UNIVERSITE ABOU BEKR BELKAÎD كـليــة الطب FACULTE DE MEDECINE د. ب. بن زرجــب – تلمســان D R. B. BENZERDJEB - TLEMCEN DEPARTEMENT DE PHARMACIE MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE THÈME : Contribution à une étude phytochimique de quelques plantes toxiques utilisées dans la région de Tlemcen. Présenté par : BENHAMMOU Amira Meryem Soutenu le 01 Juillet 2019 Le Jury Président : Pr LAHFA Ilhem Professeur en Oncologie médicale Membres Dr BABA AHMED Sihem Maitre assistante en Pharmacognosie Dr BENAOUDA Amina Maitre assistante en Toxicologie Encadrante Dr ELYEBDRI Nassima Maitre assistante en Pharmacognosie Co-encadrantes Dr HASSAÏNE Sarah Maitre assistante en Pharmacognosie Dr KENICHE Assia Maitre de conférences en Chimie thérapeutique REMERCIEMENTS C’est grâce à Dieu le tout puissant, qui m’a donnée la force, le pouvoir et la patience que j’ai pu accomplir ma formation et réaliser ce modeste travail. À mon encadrante Dr ELYEBDRI N. Je tiens à vous exprimer mes profonds remerciements, ma reconnaissance pour tous les efforts fournis afin de réaliser ce mémoire. En souvenir d’une agréable collaboration, veuillez recevoir l’expression de ma profonde gratitude et de mes sincères remerciements. Á mon co-encadrante Dr HASSAINE S. Je vous remercie vivement de l’assistance que vous m’avez apportée pour la conception de ce travail. À mon co-encadrante Dr KENICHE A. Je vous remercie pour votre aide. Au président de jury Pr LAHFA I. Je vous remercie de m’avoir honorée en acceptant la présidence de jury. Veuillez trouver ici, le témoignage de mon admiration et de mon respect. Mes reconnaissances vont également aux membres du jury : Dr BABA AHMED S. et Dr BENAOUDA A. Merci d’avoir accepté de faire partie du jury afin de l’examiner et de l’enrichir par vos connaissances et vos propositions. À Dr ABOUREJAL N. et son adjoint Dr BENAMARA S. je vous remercie d’avoir veillé à ce qu’on ait une formation de qualité. Enfin mes sincères gratitudes vont à tous les enseignants du département de pharmacie, qui m’ont suivie tout au long du cursus. I DÉDICACES À mon cher père, qui m’a toujours soutenue et accompagnée depuis ma préscolaire jusqu’à aujourd’hui, À ma très chère maman, que Dieu l’accueille dans son vaste paradis, Merci d’avoir cru en moi, c’est de vous dont j’attire la volonté et le courage. À ma chère tante Souhila, vous étiez l’étoile qui illuminait mon parcours. À mes chers frères Sid Ahmed et Omar, qui ont apporté énormément d’aide et de soutien, un grand merci. À ma chère sœur et sa jolie petite famille, vous étiez un deuxième foyer pour moi. À mon cher fiancé, un grand merci pour toi. À mes adorables Nihel et Hidayet, vous étiez toujours là pour moi, merci pour votre sympathie. À toute ma famille, mes collègues, et mes amies, Qui ont fait de moi ce que je suis aujourd’hui, merci à vous ! II TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS……………………………………………………………………... I DÉDICACES…………………………………………………………………………...... II TABLE DES MATIÈRES………………………………………………………………. III LISTE DES TABLEAUX………………………………………………………………... VI LISTE DES FIGURES…………………………………………………………………… VII LISTE DES FIGURES DES PLANTES ÉTUDIÉES…………………………………… VII LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS…………………………………………………………... XIII INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………... 1 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : SYNTHÈSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE…………………………….. 2 Chapitre 1 : Généralités sur la pharmacognosie………………………………………….. 4 1. Définition de la pharmacognosie……………………………………………………... 4 2. Essais en pharmacognosie……………………………………………………………. 4 2.1. Essais botaniques………………………………………………………………… 4 2.1.1. Essai botanique macroscopique……………………………………………… 4 2.1.2. Essai botanique microscopique………………………………………………. 4 2.2. Essais physico-chimiques………………………………………………………… 5 2.3. Essais physiologiques…………………………………………………………….. 6 3. Rappel histologique…………………………………………………………………... 7 3.1. Tissus protecteurs…………………………………………………………………. 7 3.1.1. Tissus de revêtement d'origine primaire……………………………………. 7 3.1.2. Tissus de revêtement d'origine secondaire………………………………… 7 3.2. Tissu de remplissage……………………………………………………………... 8 3.2.1. Parenchyme à méats……………………………………………………….. 8 3.2.2. Parenchyme lacuneux……………………………………………………… 8 3.2.3. Parenchyme palissadique…………………………………………………. 8 3.2.4. Parenchyme chlorophyllien……………………………………………….. 8 3.2.5. Parenchyme de réserve……………………………………………………. 9 3.3. Tissus conducteurs……………………………………………………………….. 9 3.4. Tissus de soutien…………………………………………………………………. 10 3.4.1. Collenchyme………………………………………………………………. 10 3.4.2. Sclérenchyme………………………………………………………………. 10 3.5. Tissus sécréteurs…………………………………………………………………. 11 3.5.1. Poils sécréteurs…………………………………………………………….. 11 3.5.2. Poches sécrétrices………………………………………………………….. 11 3.5.3. Laticifères………………………………………………………………….. 11 4. Essais des plantes étudiées…………………………………………………………….. 12 4.1. Amandier amer Prunus amygdalus var.amara…………………………………. 12 4.2. Aristoloche longue Aristolochia longa…………………………………………. 15 4.3. Arroche halim Atriplex halimus………………………………………………… 16 4.4. Arum tacheté Arum maculatum………………………………………………… 18 4.5. Ciguë officinale Conium maculatum…………………………………………… 19 4.6. Colchique d’automne Colchicum autumnale…………………………………… 22 4.7. Coloquinte Citrullus colocynthis……………………………………………….. 25 4.8. Concombre d’âne Ecballium elaterium………………………………………… 27 4.9. Éphédra alata Ephedra alata var.alenda………………………………………... 28 III TABLE DES MATIÈRES 4.10. Épine-vinette Berberis vulgaris……………………………………………….. 30 4.11. Globulaire Globularia alypum………………………………………………… 32 4.12. Gui blanc Viscum album………………………………………………………. 34 4.13. Harmel Peganum harmala…………………………………………………….. 35 4.14. Khella Ammi visnaga………………………………………………………….. 37 4.15. Laurier rose Nerium oleander…………………………………………………. 39 4.16. Lierre Hedera helix……………………………………………………………. 41 4.17. Nerprun alaterne Rhamnus alaternus…………………………………………. 43 4.18. Ricin Ricinus communis………………………………………………………. 44 4.19. Rue d’Alep Ruta chalepensis………………………………………………….. 46 4.20. Vipérine à tête épineuse Echium pycnanthum………………………………… 48 Chapitre 2 : Caractères botaniques et histologiques des principales familles des plantes 49 étudiées…………………………………………………………………………………… 2.1. Apiaceae………………………………………………………………………….. 49 2.2. Apocynaceae……………………………………………………………………… 52 2.3. Araceae…………………………………………………………………………… 53 2.4. Araliaceae………………………………………………………………………… 55 2.5. Aristolochiaceae………………………………………………………………….. 56 2.6. Berberidaceae…………………………………………………………………….. 57 2.7. Borraginaceae…………………………………………………………………….. 58 2.8. Chenopodiaceae…………………………………………………………………... 59 2.9. Colchicaceae……………………………………………………………………… 61 2.10.Cucurbitaceae…………………………………………………………………….. 62 2.11.Ephedraceae/Gnetaceae…………………………………………………………… 63 2.12.Euphorbiaceae…………………………………………………………………….. 64 2.13.Globulariaceae……………………………………………………………………. 65 2.14.Rhamnaceae………………………………………………………………………. 66 2.15.Rosaceae…………………………………………………………………………... 67 2.16.Rutaceae………………………………………………………………………….. 68 2.17.Viscaceae…………………………………………………………………………. 69 2.18.Zygophylalaceae………………………………………………………………….. 70 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : PARTIE PRATIQUE………………………………………….. 72 1. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODES…………………………………………………... 73 1.1.Matériel………………………………………………………………………... 73 1.1.1. Matériel végétal…………………………………………………………… 73 1.1.2. Matériel non-végétal………………………………………………………. 74 1.2.Méthodes……………………………………………………………………….. 74 1.2.1. Démarche à suivre…………………………………………………………. 74 1.2.2. Conservation des échantillons…………………………………………….. 75 1.2.3. Examen microscopique des coupes transversales………………………… 75 IV TABLE DES MATIÈRES 1.2.4. Examen microscopique de la poudre d’une drogue………………………… 76 1.2.5. Essais physico-chimiques, méthodes rapides d’identification……………... 76 1.2.5.1. Méthode rapide d’identification des alcaloïdes………………………. 76 1.2.5.2. Méthode rapide d’identification des polyphénols…………………….. 76 1.2.5.3. Méthode rapide d’identification des anthracéosides…………………. 77 1.2.5.4. Essais physico-chimiques spécifiques de quelques plantes étudiées… 78 2. RÉSULTATS ET DISCUSSION………………………………………………….. 79 2.1. Résultats et discussion des essais botaniques des plantes étudiées………………. 79 2.1.1. Amandier amer, Prunus amygdalus var.amara……………………………. 79 2.1.2. Aristoloche longue, Aristolochia longa……………………………………. 83 2.1.3 Arroche halime, Atriplex halimus…………………………………………... 88 2.1.4. Arum tacheté, Arum maculatum…………………………………………… 92 2.1.5. Ciguë officinale, Conium maculatum……………………………………… 98 2.1.6. Colchique d’automne, Colchicum autumnale……………………………… 106 2.1.7. Coloquinte, Citrullus colocynthis………………………………………….. 111 2.1.8. Concombre d’âne, Ecballium elaterium…………………………………… 116 2.1.9. Éphédra alata, Ephedra alata var.alenda………………………………….. 117 2.1.10. Épine-vinette, Berberis vulgaris…………………………………………. 122 2.1.11. Globulaire, Globularia alypum………………………………………….. 127 2.1.12. Gui blanc, Viscum album………………………………………………… 133 2.1.13. Harmal, Peganum harmala………………………………………………. 142 2.1.14. Khella, Ammi visnaga……………………………………………………. 146 2.1.15. Laurier rose, Nerium oleander…………………………………………… 151 2.1.16. Lierre, Hedera helix……………………………………………………… 159 2.1.17. Nerprun alaterne, Rhamnus alaternus……………………………………. 163 2.1.18. Ricin, Ricinus communis…………………………………………………. 169 2.1.19. Rue d’Alep, Ruta chalepensis……………………………………………. 172 2.1.20. Vipérine à tête épineuse, Echium pycnanthum…………………………… 177 2.2. Résultats et
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