INDEX AId Aid AId AId
thosefollowed'i~Y Aid Note: Page numbers followed by "I" indicate figures; Aid generic name. Ale Ale Ale Ale A percent ionization, 14-16, 15f-16f a-Adrenergic antagonists, 641 Alf AAS. See Androgen(s) reactions, 12, 131 Adrenergic-blocking agents, 519 AU Abacavir, 345 strength of, 12, 14, 141 Adrenergic drugs, 558 AU Abarelix acetate, 6991, 700--70I, 700f AcipHex. See Rabeprazole sodium centrally active, 641--642 Alf Abbokinase. See Urokinase Acitretin, half-life of, 6 Adrenergic neurotransmitters, 519-524, 5201 Ali, Abciximab, 149,629 Aclovate. See Alclometasone dipropionate biosynthesis of, 519, 521j, 522 Ali Abilify. See Aripiprazole Acquired immunity, 1591, 161-165 drugs affecting, 528-531 Ali Abitrexate. See Methotrexate innate vs., 159, 1591 metabolism of, 523-524, 5231, 524f All< Abmoclorin. See Chlorambucil Acrivastine, 7411, 756-757 storage and release of, 522 All< Absolute ethanol, 182 ACT-D. See Dactinomycin-D structure and physicochemical propenies of, Absolute specificity, 885 ACTH. See Adrenoconicotropic honnone; 519,520f Al1< Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination Conicotropin uptake of, 522-523 All (ADME) models, for computer-aided drug Acthar. See Conicotropin injection Adrenergic receptors, 524-528 All design, 25 Acthar Gel. See Repository conicotropin injection a, 525-526, 5251-5261, 527f Acarbose, 662--663, 687--688, 687f--688f Acthrel. See Conicorelin antagonists, 545-555 All Accuretic. See Quinapril hydrochloride Actidil. See Triprolidine hydrochloride {3, 5251, 526-527, 5261, 528f-529f ACE. See Angiotensin-convening enzyme Actinomycin, 2601, 384, 384j, 388 subtypes of, 524-525, 5251-5261 Acebutolol, 552-553, 553f-554f Actinomycin-D. See Dactinomycin-D Adrenergic stimulants, 519 Acetaldehyde, in alcohol metabolism, 182 Actinospectocin. See Spectinomycin hydrochloride Adrenergic system inhibitors, 639 Acetaminophen Action potentials, neuronal membrane penneability Adrenoconicotropic honnone (ACTH), 810, 855, as antipyretic, 803-806, 804f-806f during, 719-720 891,8921 conjugation of, 89-90, 92, 97, 99 Actiq. See Fentanyl Adrenoconicotropic honnone injection, metabolism of, 8, 73-74 Activase. See Alteplase; Alteplase, recombinant 891,8921 toxicity in, 805-806, 806f Activella, 8461 Adria. See Doxorubicin hydrochloride Acetanilide, 803-804 Active-site-directed irreversible inhibition, 25 Adriamycin. See Doxorubicin hydrochloride Acetohexamide, 660, 671j, 6731, 676, 677j, 680 Actonel. See Risedronate sodium Adrucil. See 5-Fluorouracil metabolism of, 59, 61, 80, 82 Actoplus Met. See Metfonnin; Pioglitazone Adsorbed diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, 173 AU Acetophenone, metabolism of, 80--82 Actos. See Pioglitazone Adsorbed tetanus and diphtheria toxoid for (+)-Irans-(IS,2S)-acetoxycyclopropyltrimethylammo Actron. See Ketoprofen adults, 174 nium, 565, 5661 Acute gouty mhritis, 810--811, 810f Adsorbed tetanus toxoid, 173 AU Acetoxyethyl onium salts, 5671 Acute pain, 776-777 Adsorption, of virus, 333 All 2-Acetylaminofluorene, metabolism of, 73-74 Acute phase factors; 160, 1601 Advil. See Ibuprofen All Acetylation, 97-102 Acyclovir, 341 AeroBid. See Flunisolide Acetylation polymorphism, 101 metabolism of, 7-8 Aerosporin. See Polymyxin B sulfate Acetylcholine (ACh), 24, 558 Acylases, penicillin resistance and, 266 AF-DX 116,567, 568f confonnational flexibility of, 29-30, 29f AD 32. See Valrubicin Aflatoxin B.. metabolism of, 54, 56 confonnation of, 564-565, 565f Adalat. See Nifedipine African sleeping sickness, 221 ganglionic stimulation by, 596-597, 597f Adamantanamines, 336 Afrin. See Oxymetazoline hydrolysis of, 570--571, 572f Adapin. See Doxepin hydrochloride Afrinol. See L-( +)-Pseudoephedrine neuromuscular junction transmission and, 599--600 Adaptogen, 970 Aftate. See Tolnaftate as neurotransmitter, 558-559, 563-564, 563f-564j, Addison disease, 857, 859-860 Age, drug metabolism and, 104 596-597, 597f Adefovir dipivoxil, 340--341 Agenerase. See Amprenavir nicotinic effect of, 597-598 Adenine arabinoside, 40, 40j, 340, 378 Agglutination, immunological, 164 pharmaceutical, 568 Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 561-563 Aggregation, of recombinant proteins, 134 release of, 563-564, 563f in platelet aggregation, 657, 657f Aggrenox. See Dipyridamole storage of, 563, 563f in smooth muscle relaxation, 618--619, 619f Aging, of cholinesterases, 578, 578f structure-activity relationships of, 566-567, Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase a-Agonists, 534-535, 540 566f-567j, 5671 (AMPK), metforrnin activation by, 686 al-Agonists, 525, 5251-5261 structure of, 558 Adenylate cyclase, 562-563, 562f a,-Agonists, 525, 5251-5261 synthesis of, 563-564, 563f-564f gastric acid secretion and, 760, 761f {3-Agonists, 540--543 Acetylcholine chloride, 568 ADH. See Vasopressin {3,-Agonists, 525, 5251-5261 Acetylcholine receptors, 559-563 Adjuvants, vaccines and, 176-177 {3,-Agonists, 543 activation of, 562-563, 562f ADM. See Doxorubicin hydrochloride Akineton. See Biperiden muscarinic, 560--563, 56If-562j, 566-567, 566f ADME models. See Absorption, distribution, Akineton hydrochloride. See Biperiden nicotinic, 559-560, 559f-56Oj, 5591 metabolism, and elimination hydrochloride Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 558, 563-564, 563f ADR. See Doxorubicin hydrochloride Alamast. See Pemirolast potassium ophthalmic A action of, 570--572, 572f Adrenal conex honnones, 853-864, 854f-857j, 8581, solution A inhibition of, 570--572, 5711-5721, 572f 86Of,864f Albamycin. See Novobiocin sodium A phosphorylation of, 577-578, 577f-578f biological activities of, 855-856 Albendazole, 226 A reactivation of, 577-578, 577f biosynthesis of, 854-855, 854f Albiglutide, 690j, 691 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 570--572, 5711-5721, endogenous, 853-854 Albuminoids, 8831 572f metabolism of, 855, 855f Albumins, 8831 A irreversible, 5721, 577-581, 577f-578j, 580f mineraloconicoid receptor antagonists, Albuterol. See Salbutamol A reversible, 572-576, 5721, 573f 615,864 Alclometasone, 861 A Acetyl-CoA, 563-564, 563f-564f structural classes of, 856-859, 856f-857j, 8581 Alclometasone dipropionate, 857f A Acetylmethadol (LAAM), 788j, 789 therapeutic uses of, 859-860 Alcofenac, metabolism of, 53 A Acetylsalicylic acid. See Aspirin Adrenalin. See Epinephrine Alcohol(s) A ACh. See Acetylcholine Adrenergic agents, 519-555, 5201 as anti-infective agents, 181-182 AChE. See Acetylcholinesterase adrenergic receptor antagonists, 545-555 metabolism of, 181-182 p Acidosis, antiarrhythmic activity and, 632 neurotransmitters, 519-524 as sedative-hypnotics, 455-456 p Acids, 12-17 drugs affecting, 528-531 Alcohol intolerance, cephalosporins and, 285 p conjugate, 12, 131 receptors, 524-528 Aldactone. See Spironolactone p definition of, 12 sympathomimetic agents, 531-545 Aldehyde oxidase, 78 p 984 Index 985 Aldehydes Amenorrhea, progestins for, 839 danazo!. 849I, 851 as anti-infective agents, 182-183 Amerge, See Naratriptan endogenous, 847 as sedative-hypnotics, 456-457 Amfenac, 799I, 800 metabolism of, 847, 848f Aldesleukin, 141, 909t, 911 Amigesic. See Salsalate 5a-reductase inhibitors, 852, 852f-853f Aldomet. See Methyldopa Amikacin, 294, 299-300 SARMs, 853, 853f Aldomet ester hydrochloride. See Methyldopate inactivation of, 296 in sports, 849-850 hydrochloride Amikin. See Amikacin structural classes of, 847-848, 848t, 849f Aldosterone, 821I, 853-857, 854I, 856I, 858t 7-Arnino-5-nitroindazole, conjugation of, 90-91 therapeutic uses of, 848-849 Aldosterone antagonists, 615, 864 Amino acid solutions, 881 Androgen receptors (ARs), 825 Aleglitazar, 682, 683f Aminoalcohols, 592-594 Androlone decanoate, 849f Alemtuzumab, 148 Aminoalcohol esters, 588-591 Androstenedione, 821I, 823I, 847, 848f Alendronate sodium, 707t, 708 Aminoalcohol ethers, 591-592 Anectine. See Succinylcholine chloride Aleve. See Naproxen Aminoalkyl ethers, See Ethanolamine antihistamines Anesthesia, general, stages of, 711 Alfenta. See Alfentanil Amino amide local anesthetics, 726--729, 727f-728f Anesthesiophoric agents, 588 Alfentanil, 787I, 788 Aminoamides, 594-595 Anesthetics, 711-730 Alferon N. See Interferon alfa-n3 p-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 217 inhaled general anesthetics, 711-716, 712t, 714f-716f Alfuzosin, 548 acetylation of, 97, 100 injectable general anesthetics, 716--718, 717f-718f Alidase. See Hyaluronidase for injection in allergic reactions to local anesthetics, 724-726 local, 718-730, 718f-719I, 72lf-722I, 724f, Alimta. See Pemetrexed Aminoglutethimide, 835I, 836 727f-728f Aliskiren, 614-615 Aminoglycosides, 26Ot, 294-301 Anger camera, 417-418, 417f Alkalosis, antiarrhythmic activity and, 632 chemistry of, 294-295 Angina pectoris, 617 Alkane anesthetics, structure-activity relationships of, discovery of, 294 Angiotensin, 607-609, 608f-609f 712-713,712f mechanism of action of, 295 Angiotensin amide, 905 Alkanol anesthetics, 713 microbial resistance to, 295-296 Angiotensin antagonists, 612-614 Alkeran. See Melphalan spectrum of activity of, 295 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 607-609, 609f Alkylamine antihistamines. See Propylamine structure-activity relationships of, 296--297 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antihistamines types of, 297-301 609-61O,6IOf Alkylating agents, 358-372 f3-AminokelOnes, 467-468 prodrugs, 610-612, 61 If, 612t busulfan, 362, 364I, 369-370 4-Aminoquinolines, 246t-247t, 248-250, 249f Angiotensin II, 607-609, 608f-609I, 614 dacarbazine, 366--367, 367f-368I, 371 8-Arninoquinolines, 246t-247t, 250-251, 250f Angiotensin II blockers, 612-614 individual agents, 368-372 Aminosalicylate sodium, 217 Angiotensinogen, 607, 608I, 614 mechanism of action of, 358-359, 358f-359f 5-Aminosalicylic acid, 807f Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 609 nitrogen mustards, 359-361 p-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 215, 217 Anhidrotics, 583 nitrosoureas, 365, 366f-367f acetylation of, 97, 100 Anhydrodesacetylcephalosporoic acid, 279 organoplatinum compounds, 362-365, 365f Amiodarone, 636 4-Anilidopiperidines, 786--788, 787f procarbazine, 366--367, 367f-368f, 371 Amitiza. See Lubiprostone Aniline resistance to, 359 Amitriptyline hydrochloride, 512 acetylation of, 97, 100 temozolomide, 366--367, 367f-368f metaholism of, 8, 55f metabolism of, 70-71, 73-74 thiotepa, 361-362, 364f, 369 metabolites of, III Aniline-substituted sulfonamides, 230 Alkylation Amlodipine, 6231, 626 Anipamil, 6231 monoalkylation, 361-362 Amobarbital, 454, 454t Anisindione, 658 process of, 358-359, 358f-359f metabolism of, 59-60 Annihilation radiation, 414 Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, 187-188 Amodiaquine, 248, 249I, 250 Anopheles mosquito Allegra. See Fexofenadine hydrochloride Amoxapine, 513 control of, 244-245 Allergic reactions Amoxicillin, 15, 268, 269t, 272-273 malaria and, 242 to cephalosporins, 285 Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, 275 Ansaid. See Flurbiprofen glucocorticoids for, 859, 86OI, 863 Amoxi!. See Amoxicillin Ansamycins, 218 histamine role in, 736, 739-740 AMP. See Adenosine monophosphate Anspor. See Cephradine to local anesthetics, 724-726 Amphetamine sulfate, 506t, 507, 533 Antabuse. See Disulfiram to penicillins, 268-269 metabolism of, 48, 68-69, 83, 104-105 Antazoline phosphate, 746 Allicin, 967I, 968 Amphico!. See Chloramphenicol Antergan. See Phenbenzamine Alliin, 967-968, 967f Amphotericin B, 197-198, 260t Anthelmintics, 224-227 Allopurinol, 809I, 811 Amphotericins, chemical classification of, 260 Anthracyclines, 385-389, 385f-387f All-trans-retinoic acid. See Tretinoin Ampicillin, 268-269, 269t, 272 Antiadrenergics, 519 Allylamines antifungals, 199-200 Ampicillin-sulbactarn, 276 Antiandrogens, 851-852, 851f Allylic carbon atoms, oxidative reactions at, 55-58 AMPK. See Adenosine monophosphate-activated Antianginal agents, 617-629, 618f-619I, 620t, Allylisopropylacetamide, metabolism of, 55-56 protein kinase 622f-625I, 623t Almotriptan, 812-814, 812t, 813f Amprenavir, 349-350 antithrombotic agents, 627-629 Alogliptin, 692, 6941 Amrinone, 646--647 calcium antagonists, 622-627, 622f-625I, 623t Alomide. See Lodoxamide tromethamine Amylin analogs, 689-690, 689f myocardial metabolism and, 618, 618f Alphagan. See Brimonidine Amyl nitrite, 617, 620-621, 620t nitrovasodilators, 618-622, 619f, 620t Alpha-particle emission, 414 Amytal. See Amobarbital sodium channel blockers, 627 Alprazolam, 449-450 Anabolic androgenic steroids. See Androgen(s) Antiarrhythmic agents, 629-637, 630f-631t, 6341 Alprostadil, 876--877 Anabolic steroids, 849-850 arrhythmia mechanisms, 630-631, 630f Alrex. See Lateprednol etabonate Anadrol-50. See Oxymetholone cardiac electrophysiology and, 629-630, 630f Altace. See Ramipril Anafrani!. See Clomipramine hydrochloride class I (membrane-depressant), 631-635, 63 It, 634f Alteplase, 889 Analeptics, 504-505 class II (f3-blockers), 631, 631t, 636 recombinant, 908t, 910 Analgesics, 776--815 class III (repoJarization prolongators), 631, 6311, Alternative complement pathway, 160-161, 160f disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, 806--809, 807f 636-637 Altretamine, 371-372 for gout and hyperuricemia, 809-811, 809f-81Of class IV (calcium channel blockers), 631-632, Alupent. See Metaproterenol NSAIDs, 792-806, 793I, 794t, 795f-797I, 799I, 6311,637 Amantadine, 336, 478 801f-802I, 804f-806f pH and activity of, 632 metabolism of, 69-70 opioids, 777-792, 779f-784f, 787f-789I, 791f Antibacterial potencies, of alcohols, 181 methylation, 103-104 triptans, 811-814, 8I2t, 813f Antibiotics, 258-326 Amaranth, metabolism of, 84-85 urinary, 214 aminoglycosides, 2601, 294-30 I Amary!. See Glimepiride World Health Organization ladder of, 777, 777f antifungal, 196--199 Ambenonium, 572t Analog inhibitors, 348 as anti-infective agents, 180 Ambenonium chloride, 575 Anamnestic response, 163, 164f antineoplastic, 383-400 Ambien. See Zolpidem Ananase. See Bromelains actinomycins, 260t, 384, 384f, 388 Ambodryl Hydrochloride. See Bromodiphenhydramine Anaprox. See Naproxen anthracyclines, 385-389, 385f-387f hydrochloride Anastrozole, 835I, 836 bleomycin, 394-396, 395f Ambrisentan, 638 Ancef. See Cefazolin sodium camptothecins, 391-394, 392f-393f Amcill. See Ampicillin Ancobon. See Flucytosine epipodophyllotoxins, 389-391, 390f-39lf Amcinonide, 857I, 861 Androgen(s), 847-853, 848f-849I, 848t, 851f-853f mechanism of action of, 383-384 AMD-3Ioo, 351 antiandrogens, 85 1-852, 851f taxanes, 398-400, 398f-399I, 400t Amebiasis, 220 biological activities of, 847, 848f vinca alkaloids, 396--398, 396I, 972 986 Index
Antibiotics (continued) first-generation H j (classical) antagonists, Antimuscarinics, 583-584 antitubercular agents, 218-220 7401-7411,741-753, 741J, 745J, 747J, 749J, Antineoplastic agents, 355-410 J3-lactam, 260-261 751J, 753f alkylating agents, 358-367 J3-lactamase inhibitors, 274-278 general pharmacological and therapeutic antibiotics, 383-400 cephalosporins, 278-293 considerations for, 739-741,7401-7411 actinomycins, 2601, 384, 384J, 388 chemical classification of, 260 H2-antagonists, 76G-773, 761J, 7621, 766J, anthracyclines, 385-389, 385f-387f commercial production of, 259 7661-7671, 768J, 7691 bleomycin, 394-396, 395f current status, 259 H,-receptor ligands, 773, 773f-774f camptothecins, 391-394, 392f-393f discovery of, 326 R,-receptor ligands, 773, 773f-774f epipodophyllotoxins, 389-391, 39Of-391f historical background on, 258-259 mast cell stabilizers, 757-759 mechanism of action of, 383-384 lincomycins, 313-315 mechanism of action of, 737 taxanes, 398-400, 398f-399J, 4001
macrolides,308-313 second-generation H j (nonsedating) antagonists, vinca alkaloids, 396-398, 396J, 972 mechanism of action of, 259-260, 2601 7401-7411, 753-757, 754f antimetabolites, 372-383 microbial resistance to, 260 structure-activity relationships of, 739, 739J, 7401 arsenic trioxide, 409 monobactams, 293-294 Antihyperlipidemic agents, 647~54, 647f--648J, 6491, asparaginase, 409-410 newer, 324-326 652f bexarotene, 407J, 409 penicillins, 261-274 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 652~54, 652f bortezomib,407-408,407f-408f polyene, 197-199 Antihypersecretory agents estramustine, 407J, 410 polypeptides, 315-320 antihistamines, 76G-765, 761J, 7621 mechanism of action of, 357-358, 357f spectrum of activity of, 259 proton pump inhibitors, 765-773, 766J, 7661-7671, protein kinase inhibitors, 400-406 sulfonamides, 228-239 768f,7691 temsirolimus, 406-407, 407f synthetic, 206-220 Antihypertensive agents, 637--647, 639f--640J, 643J, tretinoin, 407J, 409 tetracyclines, 259-260, 2601, 301-308, 3021, 3051 645f vitamin E, 931 unclassified, 32G-324 ACE inhibitor prodrugs, 61~12, 611J, 6121 vorinostat, 407J, 408-409, 409f Antibody adrenergic system inhibitors, 639 Antiparkinsonian drugs, 584, 591-592 antigen reactions with, 163-164, 164f agents depleting neurotransmitter stores, 639--641, Antipedicular agents, 227-228 formation, 157J, 163 639f--640f Antiplatelet agents, 627~29 molecular structure of, 163, 163f aldosterone antagonists, 615, 864 aspirin, 797 production, 146-150, 147f, 157J, 163 angiotensin antagonists, 612~ 14 Antiprotozoal agents, 22G-224 hybridoma techniques, 146-147, 147f centrally active adrenergic drugs, 641--642 Antipseudomonal cephalosporins, 284 types and reactions, 164-165 endothelin receptor antagonists, 638~39 Antipsychotics, 443, 457-469, 478-488 Anticancer drugs, medicinal herbs, 972, 973f phosphOdiesterase type 5 inhibitors, 644 J3-aminoketones, 467-468 Anticholinergic agents, 478 positive inotropic agents, 645--647 antimanic agents, 468-469 Anticoagulants, 654-658, 6541, 655f~57f potassium channel agonists, 644--645, 645f benzamides, 468 mechanisms of, 655~56, 656f renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, 609~ 10, benzazepines, 463-465 recombinant, 144 610f butyrophenones, 481-483, 48 If Anti conformations, 28, 28f renin inhibitors, 614-615 classification of, 458, 4591 Anticonvulsants, 491-501 selective a-adrenergic antagonists, 641 dibenzodiazepines, 463-465 carbamazepine, 53, 86, 88, 497-498, 498f vasodilators, 642--643, 643f dibenzoxazepines, 463-465 disease states requiring, 491-492 Anti-infective agents, 179-240 discovery and development of, 458 felbamate, 498-499, 499f alcohols and related compounds, 181-183 first-generation, 478-479 flurofelbamate, 498-499, 499f anthelmintics, 224-227 fluorobutyrophenones, 465-468, 465f fosphenytoin, 495-497, 496f antibacterial sulfonamides, 228-239 future directions for, 488 future development of, 501 antifungal agents, 191-206 phenothiazines, 458-463, 462J, 479-481 gabapentin, 493, 498, 498f antipedicular agents, 227-228 second-generation, 483-488, 4831 mechanism of action of, 492-494 antiprotozoal agents, 22G-224 thioxanthenes, 479-481 excitatory glutamate-mediated receptors, 494 antiscabious agents, 227-228 Antipyretics GABAA receptors, 493-494 cationic surfactants, 186-188, 1871 acetaminophen and related analogs, 803-806, voltage-gated ion channels, 492-493 chlorine-containing compounds, 186 804f-806f for neuropathic pain, 492 classification of, 180, 1811 salicylates, 796-798, 797f novel broad-spectrum, 499-500, 499f dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, 239 Antirheumatic drugs, 806-809, 807f oxcarbamazepine, 497-498, 498f dyes, 188-189 Antiscabious agents, 227-228 phenobarbital, 48, 454-455, 4541, 497, 497f historical perspective on, 179-180 Antischizophrenic drugs. See Antipsychotics phenytoin, 16,48-49,51, 104-105, 109,492, 492J, iodophors, 185-186 Antisecretory agents, 583-584 495-497, 496f mercurials, 189-190 Antisense technology, 152 pregabalin, 493, 498, 498f oxidizing agents, 185 Antiseptics, 180 primidone, 497, 497f phenols and derivatives, 183-185 classification of, 180, 181 I selective molecular target action, 5OG-501, 50lf preseTVatives, 19G-191 evaluation of effectiveness of, 18G-181 valproic acid, 494-495, 495f sulfones, 239-240 improper use of, 181 Antidepressants, 509-515 synthetic antibiotics, 206-220 phenol coefficient of, 183 a2 antagonists, 515 Anti-inflammatories wound healing and, 18G-181 5-HT'A antagonists, 515 chamomile, 968, 968f Antisialagogues, 583 miscellaneous, 515 glucocorticoids, 853-864, 854f-857J, 8581, 86OJ, Antispasmodics, 583-584, 588 monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 509-510, 5101 864f Antithrombin III, 655 monoamine reuptake inhibitors, 51 G-511 NSAIDs, 792-806, 793J, 7941, 795f-797J, 799J, Antithrombotic agents, 627~29 nonselective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake 80If-802J, 804f-806f Antithyroid drugs, 663~64 inhibitor, 514 Antileprotic agents, 239-240 Antitoxin, 165 selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 514 Antimalarials, 242-256 Antitubercular agents, 214-218 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 513-514, 710 4-aminoquinolines, 248-250, 249f antibiotics, 218-220 5-HT2A antagonists and, 514-515 8-aminoquinolines, 25G-25 I, 250f Antiulcer agents, 76G-773, 761J, 7621, 766J, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), See Vasopressin cinchona alkaloids, 245-248, 248f 7661-7671, 768J, 7691 Antiepileplics. See Anticonvulsants fixed combinalions, 253-255 antihistamines, 760-765, 761J, 7621 Antiestrogens, 832-835, 833f formulations of, 245-256 proton pump inhibitors, 765-773, 766J, 7661-7671, Antifungal agents, 191-206 future trends in, 255-256 768J, 7691 allylamines, 199-200 indications for, 2461-2471 Antivert. See Meclizine hydrochloride antibiotic, 196-199 mechanism of aClion of, 243J, 245 Antiviral agents, 33G-352 azole, 2OG-206, 20 If polycyclic, 251-253, 25lf biochemical targets for, 331, 333 nucleoside, 196, 196f for treatment, 2461-2471 chemokine receptor binders, 351 topical, 194-196 Antimanic agents, 468-469 combination antiviral therapy, 352 Antigen Antimetabolites, 372-383 DNA polymerase inhibitors, 339-343 anlibody reactions with, 163-164, 164f description of, 372 gp41 fusion activity inhibitors, 352 for vaccines, 176-177 folates, 379, 380f-38If mv entry inhibitors, 351 Antihemophilic factor, 9081-9091, 912 products. 379-383 HIV protease inhibitors, 348-351 recombinant, 656, 9081-9091, 912-913 purines, 378-379, 378f-379f integrase inhibitors, 352 Antihistamines, 737-757 pyrimidines, 372-378, 373J, 375f interferons, 337-338, 338f-339f cardiotoxicity of, 741, 753 Antiminth. See Pyrantel pamoate metabolites of, 111-112 dual-acting, 759-760 Antimony, for anti-infective agents, 179 neuraminidase inhibitors, 336-337 Index 987 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, Atenolol, 552-553, 553f Bases, 12-17 347-348 Atherosclerosis, 617, 647 conjugate, 12, 131 nucleoside antimetabolites, 339-346 Athrombin-K. See Warfarin potassium definition of, 12 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 343-346 Ativan. See Lorazepam percent ionization, 14-16, 15f-16f short-interfering RNA, 352 AtOlvastatin, 626, 653-654 reactions, 12, 131 types of, 339-352 metabolism of, 48 strength of, 12, 14, 141 Anturane. See Sulfinpyrazone Atovaquone, 222-223, 2461-2471, 253f, 254-255 Basic fuchsin, 189 Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, 443-457 ATRA. See Tretinoin Basiliximab, 148 classification of, 443-444 Atracurium besylate, 596, 601-602, 602f Basophils, 157, 157f properties of, 444 Atromid-S. See Clofibrate BAY 43-9006. See Sorafenib toxylate side effects of, 444 Atrophic vaginitis, HRT for, 846 Bayco!. See Cerivastatin Apidra. See Insulin glulisine Atropine, 568, 584-585, 597 Baypress. See Nitrendipine Apidra Solostar. See Insulin glulisine structure-activity relationships of, 581-582, 588 Bazedoxifene, 833-834, 833f Apigenin, 968, 968f therapeutic actions of, 583-584 B cells, 157f, 159 Apokyn. See Apomorphine hydrochloride Atropine sulfate, 585-586 BCNU. See Carmustine Apolipoproteins, 647, 647f Atropiso!. See Atropine sulfate BC powder. See Salicylamide Apomorphine hydrochloride, 476-477 Atroscine, 586 Becaplermin, 138 Apoprotein, 45 Atrovent. See Ipratropium bromide Becenum. See Carmustine Apoptosis, 356-357, 357f Augmentin. See Clavulanate-amoxicillin Beclomethasone dipropionate, 860f, 861, 863 Apoptosome, 357 Auranofin, 807f Beclovent. See Beclomethasone dipropionate Apraclonidine, 538 Aureobasidins, 206-207 Beconase. See Beclomethasone dipropionate Apresoline. See Hydralazine Aureomycin hydrochloride. See Chlortetracycline /3-Elimination, of recombinant proteins, 132 Apresoline hydrochloride. See Hydralazine hydrochloride Belladonna, 584 hydrochloride Aurolate. See Gold sodium thiomalate Benadry!. See Diphenhydramine; Diphenhydramine Ara-C. See Cytarabine Aurothioglucose, 807f hydrochloride Arachidonic acid, 657 Autocrine signaling, 356 Benazepril hydrochloride, 611, 61 If, 6121 Arachidonic acid 2-glycerol ester, 517 Automaticity, 630 Benemid. See Probenecid 2-Arachidonyl glycerol ether, 517 Autonomic nelVOus system, 558, 596-597 Benicar. See Olmesartan Aramine. See Metaraminol Avandamet. See Metformin; Rosiglitazone Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 852 Arava. See Leflunomide Avandary!. See Glimepiride; Rosiglitazone Benty!. See Dicyclomine hydrochloride ARBs. See Angiotensin receptor blockers Avandia. See Rosiglitazone Benzadrine. See Amphetamine sulfate Arcitumomab, 149 Avapro. See Irbesartan Benzalkonium chloride, 187-188 Arduan. See Pipecuronium bromide Aventy!. See Nortriptyline hydrochloride Benzamides, 468 Arecoline, 567 Avlosulfon. See Dapsone Benzazepines, dibenzoxazepines, and dibenzodiazepines, Aredia. See Pamidronate disodium Avodart. See Dutasteride 463-465 Arenes, oxidation of, 47-52, 48f, 50f Avonex. See Interferon beta-I a Benzazocines. See Benzomorphans Arenols, oxidation of, 47-52, 48f, 50f Axepin. See Cefepime Benzedrex. See Propylhexedrine Arfonad. See Trimethaphan camsylate Axert. See Almotriptan Benzethonium chloride, 188 Aricept. See Donepezil Axid. See Nizatidine Benzilylcarbocholine, 581 Arimidex. See Anastrozole Azactam. See Aztreonam disodium Benzimidazole proton pump inhibitors, 765, 766f, Aripiprazole, 467, 4831, 486-487, 487f 5-Azacytidine, 375f, 378 7661-7671,767-768,768f Aromasin. See Exemestane Azaepothilone B. See lxabepilone Benznidazole, 223 Aromatase inhibitors, 835-837, 835f Azalides, 312 Benzo[a]pyrene, metabolism of, 51-52, 52f Aromatic hydroxylation, 47-52, 48f, 50f Azapyrimidine nucleosides, 378 Benzocaine, 726 Arrhythmias, 629-631 Azatadine, 7401 Benzodiazepines, 501 ARs. See Androgen receptors Azatadine maleate, 752-753 agents, 447-451 Arsenic, for anti-infective agents, 179 Azathioprine discovery and development of, 445-446 Arsenic trioxide, 409 conjugation of, 96 GABAA receptor binding of, 444-445 Arsoba!. See Melarsoprol metabolism of, 7-8 general structure of, 445 Artane. See Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride Azelastine, 7401 metabolism of, 446-447, 446f Artemether, 2461-2471, 252f, 255 Azelastine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution, 759 properties of, 446 Artemisinin, 2461-2471, 252-253, 252f Azeotropic isopropyl alcohol, 182 Benzoic acid, 191, 195 Artemotil, 252f Azilect. See Rasagiline mesylate conjugation of, 90-91, 94 Artesunate, 252f, 255 Azimilide, 637 Benzomorphans, 786 Arthriticine. See Piperazine Aziridine,361-362 Benzphetamine hydrochloride, 5061, 508 Arthritis Azithromycin, 312 metabolism of, 63-64 acute gouty, 810-811, 810f Azlocillin, 268 Benztropine, 478, 591 rheumatoid, 806-807 Azmacort. See Triamcinolone acetonide Benztropine mesylate, 591-592 Arthropan. See Choline salicylate Azochloramid. See Chloroazodin Benzyl alcohol, 191 Arthrotec. See Diclofenac; Misoprostol-diclofenac Azole antifungals, 200-206, 201f Benzyl benzoate, 227-228 Articaine, 729 Azolid. See Phenylbutazone Benzylic carbon atoms, oxidative reactions at, 55 Arylacetic acids, 799-800, 799f Azor. See Amlodipine Benzylpenicillin, 260-261, 267-269, 2691 1/3-Arylamino hallucinogens, 516-517 Aztreonam disodium, 294, 324-325 2-Benzylthio-5-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, N-Arylanthranilic acids, 801-803, 802f Azulfidine. See Sulfasalazine metabolism of, 75, 77 Aryloxypropanolamines, 549-550 Bepridil, 6231 Arylpropanoic acids, 800-80 I, 801f B Bepridil hydrochloride, 627 Aryltrioxanes, 252f Bacampicillin hydrochloride, 272 Beriberi, 938 Arzoxifene, 833-834, 833f Bacitracins, 2601, 315, 317-318 Beta cells, in glucose metabolism disorders, 667-670, AS203. See Arsenic trioxide chemical classification of, 260 670f Ascorbic acid, 954-956, 954f-956f Bacterial resistance, to penicillins, 265-267 Betadine. See Povidone-iodine Ascorbyl palmitate, 956, 956f Bacterial vaccines, 172-173 Betagan. See Levobunolol Asendin. See Amoxapine Bactericidal factor, 159-160, 1591 Betamethasone, 8221, 857f, 8581, 859, 861 Asmanex. See Mometasone furoate Bacteriolysis, immunological, 164 Betamethasone acetate, 8221 L-ASNase. See Asparaginase Bacteriophage, for vector cloning, 125, 125f Betamethasone NaPa., 8221 Asparaginase, 409-410 Bactroban. See Mupirocin Betapace. See Sotalol L-Asparaginase. See Asparaginase BAL. See Dimercaprol Betaseron. See Interferon beta-Ib, recombinant Aspirin, 627-628, 7941, 796-798, 797f Baltimore Classification Scheme, for viruses, 330-331, Betaxolol, 552-553, 553f as antiplatelet agent, 797 33lt Bethanechol chloride, 569 as cardiovascular agent, 798 Banthine bromide. See Methantheline bromide Betoptic. See Betaxolol COX-I selectivity of, 796 Barbiturates, 452-454, 453f, 4541 Bexarotene, 407f, 409 metabolism of, 86 intennediate duration, 454, 4541 Bexxar. See Iodine ('311) tositumomab Aspro. See Aspirin long duration, 453-454, 4541 BH+ acids, 15 Assembly, of virus, 333, 335-336 mechanism of action of, 452 lipid barrier passage of, 16, 17f Astemizole, 7401, 753, 754f preparation of, 452-453 Biapenem, 278 Asthma, glucocorticoids for, 859, 86Of, 863 short duration, 454, 4541 Biaxin. See Clarithromycin Atacand. See Candesartan structure-activity relationships of, 453, 453f Bicalutamide, 851-852, 851f Atazanavir, 350 Barium sulfate, 432-433 Bicillin. See Penicillin G benzathine 988 Index
BICNU. See Carmustine Bovine insulin, 668, 6681 as antiarrhythnllc agents, 631-{i32, 6311, 637 Bi-Est. See Estriol BPA. See Benign prostatic hyperplasia cardiovascular effects of, 624 Bifunctional chelating agents, 419 Bradykinin, 607-{j()8, 609J, 905-906 Calcium ion Biguanides, 685-{i87, 685f-{i86f Breast cancer in muscle contraction/relaxation, 618-{i19, 619J, Bilarcil. See Metrifonate aromatase inhibitors for, 835 622, 622f Biltricide. See Praziquantel estrogen treatment of, 831 as second messenger, 623 Bimatoprost, 878 progestins for, 839 Calcium ion channels, 623, 623f-{i24f Biological activity, optical isomerism and, 30-31, SERM treatment of, 832 Calculated conformations, 32-35, 34f-35f 31f-32f Brethine. See Terbutaline cAMP. See Cyclic AMP Biotechnology, 119-153 Bretylium tosylate, 636 Campath, See Alemtuzumab antisense technology, 152 Bretylol, See Bretylium tosylate Camptosar. See lrinotecan hydrochloride for development of pharmaceutical proteins and Brevibloc. See Esmolol Camptothecins, 391-394, 392f-393f peptides, 907-909, 9081-9091, 910f Bricanyl. See Terbutaline Cancer. See also Antineoplastic agents gene therapy, 153 Brimonidine, 538 apoptosis and, 356-357, 357f genomics, 150-152, 151f British anti-Lewisite. See Dimercaprol breast literature of, 119 Broad-spectrum antibiotics, 259 aromatase inhibitors for, 835 new drug development and, 119-121 Bromelains, 890 estrogen treatment of, 831 overview of, 119, 120f-121f Bromfenac, 799J, 800 progestins for, 839 pharmaceutical care and, 119 Bromobenzene, metabolism of, 52 SERM treatment of, 832 products, 134-150 Bromocriptine mesylate, 475-476 cell cycle and, 356-357, 356f antibody production, 146-147, 147f Bromodiphenbydramine hydrochloride, 743 definition of, 355 cytokines, 136-138, 1361, 137f Brompheniramine, 7401 drug activity against, 357-358 enzymes, 142-145 conjugation of, 94 endometrial, progestins and, 839 hormones, 134-136 metabolism of, 63-{i4 estrogens and risk of, 831 in-home test kits, 150 Brompheniramine maleate, 749-750 growth factors and receptors in, 401, 4011 interferons, 138-141, 138J, 1391-1401 Bromphenirantine tannate, 749-750 HRT and, 847 interleukins, 141-142 Brookhaven Protein Databank, 37 medicinal herbs used for, 972, 973f monoclonal antibodies, 147-149 BuChE. See Butyrylcholinesterase oncogenes and, 356, 3561 monoclonal antibody radionuclide test kits, Bucladin-S. See Buclizine hydrochloride prostate 149-150 Buclizine hydrocWoride, 748 antiandrogens for, 851 therapeutic radionuclide monoclonal antibody, Budding, viruses, 336 estrogen treatment of, 831 149-150 Budesonide, 860J, 861-863 Ras pathways and, 401, 402J, 403 tumor necrosis factor, 142 Bufadienolides, 645-{i46 viral infections and, 335 vaccines, 145-146, 1461 Bufferin. See Aspirin Candesartan, 613 recombinant DNA, 121-126, 122f-125J, 1231-1241 Buforrnin, 685f Cantil. See Mepenzolate brontide Biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals, 9081-9091, Bunolol, metabolism of, 82 Capastat sulfate, 219-220 909-913 Bupivacaine, 31J, 728-729 Capecitabine, 375, 375J, 377J, 380 Biotherapy, 907 Buprenorphine, 791 Capoten. See Captopril Biotin, 947-948, 947f-948J, 9471 Bupropion,515 Capreomycin, 219-220 Biperiden,591-593 Burimamide, 760, 7621 antitubercular activity of, 215 Biperiden hydrochloride, 593 Burn therapy, topical sulfonamides for, 238 Capromab pendetide, 150 Biphasic combination contraceptive tablets, 8421-8431, Burst size, in viral infections, 330 Capsaicin, 729, 967, 967f 844 Buserelin, 698, 698f Capsicum, 967, 967f Birth control. See Contraceptive agents BuSpar. See Buspirone Captopril, 609-{i10, 610f Bisabolol, 968, 968f Buspirone,515 Carafate. See Sucralfate Bisguanidines, 662 Busulfan, 362, 364J, 369-370 Carbachol, 569, 571, 5721 Bisoprolol, 552-553, 553f Busulfex. See Busulfan Carbamazepine, 497-498, 498f Bisphosphonates, 706-708, 706J, 7071 Butabarbital, 454, 4541 metabolism of, 53, 86, 88 Bithin. See Bithionol Butane, potential energy for, 34, 34f Carbamide peroxide topical solution, 185 Bithionol, 226 Butazolidin. See Phenylbutazone Carbapenems, 276-278 Bitolterol, 542-543 Butoconazole nitrate, 202 Carbarsone, 220 Blenoxane. See Bleomycin sulfate Butorphanol, 790 Carbenicillin disodium, 267-268, 2691, 273 Bleo. See Bleomycin sulfate N-I-Butylnorchlorocyclizine, metabolism of, 63, 66 metabolism of, 86-87 Bleomycin, 394-396, 395f Butylparaben, 190 Carbenicillin indanyl sodium, 273 Bleomycin hydrolase, 395 Butyrophenones, 481-483, 481f Carbidopa, 474, 478 Bleomycin sulfate, 394-396, 395f agents, 482-483 Carbinolamide, metabolism of, 70, 72 BLM. See Bleomycin sulfate discovery of, 481 Carbinoxamine, 7401 Blocadren. See Timolol mechanism of action of, 481 Carbinoxantine maleate, 743-744 a-Blockers, 540, 545-549 metabolic pathway of, 482, 482f Carbocholines, 581 irreversible, 546-547, 547f pharmacokinetic properties of, 482, 482f Carbolic acid, 179, 183 nonselective, 546 Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), 570, 5711 {:l-Carboline, 444-445 a,-Blockers, 525, 5251-5261, 547-548 phosphorylation of, 577-578, 577f-578f Carbomycin A, 308 a,-Blockers, 548-549 reactivation of, 577-578, 577f Carbon-nitrogen systems, oxidative reactions in, 62-73 {:l-Blockers, 540, 549-554 Byetta. See Exenatide Carboplatin, 363-365, 365J, 370 with a,-blocker activity, 554 Carboprost tromethamine, 876 nonselective, 550-551, 552f C Carboxide, 182 structure-activity relationship of, 549-550 Cabergoline,475-476 Carbutamide, 672f {:l,-Blockers, 525, 5251-5261, 551-554, 553f Caffeine, 505-506, 5051 Cardene. See Nicardipine hydrochloride {:l-Blockers, as antiarrhythmic agents, 631, 6311, 636 Calan. See Verapamil Cardenolides, 645-{i46 Blood-clotting factors, recombinant, 142-144, 1431 Calbindin, 926 Cardiac arrhythmias, 629-{i31 Blood coagulation, 654-{i56, 6541, 655f Calcifediol, 9271, 928f Cardiac electrophysiology, 629-{i30, 630f platelets in, 656-{i57, 657f Calcimar. See Calcitonin, salmon Cardiac glycosides, 645-{i47 Blood degradation, 656 Calcipotriene, 9271, 928f Cardiac muscarinic receptors, 561 Blood pressure, regulation of, 637-{i39, 641 Calcitonin, 905 Cardilate. See Erythrityl tetranitrate, diluted renin-angiotensin system in, 607-{i09, 608f-{i09f in calcium regulation, 708 Cardiolite. See Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi Blood proteins, 906-907 salmon (sCT), 708-709 Cardioquin. See Quinidine polygalacturonate BMS-354825. See Dasatinib Calcitriol, 708-709, 709J, 925-926, 9271, 928f Cardiotoxicity, of antihistantines, 741, 753 Bone disease, agents treating, 705-710 Calcium Cardiovascular agents, 617-{i65 bisphosphonates, 706-708, 706J, 7071 in bone, 705-706 antianginal agents, 617-{i29, 618f-{i19J, 6201, hormone therapy, 708-710, 709f regulation of, 708 622f-{i25J, 6231 monoclonal antibodies, 710 Calcium antagonists, 622-{i27, 622f-{i25J, 6231 antiarrhythntic agents, 629-{i37, 630J, 6311, 634f Bone formation, serotonin regulation of, 710 excitation-eontraction coupling in muscle, 622, 622f anticoagulants, 654-{i58, 6541, 655f-{i57f Bone remodeling, 705 ion channels and calcium, 623, 623f antihyperlipidentic agents, 647-{i54, 647f-{i48J, Bonine. See Meclizine hydrochloride Calcium channel blockers 6491, 652f Bortezontib, 407-408, 407f-408f as antianginals/vasodilators, 623-{i24, 623f-{i24J, antihypertensive agents, 637-{i47, 639f-{i40J, 643J, Bosentan, 638 6231 645f Index 989 antithyroid drugs, 663--664 Celontin. See Methsuximide Chlorhexidine gluconate, 188 aspirin, 798 Cenestin. See Synthetic conjugated estrogens Chlorine-containing compounds, 186 synthetic hypoglycemic agents, 658--669 Centrally active adrenergic drugs, 641-642 Chloroacetaldehyde, 361, 363/ thyroid hormones, 663 Central nervous system, 558 Chloroazodin, 186 vasodilators, 617--629, 618j--619j. 6201, 622j--625j, Central nervous system depressants, 443-469 Chlorobutanol, 190-191 6231 antipsychotics, 457-469 Chlorocreso\. 184 Cardiovascular disease, 617--618, 618j anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, 443-457 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine. See C1adribine Cardizem. See Diltiazem hydrochloride Central nervous system stimulants, 504-517 Chloroethyl-cyclohexyl-nitrosourea. See Lomustine Cardomec. See lvermectin analeptics, 504-505 bis-Chloroethyl-nitrosourea. See Carmustine Cardura. See Doxazosin antidepressants, 509-515 Chloroform, metabolism of, 78-79 Carisoprodol, 456 methylxanthines, 505-506, 5051 p-Chloro-m-xylenol, 184 Carmubris. See Carmustine miscellaneous, 515-517 Chloromycetin. See Chloramphenicol Carmustine, 365, 366j, 370-371 psychomotor stimulants, 50&-509, 5061 p-Chlorophenol, 183 a-Carotene, 919-921, 919j, 920t Central sympathomimetic agents, 50&-509. 5061 CWoroprocaine, 726 j3-Carotene, 919-921, 919f, 9201 medical indications for, 50&-507 Chloroquine, 2461-2471. 248-250, 249j. 807j. 808 sources of, 923 products, 5061, 507-509 Chloroquine phosphate, 248-250 toxicity of, 923 structures of, 506, 5061 Chlorphenesin carbamate, 456 l'-Carotene, 919-921, 919j Cephalexin, 2801, 286 Chlorpheniramine. 740/-741 I Carotcnoids Cephalosporanic acid, 278-279 metabolism of, 80-81 chemistry of, 919-920 Cephalosporin(s), 2601, 278-293 Chlorpheniramine maleate, 749 sources of, 917,919 adverse reactions of, 285 Chlorphentermine, metabolism of, 69-70 Carteolol, 551, 552j antipseudomonal, 284 Chlorpromazine hydrochloride, 460-461, 461 I, Cartrol. See Carteolol j3-lactamase resistance of, 282-284, 284f 479-481,4801,4831 Carvedilol, 554-555 classification of, 260, 285, 285t metabolism of, 49, 63-64 Casodex. See Bicalutamide degradation of. 279, 283/ Chlorpropamide, 659--660, 671/, 6731, 677/, 680--681 CAT. See Computed axial tomography drug interactions with, 285 metabolism of, 59-{i0, 71-72 Cataflam. See Diclofenac future developments in, 292-293 Chlorprothixene, 4801 Catapres. See Clonidine; Clonidine hydrocWoride historical background on, 278 Chlortetracycline hydrochloride, 3021, 3051, 306 Catecholamines nomenclature of, 278 Chlor-Trimeton. See Chlorpheniramine maleate biosynthesis, drugs affecting, 528, 529j-530j. 530 oral, 279, 282 Cholecalciferol, 923-924, 925j. 926, 9271, 928j endogenous, 534-535 parenteral, 282 bioactivation of, 924, 926j storage and release of, drugs affecting, 530-531 semisynthetic derivatives of, 278-279 Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ), 904 Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, spectrum of activity of, 282 Cholera vaccine. 173 477-478 structures of, 280j-282/ Cholesterol, 647-{i48, 821j, 8221 Caverject. See Alprostadil types of, 28&-293 ketoconazole and, 203 CBDCA. See Carboplatin Cephalosporin C, 278 in lipid membrane, 193, 193/ CCI-779. See Temsirolimus Cephalosporin PI, 278 Cholestyramine resin, 650--651 CCK-PZ. See Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin Cephalosporoic acid, 279 Choletec. See Technetium (99mTc) mebrofenin CCNU. See Lomustine Cephalothin sodium, 2801, 287 Choline. 563-564, 563j-564j 2-CDA. See Cladribine Cepham, 278-279 Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), 563-564, 563/-564/ cDNA, preparation of, 123, 123j Cephamycin, 284 Cholinergic agonists, 564-567, 565!-567j, 5651-5671 CEA-Scan. See Arcitumomab parenteral, 2821 stereochemistry of, 564-565, 565j-566f, 565/-5661 Ceclor. See Cefaclor Cephamycin C, 284 structure-activity relationships of, 56&-567, Cedax. See Ceftibuten Cephapirin sodium, 2801, 287 566j-567j. 5671 CEENU. See Lomustine Cephradine, 2801, 286 Cholinergic blocking agents, 581-596 Cefaclor, 2801, 286 Cerebyx. See Fosphenytoin aminoalcohol esters, 588-591 Cefadroxil, 2801. 286 Ceretec. See Technetium ("9'"TC) exametazime aminoalcohol ethers, 591-592 Cefady\. See Cephapirin sodium Cerezyme. See lmiglucerase; Imiglucerase injection aminoalcohols, 592-594 Cefamandole, 2811, 283 Cerivastatin, 654 aminoamides, 594-595 Cefamandole nafate, 287-288 Cerubidine. See Daunorubicin hydrochloride miscellaneous, 595-596 Cefazolin sodium, 2811, 287 Cestocide. See Niclosamide solanaceous alkaloids and analogues, 584-588 Cefepime, 292 Cestode infections, 224-225 structure-activity relationships of, 581-583, 588 Cefixime, 2801, 290-291 Cetazone T. See Salicylamide cationic head, 581-582 Cefizox. See Ceftizoxime sodium Cetirizine, 7401-7411, 755-756 cyclic substitution, 582-583 Cefmetazole sodium, 2821, 289 Cetrorelix, 6991, 700j. 70 I esteratic group, 582 Cefobid. See Cefoperazone sodium Cetrotide. See Cetrorelix hydroxyl group, 582 Cefonicid sodium, 28lt, 283, 288 Cetylpyridinium chloride, 188 synthetic, 588-596 Cef"perazone sodium, 281 I, 284, 288-289 Cevimeline hydrochloride, 570 therapeutic actions of, 583-584 Ceforanide, 281 I, 283, 288 CG. See Chorionic gonadotropin Cholinergic drugs, 558-{i05 Cefotan. See Cefotetan disodium cGMP. See Cyclic GMP cholinergic agonists, 564-567, 565/-567/, Cefotaxime sodium, 281 I, 283-284, 291 Chagas disease, 221, 223 5651-5671 Cefotetan disodium, 282t, 289 Chamazulene, 968. 968/ cholinergic blocking agents, 558, 581-596 Cefoxitin sodium, 2821, 289 Chamomile, 968, 968j cholinergic neurochemistry, 563-564, 563j-564/ Cefpirome, 292 Charton's steric parameter, 20 cholinergic receptor antagonists, 567-581,568/ Cefpodoxime proxetil, 2801, 290 ChAT. See Choline acetyltransferase cholinergic receptors, 559-563, 559j-562j. 5591 Cefprozil, 27, 2801, 28&-287 Chelating agents, 423 ganglionic blocking agents, 59&-599, 597j. 5971 Cefrom. See Cefpirome Chemical bonds, type of, 25, 251 neuromuscular blocking agents, 599-{i05, 602j Ceftazidime sodium, 281 I, 291-292 Chemoprophylaxis, for viral infections, 331, 333, 336 parasympathetic postganglionic blocking agents, Ceftibuten, 292 Chemotherapy, 355 583-584 Ceftin. See Cefuroxime axetil CHF. See Congestive heart failure stereochemistry of, 564-565, 565j-566j, 5651-5661 Ceftizoxime sodium, 281 I, 283-284, 291 Chickenpox vaccine, 170 Cholinergic neurochemistry, 563-564, 5631-564j Ceftriaxone disodium, 2811, 283-284, 291 Chili pepper, 967, 967j Cholinergic receptor. 559-563 Cefuroxime axetil, 2801, 290 Chimeric protein. 128, 128/ activation of, 562-563. 5621 Cefuroxime sodium, 281 I, 283-284, 289-290 Chinoso\. See Oxine muscarinic, 560-563, 56Ij-562f, 56&-567, 566j Cefzi\. See Cefprozil Chloral hydrate, 456-457, 457j nicotinic, 559-560, 559/-560/, 5591 Celebrex. See Celecoxib Chlorambucil, 360, 360j, 368 Cholinergic receptor antagonists, 567-581, 568j Celecoxib, 792. 7941, 803, 804j Chloramphenicol, 2601, 320-321 cholinesterase inhibitors, 570-572, 5711-5721, COX-2 binding of, 795, 795j conjugation of, 90-91 572/ metabolism of, 55, 57 metabolism of, 78-79, 84 irreversible, 5721, 577-581, 577j-5781, 580j Celexa. See Citalopram spectrum of activity, 259 reversible, 572-576, 5721, 573j Cell cycle, 35&-357, 356j Chloramphenicol palmitate, 321 Cholinergic stereochemistry. 564-565, 565/-566j. Cellmembrane solubility of, 4 " 565/-5661 drug receptors and, 10 Chloramphenicol sodium succinate, 321 Choline salicylate, 798 partition coefficient and, 18-20, 19/-20j Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride, 747 Cholinesterase, 570-572, 5711-5721, 572/ penicil\in and, 26&-267 Chlordiazepoxide, 589 phosphorylation of, 577-578, 577j-578j Cellular antigen from pathogen, vaccine. 166 Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride, 447 reactivation of, 577-578, 577j 990 Index
Cholinesterase inhibitors, 570-572, 5711-5721, 572/ Clozapine, 463-464, 468, 483-484, 4831, 484f Connectivity indices, 20 irreversible, 5721, 577-581, 577/-578f, 580/ Clozaril. See Clozapine Connectivity table, 211, 22 reversible, 572-576, 5721, 573/ CNS toxicity, of triptans, 813 Conray. See Iothalamate meglumine Choloxin. See Dextrothyroxine sodium Coagulation, 654--{)56, 6541, 655/ Conlraceptive agents, 841-847, 8421--1l441, 8461 Chorionic gonadOlropin (CG), 696 platelets in, 656-657, 657/ estrogens in, 831 Chorionic growth-hormone prolactin. See Human Cobalamin, 951-954, 952/-953/ ovulation inhibitors, 841-846, 8421--1l441 placental lactogen Cocaine, 517 progestins in, 839 Chromosome walking, 126 as local anesthetic, 725 safety of, 844-845 Chronic pain, 776-777 Codeine, 783/-784f, 784 Conlraceptive implants, 8431-8441, 846 Chrysin, 835f, 836 metabolism of, 75 Conlraction, of muscle, 618-619, 619f, 622, 622/ Chylomicrons, 647-M8, 6491 Coenzyme A, 942-944, 943/ Contrast agents, 430-440 Chymar. See Chymotrypsin Cogentin. See Benztropine mesylate for computed tomography, 413, 430-436 Chymotrypsin, 8881, 889 Cognex. See Tacrine hydrochloride conventional, 432 Cialis. See Tadalafil Colchicine, 810-811, 810/ criteria for, 432 Ciclesonide, 860/, 863 Colesevelam, 651 description of, 431-432 Ciclopirox olamine, 196 Coleslid. See Colestipol hydrochloride high-osmolar, 432 Cidex. See Glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution Colestipol hydrochloride, 651 ionic ratio 1.5, 432 Cidofovir, 343 Colimicin-A. See Polymyxin B sulfate low osmolar, 432 Ciglitazone, 681, 682/ Colimycin-E. See Polymyxin B sulfate for magnetic resonance imaging, 413, 436-440 Cilastatin-imipenem, 276-277 Colistimethate sodium, 319 for radiography, 430-436 Cimetidine, 760-761, 7621, 763, 7671 Colistin sulfate, 31 8-319 reactions to, 432-433 metabolism of, 76, 78 Colomycin. See Polymyxin B sulfate triiodinated, 432 Cinacalcet, 709-710, 709/ Colony-stimulating factors, 9081, 912 for ullrasound, 413, 440 Cinchona, as anti-infective agent, 179 Colterol, 532-533, 542-543 water-soluble, 432 Cinchona alkaloids, 245-248, 2461-2471, 248/ Coly-Mycin. See Polymyxin B sulfate Conventional contrast agents, 432 Cinobac. See Cinoxacin Coly-Mycin M. See Colistimethate sodium Cordarone. See Amiodarone Cinoxacin, 208, 210 Combination conlraceptive tablets. 842, 8421-8441, 844 Coreceptors, in viral binding, 334 Cipro. See Ciprofloxacin Combined estrogen/progestin hormone replacement Coreg. See Carvedilol Ciprofloxacin, 208, 2081, 21Of, 211 therapy, 846-847, 8461 Corgard. See Nadolol Cipro IV. See Ciprofloxacin CombiPatch. 8461 Coronary atherosclerosis, 617 Cisplatin, 362-365, 365f, 370 Combunox. See Oxycodone Corticorelin, 892 Cispro. See Insulin injection CoMFA. See Comparative molecular field analysis Corticosteroids, 853--1l64. 854/-857f, 8581, 86Of, 864/ Cisternography,420-421 Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), biological activities of, 855-856 Citalopram, 514 36-37,36/ biosynthesis of, 854--855, 854/ Cladinose, 309 Compazine. See Prochlorperazine maleate endogenous, 853-854 Cladribine, 378, 382 Complementarity-determining regions, 147 metabolism of, 855, 855/ Clafen. See Cyclophosphamide Complement pathway, 160 mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, 615, 864 Claforan. See Cefotaxime sodium alternative, 160-161, 160/ structural classes of, 856-859, 856/-857f, 8581 Clarinex. See Desloratadine classical, 160-161, 162/ therapeutic uses of, 859-860 Clarithromycin,311-312 Computed axial tomography (CAT), 418 Corticotropin, 810, 855, 891, 8921 Classical complement pathway, 160-161, 162/ contrast agents for, 430-436 Corticotropin injection, 891, 8921 Clavulanate-amoxicillin, 275 description of, 431, 431/ Cortisone, 820f, 858-859, 8581 Clavulanate potassium, 275 Computed tomography (CT) Cortisone acetate, 856f, 861 Clavulanate-ticarcillin, 275 contrast agents for, 413, 430-436 Cortrophin Gel. See Repository corticotropin injection Clemastine, 7401 description of, 431, 431/ Cortrophin-Zinc, 8921 Clemastine fumarate, 744 Computer-aided drug design, 17-40 Cortrosyn. See Cosynlropin Cleocin. See Clindamycin hydrochloride calculated conformations, 32-35, 34/-35/ Corvert. See Ibutilide Cleocin Pediatric. See Clindamycin palmitate classification methods, 23-24 Corynanthine, 548-549 hydrochloride conformational flexibility and multiple modes of Cosmegen. See Dactinomycin-D Cleocin Phosphate. See Clindarnycin phosphate action, 29-30, 29/ Cosyntropin, 891-892, 8921 Clidinium bromide, 588-589 database searching and mining, 37-38, 37/-38f, 381 Cotazym. See Pancrelipase Clindamycin hydrochloride, 313-315 drug-receptor interactions, 25-29, 251 Cotinine, metabolism of, 70-71, 73 Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride, 315 isosterism, 39-40, 39/-40f, 391 Coumadin. See Warfarin sodium Clindamycin phosphate, 315 newer methods for, 25 Coumeslrol, 830/ Clinoril. See Sulindac optical isomerism and biological activity, 30-31, COX. See Cyclooxygenase Clioquinol, 195 31/-32/ COX-I. See Cyclooxygenase Clistin. See Carbinoxamine maleate overview of, 17 COX-2. See Cyclooxygenase Clobenprobil, 774/ partition coefficient, 18-20, 19/-20/ Cozaar. See Losartan Clobetasol, 859 physicochemical and descriptor parameters, 20-22, CP-358. See Erlotinib hydrochloride Clobetasol propionate, 857f, 862 201-211 CP-358,774. See Erlotinib hydrochloride Clocortolone pivalate, 857f, 862 QSAR success, 24 CPA. See Cyclophosphamide Cloderm. See Clocortolone pivalate statistical prediction of pharmacological activity, CPM. See Cyclophosphamide Clodronate, 706 17-18 CPT-II. See Irinotecan hydrochloride Clofarabine, 378 success of, 40 Cranberry, 969 Clofazimine,217-218 three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity Cresol, 184 Clofibrate, 649 relationships, 36-37, 3W Crestor. See Rosuvastatin metabolism of, 86-87 topOlogical descriptors, 21 I, 22-23, 22/ Cristanaspase. See Asparaginase metabolites of, III Comtan. See Entacapone Crixivan. See Indinavir Clomid. See Clomiphene citrate COMT inhibitors. See Catechol-O-methyltransferase Cromolyn sodium, 757-758 Clomiphene, 27, 832, 833f, 834 inhibitors Crotamiton, 228 Clomiphene citrate, 835 Comvax,145 Cruex. See Undecylenic acid Clomipramine hydrochloride, 511-512 Concentration, of recombinant protein, 131 Cryptoxanthin, 919--921, 919f, 9201 Clonazepam, 50 I, 501/ Conformational flexibility, multiple modes of action Crysticillin. See Penicillin G procaine metabolism of, 84 and, 29-30, 29/ Crystodigin. See Digitalis Clonidine, 537-538 Conformalional isomers, 27 CT. See Computed tomography metabolism of, 49 Conformations, calculated, 32-35, 34/-35/ CTX. See Cyclophosphamide Clonidine hydrochloride, 642 Congestive heart failure (CHF), 645-M6 Cuemid. See Cholestyramine resin Cloning. See Recombinant DNA technology Conjugated estrogens, 828-829, 829f, 832 Curare/curare alkaloids, 599-601 Clopidogrel, 628 Conjugation reactions, 8, 88-104 Curariform activity, 599-605, 602/ Cloprostenol sodium, 878 acetylalion, 97-102 synthetic compounds with, 601-605. 602/ Clorazepate dipotassium, 446f, 448 in drug metabolism, 43-44, 441 Cushing syndrome, 859 Clorpactin. See Oxychlorosene sodium glucuronic acid, 89-91, 89/-90f, 891 Cutaneous mycoses, 192-193, 1921-1931 Clotrimazole, 202 with glycine, glutamine, and other amino acids, 93--94 topical agents for, 194--196 Clotting factors, 654--{)56, 6541, 655/ GSH or mercapturic acid conjugates, 94--97, 95/ Cutivate. See Fluticasone propionate Clotting factor IX, recombinant, 144 methylation, 102-104, 102/ Cyanocobalamin, 951-954, 952/-953/ Cloxacillin sodium, 2691, 271 sulfate, 91-93, 92f Cyanokit. See Hydroxocobalamin Index 991
Cyclacillin, 268 Darvon. See Propoxyphene Dextromethorphan, 30, 3 If, 786 Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 561-563 Darvon-N. See Propoxyphene metabolism of, 63, 65 in platelet aggregation, 657, 657f Dasatinib, 404J, 405 Dextropropoxyphene, 31f in smooth muscle relaxation, 618-{)19, 619f Database searching and mining, 37-38, 37f-38J, 381 Dextrothyroxine sodium, 650 Cyclic OMP (cOMP), in smooth muscle relaxation, Daughter nuclide, 414 DFDC. See Oemcitabine 61 8-{i1 9, 619f Daunomycin. See Daunorubicin hydrochloride DOD. See Diacylglycine decarboxylase Cyclizine hydrochloride, 747 Daunorubicin hydrochloride, 385, 385J, 388 DRAD. See Mitoxantrone hydrochloride Cyclizine lactate, 747 metabolism of, 82 DREA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone Cyclizine lactate injection. See Cyclizine lactate Daxolin. See Loxapine DRPG,341-342 Cyclizines. See Piperazine antihistamines Daypro. See Oxaprozin DRS. See Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia Cycloalkane anesthetics, structure-activity DCF. See Pentostatin DiaBeta. See Olyburide relationships of, 712-713, 712f DDAVP. See Desmopressin acetate Diabetes, 900 Cyclocort. See Amcinonide ddCyd. See Zalcitabine glucagon in, 902 Cycloguanil, 254-255, 254f ddl. See Didanosine hypoglycemics for, 659-{)63 Cyclogyl. See Cyclopentolate hydrochloride DDP. See Cisplatin nonsteroidal therapies for, 666-{i95 Cycloheximide, 297, 335 DDT. See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane amylin analogs, 689-{)90, 689f Cyclooxygenase (COX, COX-I, COX-2) Deamidation, of recombinant proteins, 132 biguanides, 685-{)87, 685f-{)86f acetaminophen interaction with, 804-805, 805f Deazapyrimidine nucleosides, 378 glinides, 668-{)81, 670f-{)72f, 6731, 674f-{)80J, aspirin binding to, 796 Debrisoquin, metabolism of, 55f 6761 celecoxib binding to, 795, 795f Decamethonium, 559-560 glucose elevating agents, 694-{)95, 696f enzymatic structure of, 794 Decapryn Succinate. See Doxylamine succinate a-glucosidase inhibitors, 662-{)63, 687-{)89, in inflammation, 792-793, 793f Decay. of radionuclides, 413 687f-{)88f inhibition of, 627-{)28 Decitabine, 375f incretin system modulating agents, 690-{)94, NSAID binding to, 794-795, 795f Declomycin. See Demeclocycline 690J, 693f-{)95f piroxicam and meloxicam binding to, 795-796, 796f Definity. See Perflutren insulins and modified insulins, 667-{i68, 667J, potential COX-3 isoenzyme of, 804-805, 805f Degarelix acetate, 6991, 700J, 70I 6681-{)691 Cyclooxygenase inhibitors, 872 Dehydrated ethanol, 182 sulfonylureas, 659-{)61, 668-{)81, 670f-{)72J, conventional nonselective, 798-803, 799J, 801f-802f Dehydrocholic acid, 8221 6731, 674f-{)80J, 6761 selective COX-2 inhibitors, 795, 795J, 803, 804f Dehydroemetine, 222 thiazolidinediones, 662, 681-{i85, 682f-{)85J, 6841 Cyclooxygenase pathway, 870--871, 870f Dehydroepiandrosterone (DREA), 821J, 847 Diabinese. See Chlorpropamide Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, 588-589 Delavirdine, 348 Diacylglycine decarboxylase (DOD), 945, 946f Cyclopentylpropionate, 829f Demecarium, 5721 Diafen. See Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride Cyclophosphamide, 360, 36If-362J, 369 Demecarium bromide, 575 Diagnostic imaging agents. See Radiopharmaceuticals metabolism of, 71-73 Demeclocycline, 3021, 3051, 3~307 Diamicron. See Oliclazide Cycloplegic drugs, 583-584 Demero!. See Meperidine cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum. See Cisplatin Cyclopropane, 712J, 713 4-Demethoxydaunomycin. See Idarubicin Diaminocyclohexane platinum. See Oxaliplatin Cycloserine, 215, 219, 2601 hydrochloride Diapid. See Lypressin CYFOS. See Ifosfamide Demser. See Metyrosine Diastase, 890 Cylcohexane oxide, metabolism of, 51 Denaturation, 882-883 Diastal. See Diazepam Cylert. See Pemoline Denatured alcohol, 181 Diastereomeric, 30 Cymbalta. See Duloxetine Denileukin diftitox, 142 Diatrizoate, 433 Cyproheptadine, 7401 Denosumab, 710 Diazepam, 110, 446J, 447, 501, 501f conjugation of, 90--91 Denvir. See Penciclovir metabolism of, 49, 58-59, 70, 72 metabolism of, 53-54, 64, 66 2'-Deoxycoformycin. See Pentostatin metabolites of, III Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, 752 Deoxycorticosterone, 8581 Diazohydroxide, 365 Cyproterone acetate, 851f II-Deoxycorticosterone, 855, 856f Diazomethane, 365, 366f-367f Cytadren. See Aminoglutethimide Deoxystreptamine, 298 Diazoxide, 645, 695, 696f Cytarabine, 340, 375J, 380--381 6-Deoxytetracycline, 302, 304 Dibenzocycloheptane antihistamines, 752-753, 753f Cytochrome P450 Depacon. See Valproic acid Dibenzocycloheptene antihistamines, 7401, 752-753, drug biotransformation role of, 45-47, 451, 46f-47f Depakene. See Valproic acid 753f drug--
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, 239 DNA polymerase inhibitors, 339-343 Drug metabolism, 4f, 7-8, 43-112 Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), 375, 377f DNA viruses, 331, 3311-3321, 335 conjugation reactions, 88-104 Dihydrotachysterol, 9271, 928f DNM. See Daunorubicin hydrochloride acetylation, 97-102 5a-Dihydrotestosterone, 821J, 847, 848J, 852, 853f DNR. See Daunorubicin hydrochloride glucuronic acid, 89-91, 89f-90J, 891 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, in calcium regulation, Dobutamine, IIO-Ill, 540, 647 with glycine, glutamine, and other amino acids, 708-709,709f methylation, 102-103 93-94 Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 472, 473f Dobutrex. See Dobutamine GSH or mercapturic acid conjugates, 94-97, 95f Diiodohydroxyquin, 222 Docetaxel, 398-399, 398f methylation, 102-104, 102f Diketo,352 Docking programs, 35 sulfate, 91-93, 92f Dilantin. See Phenytoin; Phenytoin sodium Dofetilide, 636 drug biotransformation Dilaudid. See Hydromorphone Dolobid. See Diflunisal cytochrome P450 role in, 45-47, 451, 46f-47f Diloxanide, 220-221 Dolophine. See Methadone sites of, 45 Diltiazem hydrochloride, 625, 625f Dolorex. See Salicylamide factors affecting, 104-112 as antiarrhythmic, 637 DOM. See 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine age differences, 104 as vasodilator, 623--{j25, 6231, 625f Domagk, Gerhard, 187, 228-229 enzyme induction, 106--108, 1071 Dimenhydrinate, 742-743 Donepezil, 573, 575-576 enzyme inhibition, 108, 108f Dimercaprol, 224 Donitriptan, 813, 813f hereditary or genetic differences, 105 Dimetane. See Brompheniramine; Brompheniramine DOPAC. See Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid miscellaneous, 108 maleate Dopamine (DA), 24, 471-472, 472f sex differences, 106 Dimethindene maleate, 751 agonists, 475-477 species and strain differences, 104-105, 100f Dimethisterone, 8381 ergot derivatives, 475-476 general pathways of, 43--44, 441 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), 516 nonergot derivatives, 476-477 hydrolytic reactions, 86--88 1-(2,5-DimethoxY-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane, as antihypertensive, 647 bioactivation of prodrugs, 87-88 metabolism of. 69 ganglionic stimulation by, 597, 597f esters and amides, 86 Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP). 559-560 levodopalcarbidopa,474 miscellaneous, 86--87 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, metabolism of, 52-53 MAO-B inhibitors, 474-475 overview of, 43 Dimethylbenzylammonium chloride, analogues of, metabolism of, 472, 473f oxidative reactions, 47-78 186,1871 methylation, 102 alcohols and aldehydes, 76, 78 2,5-Dimethyl-dicyanoquinonediimine (DMDA), 516 Parkinson disease and, 473-474 at aliphatic and alicyclic carbon atoms, 59...{j() Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), metabolism of, 76, 78, 86 pathways of, 472, 473f at allylic carbon atoms, 55-58 Dimethyltryptamine, 516 receptors, 471-472, 472f aromatic hydroxylation, 47-52, 48J, 50f 5,7-Dinitroindazole, 110-111 storage and release of, 471, 472f at benzylic carbon atoms, 55 Dinoprost trimethamine, 878 as sympathomimetic, 534-535 at carbon atoms a to carbonyls and imines, 58-59 Diodoquin. See lodoquinol synthesis of, 471, 472f carbon-heteroatom systems, 6Q--{j1 Diovan. See Valsartan transporter, 472 carbon-nitrogen systems, 62-73 Dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (DHS), 478 carbon--{)xygen systems, 73-75 69Q--{j94, 690J, 693f--{j95f Dopaminergic signaling agents, 471-488 carbon-sulfur systems, 75-76 Diphemanil methylsulfate, 593, 595 antipsychotic drugs, 478-488 of olefins, 52-55 Diphenhydramine, 590,7401-7411 dopamine, 471-472, 47If-472f other pathways, 78 conjugation of, 94, 96 Parkinson disease, 473-478 stereoselectivity, 110 metabolism of, 63--{j4 Dopram. See Doxapram hydrochloride pharmacologically active metabolites, 111-112, III1 Diphenhydramine citrate, 742 Doral. See Quazepam reductive reactions, 78-86 Diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 742 Doriden. See Glutethimide aldehyde and ketone carbonyls, 80-83 Diphenhydramine tannate, 742 Dornase alpha, 8881, 889, 9091, 910 nitro and azo compounds, 83-84 Diphenidol, metabolism of, 64, 66 Dorzolamide, computer-aided design for, 34-35, 34f-35f stereochemical aspects of, 108-111 Diphenoxylate, 787, 787f Dostinex. See Cabergoline Drug-receptor interactions metabolism of, 86--87 Doxacurium chloride, 596, 602--{jQ3 efficacy and, 581 4-Diphenylactoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP), Doxapram hydrochloride, 504-505 intrinsic activity and, 581 567, 568f Doxazosin, 547-548, 641 Paton rate theory of, 581 Diphenylheptanes, 788-789, 788f-789f Doxepin hydrochloride, 27,512, 741t Drug receptors Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride, 744 Doxercalciferol, 709, 709J, 9271, 928f adverse reactions with, 10-11 Dipivalyl epinephrine. See Dipivefrin Doxorubicin hydrochloride, 385, 385J, 388 body locations of, IO-ll Dipivefrin, 535 Doxycycline, 2461-2471, 251-252, 302, 3021, 3051, 307 cell membrane and, 10 Dipole--<1ipole interactions, 28, 28f Doxylamine succinate, 743 computer-generated representation of, 35, 35f Dipyridamole, 628 DPD. See Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase drug distribution and, 8-11 Diquinol. See Iodoquinol DPP-4 inhibitors. See Dipeptidyl peptidase type 4 forces involved with, 25-26, 251 Direct effect of radiation damage, 417 inhibitors isolation and characterization of, 9-10 Dirithromycin,312-313 Dramamine. See Dimenhydrinate side effects and, 9 Disalcid. See Salsalate Drixoral. See L-(+)-Pseudoephedrine structure and, 9-10 Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), Droperidol, 466, 483 Drug resistance 806--809, 807f Drospirenone, 839J, 840-841 alkylating agents, 359 Disinfectant, 180 Drotrecogin alfa, 144 aminoglycosides, 295-296 classification of, 180, 1811 Droxia. See Hydroxyurea antibiotics, 260 evaluation of effectiveness of, 180-181 Drug biotransformation camptothecin, 393 improper use of, 181 asymmetric center and, 109-110 glucocorticoids, 856 phenol coefficient of, 183 cytochrome P450 role in, 45-47, 451, 46f-47f macrolides, 309 Disopyramide phosphate, 633 sites of, 45 penicillins, 265-267 metabolism of, 63--{j4 Drug design porins, 266--267 Dispermin. See Piperazine acid-base properties, 12-17 sulfonamides, 235 Dissociative agents, 517 advances in, 1-2 tetracyclines, 303, 308 Disulfiram, metabolism of, 84-85 biotechnology and, 119-121 vinca alkaloids, 397 DMARDs. See Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs new targets for, 128-129, 1291 Drug screening DMDA. See 2,5-Dimethyl-dicyanoquinonediimine computer-aided, 17-24 high-throughput, 38, 38f DMDR. See Idarubicin hydrochloride drug distribution in, 3-11, 4f novel strategies for, 129-131, 129f-130f DMP-850,350-351 eicosanoids, 872, 873J, 8741-8751 in silica, 24 DMP-85I, 350 Web pages, 40 virtual high-throughput screening, 25 DMPP. See Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium Drug distribution, 3-11, 4f Dryvax. See Smallpox vaccine DMSO. See Dimethyl sulfoxide drug metabolism, 4J, 7-8 DTIC. See Dacarbazine DNA excretion, 4J, 8 DTIC-Dome. See Dacarbazine cloning of, 123, 123f oral administration, 3-5 Dual-acting antihistamines, 759-760 expression of, 127 parenteral administration, 4J, 5--{j Duetact. See Glimepiride; Pioglitazone strategies for, 126, 1261 pK. values and, 16--17, 16f-17f Duloxetine, 515 manipulation of, 127-128, 128f protein binding, 4J, 6--7 Duracillin. See Penicillin G procaine protein production, 121-122, 122f receptors, 8-ll Duragesic. See Fentanyl DNA ligases, 124,909 summary for, II Duraquin. See Quinidine gluconate DNA microarrays, 151-152 tissue depots, 4J, 7 Duricef. See Cefadroxil Index 993 Dutasteride, 852, 852f inhibition, 108, 108f Estrone, 821J, 827, 829J, 831-832, 835, 835f Dyes, 179, 188-189 rDNA-derived, 9081-9091, 910 Estrumate. See Cloprostenol sodium Dymelor. See Acetohexamide recombinant, 142-145 Eszopiclone, 451 Dynabac. See Dirithromycin structure-function relationships of, 885-887, Ethacrynic acid, 25 DynaCirc. See Isradipine 886f-887f conjugation of, 97-98 Dynapen. See Dicloxacillin sodium synthesis and secretion of, 887 Ethambutol,215-217 Dysrhythmias, 629~31 vitamin B 12 and, 953, 953f Ethanol, 181-182 zymogens, 887 as sedative-hypnotics, 455 E Eosinophils, 157, 157f Ethanolamine antihistamines, 7401, 741-744, 741f E2020. See Donepezil Ephedra, 962, 968-969, 969f Ethchlorvynol, 455-456 EA 713. See Rivastigmine Ephedrine, 30, 533, 544-545, 696J, %9 Ether, metabolism of, 75 East African sleeping sickness, 221, 223-224 metabolism of, 83 Ethinyl estradiol, 829J, 832 Echinacea, 962-964, 963f-964f Epi-ADR. See Epirubicin hydrochloride Ethiodized oil, 433 Echinocanadins, 206 4' -Epiadriamycin. See Epirubicin hydrochloride Ethiodol. See Ethiodized oil Echothiophate iodide, 5721, 578 Epilepsy Ethionamide, 215-216 Econazole nitrate, 202 description of, 491 Ethisterone, 838J, 8381 Ecstasy. See 2.5-Dimethyl-dicyanoquinonediimine initial drug therapy for, 491-492 Ethmozine. See Moricizine Eculizumab, 658 prevalence of, 491 Ethopropazine, 460 EDCF. See Endothelium-derived contracting factor seizure classification, 491-492 Ethopropazine hydrocbloride, 593, 595 Edecrin. See Ethacrynic acid Epinephrine, 30,474, 523-524, 524f Ethosuximide, 500, 501f Ed-Flex. See Salicylamide in local anesthetics, 724-725 Ethril. See Erythromycin stearate EDRF. See Endothelium-derived relaxing factor as sympathomimetic, 532-535 Ethylenediamine antihistamines, 7401, 744-746, 745f Edrophonium chloride, 5721, 575-576, 601 Epipodophyllotoxins, 389-391, 390f-391f Ethylene oxide, 182 EES. See Erythromycin ethyl succinate Epirubicin hydrochloride, 385, 385J, 388-389 N-Ethylnormorphine, metabolism of, 63, 65 Efavirenz, 348 Epitetracyclines, 302, 304 Ethylparaben, 190 Effexor. See Venlafaxine Epitope tagging, 128 Ethynodiol diacetate, 838J, 840 Efficacy, of drugs, 581 Eplerenone, 615, 864, 864f Etidocaine, 728 Etlomithine, 223 Epoetin alfa, 9081. 912 Etidronate disodium, 706, 7071, 708 Efudex. See 5-Fluorouracil Epogen. See Epoetin alfa Etodolac, 799J, 800 Ehrlich, Paul, 179 Epoprostenol. See Prostacyclin Etomidate, 717 Eicosanoids Epothilones, 399-400, 399J, 4001 Etonogestrel, 839J, 840 approved for human use, 876--877 Eptifibatide, 629 Etoposide, 390--391, 390f biological activities observed with, 868, 8691 Equanil. See Meprobamate Etretinate, half-life of, 6 biosynthesis of, 869-871, 870f-871f Equilibrium potential, of neuronal membrane, 719 Eucatropine hydrochloride, 588-589 degradation of, 872, 873f Equine estrogens, 828-829, 829f Eugenol. 184 drug action mediated by, 872 Eqvalan. See Ivermectin Euphoriant-stimulant, 517 drug design for, 872, 873f, 8741-8751 Ergocalciferol, 709, 709J, 923-924, 925J, 9271, 928f Eurax. See Crotamiton history of, 868-869, 8691 bioactivation of, 924, 926f Eutamide, 221 receptors of, 875, 8761 Ergosterol Evamist. See Estradiol Elavil. See Amitriptyline hydrochloride in lipid membrane, 193, 194f Evista. See Raloxifene Eldepryl. See Selegiline photoactivation of, 923, 925f Evoxac. See Cevimeline hydrochloride Electromagnetic radiation, 413, 417 Ergot derivatives, 475-476 Excedrin. See Acetaminophen Electron capture, 414 Erlotinib hydrochloride, 403, 404J, 405 Excegran. See Zonisamide Electron volt, 413 ERs. See Estrogen receptors Excitation, of muscle, 622, 622f Eletriptan, 8121, 813-814, 813f Ertapenem, 325 Excitatory glutamate-mediated receptors, Eligard. See Leuprolide acetate Erypar. See Erythromycin stearate anticonvulsants and, 494 Ellence. See Epirubicin hydrochloride EryPed. See Erythromycin ethylsuccinate Excretion, drug distribution and, 4J, 8 Elocon. See Mometasone furoate Erythrityl tetranitrate, diluted, 6201, 621 Exelderm. See Sulconazole nitrate Elspar. See Asparaginase Erythrocin. See Erythromycin Exelon. See Rivastigmine Em. See Estramustine phosphate sodium Erythrohydrobupropion, 5I5 Exemestane, 835J, 836 EMCYT. See Estramustine phosphate sodium Erythromycin, 2601, 308-310 Exenatide, 690J, 691 Emetine, 222 Erythromycin estolate, 311 Exenatide LAR, 692 Empirin. See Aspirin Erythromycin ethylsuccinate, 311 Exocytosis, viruses, 336 Emtricitabine, 346 Erythromycin gluceptate, 311 Extended insulin zinc suspension, 901, 9011-9021 E-Mycin. See Erythromycin Erythromycin lactobionate, 311 Extended oral contraceptive therapy, 844 Enablex. See Darifenacin hydrobromide Erythromycin stearate, 310 Extended-spectrum penicillins, 267-268 Enalapril, as prodrug, 5 Erythromycyclamine, 312-313 Exubera. See Human insulin, recombinant Enalapril maleate, 610, 6\1J, 6121 Erythropoietin, 9081, 911-912 Ezetimibe, 652 Enantiomers, drug metabolism of, 109 Erythropoietin alfa, 137 Enclomiphene, 833f Escitalopram, 31f F Endocannabinoids, 517 Eskazole. See Albendazole Factor IX, recombinant, 656 Endocrine disorders, nonsteroidal therapies for. See Esmolol, 552-553, 553f-554f Factors. See Clotting factors Nonsteroidal therapies for hormone-related Esomeprazole, 765, 7671, 768, 7691 Factor VIla, recombinant, 656 disorders Esomeprazole magnesium, 769-770 Factor VllI, recombinant, 143-144,656 Endocytosis, in viral infection, 334 Essential hypertension, 637~38 Famciclovir, 342-343 Endometrial cancer, progestins and, 839 Esterified estrogens, 828-829, 829J, 832 Famotidine, 7621, 763-764, 7671 Endometriosis, 85 I Ester local anesthetics, 725-726 2-F-ara-AMP. See Fludarabine Endomorphins, 779 Estrace. See Estradiol Fareston. See Toremifene I3-Endorphin, 778, 893 Estradiol, 820f-821J, 8221, 827, 829J, 831, 831f Famesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), 708 Endothelin receptor antagonists, 638~39 1713-Estradiol,820f Faslodex. See Fulvestrant Endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF), 562 Estradiol benzoate, 8221 Fat-soluble vitamins, 917-935 Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 562 Estramustine phosphate sodium, 407J, 410 vitamin A, 917-923 Entlurane, 712J, 7121, 713, 715 Estriol, 827, 829J, 832 vitamin D, 917-923 Engerix-B, 145 Estrogen(s) vitamin E, 927-931 Enjuvia. See Synthetic conjugated estrogens aromatase inhibitors, 835-837, 835f vitamin K, 932-935 Enkephalins, 778, 779J, 893 biological activities of, 828 Fatty acids Enoxacin, 208, 2081, 211 biosynthesis of, 827 as antifungals, 194 Entacapone, 477-478, 524 endogenous, 827 essential, 686, 6891 Entamoeba hislolylica, 220 in HRT, 846--847, 8461 supplements, 875-876 Entocort. See Budesonide metabolism of, 827-828, 828f Febuxostat, 809J, 811 Enzactin. See Triacetin in osteoporosis, 705-706 Felbamate, 498-499, 499f Enzyme(s), 880, 885-890, 886f-887J, 8881 SERMs and antiestrogens, 705, 832-835, 833f Felbatol. See Felbamate biotin-dependent, 947, 9471 as sex hormones, 827-837, 828f-831J, 833J, 835f Feldene. See Piroxicam classification of, 887-888 structural classes of, 828-831, 829f-83If Felodipine, 6231, 626 folic acid-dependent, 949, 9511 therapeutic uses of, 831 Felypressin, 896 induction, 106--\ 08, 1071 Estrogen receptors (ERs), 825 Femara. See Letrozole 994 Index
Femguard. See Triple sulfa Foradil. See Formoterol nondepolarizing noncompetitive. 598--599 Femhrt, 8461 Forhistal Maleate. See Dimethindene maleate organ-specific effects of, 597, 5971 Femstat. See Butoconazole nitrate Formaldehyde solution, 182-183 Ganglionic stimulation, 596-597, 597/ Fenamates, 801-803, 802/ Formalin, 182-183 Ganirelix diacetate, 6991, 700-70 I, 700/ Fenazox. See Amfenac Formic acid, 182-183 Gantanol. See Sulfamethoxazole Fenfluramine hydrochloride, 5061, 508 Formoterol, 542 Gantrisin. See Sulfisoxazole Fenofibrate, 650 Formulation, of recombinant protein, 131 Garamycin. See Gentamicin sulfate Fenoprofen, 801, 801/ Fortamet. See Metformin Garlic, 967-968, 967/ conjugation of, 90-91 Fortaz. See Ceftazidime sodium Gastric acid hypersecretory disease, 760-773, 761j, Fenoterol, 541 Forteo. See Teriparatide injection 7621,766/,7661-7671, 768f, 7691 Fentanyl, 787/. 788 Fosamax. See Alendronate sodium Gastric acid secretagogues, 903 Feridex. See Ferumoxides Fosamprenavir, 350 Gastric acid secretion, histamine role in, 736, 760, 761/ Ferrihemoglobin, 70 Foscarnet sodium, 343 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIPl. 904 Ferumoxides, 437-438 Foscavir. See Foscarnet sodium Gastrin, 903 Ferumoxsil,438 Fosfomycin tromethamine, 323-324 Gastrointestinal complications. of NSAIDs, 793, Feverfew, 964--965. 965/ Fosinopril sodium, 61 If, 612, 6121 7941,795 Fexofenadine hydrochloride, 7401-7411, 753-755 Fosphenytoin, 495-497, 496/ Gastrointestinal hormones, 903-904 Fibrin, 654--655. 655/ FPPS. See Farnesyl diphosphate synthase GastroMARK. See Ferumoxsil Fibrinogen. 654--655, 6541, 655/ Froben. See Flurbiprofen Gauche conformations, 28, 28/ Fibrinogen receptor, 628--{j29 Frova. See Frovatriptan GOP-binding proteins. See Guanosine Filgrastim, 9081, 912 Frovatriptan. 8121, 813-814, 813/ diphosphate-binding proteins Finasteride, 852, 852/-853/ FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone Gefitinib, 403, 404f, 405 Firing threshold, of neurons, 720 5-FU. See 5-Fluorouracil Gelatin, 884, 8841 First-dose phenomenon, 548 FUDR. See Floxuridine Gelatin film, 884, 8841 "'Fish oil" capsules, 875-876 Fulvestrant, 832, 833f, 834 Gelatin sponge, absorbable, 884, 8841 Five-atom rule, 567 Functional expression cloning, 126, 1261 Gelfilm. See Gelatin film Fixed combination contraceptive tablets, 8421, 844 Functional genomics, 151, 151/ Gelfoam. See Gelatin sponge, absorbable Flagyl. See Metronidazole Functionalization, in drug metabolism, 43-44, 441 Gemcitabine, 375f, 378, 381-382 Flarex. See Fluorometholone Fungacetin. See Triacetin Gemfibrozil, 649--{j50 Flaxedil. See Gallamine triethiodide Fungal infections Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, 148 Flecainide acetate. 635 cutaneous, 192-193, 1921-1931 Gemzar. See Gemcitabine Fleming, Alexander, 258 historical perspective on, 191-192 GenBank, growth of, 119, 120/ Fligrastim, 137-138 opportunistic, 192 Gene cloning. See Recombinant DNA technology Flomax. See Tamsulosin subcutaneous, 193, 1931 Gene expression, 151 Flonase. See Fluticasone propionate superficial, 1931 General anesthesia, stages of, 711 Florinef acetate. See Fludrocortisone acetate systemic. 192, 1931 General anesthetics Flovent. See Fluticasone propionate tissue reaction to, 193-194 inhaled, 711-716, 7121, 714/-716/ Floxin. See Ofloxacin Fungizone. See Amphotericin B injectable, 716-718, 717/-718/ Floxin IV. See Ofloxacin Furacin. See Nitrofurazone Gene therapy. 153 Floxuridine. 375f, 381 Furadantin. See Nitrofurantoin Genetically engineered pathogens, vaccine, 166-167, Fluconazole, 204-205 Furamide, 221 167/ Flucytosine, 196, 196/ Furazolidone, 213 Genetic engineering. See Recombinant DNA; Fludara. See Fludarabine Furoxone. See Furazolidone Recombinant DNA technology Fludarabine, 378, 382 Fusion protein, 128, 128/ Genistein, 830/ Fludrocortisone acetate, 856f, 8581, 861 Genomics, 150-152, 151/ Fluke infections, 224--225 G DNA microarrays, 151-152 Flumadine. See Rimantadine GABA functional, 151, 151/ Flumazenil, 444--445 degradation inhibition, 494 informatics, 150-151 Flunisolide, 860f, 862-863 enhancement of, 493-494, 493/ pharmacogenomics, 152 Fluocinolone acetonide. 857/, 8581, 862 reuptake inhibition, 494 proteomics, 152 Fluocinonide, 8581 GABA A receptors, 444--451 Gentamicin sulfate, 300 Fluorine radiopharmaceuticals, 418-419 alcohols and carbamate derivatives, 455-456 inactivation of, 295-296 2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (lsF), 418-419 aldehydes and derivatives, 456-457 Gentian violet, 179, 189 Fluorobutyrophenones, 465-468, 465/ amides and imides, 454-455 Geocillin. See Carbenicillin indanyl sodium structure and activity of, 465, 465/ anticonvulsants and, 493-494 Geodon. See Ziprasidone 5-Fluorocytosine, 196 barbiturates, 452-454, 453f, 4541 Geometric isomers, 27 Fluorodeoxyuridine. See Floxuridine benzodiazepines, 447-451 Geopen. See Carbenicillin disodium Fluorometholone, 860f, 862 binding to, 444--445 Germicides, 180 Fluor-Op. See Fluorometholone general anesthetic interaction with, classification of, 180, 181 I Fluoroplex. See 5-Fluorouracil 713,717 evaluation of effectiveness of. 180-181 Fluoroscopy, 431, 431/ melatonin receptor agonist, 451-452 improper use of, 181 5-Fluorouracil, 40, 40f, 372-373, 375, 375/-377f, modulation of, 494 phenol coefficient of, 183 379-380 pentylenetetrazole, 504 wound healing and. 180-181 Fluoxetine, 513 picrotoxin, 504 Ginkgo biloba, 963, 969-970, 970/ Fluoxymesterone, 849f, 850 subunits of, 444 Ginseng, 962, 970-971, 970/-971/ Fluphenazine hydrochloride, 46 It, 463. 4801, 4831 Gabapentin, 493, 498, 498/ Ginsenosides, 970-971, 970/-971/ Flurandrenolide, 857/-8581, 862 GABA system, 444 GIP. See Gastric inhibitory peptide; Glucose-dependent Flurazepam hydrochloride, 446f, 448 Gabitril. See Tiagabine insulinotropic peptide metabolism of, 58-59, 71-72 Gadobenate dimeglumine, 438 Girostan. See Thiotepa Flurbiprofen, 80 I, 801/ Gadodiamide,438 Glandular muscarinic receptors, 562 Flurofelbamate, 498-499, 499/ Gadolinium, for MR!, 437 Gla proteins, 933-934 Fluroxene, metabolism of, 55-56 Gadopentetate dimeglumine. 438-439 Gleevec. See Imatinib mesylate Flutamide, 851-852, 851/ Gadoteridol, 438-439 Gliadel. See Carmustine Fluticasone 17a-furoate, 860/ Gadoversetamide, 439 Glibenclamide. See Glyburide Fluticasone propionate, 860/. 862-863 Galantamine, 573, 576 Gliclazide, 661, 67 If, 677, 677f, 679 Fluvastatin, 653 Galegine, 658 Glimepiride, 661, 670, 67 If, 6731, 678f, 681 Fluvoxamine, 514 Gallamine triethiodide, 598, 601--{j03 Glinides, 668--{j81, 670/--{j72f, 6731, 674/--{j80f, 6761 FML. See Fluorometholone Gallium citrate (67Ga), 419 acid-base and lipid partitioning character of, 672, Folate reductase inhibitors, sulfonamides and, 235 Gallium radiopharmaceuticals. 419 674,6761 Folates, 379, 380/-381/ Galvus. See Vildagliptin biotransformation of, 6761, 679--{i80, 679/ Folex. See Methotrexate Gamma camera, 417-418, 417/ structure-activity relationships of, 674, 674/...(,7ff Folic acid, 40, 40f, 379, 380/-381f, 948-951, Gamma ('Y) rays, 413, 417 Glipizide, 66Q--{j61, 671f, 6731, 678f, 681 949/-950f, 951 I Ganciclovir,341-342 Gliquidone, 67 If, 683/ FOllicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 696--{i97, 699, Ganglionic blocking agents, 596-599. 597f, 5971 Glisoxepide, 671/ 826-827, 826f, 890, 894 depolarizing. 597-598 Glitazones. See Thiazolidinediones recombinant, 136 nondepolarizing competitive, 598 Global minimum, 32 Index 995
Globin zinc insulin injection, 90II Grisactin. See Griseofulvin Hepatitis E vaccines (HEV), 171 Globulins, 8831,906--907 Griseofulvin, 199, 2601 Hepatitis vaccines, 170-171 GLP-I, 690--692, 690f Gris-PEG. See Griseofulvin Hepatobiliary aminodiacetic acids, 424 GlucaGen. See Glucagon, recombinant Ground state, 414 Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acids (HIDA), 425 GlucaGen Diagnostic IGt. See Glucagon Growth factors and receptors, in cancer, 401, 40 II Hepatolite. See Technetium ("9mTc) disofenin GlucaGen HypolGt. See Glucagon Growth hormone, 893-894 Hepatotoxicity, of acetaminophen and phenacetin, Glucagon, 901-903 Growth-releasing factor (GRF), 890 805-806, 806f recombinant, 135, 694-695 GRs. See Glucocorticoid receptors Heptane antihistamines, 7401 Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), 825 GSK572016. See Lapatinib ditosylate Herbal medicines, as anti-infective agent, 179 Glucocorticoids, 853-864, 854f-857J, 8581, 860J, 864f GTP-binding proteins. See Guanosine triphosphate- Herbs. See Medicinal herbs biological activities of, 855-856 binding proteins Herceptin. See Trastuzumab resistance to, 856 Guanabenz,538-539 Heroin, 783J, 784 structural classes of, 856--859, 856f-857J, 8581 Guanabenz acetate, 642 Herplex. See Idoxuridine Glucophage. See Metformin Guanadrel, 531 Heteroarylacetic acids, 799-800, 799f Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Guanadrel sulfate, 640-641 Heteroarylpropanoic acids, 800-801, 80lf malaria and, 244 Guanethidine, 531, 640 Heterotopic ossification, 705 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), Guanethidine monosulfate, 640, 640f HETP. See Hexaethyltetraphosphate 690--691, 690f Guanfacine, 538-539 Hetrazan. See Diethy!carbamazepine citrate Glucose elevating agents, 694-695, 696f Guanfacine hydrochloride, 642 HEV. See Hepatitis E vaccines Glucose metabolism Guanidine, 686f Hexabrix. See Ioxaglate nonsteroidal therapies for disorders of, 666--695 Guanosine, 342-343 Hexachlorophene, 184 amylin analogs, 689-690, 689f Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-binding proteins, 562 Hexaethyltetraphosphate (HETP), 578 biguanides, 685-687, 685f-686f Guanosine monophosphate (GMP), in smooth muscle Hexabydropyrazine, 225 glinides, 668-681, 670f-672J, 6731, 674f-680J, relaxation, 618-619, 619f Hexahydrosiladifenidol (HHSiD), 567, 568f 6761 Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, Hexalen. See Altretamine glucose elevating agents, 694-695, 696f 560-562, 562f Hexamethonium, 559-560, 581, 596, 598 a-glucosidase inhibitors, 662-663, 687-689, G-Well. See Lindane Hexamethonium bromide, 598 687f-688f Gyne-Lotrimin. See Clotrimazole Hexamethonium chloride, 598 incretin system modulating agents. 690--694, Hexamethylenetetramine mandelate, 214 690f, 693f-695f H Hexamethylmelamine. See Altretarnine insulins and modified insulins, 667-668, 667J, H,-antagonists. See Antihistamines Hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime, 424 6681-6691 H, receptors, 735-736, 7361 Hexobarbital, metabolism of, 55, 58, 71-72, 86, 88 sulfonylureas, 659-661, 668-681, 670f-672J, structure-activity relationships at, 739, 739J, 7401 Hexylresorcinol, 185 6731, 674f-680f, 6761 Hrantagonists. See Antihistamines HHSiD. See Hexahydrosiladifenidol thiazolidinediones, 662, 681-685, 682f-685J, H2 receptors, 736, 7361 Hibiclens. See Chlorhexidine gluconate 6841 H,-receptor ligands. See Antihistamines High-density lipoprotein, 647-648 by normal vs. ischemic myocardium. 618, 618f H, receptors, 736, 7361 High-osmolar contrast medium (HOCM), 432 a-Glucosidase inhibitors, 662-663, 687-689, 687f-688f H.-receptor ligands. See Antihistamines High-throughput screening, 38, 38f Glucotro!. See Glipizide H. receptors, 736, 7361 Himbacine, 567, 568f Glucotrol XL. See Glipizide HA acids, 15 Hiprex. See Methenamine hippurate Glucovance. See Glyburide; Metformin lipid barrier passage of, 16, 16f Hirudin, 144 Glucuronic acid conjugation, 89-91, 89J, 891, 90f Haemophilus influenza type B conjugate vaccine, 172 Hispri!. See Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride Glumetza. See Metformin Halazepam, 446J, 447 Histady!. See Methapyrilene hydrochloride Glustin. See Pioglitazone Halazone, 186 Histamine, 733-737 Glutamate, vitamin K and, 933, 934f Ha!cinonide, 857J, 862 acetylation of, 100-101 Glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution, 183 Ha!cion. See Triazolam biosynthesis and distribution of, 733-734, 735f Glutathione, conjugation of, 94-95 Haldo!. See Haloperidol as chemical messenger, 733-737, 735J, 7361 Glutathione reductase, inhibition of, 256, 256f Haldol decanoate. See Haloperidol deconoate in gastric acid secretion, 760, 761f Glutelins, 8831 Halfantrine, 2461-2471, 251J, 252 ionization of, 733, 734f Glutethimide, 455 Halobetasol propionate, 857J, 862 metabolism of, 737, 738f enantiomers of, 109 Halogenation, of inhalational general anesthetics, 713 methylation, 102 Glyburide, 660, 671J, 6731, 674, 674J, 676, 676f, Haloperidol, 465, 465J, 482, 482J, 4831 pharmacological intervention and, 737 678J, 681 conjugation of, 94, 96 physiologic functions mediated by, 735-737, 7361 Glycopyrrolate, 589-590 Haloperidol deconoate, 482-483 stereochemistry of, 733, 735f Glycy!cyclines, 308 Haloprogin, 195 storage and release of, 734-735 Glycyrrhetic acid, 973-974, 973f Halotestin. See Fluoxymesterone tautomerization of, 733, 734f Glycyrrhizin, 973-974, 973f Halotex. See Haloprogin termination of action of, 737, 738f Glynase. See Glyburide Halothane, 712J, 7121, 714, 714f Histamine H,-antagonists. See Antihistamines Gly-Oxide. See Carbamide peroxide topical solution metabolism of, 78-79 Histamine H2-antagonists. See Antihistamines Glyset. See Miglitol Hammett's constant, 20 Histamine H,-antagonists. See Antihistamines GMP. See Guanosine monophosphate HAV. See Hepatitis A vaccines Histamine H.-antagonists. See Antihistamines GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone HBV. See Hepatitis B vaccines Histamine receptors, 735-737, 7361 Gold compounds, 807J, 808-809 HC-3. See Hemicholinium structure-activity relationships at, 739, 739J, 7401 Gold sodium thiomalate, 807J, 808-809 hCG. See Human chorionic gonadotropin Histone deacetylase inhibitors, 408-409, 409f Gonadoliberin. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone HCV. See Hepatitis C vaccines Histones, 8831, 885 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 695-701, Heart disease Histrelin acetate, 6971, 698-699, 698f 696J, 6971, 698J, 6991, 7ooJ, 826--827, 826J, HRT and, 847 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 652-654, 652f 890,894 ischemic, 617-618, 618f HMM. See Altretamine Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, 6971, Helicobacler pylori, 760, 764 HOCM. See High-osmolar contrast medium 698-699, 698f Helixate. See Antihemophilic factor, recombinant Homatroce!' See Homatropine hydrobromide Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, Helminthic infections, 224-225 Homatropine hydrobromide, 587 699-701, 6991, 700f Hemabate. See Carboprost tromethamine Homatropine methylbromide, 587 Gonadotropins, 695-701, 696J, 6971, 698J, 6991, 7ooJ, Hemagluttin, 336 Homology-based cloning, 126, 1261 726--827, 826f, 890, 894 Hematopoietic factors, rDNA-derived, 9081, 911 Homovanillic acid (HVA), 472, 473f Gonal-F. See Follicle-stimulating hormone Hematopoietic growth factors, 136--137, 1361, 137f Hormonal contraceptives. See Contraceptive agents Goserelin, 698, 698f Hemicholinium (HC-3), 563 Hormone(s), 890-906, 8921, 8961, 897J, 8981, Gout, 809-811, 809f-81Of Hemoglobin, 906-907 9011-9021. See also Steroid hormone(s) GPIIBIIIIA receptors, 628-629 Hemoglobin C, malaria and, 244 angiotensins, 905 G proteins, 560-563, 562f Hemophilia A, 656 gastrointestinal, 903-904 GR-69153,293 Hemophilia B, 656 gonadotropins, 695-701, 696J, 6971, 698J, 6991, Gramicidin, 319-320 Hemophil M. See Antihemophilic factor 7ooJ, 726--827, 826J, 890, 894 Grand mal seizure, 492 Henderson-Hasselba!ch equation, 12 hypothalamic, 890-891 Granulocytes, 156, 157f Heparin, 655, 657-658 neurohypophyseal, 895-896, 8961 Grapefruit, drug metabolism and, 108, 108f Hepatitis A vaccines (HAV), 170 pancreatic, 897-903, 897J, 8981, 9011-9021 GRF. See Growth-releasing factor Hepatitis B vaccines (HBV), 171 parathyroid, 904-905 Grifulvin. See Griseofulvin Hepatitis C vaccines (HCV), 171 in calcium regulation, 708-709 996 Index
Honnone(s) (continued) miscellaneous, 86--87 I pituitary, 891-894, 8921 of penicillin, 265 Ibandronate, 706, 708 placental, 895 of recombinant proteins, 132 Ibritumomab tiuxetan, 150 plasmakinins, 905-906 Hydromorphone, 7831, 785 Ibuprofen, 31, 321, 7941, 795,800, 80lf rDNA-derived, 9081, 910 Hydrophilic, 43 metabolism of, 59, 61 recombinant, 134-136 Hydrophilic bond, 26 Ibutilide, 63~37 somatostatin, 890, 894-895 Hydrophobic bonds, 26, 881 ldamycin. See Idarubicin hydrochloride thyroglobulin, 906 Hydrous benzoyl peroxide, 185 Idarubicin hydrochloride, 385, 3851, 389 thyroid, 663 Hydroxocobalamin, 954 IDDM. See Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus thyrotropin, 894 N-Hydroxy-2-acetyl-aminotluorene, conjugation of, Idoxuridine, 339-340 Honnone-related disorders, nonsteroidal therapies for. 90-91 IFEX. See Ifosfamide See Nonsteroidal therapies for honnone 2-Hydroxy-17f3-estradiol, conjugation of, 97, 99 !Fa. See Ifosfamide related disorders Hydroxyamphetamine, 544 Ifosfamide, 360--361, 3611, 3631, 369 Honnone replacement therapy (HRT) Hydroxyapatite, 705 Ifosfarnidum. See Ifosfamide with androgens, 848-849 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, 190 IG. See Immune globulin combined estrogen/progestin, 846--847, 8461 Hydroxybupropion, 515 IgA, 165, 165f estrogens in, 831 Hydroxychloroquine, 2461-2471, 2491, 250, 807f, 808 IgD,165 Honnone therapy, for bone disease, 708-710, 709f 4-Hydroxycoumarin, conjugation of, 90-91 IgE, 165 hPL. See Human placental lactogen N-Hydroxydapsone, conjugation of, 90-91 IgG, 1621, 164 HPMPC. See Cidofovir 2-Hydroxyethyltriethylammonium, 563-564 IGIV. See Intravenous immune globulin hPTH. See Teriparatide injection Hydroxytlutarnide, 851f IgM, 1631, 164 HPV. See Human papillomavirus vaccine Hydroxylamine, metabolism of, 69-70 Iletin, 667 HRT. See Honnone replacement therapy Hydroxymethyl OMPA, 579-580 Iloprost, 877 5-HT1A antagonists, 515 m-Hydroxyphenol, 195 Ilosone. See Erythromycin estolate 5-HT1B1lD receptors, triptan binding to, 811-814 p-Hydroxyphenytoin, conjugation of, 89-90 Ilotycin. See Erythromycin 5-HTZA antagonists, SSRIs and, 514-515 17a-Hydroxypregnenolone, 821f Ilotycin Gluceptate. See Erythromycin gluceptate Humalog. See Insulin lispro Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, 8381, 8381, 839-840 Imaging studies. See Radiopharmaceuticals Humalog Kwikpen, See Insulin lispro 8-Hydroxyquinoline,221-222 Imatinib mesylate, 403, 4041, 405 Humalog Mix. See Insulin lispro Hydroxystreptomycin, 297 Imciromab pentetate, 150 Humalog Mix Kwikpen. See Insulin lispro 4-Hydroxytamoxifen, 833f Imetit, 773, 773f Humalog pen. See Insulin lispro Hydroxyurea, 383 lmidazolines, 534 Human choriomammotropin. See Human placental Hydroxyzine, 7401-7411 Imiglucerase, 145,9081,910 lactogen Hylore!. See Guanadrel; Guanadrel sulfate Imiglucerase injection, 8881, 889 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 895 Hyoscine. See Scopolamine Imigrain. See Sumatriptan Human deoxyribonuclease I, recombinant, 144-145 Hyoscine hydrobromide. See Scopolamine Imipenem-cilastatin, 276--277 Human growth honnone, recombinant, 135-136 hydrobromide Imipramine hydrochloride, 511 Human immunodeficiency virus entry inhibitors, 351 Hyoscyamine, 30, 582, 584-586 metabolism of, 8, 551, 62~3 Human immunodeficiency virus infection Hyoscyamine sulfate, 586 Imitrex. See Sumatriptan chemokine receptor binders for, 351 Hypercalcemia, malignancy related, 705 Immepip, 773, 773f combination antiviral therapy, 352 Hypericins, 965-966, 966f Immune function, histamine role in, 736--737 entry inhibitors, 351 Hyperlipidemia, 647 Immune globulin (IG), 165 gp41 fusion activity inhibitors for, 352 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 648~49, 6491 Immune sy stem integrase inhibitors, 352 Hyperparathyroidism, 709-710, 709f acute phase factors, 160, 1601 newer agents for, 346--352 Hyperpolarization, of neuronal membrane, 719-720, cells of, 156--159, 157f-158f, 1581 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 719f complement pathway 347-348 Hypersensitivity alternative, 160-161, 160f protease inhibitors, 348-351 to cephalosporins, 285 classical, 160-161, 162f reverse transcriptase inhibitors for, 343-346 histamine role in, 736, 739-740 immunity, 159-165 short-interfering RNA, 352 to local anesthetics, 724-726 interferons, 161, 1611, 1611,337-338 vaccine for, 347 Hyperstat IV. See Diazoxide Immunity, 159-165 Human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors, Hypertensin. See Angiotensin amide acquired, 1591, 161-165 348-351 Hypertension, 637~39, 641 acquisition of, 165-174 Human insulin, recombinant, 667~68, 6671, renin-angiotensin system in, 607~09, 608f~9f innate, 159-161, 1591, 1601 6681~691, 898, 900, 9011-9021 Hyperthyroidism, 663~64 Immunization. See also Vaccines Human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV), 171-172 Hyperuricemia, 809-811, 809f-81Of bacterial vaccines, 172-173 Human placental lactogen (hPL), 895 Hypervariable regions, 147 childhood schedulefor, 174, 174f-175f Humate-P. See Antihemophilic factor Hypervitaminosis toxoids, 166--168, 173-174 Humatin. See Paramomycin sulfate vitamin A, 922-923 viral vaccines, 168-172
Humatrope. See Somatropin, rDNA origin vitamin Bj, 938 Immunobiologicals, 156--178 Humorso!. See Demecarium bromide vitamin Bz, 939 bacterial vaccines, 172-173 Humulin. See Human insulin~ recombinant vitamin B3, 942 definitions of, 165-166 Humulin 70/30. See Neutral protamine Hagedorn vitamin B" 944 immune system cells, 156--159, 157f-1581, 1581 insulin vitamin Bo, 947 immunity, 159-165 Humulin 70/30 Pen. See Neutral protamine Hagedorn vitamin B7 , 948 storage and handling of. 167-168 insulin vitamin B9, 951 toxoids, 166--168, 173-174 Humulin N. See Neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin vitamin B 12, 954 vaccines, 166--168 Humulin R. See Human insulin, recombinant vitamin C, 955 adjuvant technologies, 174-177 Humulin R Pen. See Human insulin, recombinant vitamin D, 927 bacterial, 172-173 HVA. See Homovanillic acid vitamin E, 931 nucleic acid, 177-178 Hyaluronidase for injection, 8881, 889 vitamin K, 935 viral, 168-172 Hybridoma techniques, 146--147, 147f Hypnotics. See Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics viral vaccines, 168-172 Hycamptamine. See Topotecan hydrochloride Hypochlorous acid, 186 Immunoglobulin, structure and function of, 162-163, Hycamtin. See Topotecan hydrochloride Hypoglycemic agents, 658-669 162f Hydralazine, acetylation of, 100-101 biguanides, 685~87, 685f~86f Immunosuppressants, gIucocorticoids, 853-864, Hydralazine hydrochloride, 643, 643f bisguanidines, 662 854f-8571, 8581, 8601, 864f Hydrea. See Hydroxyurea glinides, 668~81, 670f-672f, 6731, 674f~801, Imodium. See Loperamide Hydrocodone, 7831, 785 6761 Implanon, 846 Hydrocortisone, 8211, 8221, 853-855, 854f-8561, a-glucosidase inhibitors, 662~63, 687~89, Imuran. See Azathioprine 857-859,8581,861 687f~88f Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), 168-169 metabolism of, 855, 855f metaglinides, 661 Inapsine. See Droperidol Hydrocortisone acetate, 8221 sulfonylureas, 659~61, 668~81, 670f~721, 6731, Increlex. See Mecaserrnin Hydrocortisone NaPa., 8221 674f~801, 6761 Incretin mimetics, 69~94, 6901, 693f~95f Hydrocortisone valerate, 856f thiazolidinediones, 662, 681~85, 682f~851, 6841 Incretin system modulating agents, 69~94, 6901, Hydrogen bond, 26, 28-29, 28f Hypothalamus, honnones of, 890-891 693f~95f Hydrolytic reactions, 86--88 Hypothyroidism, 663 Indera!. See Propranolol bioactivation of prodrugs, 87-88 Hypoxanthine, 40, 40f Indinavir, 349 esters and amides, 86 Hytrin. See Terazosin; Terazosin hydrochloride Indirect effect of radiation damage, 417 Index 997 Indium e"ln) capromab pendetide, 419-420 Interleukins, recombinant, 141-142 Ixabepilone. 399-400, 399J, 400t Indium chloride (" I In), 420 Intermediate-density lipoprotein, 647--{;48 Ixempra. See Ixabepilone Indium ("lIn) oxyquinoline, 420 Interpolar microtubules, 397 Indium (" I In) pentetate, 420-421 Interstitial cell-stimulation hormone. See Luteinizing J Indium e"ln) pentetreotide, 421 hormone Jacksonian motor epilepsy, 492 Indium radiopharmaceuticals, 419-421 Intestinal disorders, sulfonamides for, 238-239 Jadelle,846 Indocin. See Indomethacin Intocostrin, 600 Janumel. See Metformin; Sitagliptin phosphate Indolethylamines, 516 Intrauterine ring, 844t, 845-846 Januvia. See Sitagliptin phosphate Indomethacin, 15, 794-795, 794t, 795J, 799, 799f Intravenous immune globulin (IGIV), 165 JE-2147,351 metabolism of, 75-76, 86, 88 Intrinsic actiVity, of drugs, 581 Infarct, myocardial, 613 Intron A. See Interferon alfa-2b, recombinant K Inflammation Introns, 122. 122f Kabikinase. See Streptokinase COX-I,COX-2, and prostaglandin role in, 792-793, Intropin. See Dopamine Kallidin, 905-906 793f Invanz. See Ertapenem Kanamycin sulfate, 294, 299 histamine role in, 736 Inversine. See Mecamylamine hydrochloride antitubercular activity of, 215 neurogenic, 812 Invirase. See Saquinavir inactivation of, 295-296 Infliximab, 149 Iodine radiopharmaceuticals, 421-422 Kantrex. See Kanamycin sulfate Influenza type A, 336--337 Iodine (131 I) tositumomab, 422 Kapseals. See Phenytoin Influenza type B, 336--337 Iodipamide meglumine. 433 Keflex. See Cephalexin Influenza vaccine, 168 Iodixanol, 434 Keflin. See Cephalothin sodium Informatics, 150--151 Iodophors, 185-186 Kefora!. See Cephalexin Inhaled general anesthetics, 711-716, 712t, 7141-716f Iodoquinol, 220, 222 Kefzo!' See Cefazolin sodium ideal, 711-712, 712t Iohexol, 434 Kemadrin. See Procyclidine hydrochloride mechanism of action of, 713-714 Ionamin. See Phentermine ion-exchange resin Keppra. See Levetiracetam structure-activity relationships of, 712-713, 712f Ion channels. See also Voltage-gated ion channels Kerione. See Betaxolol Inhibitors, 885 acetylcholine and, 559-560, 559f-560J, 562-563 Ketamine, 717-718, 718f Inhiston. See Pheniramine maleate calcium, 623, 623f--{;24f metabolism of, 65, 67 Injectable general anesthetics, 716--718, 717f-718f inhalation general anesthetic interaction with, Ketek. See Telithromycin Injection, for drug distribution, 5 713-714 Ketoconazole, 203-204 Innate immunity, 159-161, 159t-16Ot, 165 local anesthetic binding to, 720, 72lf-722J, Ketoprofen, 794t, 795, 801, 80lf acquired vs., 159, 159t 722-723,724f Ketorolac, 799J, 800 pattern recognition receptors and, 176 in nerve conduction, 719-720, 72lf-722f Ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution. 759-760 Inocor. See Amrinone sodium, 720, 72lf-722J, 722-723, 724f Khellin, 757 Inotropic agents. See Positive inotropic agents Ionic ratio 1.5 contrast agents, 432 Kidney. See Renal system drugs Insecticides Ionizing radiation, 413, 416 Killed pathogen, vaccine, 166 drug metabolism and, 108 Iopamidol,434 Kinins, 607--{;O8 for mosquito control, 244-245 Iopidine. See Apraclonidine Klonopin. See Clonazepam In silico screening, 24 Iopromide, 435 Koate HP. See Antihemophilic factor Inspra. See Eplerenone Iothalamate meglumine, 435 Koch, Robert, 179 Insulin Ioversol, 435 KoGENate. See Antihemophilic factor, recombinant bovine, 668, 668t Ioxaglate, 436 Kogenate. See Antihemophilic factor, recombinant in glucose metabolism disorders, 667 Ioxilan, 436 Kwell. See Lindane metabolic effects of, 899-900 Iphosphamide. See Ifosfamide Kwildane. See Lindane as pancreatic hormone, 897-90 I, 897f, 898t, Ipratropium bromide, 587-588 901t-902t IPV. See Inactivated polio vaccine L porcine, 668, 668t Irbesartan, 613 LAAM. See Acetylmethadol recombinant, human, 134-135 Iressa. See Gefitinib Labetalol, 554-555 recombinant human, 667--{;68, 667J, 668t--{;69t, Irinotecan hydrochloride, 392J, 393, 3941 j3-Lactam antibiotics, 260--261. See also 898, 900, 901t-902t Iron oxide, for MRI, 437 Cephalosporin(s); Monobactams; Penicillin(s) secretion of, 669--{;70, 670f, 676, 898 Isaglitazone, 682 mechanism of action of, 261 structure of, 667, 668f Ischemic heart disease, 617--{; 18, 618f j3-Lactamase(s) Insulin aspart, 668t--{;69t Ismelin. See Guanethidine cephalosporin resistance to, 282-284, 284f Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), 667 Isobars, 413 inactivation of, 274, 275f Insulin detemir, 668t--{;69t Isocarboxazid, 523 penicillin resistance and, 265-266 Insulin glargine, 668t--{;69t Isodine. See Povidone-iodine j3-Lactamase inhibitors, 274-278 Insulin glulisine, 668t--{;69t Isoetharine, 542 classification of, 274 Insulin injection, 900, 90lt-902t Isoflurane, 712J, 712t, 713, 715, 715f discovery of, 274 Insulin lispro, 668t--{;69t Isoflurophate, 572t, 577J, 578 types of, 275-278 Insulin secretagogues. See Sulfonylureas Isomeric transition, 414 Lamictal. See Lamotrigine Insulin sensitivity. 667 Isomers, 413 Lamisi!. See Terbinafine hydrochloride Insulin zinc suspension, 901, 901t-902t conformational, 27 Lamivudine,345-346 Inta!. See Cromolyn sodium geometric, 27 Lamotrigine, 492, 499J, 500 Integrase inhibitors, 352 Isoniazid, 215-216 Lampil. See Nifurtimox Integrilin. See Eptifibatide acetylation of, 100--101 Lamprene. See Clofazimine Interferon alfa-2a, 139, 139t conjugation of, 94, 96 LanosteroI14a-demethylase, 201, 201J, 203 recombinant, 909t, 911 Isopentaquine, 250, 250f Lanoxin. See Digoxin Interferon alfa-2b, 139-140, 139t Isophane insulin. See Neutral protamine Hagedorn Lanreotide acetate, 895 recombinant, 908t, 911 insulin Lansoprazole. 765. 766t-767t, 767-768, 770 Interferon alfacon-I, 139t, 140 Isopropamide iodide, 592, 594 Lantus. See Insulin glargine Interferon alfa-n I, 139t, 140 Isopropyl alcohol, 182 Lapatinib ditosylate, 404J, 406 Interferon alfa-n3, 139t, 140, 908t, 911 Isoproterenol, 45, 532-533, 540--541 Larotid. See Amoxicillin Interferon beta-la, 140--141, 140t, 909t, 911 methylation, 102-103 Lasofoxifene, 833-834, 833f Interferon beta-I b, 14Ot, 141 Isoptin. See Verapamil Latanoprost, 878 recombinant, 908t, 911 Isordi!. See Isosorbide dinitrate; Isosorbide dinitrate, LCR. See Vincristine sulfate Interferon gamma-Ib, 141 diluted Lee and Richards surface, 35 Interferons, 161, 161J, 161t, 337-338, 908t-909t, Isosorbide dinitrate Leflunomide, 807J, 808 910--911 conjugation of, 97-98 Leishmaniasis, 221, 224 alfa, 337-338, 338f-339f diluted, 620t, 622 Lente insulin, 90 I, 90It-902t beta, 337-338, 338f-339f Isosterism, 39-40, 39f-40J, 39t Lepirudin, recombinant, 144 classification of, 337-338, 338f Isotones,413 Leprosy, 215, 239-240 function of, 337-338, 339f Isotopes, 413 Lesco!. See Fluvastatin gamma, 337-338, 338f Isovue. See Iopamidol Letairis. See Ambrisentan mechanism of, 337-338, 338f-339f Isradipine, 623t, 626 Letrozole, 835J, 836 recombinant. 138-141, 138J, 139t-140t Isupre!. See Isoproterenol Letter. See Levothyroxine sodium a-Interferons. recombinant, 139-140, 139t Itraconazole. 204 I.-Leucine, 498, 498f j3-Interferons, recombinant, 140--141, 140t Ivermectin, 227 Leucine-enkephalin, 778, 893 y-Interferons. recombinant, 141 Ivomec. See Ivermectin Leucovorin, 379, 381J, 951 998 Index
Leukine. See Sargramostin Local anesthetics, 718-730, 718f-719J, 72lf-722J, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Leukotrienes. See Eicosanoids 724J, 727f-728f contrast agents for, 413, 43~0 Leuprolide acetate, 6971, 698--{j99, 698f allergic reactions to, 724--726 description of, 436, 437f Leurocristine. See Vincristine sulfate amino amide, 72~729, 727f-728f Magnevist. See Gadopentetate dimeglumine Leustatin. See Cladribine esters, 725-726 Ma huang, 962, 968-969, 969f Levalbuterol, 542 future directions of, 729-730 Major histocompatibility antigens, 156 Levamisole, 30 mechanism of action of, 722-723. 722f Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 20, 156 Levato!. See Penbutolol methemoglobinemia associated with, 725 Malaria, 242 Levemir. See Insulin detemir structure-activity relationships of, 723-724, 724f control of, 242 Levetiracetarn, 499J, 500 vasoconstrictors used with, 724-725 drug-resistant, 249-250 Levitra. See Vardenafil hydrocbloride LOCM. See Low osmolar contrast medium drug therapy for, 245-256 Levobunolol, 551, 552f Lodine. See Etodolac history of, 242 Levobupivacaine, 30 Lodoxamide tromethamine, 758 mosquito control for, 244-245 Levobuvacaine, 728-729 Log D values, 9761-9831 pathophysiology of, 243-244, 243f Levocetirizine, 7401-7411 Log P values, 9761-9831 Plasmodium spp. and, 242-243, 243f Levocetirizine dihydrochloride, 756 Lomefloxacin, 208, 2081, 212 poverty and, 245 Levodopa, 30, 471, 472J, 474, 478, 523 Lomotil,787 protective mutations against, 244 methylation, 102-103 Lomustine, 365, 366J, 371 vaccinations and, 245, 255 Levo-Dromoran, 786 Loniten. See Minoxidil Malathion, 578-579, 580f Levofloxacin, 213 Loperamide, 787-788, 787f Malignancy. hypercalcemia of, 705 Levoid. See Levothyroxine sodium Lopid. See Gemfibrozil Malignant hyperthermia (MH), 714 Levomethorphan, 31f Lopinavir, 349 Mandelamine. See Methenamine mandelate Levonorgestrel, 840 Lopressor. See Metoprolol Mandol. See Cefamandole nafate Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LRIS), Loprox. See Ciclopirox olamine Mangafodipir trisodium, 439 8431,845 Lorabid. See Loracarbef Manganese, for MRI, 437 Levophed. See Norepinephrine Loracarbef. 2801, 287 Mannisidostreptomycin, 297 Levopropoxyphene,31f Loratadine, 7401-7411, 755 Mansoni!. See Niclosamide Levorphano!. 785-786 Lorazepam, 449 MAO. See Monoamine oxidase Levothyroxine, 30 Lorelco. See Probucol MAO-B inhibitors, 474-475 Levothyroxine sodium, 663 Lorothido!. See Bithionol MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Levoxine. See Levothyroxine sodium Lortab. See Hydrocodone Maolate. See Chlorphenesin carbamate Levsin sulfate. See Hyoscyamine sulfate Lortab ASA. See Hydrocodone Maprotiline hydrochloride, 513 LH. See Luteinizing hormone Losartan,612--{j13 Marezine. See Cyclizine hydrochloride Librax. See Clidinium bromide Losee. See Omeprazole Marplan. See Isocarboxazid Librium. See Chlordiazepoxide; Chlordiazepoxide Lotemax. See Loteprednol etabonate Mast cells, 157, 157f hydrochloride Lotensin. See Benazepril hydrochloride Mast cell stabilizers, 757-759 Licorice, 973-974, 973f Loteprednol etabonate, 860J, 862 Matulane. See Procarbazine Lidocaine, 45, 72~727, 727f Lotrimin. See Clotrimazole Mavik. See Trandolapril metabolism of, 7, 63, 86, 88 Lovastatin, 653 Maxair. See Pirbuterol Lidocaine hydrochloride, 633--{j34, 634f Lovaza, 875 Maxalt. See Rizatriptan Ligand-gated sodium channels, 720, 72lf-722f Low-density lipoprotein, 64749, 6491 Maxalt-MLT. See Rizatriptan local anesthetic binding to, 720, 72lf-722J, Low osmolar contrast medium (LOCM), 432 Maxaquin. See Lomefloxacin 722-723,724f Loxapine, 463-464 Maxipime. See Cefepime Ligation, 124 LRIS. See Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine McN-A-343, 561 Linagliptin, 693, 694f system MDA. See 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine Lincocin. See Lincomycin hydrochloride LSD. See (+ )-Lysergic acid diethylamide MDR. See Multidrug resistance Lincomycin hydrochloride, 313-314 Lubiprostone, 877 Measles vaccine, 169 Lincomycins, 2601, 313-315 Ludiomi!. See Maprotiline hydrochloride Mebendazole, 225-226 Lindane, 228 Lumefantrine, 2461-2471, 251J, 252, 255 Mecamylamine, 598 Linezolid, 323 Lumiracoxib, 802-803, 802f Mecamylamine hydrochloride, 595, 599 Liothyronine sodium, 663 Lunesta. See Eszopiclone Mecasermin, 895 Lipid(s) Lupron. See Leuprolide acetate Mechanism of action of, discovery and development classes of, 64748, 647f Lupron Depot. See Leuprolide acetate of,457-458 metabolism of, 648, 648f Lutalyse. See Dinoprost trimethamine Mechlorethamine hydrochloride, 359-360, 359f-360J, structure of, 647, 647f Luteinizing hormone (LH), 696--{)97, 699, 82~27, 368 Lipid-lowering agents, 647--{j54, 647f-648f, 6491, 826J, 890, 894 Meclan. See Meclocycline sulfosalicylate 652f Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. See Meclizine hydrochloride, 747-748 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 652--{j54, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Meclocycline sulfosalicylate, 307 652f Luteolin, 968, 968f Meclofenamate, 802 hyperlipoproteinemias, 64849, 6491 Luvox. See Fluvoxamine Meclofenamic acid, 802f lipoprotein classes, 64748, 647f LY 303366, 206 Meclomen. See Meclofenamate lipoprotein metabolism, 648, 648f Lybrel,844 Medazepam, metabolism of, 76, 78 Lipid membrane LYMErix, 145 Medical imaging. See Radiopharmaceuticals cholesterol in, 193, 193f Lymphoid cell line, 157J, 159 Medicinal herbs, 961-974 ergosterol in, 193, 194f Lyovac Cosmegen. See Dactinomycin-D in cancer treatment, 972, 973f Lipid microspheres. See Perflutren Lypressin, 896 capsicum, 967, 967f Lipinski Rule of Five, 37-38, 381 Lyrica. See Pregabalin chamomile, 968, 968f Lipitor. See AlOrvastatin (+ )-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 51~517 cranberry, 969 Lipophilic, 43 definition of, 962 Lipoprotein(s) M as drugs, 962-963 classes of, 64748, 647f M I receptors, 561, 567-568 echinacea, 962-964, 963f-964f metabolism of, 648, 648f M2 receptors, 561, 567-568 epbedra, 962, 968-969, 969f structure of, 647, 647f M3 receptors, 562, 567 feverfew, 964-965, 965f Lipotropins, 778, 779J, 893 M4 receptors. 562, 567-568 garlic, 967-968, 967f Lipoxygenase pathway, 870-871, 87 If Ms receptors, 562, 567 Ginkgo bi/oba, 963, 969-970, 970f Liquified phenol, 183 Macrodantin. See Nitrofurantoin ginseng, 962. 970-971, 970f-971f Liraglutide, 690J, 691 Macrolides, 308-313 historic aspects of, 961-962 Lisinopril, 610 chemistry of, 309 licorice, 973-974, 973f Lister, Joseph, 179, 183 mechanism of action of, 309 milk thistle, 971-972, 97 If Lithium carbonate, 468-469 microbial resistance to, 309 pennyroyal, 972, 972f Lithium citrate, 468-469 spectrum of activity of. 309 purity and standardization of, 962 Lithium salts, 468-469 types of, 309-313 St. John's wort, 963, 965-967, 966f Live/attenuated pathogen, vaccine, 166 Macrophages, 157-159, 157f-158f valerian, 972, 972f Live/attenuated related pathogen, vaccine, 166 Mafenide acetate, 238 Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 838J, 8381, 840 Lobac. See Salicylamide Magan. See Magnesium salicylate Mefenamic acid, 801-802, 802f Local anesthetic effect, 550-551 Magnesium salicylate, 798 Mefloquine hydrochloride, 2461-2471, 249J, 250 Index 999 Mefoxin. See Cefoxitin sodium Methenamine mandelate, 214 Midazolam, 449, 451 Megace. See Megestrol acetate Methicillin sodium. 2691, 270-271 Midodrine, 536 Megestrol acetate, 838f, 840 Methimazole, 664 Mifeprex. See Mifepristone Meglitinide, 674, 675f...(,76f See also Glinides conjugation of, 90-91 Mifepristone, 841, 841f Melanocyte-stimulation honnone (MSH). 892-893 Methionine-enkephalin, 778, 893 Miglitol, 663, 687",(,89, 687f...(,88f Melanotropins. 892-893 Methitural, metabolism of, 75, 77 Migraine, 811-812 Melarsoprol, 223-224 Methocarbamol, 456 Milk thistle, 971-972, 97 If Melatonin, 45 1-452 Methoctramine, 561, 567, 568f Milrinone, 647 Melatonin receptor agonists, 451-452 Methotrexate, 40, 40f, 372, 379, 380f, 383 Miltown. See Meprobamate Mel B. See Melarsoprol as DMARD, 807f, 808 Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, 615, 864 Mellari!. See Thioridazine hydrochloride Methoxamine, 536 Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), 825 Meloxicam, 7941, 795-796, 796f, 803 Methoxyflurane, 712f, 7121, 715 Mineralocorticoids, 853-864, 854f-857f, 8581, 860f, Melphalan, 360, 36Of, 369 Methsuximide, 500. 50 If 864f Membrane-depressant antiarrhythmic agents, 631",(,35, lrans-N-Methyl-4-( I-napthylvinyl)pyridinium iodide, biological activities of, 855-856 6311,634f 564,564f structural classes of, 856--859, 856f-857f, 8581 Membrane responsiveness, 630 N-Methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, metabolism of, 70, 72 Minipill, 8431, 845 Menadione, 4 cis-2-Methy1-4-trimetylarnmonium-1,3-dioxolane, Minipress. See Prazosin; Prazosin hydrochloride Menaquinone, 932, 932f 565-566 Minocin. See Minocycline hydrochloride Menest. See Esterified estrogens Methylation, 102-104, 102f Minocycline hydrochloride, 302, 3021, 305, 3051, Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, 173 Methylbenzethonium chloride, 188 307-308 Menopause, HRT for, 846 3-MethylchoJanthrene, metabolism of, 55f Minoxidil, 645, 645f Menotropins, 894 Methyldopa, 539-540, 540f metabolism of, 60. 62 Menstruation, steroid honnone regulation of, 826--827, metabolism of, 69 Mintezo!. See Thiabendazole 826f methylation, 102-103 Miradon. See Anisindione Mepenzolate bromide, 589-590 a-Methyldopa, conjugation of, 91-92 Miraluma. See Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi Meperidine, 45, 475, 786--787, 787f L-a-Methyldopa. See Methyldopa Mirapex. See Pramipexole dihydrochloride metabolism of, 63, 65 Methyldopate hydrochloride. 641...(,42 Mirena, 8431, 845 Mephobarbital. 453, 4541 Methylene blue, 179, 189 Mirtazapine, 515, 549 metabolism of. 71-72 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 516 Mismatch repair (MMR), 363-365 Mepivacaine, 727 Methyl ethyl ethers. 713 Misoprostol, 772-773, 793, 877 Meprobamate, 455-456 a-Methylhistamine, 773, 773f Misoprostol-diclofenac, 877 conjugation of, 90-91 Methylhydrazine. 366 Mite. See Mitomycin C Mepron. See Atovaquone cr-Methyl-L-tyrosine. See Metyrosine Mitiglinide, 675f 6-Mercaptopurine, 40, 4Of, 372, 378-379, 378f-379f, Methylnaltrexone, 79 If, 792 Mitochondria, cytochrome P450, 46 382 Methylparaben, 190 Mitomycin C, 2601, 400, 400f metabolism of, 7-8 Methylparathion, 578 Mitoxantrone hydrochloride, 387-389, 388f Mercaptopurinum. See Mercaptopurine Methyl parathion, conjugation of, 95 Mivacron. See Mivacurium chloride Mercapturic acid conjugates, 94-98, 95f Methylphenidate hydrochloride, 508-509 Mivacurium chloride, 599, 603 Mercuric oxide, 189 metabolism of, 65",(,7, 86--87 Mixed-function oxidases, 45, 451 Mercury compounds, for anti-infective agents, 179, Methylprednisolone, 823f, 857f, 8581, 862 Mixed opioid agonist/antagonists, 790-791 189-190 solubility of, 5 MMR. See Mismatch repair Meridia. See Sibutramine Methylprednisolone sodium succinate, 823f Moban. See Molindone hydrochloride Meropenem, 277-278 17cr-Methyltestosterone, 823f, 848, 849f, 850 Mobic. See Meloxicam Merozoites, 243-244, 243f 6-(Methylthio)-purine, metabolism of, 75-76 Mobidin. See Magnesium salicylate Merrem. See Meropenem Methylxanthines, 505-506, 5051 Mobile probes, 151 Mescaline, 516 Metiamide, 761, 7621 Moclobemide, 510 acetylation of, 100-10I metabolism of, 76, 78 Modafinil, 504 conjugation of, 94, 96 Metipranolol, 551, 552f Modified insulins, 667",(,68, 667f, 6681...(,691 metabolism of. 69 Metoclopramide, 468 Molar refractivity, 20 Mesna, 360, 362f Metocurine iodide, 60I Molecular connectivity, 22 Mesocortical pathway, 472, 473f Metoprolol, 552-553, 553f Molecular mechanics, 32-33 Mesolimbic pathway, 472, 473f metabolism of, 55, 57,75-76 Molindone hydrochloride, 468 Mesopin. See Homatropine methylbromide Metrazo!. See Pentylenetetrazole Molybdenum-99/teehnetium-99m system, 415-416, 416f Mesoridazine besylate, 4611, 462-463 Metrifonate, 573, 575 Molybdenum radiopharmaceuticals, 415-416, 416f Mestinon. See Pyridostigmine bromide Metro IV. See Metronidazole Mometasone furoate, 860f, 862-863 Mestranol, 829f, 832 Metronidazole, 221 Monistat. See Miconazole nitrate Metabolic syndrome, 666...(,67. See also Diabetes metabolism of, 70-71, 84 Monoalkylation, 361-362 Metaglinides, 661 Metubine iodide. See Metocurine iodide Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 472, 523, 524f Metaglip. See Glipizide; Metformin Metyrapone, metabolism of, 82 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), 509-510, 5101 Metaphen. See Nitromersol Metyrosine, 528, 529f-530f, 530 Monoamine reuptake inhibitors, 509-511 Metaproterenol, 533, 541 Mevacor. See Lovastatin Monoaminopropyl antihistamines. See Propylamine Metaraminol, 545 Mexate. See Methotrexate antihistamines Metasep. See p-Chloro-m-xylenol Mexiletine hydrochloride, 634...(,35 Monobactams, 293-294 Metastable state, 414 Mexiti!. See Mexiletine hydrochloride Monocid. See Cefonicid sodium Metastasis, 355 Meyer-Overton theory, 713 Monoclate-P. See Antihemophilic factor Metfonnin, 662, 685",(,87, 685f Mezlin. See Mezlocillin sodium Monoclonal antibodies Methacholine, 567 Mezlocillin sodium, 268, 2691, 273-274 for bone disease treatment, 710 confonnation of, 565, 565f MH. See Malignant hyperthermia production of, 146--147, 147f Methacholine chloride, 568-569 MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex products, 147-149 Methacycline hydrochloride, 302. 306 Miacalcin. See Calcitonin, salmon radionuclide test kits, 149-150 Methadol, acetylation of, 100-10I Micardis. See Telmisartan therapeutic radionuclide, 149-150 Methadone, 28. 788-789, 788f-789f Micatin. See MiconazoIe nitrate Monocytes. 157-159, 157f-158f metabolism of, 63...(,4 Michael addition, 97 Mononine. See Factor IX, recombinant S( +)-Methadone, metabolism of, 82 Miconazole nitrate, 203 Monooxygenases, 45, 451 Methamphetamine hydrochloride, 5061, 507, 533 Microbial resistance Monophasic combination contrdCeptive tablets, 8421, 844 metabolism of, 65, 67 to aminoglycosides, 295-296 Monopri!. See Fosinopril sodium Methantheline bromide, 590 to antibiotics, 260 Monuro!. See Fosfomycin tromethamine Methapyrilene hydrochloride, 746 to macrolides, 309 Moricizine, 635 Methdilazine, 7401, 752 to penicillins, 265-267 Morphinan, 783f, 785-786 Methdilazine hydrochloride, 752 to sulfonamides, 235 Morphine, 45, 782f-784f, 783-784 Methemoglobin, 70 to tetracyclines, 303, 308 conjugation of, 89-90 Methemoglobinemia, after local anesthetic Micronase. See Glyburide metabolism of, 63, 65 administration, 725 Microsatellites, 363 methylation, 103-104 Methemoglobinemia toxicity, 70 instability, 363 Mosquito control, for malaria, 244-245 Methenamine, 214 Microsomes, 46 MotHin, 904 Methenamine hippurate, 214 Microtubules, interpolar, 397 Motor nerves, 558 1000 Index
Motrin. See Ibuprofen Nasacort. See Triamcinolone acetonide NIDDM. See Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 6-MP. See Mercaptopurine; 6-Mercaptopurine Nasarel. See Flunisolide Nifedipine, as vasodilator, 623--625, 623t, 626/ MR!. See Magnetic resonance imaging Nasonex. See Mometasone furoate Nifurtimox, 223 mRNA, in biotechnology, 123, 123/ Natacyn. See Natamycin Nigrostriatal pathway, 472, 473/ MRPI. See Multidrug resistance protein Natamycin, 198-199 Nilandron. See Nilutamide MRs. See Mineralocorticoid receptors Nateglinide, 661, 672, 674/--675J, 676t, 679--681, 680/ Nilutamide, 851-852, 851/ MSH. See Melanocyte-stimulation hormone Navane. See Tbiothixene Nimetazepam, metabolism of, 58-59 MTA. See Pemetrexed Navelbine. See Vinorelbine ditartrate Nimodipine, 623t, 626 MTC. See Mitomycin C Neamine, 298 Nimotop. See Nimodipine MTX. See Methotrexate Nebcin. See Tobramycin sulfate Nipent. See Pentostatin Multidrug resistance (MDR), vinca alkaloids, 397 Nebido. See Testosterone undecanoate Nipride. See Sodium nitroprusside Multidrug resistance protein (MRPI), 397 Nebramycins, 300 Nisoldipine, 627 MultiHance. See Gadobenate dimeglumine Nedocromil sodium, 758 Nisoxetine, 514 Multiple modes of action, conformational flexibility Nefazodone,514--515 Nitrates, 620, 620t and, 29-30, 29/ Negatron emission, 414 Nitrazepam, metabolism of, 84 Multivariate, 23 NegGram. See Nalidixic acid Nitrendipine, 627 Mumps vaccine, 170 Nelfinavir, 349-350 Nitric acid esters, 620, 620t Mupirocin, 322 Neomycin sulfate, 297-298 Nitric oxide (NO), 620t Muromonab-CD3,148-149 Neoplasia, 355 formation of, 619 Muscarine Neosamine, 298 malaria and, 244 activity of, 565-566 Neosar. See Cyclophosphamide in smooth muscle relaxation, 618--619, 619/ isomers of, 565, 566/ Neostigmine, 572t, 573J, 574, 601--602 Nitrites, 617, 620, 620t structure of, 567/ Neostigmine bromide, 574 Nitrofurans, 213-214 Muscarinic antagonists, 567-581, 568/ Neostigmine methylsulfate, 574 Nitrofurantoin, 213-214 Muscarinic receptors, 560--563, 561/-562/ Neo-Synephrine. See Phenylephrine Nitrofurazone, 213 antagonists of, 567-568, 568/ Nepafenac, 799J, 800 Nitrogen mustards, 359-361 binchemical effects of stimulation of, 562-563, 562/ Nerves Nitroglycerin, 45, 619--621, 620t structure of, 566--567, 566J, 567t action potentials in, 719-720 conjugation of, 97-98 subtypes of, 56Q--562 local anesthetic mechanism of action on, 722-723, Nitromersol, 189-190 Muscle 722/ Nitropress. See Sodium nitroprusside contraction of, 618--619, 619J, 622, 622/ motor, 558 Nitroprusside, 620t excitation-contraction coupling of, 622, 622/ physiology of, 718-719, 718/-719/ Nitrosothiol, 620t relaxation of, 618--619, 619/ somatic, 558 Nitrosoureas, 365, 366/-367/ Musculotropic drugs, 583-584 Nervous system, divisions of, 558 Nitrostat. See Nitroglycerin Mustargen. See Mechlorethamine hydrochloride Netilmicin sulfate, 300--301 Nitrous acid esters, 620, 620t Mutamycin. See Mitomycin C Netoglitazone, 682, 682/ Nitrous oxide, 712J, 712t, 714 Myambutol. See Ethambutol Netromycin. See Netilmicin sulfate Nitrovasodilators, 618--622, 619[ 620t Mycelex. See Clotrimazole Neumega. See Oprelvekin antianginal action of, 620 Mycobacterium avium, 215 Neupogen. See Filgrastim; Fligrastim esters of nitrous and nitric acids, 620, 620t Mycobacterium intracellulare, 215 Neupro. See Rotigotine metabolism of, 619--620, 620t Mycobacterium kansasii, 215 Neural muscarinic receptors, 561 oxidation states of, 620t Mycobacterium leprae, 215 Neuraminidase inhibitors, 336--337 smooth muscle relaxation and, 618--619, 619/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 215, 218 Neurogenic inflammation theory, of migraines, 812 speed and duration of action of, 620t Mycoses. See Fungal infections Neurohypophyseal hormones, 895-896, 896t NIV. See Nutrient intake value Mycostatin. See Nystatin Neuroleptic drugs. See Antipsychotics Nivalin. See Galantamine Mydriacyl. See Tropicamide Neurolite. See Technetium (99mTc) bicisate Nizatidine, 762t, 764--765, 767t Mydriatics, 583-584 Neuromuscular blocking agents, 599--605, 602/ Nizoral. See Ketoconazole Myelosuppression, with alkylating agents, 359 curare/curare alkaloids, 599--601 NO. See Nitric oxide Myleran. See Busulfan depolarizing, 600 Nociception, 781 Mylotarg. See Gemtuzumab ozogamicin nondepolarizing, 600 Noctec. See Chloral hydrate Myocardial infarct, 613 synthetic compounds with curariform activity, Nofetumomab merpentan, 149 Myocardial ischemia, 617--618, 618/ 601-605,602/ Nolvadex. See Tamoxifen; Tamoxifen citrate Myocardial metabolism, 618, 618/ Neuromuscular junction, 599--600 Nomegestrol acetate, 838[ 840 Myoscint Kit. See Imciromab pentetate Neurontin. See Gabapentin Nonaniline sulfonamides, 230 Myosin, 318, 319J, 622, 622/ Neuropathic pain, anticonvulsants for, 492 Nondepolarizing competitive ganglionic blocking Myoview. See Technetium (99mTc) tetrofosmin Neurosteroids, 864, 864/ agents, 598 Mysoline. See Primidone Neurotensin, 904 Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents, 600 Mytelase chloride. See Ambenonium chloride Neurotransmission, physiology of, 718-719, 718/-719/ Nondepolarizing noncompetitive ganglionic blocking Neurotransmitters agents, 598-599 N acetylcholine as, 558-559, 563-564, 563/-564J, Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 667 Nabilone, metabolism of, 82 596--597,597/ Nonmevalonate pathway, inhibition of, 255J, 256 Nabumetone, 799J, 800 adrenergic, 519-524 Nonselective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake Nadolol, 551, 552/ antihypertensive agents depleting stores of, inhibitor, 514 Nafarelin acetate, 697t, 698--699, 698/ 639--641, 639/--640/ Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Nafcillin sodium, 269t, 271-272 ganglionic stimulation by, 596--597, 597/ 792-806, 793J, 794t, 795/-797J, 799/, Naftifine hydrochloride, 200 Neurotropic drugs, 583-584 801/-802J, 804/-806/ Naftin. See Naftifine hydrochloride Neutralization, immunological, 163-164 acetaminophen and related analogs, 803-806, Naked nucleic acids, for vaccines, 177-178 Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 668, 669t, 804/-806/ Nalbuphine, 790 901, 901 t-902t aspirin and salicylic acid derivatives, 796--798, 797/ Nalfon. See Fenoprofen Neutrexin. See Trimetrexate conventional nonselective cyclooxygenase Nalidixic acid, 206, 208-210, 208t Neutrophils, 156, 157/ inhibitors, 798-803, 799J, 801/-802/ Naliglutide. See Albiglutide Nevanac. See Nepafenac mechanism of action of, 792-793, 793/ Nalmefene, 791J, 792 Nevirapine, 348 prostaglandins and, 869 Naloxone, 791-792, 791/ Nexavar. See Sorafenib toxylate selective COX-2 inhibitors, 795, 795J, 803, 804/ metabolism of, 82 Nexium. See Esomeprazole magnesium side effects of, 792-793, 793J, 794t Naltrexone, 791, 791/ NH2. See Mechlorethamine hydrochloride structure-activity relationships of, 793-796, 794t, metabolism of, 80, 82-83 Niacin, 940--942, 940/-941[ See also Nicotinic acid 795/-796/ Naltrindole, 780, 781/ Nicalex. See Nicotinic acid Nonsteroidal therapies for hormone-related disorders, Nandrolone decanoate, 851 Nicardipine, 623t 666--703 Naphazoline, 537 Nicardipine hydrocWoride, 626 amylin analogs, 689--690, 689/ Naprosyn. See Naproxen Niclosamide, 226 biguanides, 685--687, 685/--686/ Naproxen, 794t, 795, 800--801, 801/ Nicotine, 24, 594 glinides, 668--681, 670/--672J, 673t, 674f--680J, 676t conjugation of, 90--91 ganglionic stimulation by, 596--598 glucose elevating agents, 694--695, 696/ Naramig. See Naratriptan metabolism of, 64, 66 a-glucosidase inhibitors, 662--663, 687--689, Naratriptan, 812t, 813-814, 813/ Nicotinic acid, for hyperlipoproteinemia, 651 687/--688/ Narcan. See Naloxone Nicotinic hydroxamic acid, 578 gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, 697t, Nardil. See Phenelzine sulfate Nicotinic receptors, 559-560, 559/-560J, 559t 698--699, 698/ Index 1001
gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, Olsalazine aromatic hydroxylation, 47-52, 48j, 50f 699-70 I, 6991, 700f degradation of, 3-4 at benzylic carbon atoms, 55 incretin system modulating agents, 690--694, 690f, solubility of, 4 at carbon atoms a to carbonyls and imines, 58-59 693f-{,95f Omacar, See Lovaza carbon-heteroatom systems, 6Q-{, I insulins and modified insulins, 667-{'68, 667j, Omeprazole, 765, 7661-7671, 767-769, 768f, 7691 carbon-nitrogen systems, 62-73 6681-{,691 Omnaris, See Ciclesonide amides, 70-73 sulfonylureas, 659-{,61, 668-{'81, 670f-{'72f, 6731, Omnipaque. See Iohexol aromatic amines and heterocyclic nitrogen 674f-{,80j, 6761 Omnipen. See Ampicillin compounds. 70 thiazolidinediones, 662, 681-{'85, 682f-{,85j, 6841 Omniscan, See Gadodiamide secondary and primary amines, 65-{'9 Norbinaltorphimine, 781, 782f OMPA. See Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide tertiary aliphatic and alicyclic amines, 62-65 Norcuron. See Vecuronium bromide OMPA-N-methoxide,579-580 carbon-
Parasympatholytics, 558 Penicillin N, 278 Phenoxybenzamine, 546--547, 547f Parasympathomimetics, 558 Penicillin V, 260, 267-268, 2691, 270 Phenoxymethylpenicillin, synthesis of, 263, 264f Parathion, 578-580 Penicollic acid, 265 Phensuximide, metabolism of, 86, 88 metabolism of, 75, 77 Pennyroyal, 972, 972f Phentermine hydrochloride, 5061, 507-508 Parathyroid honnone (PTH), 904-905 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate, diluted, 6201, 621--{)22 metabolism of, 68-70 in calcium regulation, 708-709 Pentagastrin, 903 Phentermine ion-exchange resin, 5061, 507-508 Parathyroid injection, 904 Pentamidine, 658 Phentolamine, 546 Paredrine. See Hydroxyamphetamine Pentamidine isethionate, 222 Phenurone. See Phenacemide Parenteral administration, drug distribution, 4/, 5--{) Pentaquine, 250, 250f Phenylacetic acid, conjugation of, 93-94 Parenteral cephalosporins, 2801-2821, 282 Pentazocine, 45, 110, 786 Phenylacetone, metabolism of, 69 Parenteral cephamycins, 2821 metabolism of, 55, 58 I.-Phenylalanine mustard. See Melphalan Parent nuclide, 414 Pentobarbital, 454-455, 4541 Phenylbutazone Paricalcitol, 709, 709J, 9271, 928f metabolism of, 59--{)0 conjugation of, 9a-91 Parkinson disease (PD), 473-478 Pentostam. See Sodium stibogluconate drug metabolism and, 108 anticholinergic agents, 478 Pentostatin, 378, 382-383 metabolism of, 48 anticholinergic drugs for, 584, 591-592 Pentritol. See Pentaerytbritol tetranitrate, diluted metabolites of, III COMT inhibitors, 477-478 Pentylenetetrazole, 504 Phenylepbrine, 533, 536 dopamine agonists, 475-477 Pen Vee. See Penicillin V Phenylethyl alcohol, 191 levodopalcarbidopa. 474 Pepcid. See Famotidine 2-Phenylethylamines,516 MAO-B inhibitors, 474-475 Peptavlon. See Pentagastrin 5-Phenylhydantoin, metabolism of, 86, 88 mechanism of, 473-474 Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), 760 Phenylmercuric acetate, 191 Parlodel. See Bromocriptine mesylate Peptide honnones. See Honnone(s) Phenylmercuric nitrate, 191 Pamate. See Tranylcypromine sulfate Percent ionization, 14-16, 15f-16f 4-Phenylpiperidines, 786--788, 787f Paromomycin, 220 Percocet. See Acetaminophen; Oxycodone Phenylpropanolamine, 545 Paroxetine, 513 Percodan. See Oxycodone Phenyltrimethylammonium, 559-560 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 656 Pertlutren, 440 Phenytek. See Phenytoin Parsidol. See Ethopropazine hydrochloride Pergolide, 24, 475-476 Phenytoin, 16,492, 492f, 495-497, 496f Parthenolide, 965, 965f Pergonal. See Menotropins enantiomers of, 109 Partial least squares (PLS), 36 Periactin. See Cyproheptadine; Cyproheptadine hypersensitivity reaction of, 497 Partial seizures, 492 hydrochloride metabolism of, 48-49, 51, 104-105,496-497,496/ Particulate radiation, 413, 417 Peripheral nervous system, 558 Phenytoin sodium, 634 Particulate removal, for recombinant protein, 131 Peritrate. See Pentaerytbritol tetranitrate, diluted Pheochromocytoma, 637 Partition coefficient, 18-20, 19f-20f Pennapen. See Penicillin G benzathine Phosphodiesterases, II, Ilf PAS. See p-Aminosalicylic acid Pennetbrin, 228 Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, 644 Pathilon. See Tridihexethyl chloride Permitil. See fluphenazine hydrochloride Phosphoinositol system, 562, 562f Pathocil. See Dicloxacillin sodium Pernicious anemia, 951 Phospholine iodide. See Echothiophate iodide Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), Perphenazine, 4611, 462-463, 4801, 481 Phospholipase C, 562, 562f 176--177 Persantine. See Dipyridamole Phosphoramide mustard, metabolism of, 72-73 Pathogens, vaccines, 166--167, 167f Pertofrane. See Desipramine hydrochloride Phosphorothionates, 577 Paton rate theory, 581 Pertussis vaccine, 172 Photons, 413 Pattern recognition receptors, 176 Pesticides, drug metabolism and, 108 Phthalazinone, 7401 Pavulon. See Pancuronium bromide Pestox III. See Schradan Phylloquinone, 932, 932f Paxil. See Paroxetine PET. See Positron emission tomography Physostigmine, 572-574, 5721, 573f PBPs. See Penicillin-binding proteins Petit mal seizure, 492 Physostigmine salicylate, 573-574 PCB. See Procarbazine PGH synthase. See Cyclooxygenase Physostigmine sulfate, 574 PCP. See Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia pH, penicillin and, 265 PhYlOestrogens, 83a-83 I, 830f PCZ. See Procarbazine Phagocytes, 156--157, 157f Phytonadione, 935 PD. See Parkinson disease Pharmacogenomics, 152 Picromycin, 308 PD-178390,35a-351 Pharmacognosy, 962 Picrotoxin, 504 Pediamycin. See Erythromycin ethylsuccinate Pharmacological activity, statistical prediction of, 17-18 Picrotoxinin, 504 Pediculicides, 227 Phenacemide, conjugation of, 94. 96 Pill, the. See Contraceptive agents Peginterferon alfa-2a, recombinant, 911 Phenacetin, 803-804 Pilocarpine hydrochloride, 569-570 Pegylated interferon alfa-2a, 139, 1391 conjugation of, 93 Pilocarpine nitrate, 570 Pemetrexed, 379, 380f, 383 metabolism of, 8, 75 Pimozide, 483 Pemirolast potassium ophthalmic solution, 759 toxicity in, 805-806, 806f Pindolol, 551, 552f Pemoline, 509 Phenazopyridine hydrochloride, 214 Pinocytosis, 5 Penbritn. See Ampicillin metabolism of, 104-106 Pinwonn infections, 224-225 Penbutolol. 551, 552f Phenbenzamine, 744, 746 Pioglitazone, 662, 681--{)82, 682f--{)83f, 684--{)85, Penciclovir,342-343 Phencyclidine, 517 6841, 685f Penetrex. See Enoxacin metabolism of, 60, 62 Pipanol. See Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride Penicillanic acid, 263 Phendimetrazine tartrate, 508 Pipecuronium bromide, 601, 604 Penicillin(s), 2601, 261-274 Phenelzine sulfate, 510, 5101, 523 Piperacillin sodium, 268, 2691, 274 allergies to, 268-269 acetylation of, 100--101 Piperacillin-tazobactam, 276 chemical classification of, 260 Phenergan. See Promethazine hydrochloride Piperazine, 225 classification of, 269, 2691 ,B-Phenethylamines, 696f, 968-969 Piperazine antihistamines, 7401, 746--748, 747f commercial production and unitage, 261 Phenformin, 659, 685f Piperazine estrone sulfate, 829f, 832 definition of, 258 Phenindamine, 7401 Piperidine antihistamines, 7401 degradation of, 263-265, 266f Phenindamine tartrate, 75a-751 Pipracil. See Piperacillin sodium discovery of, 258 Pheniramine, 748 Pirbuterol,541-542 extended-spectrum, 267-268 Pheniramine maleate, 749 Pirenzepine, 561, 567, 568f historical background on, 258-259 Phenmetrazine, metabolism of, 65--{)8 Piroxicam, 7941, 795-796, 796f, 803 ,B-Iactamase inhibitors with, 274 Phenobarbital, 454-455, 4541, 497, 497f Pitocin. See Oxytocin injection mechanism of action of, 259-260, 2601 metabolism of, 48 Pitressin. See Vasopressin injection microbial resistance to, 265-267 Phenol coefficient, 183 Pitressin tannate. See Vasopressin tannate nomenclature of, 261-262 Phenols, 179 Pituitary gonadotropins, 695-701, 696f, 6971, 698f, penicillinase-resistant, 267 as anti-infective agents, 183-185 6991, 700f, 726--827, 826f, 890, 894 protein binding in, 268 topical, I 95-196 Pituitary honnones, 891-894, 8921 stereochemistry of, 262-263 Phenothiazine antihistamines, 7401, 751-752, 751f pK. structures of, 2621 Phenothiazines, 458-465, 459f, 4591, 479-481 calcUlating, 12, 141 synthesis of, 263, 264f mechanism of action of, 459-460 for computer-aided drug design, 20 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 267 metabolism of, 460-461 drug distribution and, 16--17, 16f-17f Penicillinases, 265-266 pharmacokinetic properties of, 479, 480f examples of, 121, 141 Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), 261 products, 461-463, 4611, 479-481, 4801 percent ionization, 14-16, 15f-16f Penicillin G, 26a-261, 267-269, 2691 ring analogs of, 463-465 for sulfonamides, 230, 232 Penicillin G benzathine, 270 structure-activity relationships of, 458-460, 459J, values for, 9761-9831 Penicillin G procaine, 269-270 479, 480f PKC,. See Protein kinase C type zeta Index 1003 Placental honnones, 895 Precose. See Acarbose Propacil. See Propylthiouracil Placidyl. See Ethchlorvynol Prednicarbate, 857J, 862 Propadrine. See Phenylpropanolamine Plan B, 8441, 846 Prednisolone, 8221, 856f, 858-859, 8581, 861 Propafenone, 635 Plaquenil. See Hydroxychloroquine metabolism of, 86--87 Propantheline bromide, 590--591 Plaques, atherosclerotic, 647 Prednisolone acetate, 8221 Propecia. See Finasteride Plasmakinins, 905-906 Prednisolone NaPa., 8221 Propine. See Dipivefrin Plasmid, for vector cloning, 125, 125f Prednisone, 856J, 858-859, 8581, 861 Propionic acid, 194 Plasmodiumfalciparum, 242, 244 conjugation of, 97-98 Propofol, 716--717, 717f Plasmodium malariae, 243 Pregabalin, 493, 498, 498f Propoxyphene, 45, 788J, 789 Plasmodium ovale, 243 Pregnancy, folic acid and, 949, 951 metabolism of, 63--64 Plasmodium spp., 242 Pregnenolone, 82 If Propranolol, 45, 550--551 genome of, 244 Preludin. See Phenmetrazine conjugation of, 90--91 infection by, 243-244 Premarin. See Conjugated estrogens metabolism of, 48, 65, 67, 80--81 life cycle of, 243f Premphase, 8461 Propylamine antihistamines, 7401, 748-751, 749f types of, 242-243 Prempro, 8461 Propylhexedrine, 544 Plasmodium viva..<, 242, 244 Preservatives, 190--191 Propylparaben, 190 Platelet(s) Prevacid. See Lansoprazole Propylthiouracil, 664 activation and aggregation of, 627--628, 656--657, Preven, 8441, 846 conjugation of, 90--91 657f Prexige. See Lumiracoxib Proscar. See Finasteride inhibitors of, 656--657, 657f Prilocaine, 727-728, 728f Prostacyclin, 877 GPIIBIIIIA receptors of, 628--629 Primacor. See Milrinone Prostaglandin(s). See also Eicosanoids Platensimycin, 326 Primaquine, 2461-2471, 250--251, 250f acetaminophen interaction with synthesis of, Platinol. See Cisplatin Primary generalized seizures, 492 804-805, 805f Platinol-AQ. See Cisplatin Primary hypertension, 637--638 analogs of, 8741-8751 Platinum compounds, alkylating, 362-365, 365f Primaxin. See Imipenem-cilastatin as antihypersecretory agents, 772-773 Plavix. See Clopidogrel Primidone, 497, 497f in coagulation. 657 Plegine. See Phendimetrazine tartrate Principen. See Ampicillin in inflammation, 792-793, 793f Plenaxis. See Abarelix acetate Prinivil. See Lisinopril for ophthalmic use, 878 Plendil. See Felodipine Priscoline. See Tolazoline veterinary uses for, 878 PLS. See Partial least squares Pristinamycin I A, 322-323 Prostaglandin E I, 876--877 Pneumocanadins, 206 Pristinamycin 2A, 322-323 Prostaglandin E, cyclodextrin, 877 Pneumococcal vaccine, 173 Privine. See Naphazoline Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase. See Pneumocyslis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 220 ProAmatine. See Midodrine Cyclooxygenase PNH. See Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Proarrhythmia, 631 Prostaphlin. See Oxacillin sodium Podophyllotoxin, 389, 390f Pro-Banthine. See Propantheline bromide ProstaScint Kit. See Capromab pendetide Polaramine. See Dexchlorpheniramine maleate Probenecid, 81OJ, 811 Prostate cancer Polar surface area, 20 metabolism of, 49 antiandrogens for, 851 Polio vaccines, 168-169 Probucol, 652 estrogen treatment of, 831 Polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures, metabolism of, 49 Procainamide Prostigmin bromide. See Neostigmine bromide Polycillin. See Ampicillin acetylation of, 97, 100 Prostigmin methylsulfate. See Neostigmine Polyclonal antibodies, 146 metabolism of, 86--87 methylsulfate Polycyclic antimalarials, 2461-2471, 251-253, 251f Procainamide hydrochloride, 633 Prostin VR Pediatric. See Prostaglandin E, Polyene antibiotics, 197-199 Procaine, 724-726, 724f ProstScint. See Indium (' 11 In) capromab pendetide Polymox. See Amoxicillin metabolism of, 86--87 Protamines, 8831 Polymyxin B sulfate, 318 Procan SR. See Procainamide hydrochloride Protamine sulfate, 657 Polymyxins, 2601, 318-320 Procarbazine, 366--367, 367f-368f, 371 Protamine zinc insulin suspension (PZI), 668, Polypeptide antibiotics, 315-320 Procardia. See Nifedipine 900--90 I, 90 It-902t Polypeptide chains, 881, 88 If Prochlorperazine maleate, 4611, 462, 4801 Protease inhibitors, anti-HIV, 348-351 Polyvalent viral vaccines, 170 Procrit. See Epoetin alfa Proteases, 887, 887f Pondimin. See Fenfluramine hydrochloride Procyclidine hydrochloride, 591, 593 Proteins, 880--885, 88lf-882J, 883t-8841. See also Ponstan. See Mefenamic acid Prodrugs, 43, 823 Enzymes; Honnone(s) Ponstel. See Mefenamic acid oral administration of, 4-5 amino acid solutions, 881 Porcine insulin, 668, 6681 parenteral administration of, 5--6 biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals, 9081-9091, Porins, penicillin resistance and, 266--267 solubility of, 4 909-913 Posaconazole, 205 Productive infection, 330 blood, 906--907 Positional cloning, 126, 1261 Product stereoselectivity, 110 chemical instability of, 132, 133f Positive inotropic agents, 645--647 Proenzymes. See Zymogens color tests, separation methods, and identification Positron emission, 414 Profenal. See Suprofen methods for, 883-884 Positron emission tomography (PET), 414, 418, 418f Progestasert IUD, 8431, 845 confonnational features of. 881-882, 882f Postcoital contraceptives, 8441, 846 Progesterone, 821J, 837, 837f-838J, 8381, 839 factors affecting structure of. 882-883 Potassium channel agonists, 644--645, 645f Progesterone IUDs, 8431, 845 impact of biotechnology on development of pharma Potassium ion, in nerve conduction, 719-720 Progesterone receptor antagonists, 841, 84lf ceutical products of, 907-909, 9081-9091, 910f Potassium leak channels, 719 Progesterone receptors (PRs), 825 physical instability of, 132, 134 Potassium sorbate, 191 Progestin only pill, 8431, 845 production of, 121-122, 122f Potential energy, for butane, 34, 34f Progestins, 827, 837-841, 837f-839J, 8381 properties of, 883 Povidone-iodine, 185-186 endogenous, 837 protein hydrolysates, 880 PPAR'Y, thiazolidinedione binding to, 681--682, 683f in HRT, 846--847, 8461 purification and classification of, 883, 8831 Practolol, 550 Proglucagon, 690 recombinant Pradimycins, 206--207 Proglycem. See Diazoxide delivery of, 134 Pralidoxime chloride, 577J, 580--581 Progout. See Allopurinol immunogenicity of, 134 Pramipexole dihydrochloride, 476--477 Proguanil hydrochloride, 2461-2471, 253J, 254-255, 254f pharmacokinetics of, 134 Pramlintide, 689--690, 689f ProHance. See Gadoteridol processing of, 131 PrandiMet. See Metformin; Repaglinide Prolactin, 894 products, 134-150 Prandin. See Repaglinide Prolamines, 8831 Protein binding Prantal. See Diphemanil methylsulfate Proleukin. See Aldesleukin for drug distribution, 4J, 6--7 Pravachol. See Pravastatin Prolixin. See fluphenazine hydrochloride in penicillins, 268 Pravastatin, 653 Proloprim. See Trimethoprim Protein C. 655 Prazepam, 446J, 447 Promazine, 4611, 462, 4801 Protein hydtolysates, 880 Praziquantel, 226--227 Promethazine, 460, 7401, 751 Protein kinase C type zeta (PKC,), 686 Prazosin, 547-548 Promethazine hydrochloride, 751-752 Protein kinase inhibitors, 400--406 metabolism of, 75-76, 86, 88 Prometrium. See Progesterone agents for, 405-406 Prazosin hydrochloride, 641 Prompt insulin zinc suspension, 901, 9011-9021 development of, 403-404 Precef. See Ceforanide Pronestyl. See Procainamide; Procainamide growth factors and receptors, 401, 40lt Precipitation hydrochloride mechanism of action of, 403 immunological,l64 Pronethalol, 550 Ras pathways, 401, 402J, 403 of recombinant proteins, 134 Prontosil. See SUlfamidochrysoidine Protein-type A microspheres. See Perflutren 1004 Index
Proteomics, 152 Quineprox. See Hydroxychloroquine expression of cloned DNA, 127 Proteosomes, 407-408, 408f Quinidine, 2461-2471, 247-248, 248f gene therapy, 153 Prothrombin, 654-655, 6541, 655f metabolism of, 55, 58 genomics, 150-152, 151f Proton pump inhibitors, 765-773, 766f, 7661-7671, Quinidine gluconate, 632--{j33 new biological targets, 128-129, 1291 768f, 7691 Quinidine polygalacturonate, 633 novel drug-screening strategies, 129-131, drug interactions of, 7691 Quinidine sulfate, 632 I 29f-130f Proto-oncogenes, 356, 3561 Quinine, 242, 2461-2471, 247-248, 248f pharmaceutics of, 131-134, 133f Protopam chloride. See Pralidoxime chloride Quinolones, 206-213 processing of, 131 Protoporphyrin IX, 45 properties of, 206-209, 2081, 209f products, 134-150 Protostat. See Metronidazole types of, 209-213 antibody production, 146-147, 147f Protriptyline hydrochloride, 512 Quinophenol, 221-222 cytokines, 136-138, 1361. 137f metabolism of, 53-54 Quinoso!. See Oxine enzymes, 142-145 Protropin. See Somatrem QUinupristinldaifopristin, 322-323 hormones, 134-136 Proventi!. See Salbutamol QVAR. See Beclomethasone dipropionate in-home test kits, 150 Provera. See Medroxyprogesterone acetate QX-314, 722, 729 interferons. 138-141, 138f, 1391-1401 Provigi!. See Modafinil interleukins, 141-142 Provitamin A, 917. 919. 923 R monoclonal antibodies, 147-149 Provitamin D. 923-925, 925f-926f Rabeprazole, 765, 7661-7671, 767-768 monoclonal antibody radionuclide test kits, Prozac. See Fluoxetine Rabeprazole sodium, 771 149-150 PRs. See Progesterone receptors Racemization, of recombinant proteins, 132 therapeutic radionuclide monoclonal antibody, Pseudocholinesterase, 570, 571 I Radani!. See Benznidazole 149-150 Pseudoephedrine, 30, 696f, 969 Radiation tumor necrosis factor, 142 L-( +)-Pseudoephedrine, 544 biological effects of, 416-417 vaccines, 145-146, 1461 Pseudomonic acid A. See Mupirocin description of, 414-415 restriction endonucleases, 124, 124f, 1241 Pseudotropine, 584 electromagnetic, 413 technology for, 123, 123f, 1231 structure of, 582 ionizing, 413 vector, 124-126, 125f Psilocin, 516 particulate, 413 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) teehnology Psilocybin, 516 Radiation absorbed dose, 416 for development of pharmaceutical proteins and Psychomotor stimulants, 506-509, 5061 Radiation dosimetry, 417 peptides, 907-909, 910f medical indications for, 506-507 Radioactive decay law, 414 pharmaceuticals derived from, 9081-9091, structures of, 506, 5061 Radioactive tracers, 413, 417 909-913 Psychoses, 457-458, 478 Radioactivity, 413-415 Recombivax, 145 PTH. See Parathyroid hormone decay calculations for. 414-415 5a-Reductase inhibitors, 852, 852f-853f PUD. See Peptic ulcer disease Radiographic contrast, 430 Reductive reactions, 78-86 Pulegone, 972, 972f Radiography aldehyde and ketone carbonyls, 80-83 Pulmicort. See Budesonide contrast agents for, 430-436 nitro and azo compounds, 83-84 Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), 638. 644 description of, 430-431, 43 If Refludan. See Lepirudin Pulmozyme. See Dornase alpha digital, 430 Regitine. See Phentolamine Purification, of recotubinant protein, 131 Radioimmunoassay, 417 Regranex Ge!. See Becaplermin Purines, 372, 374f, 378-379, 378f-379f Radionuclide Regular human insulin, recombinant, 667--{j68, 667f, Purinetho!' See Mercaptopurine daughter, 414 6681--{j691, 900, 9011-9021 Purkinje fibers, 630, 630f decay calculations for, 414-415 Relafen. See Nabumetone Puromycin, 335 parent, 414 Relative specificity, 885 PVP-iodine. See Povidone-iodine production of, 415-416, 416f Relaxation, of muscle. 618-619. 619f Pyopen. See Carbenicillin disodium Radiopharmaceuticals, 413-440 Release, of virus, 333, 336 Pyrantel pamoate, 225 fluorine,418-419 Relistor. See Methylnaltrexone Pyrazinamide, 215-216 gallium, 419 Relpax. See Eletriptan Pyrazinecarboxamide (PZA). 216 indium, 419-421 Remeron. See Mirtazapine Pyribenzamine Citrate. See Tripelennamine iodine, 421-422 Remicade. See Infliximab Pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM), 577f, 578 technetium, 422-429 Remifentanil, 787f, 788 Pyridium. See Phenazopyridine hydrochloride thallium, 429-430 Reminy!. See Galantamine Pyridostigmine bromide, 5721, 574-575 xenon, 430 Remoxipride, 468 Pyridoxal. 944, 945f Radiotracers. See Radioactive tracers Renal failure, drug metabolites and, III Pyridoxamine, 944, 945f Radio waves. 413 Renal hypertension, 637 Pyridoxine, 944, 945f Raloxifene. 10, IOf, 832-834. 833f Renal system drugs, 607--{j15 Pyrilamine maleate, 7401, 745-746 Ramelteon, 452 ACE inhibitor prodrugs, 61Q--{j12, 61 If, 6121 Pyrimethamine, 220, 2461-2471, 253-254, 253f Ramipril, 611--{j12, 61 If, 6121 aldosterone antagonists, 615, 864 sulfadoxine and, 238 Ranexa. See Ranolazine angiotensin antagonists, 612--{j 14 Pyrimidines, 372-378, 373f, 375f Ranitidine, 7621, 764, 7671 renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, 609--{j1O, Pyrodoxic acid, 944-947, 945f-946f RANKL. See Receptor activator of nuclear factor-KB 610f Pyronaridine, 25 If, 255 ligand renin inhibitors, 614--{j 15 Pyroni!. See Pyrrobutamine phosphate Ranolazine, 627 Renal toxicity, of acetaminophen and phenacetin, Pyrrobutamine phosphate, 750 Rasagiline mesylate, 475 805-806, 806f Pyruvate kinase deficiency, malaria and, 244 Rasilez. See Aliskiren Renin, 607 PZA. See Pyrazinecarboxamide Ras pathways, 40I, 402f, 403 Renin-angiotensin system, 607--{j09, 608f--{j09f PZI. See Protamine zinc insulin suspension Raudixin. See Rauwolfia serpentina, powdered Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, 609--{j1O, 610f Rau-Sed. See Reserpine Renin inhibitors, 614--{j15 Q Rauserpa!. See Rauwolfia serpentina, powdered ReoPro. See Abciximab QSAR. See Quantitative structure-activity relationships Rauva!. See Rauwolfia serpenlina. powdered Repaglinide, 661, 672, 674, 674f--{j75f, 6761, 679. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), Rauwolfia serpentina, powdered, 639 679f,681 17-18, I8f-19f, 181 rDNA technology. See Recombinant DNA technology Replicons, 124 classification methods, 23-24 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 386 Repolarization prolongators, 631, 6311, 636--{i37 high-throughput screening and, 38, 38f Rebif. See Interferon beta-I a Repository corticotropin injection, 891, 8921 physicochemical parameters and. 21-22. 21 I Reboxetine, 514 Requip. See Ropinirole hydrochloride success of, 24 Receptor activator of nuclear factor-KB ligand Rescriptor. See Delavirdine three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity (RANKL), 706, 710 Rescula. See Unoprostone relationships and, 36-37, 36f Receptors. See Drug receptors Reserpine, 530, 639--MO, 639f Quantum mechanics, 32-33 Il-Receptors, 780-781, 781f Reserpoid. See Reserpine Quarzan. See Clidinium bromide K-Receptors, 781, 782f Resorcinol, 185, 195, 533 Quasense, 844 /-L-Receptors, 779-780, 779f, 783 Restori!. See Temazepam Quazepam, 446f, 448 Recombinant DNA, 121-126, 123f-125f, 1231-1241 Restriction endonucleases, 124, 124f. 1241,909 Questran. See Cholestyramine resin antisense technology, 152 Retavase. See Reteplase Quetiapine, 464-465, 4831, 484-486, 485f cloning strategies, 126. 1261 Reteplase, 143, 1431 Quinacrine hydrochloride, 25 If, 252 DNA ligases, 124 Retin-A. See Tretinoin Quinaglute. See Quinidine gluconate DNA manipulation, 127-128. 128f Retinoate analogs, 919. 923. 924f, 9241 Quinapril hydrochloride, 611, 61 If, 6121 DNA overview, 121-123, 122f Retinoids. See Vitamin A Index 1005
Retinol Salicylic acid, 195 Serzone. See Nefazodone chemistry of, 919-920, 919f conjugation of, 9G--91, 94 Sevoflurane, 712J, 712t, 715-716, 716f sources of, 917, 919, 923 Salicylic acid derivatives, 796-798, 797f Sex hormones, 827-841, 828f-831J, 833J, 835J, visual cycle and, 921-922, 921f Salicyluric acid, 797f 837f-839J, 838t, 841f Retro-Michael decomposition, 360, 361f Salmeterol, 541-542 estrogens, 827-837, 828f-831J, 833J, 835f Retroviruses, 335 Salsalate, 797J, 798 progesterone receptor antagonists and SPRMs, Revatio. See Sildenafil citrate Salvarsan, 179 841,841f Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 343-346 Salvinorin A, 781, 782f progestins, 827, 837-841, 837f-839J, 838t nonnucleoside,347-348 Sanctura. See Trospium chloride Sibutramine, 508 Reverse transcription, 335 Sandostatin. See Somatostatin Sickling disease, malaria and, 244 Revex. See Nalmefene Sandri!. See Reserpine Sildenafil, II, Ilf Rexinoids, 922 SA node, 630 as smooth muscle relaxant, 619 Rexolate. See Sodium thiosalicylate Saquinavir, 349 Sildenafil citrate, 644 Reye syndrome, 796 Saralasin, 612 Silvadene. See Silver sulfadiazine RGD receptors, 628-629 Sarcoptes scabiei, 227 Silver sulfadiazine, 238 Rheumatoid arthritis, 806-807 Sargramostin, 138, 908t, 912 Silymarin, 971, 971f Rheumatrex. See Methotrexate Sarin, 572t, 577 Simon metabolites, 929 Rhinocort. See Budesonide SARMs. See Selective androgen receptor modulators Simple proteins, 881, 883t Rhodis. See Ketoprofen SASA. See Solvent-accessible surface areas Simulect. See Basiliximab Ribavirin, 335, 346 Satraplatin, 363, 365f Simvastatin, 652-653 Riboflavin, 938-939, 939f Satumomab pendetide, 149-150 Sinequan. See Doxepin hydrochloride Rid-A Pain compound. See Salicylamide Saw palmetto, 852 Single photon emission computed tomography Ridaura. See Gold compounds Saxagliptin, 692-693, 694f (SPECT), 418, 418f Rifabutin, 219 Scabene. See Lindane SIOM. See 7-Spiroidanyloxymorphone Rifadin. See Rifampin Scabicides, 227 Sisomicin sulfate, 3OG--301 Rifampicin. See Rifampin SCH 59884, 205 Sitagliptin, 692, 693f-695f Rifampin, 215, 218-219, 260t Schizonts, 243, 243f Sitagliptin phosphate, 693-694, 695f Rifamycins, 218-220, 335 Schizophrenia, 457-458, 478 Sitaxsentan sodium, 638-639 Rimactane. See Rifampin Schradan, 579-580 f3-Sitosterol, 651-652 Rimantadine, 336 Scintillation camera, 417-418, 417f Skelid. See Tiludronate disodium Rimexolone, 860J, 862 Scopine, structure of, 582 Skin infections, fungal, 192-193, 192t-1931 Ring equivalents, 39 Scopolamine, 584-587 topical agents for, 194-196 Ringworm, 192, 192t structure of, 582 Smallpox vaccine, 168 topical agents for, 194-196 Scopolamine hydrobromide, 587 Smoking, drug metabolism and, 107-108 Riomet. See Metformin sCT. See Calcitonin, salmon Smooth muscle relaxation, 618-619, 619f Risedronate sodium, 706, 707t, 708 Scurvy, 954-955 SNC-80, 780, 781f Risperda!. See Risperidone Seasonale, 844 SNERIs. See Selective norepinephrine reuptake Risperidone, 466, 483t, 486, 486f Secobarbital, 454-455, 454t inhibitors Ritalin. See Methylphenidate hydrochloride metabolism of, 54, 56, 59-60 Sodium 4-aminosalicylate, 217 Ritodrine, 543 Second messengers, 562 Sodium antimony gluconate, 224 Ritonavir, 349 Secosteroids, 923 Sodium benzoate, 191 Rituxan. See Rituximab Secretin, 903 Sodium caprylate, 194 Rituximab, 147-148 Sectral. See Acebutolol Sodium channel blockers, 627 Rivastigmine, 573, 576 Sedatives. See Anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics Sodium channels Rivoglitazone, 682, 682f Seizures local anesthetic binding to, 720, 721f-722J, Rizatriptan, 812-814, 812t, 813f classification of, 491-492 722-723,724f RNA, protein production, 121-122, 122f description of, 491 in nerve conduction, 720, 72lf-722f RNA viruses, 331, 331t-332t, 335 Selective a-adrenergic antagortists, 641 Sodium iodide ('231), 422 Robaxin. See Methocarbamol Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), Sodium iodide (1311), 422 Robinu!' See Glycopyrrolate 853, 853f Sodium ion, in nerve conduction. 719-720 Rocephin. See Ceftriaxone disodium Selective estrogen receptor modifiers (SERMs), 705, Sodium nitrite, 6201 Rochagan. See Benznidazole 832-835, 833f Sodium nitroprusside, 643 Roentgen, 416 Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), 10, IQf Sodium PAS, 217 Rofecoxib, 798, 803 Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNERls), Sodium pertechnetate ( 99mTc), 423 Roferon. See Interferon alfa-2a, recombinant 514 Sodium propionate, 191 Rolitetracycline, 306 Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs), Sodium salicylate, 798 Rondomycin. See Methacycline hydrochloride 841, 841f Sodium stibogluconate, 224 Ropinirole hydrochloride, 476-477 Selective serotortin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), Sodium sulamyd. See Sulfacetamide sodium Ropivacaine, 729 513-514 Sodium thiosalicylate, 798 ROS. See Reactive oxygen species bone formation and, 710 Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues, 584-588 Rosaniline, 189 5-HT2A antagortists and, 514-515 Solganal. See Gold compounds Rosiglitazone, 662, 681-682, 682J, 684, Selective toxicity, 179 Solifenacin succinate, 591 684J, 684t Selectivity filter, of ligand-gated sodium channels, 720 Soliris. See Eculizumab Rosuvastatin, 654 Selegiline, 25,475, 523 Solubility Rotatable bond count, 20 Semilente insulin, 668, 901, 901t-902t oral administration, 4-5 Rotavirus vaccine, 171 Semprex. See Acrivastine parenteral administration, 5-6 Rotigotine,476-477 Sensipar. See Cinacalcet protein binding and, 6-7 Roundworm infections, 224-225 Serax. See Oxazepam Solvent-accessible surface areas (SASA), 35 Roxiam. See Remoxipride Serenti!. See Mesoridazine besylate Soma. See Carisoprodol Rozerem. See Ramelteon Serevent. See Salmeterol Somatic nerves, 558 Rubane, 248f SERMs. See Selective estrogen receptor modifiers; Somatoliberin. See Growth-releasing factor Rubella vaccine, 169 Selective estrogen receptor modulators Somatostatin, 890, 894-895 Rubidomycin. See Daunorubicin hydrochloride Seromycin. See Cycloserine Somatotropin. See Growth hormone Rythmo!. See Propafenone Seroquel. See Quetiapine Somatrem, 894 Serotonin, 451-452 Somatropin, rDNA origin, 894 S bone formation regulation by, 710 Somatuline Depot. See Lanreotide acetate Sabri!. See Vigabatrin methylation, 102 Sombulex. See Hexobarbital Safrole, metabolism of, 58 Serotonin 5-HT1BI1O receptors, triptan binding to, Sonata. See Zaleplon SAHA. See Vorinostat 811-814 Sontoquine, 248 Salbutamol, 533, 541-542 Serotortin transport inhibitor (SERTI), 511 Sorafertib toxylate, 403, 404J, 405-406 conjugation of, 91-92 Serpasi!. See Reserpine Sorbic acid, 191 metabolism of, 63-64, 66 Serpins, 655 Sorbitrate. See Isosorbide dinitrate, diluted Saleto. See Salicylamide SERTI. See Serotortin transport inhibitor Sotalol, 551, 552J, 637 Salflex. See Salsalate Sertraline, 513 South American sleeping sickness, 221 Salicylamide, 45, 797J, 798 Serum, 906 Sparfloxacin, 208, 212-213 Salicylates, 796-798, 797f Serum-sickness syndromes, 253 Sparine. See Promazine 1006 Index
Spasmophoric agents, 588 Sucostrin. See Succinylcholine chloride Suprax. See Cefixime SPD-42I, 495, 495f Sucralfate, 772 Suprofen, 801, 80lf Specificity, of enzymes, 885-886 Sudafed. See L-( +)-Pseudoephedrine SUR. See Sulfonylurea receptor SPECT. See Single photon emission computed Sufenta. See Sufentanil Suramin sodium, 221, 224 tomography Sufentanil, 787J, 788 Surgifoam. See Gelatin sponge, absorbable Spectazole. See Econazole nitrate Sular. See Nisoldipine Surmonti!. See Trimipramine maleate Spectinomycin hydrochloride, 295, 301 Sulbactam, 275-276 Susceptibility, of contrast agent, 436-437 Spectrobid. See Bacampicillin hydrochloride Sulbactam-ampicillin, 276 Sustiva. See Efavirenz Spermatogenesis, steroid hormone regulation of, Sulconazole nitrate, 202-203 Sutent. See Sunitinib malate 826,826f Sulfacetamide, 236-237 Sutilains, 888t, 889 SPIO. See Superparamagnetic iron oxide colloids Sulfacetamide sodium, 238 Symlin. See Pramlintide Spiradoline, 781, 7821 Sulfachloropyridazine, 237 Symmetre!. See Amantadine Spirits, 182 Sulfadiazine, 220, 237 Sympathetic ganglia, 596-597, 597f Spiriva. See Tiotropium bromide Sulfadiazine sodium, 237 Sympathetic nervous system, 558 7-Spiroidanyloxymorphone (SIOM), 780, 78 If Sulfadoxine, 246t-247t, 253-254, 253f Sympatholytics, 519, 558 Spironolactone, 615, 864, 864f pyrimethamine and, 238 Sympathomimetic agents, 506-509, 506t, 519, 531-545 Sporanox. See Itraconazole Sulfamethazine, 236 direct-acting, 531-543 SPRMs. See Selective progesterone receptor modulators acetylation of, 97, 100 a-adrenergic receptor agonists, 534-540 Spryce!. See Dasatinib Sulfamethizole, 236 {3-adrenergic receptor agonists, 540-543 Squalene epoxidase, 199-200, 200f Sulfamethoxazole, 220, 235, 237, 239 dual a- and (3-agonists/antagonists, 540 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors acetylation of, 97, 100 endogenous catecholamines, 534-535 St. John's won, 963, 965-967, 966f Sulfamidochrysoidine, 228-229 structure-activity relationships of, 531-534, Stadol NS. See BUlOrphanol metabolism of, 84-85 532J, 534f Stalevo. See Entacapone Sulfanilamide. 672f indirect-acting, 543-544 Stanozolol, 849f acetylation of, 97, 100 medical indications for, 506-507 Starlix. See Nateglinide antitubercular activity of, 215 with mixed mechanisms of action, 544-545 Stavudine, 345 pKa values of, 234, 235t structures of, 506, 506t Stelazine. See Trifluoperazine hydrochloride Sulfapyridine, 237, 807f Sympathomimetics, 558 STEPA. See Thiotepa acetylation of, 97,100 Syn2869, 205-206 Stereochemistry, of drug metabolism, 108-111 Sulfasalazine, 239, 807J, 808 Synare!. See Nafarelin acetate Steric factors, 26-29, 27f-28f metabolism of, 84-85 Syncria. See Albiglutide Sterilants Sulfate conjugation, 91-93, 92f Synercid. See Quinupristin/dalfopristin classification of, 180, 181 t Sulfazecin, 293-294 Syntetrin. See Rolitetracycline evaluation of effectiveness of, 180-181 Sulfinpyrazone, 8!OJ, 811 Synthalin, 658~59 improper use of, 181 conjugation of, 90-91 Synthetic antibiotics, 206-220 phenol coefficient of, 183 Sulfisoxazole, 236 Synthetic conjugated estrogens, 832 Sterile capreomycin sulfate, 219-220 acetylation of, 97, 100 Synthetic penicillin, synthesis of, 263, 264J, 267 Sterile conicotropin zinc hydroxide suspension, conjugation of, 90-91 Synthroid. See Levothyroxine sodium 891,892t Sulfisoxazole acetyl, 236 Syntocinon. See Oxytocin injection; Oxytocin Nasal Sterilization, of recombinant protein, 131 Sulfisoxazole diolamine, 236, 238 Solution Steroidal estrogens, 828-829, 829f Sulfolane, 362, 364f Steroid hormone(s), 819-865 Sulfonamides, 228-239 T adrenal conex hormones, 853-864, 854J-857J, aniline-substituted, 230 Tabloid. See Thioguanine 858t, 860J, 864f classification of, 229 Tacary!. See Methdilazine androgens, 847-853, 848f-849J, 848t, 851f-853f crystalluria and pK.. 234, 235t Tacaryl Hydrochloride. See Methdilazine hydrochloride biosynthesis of, 819, 821J, 822 discovery and development of, 228-229 Tachyphylaxis, 600 chemical and physical propenies of, 822, 822t distribution of, 234-235 Tacrine, 573 chemical contraceptive agents, 841-847, 842t-844t, folate reductase inhibitors and, 235 Tacrine hydrochloride, 576 846t for intestinal disorders, 238-239 Tadalafil, 11, IIJ, 644 gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins, ionization of, 232 Taft's steric parameter, 20 695-701, 696J, 697t, 698J, 699t, 7ooJ, 826-827, mechanism of action of, 230-232, 231f-233f Tagamet. See Cimetidine 826J, 890, 894 metabolism of, 234-235 TAK-779,351 modifications of pharmacokinetic properties of, microbial resistance to, 235 Taka-Diastase. See Diastase 822-823, 823f mixed, 237-238 Talwin NX. See Pentazocine neurosteroids, 864, 864f nomenclature of, 230, 23 If Tambocor. See Flecainide acetate nomenclature, stereochemistry, and numbering of, nonabsorbable, 238 Tamoxifen, 10, !OJ, 832-833, 833f 819,820f-821f nonaniIine, 230 metabolism of, 63~ sex hormones, 827-841, 828f-831J, 833J, 835J, pKa values for, 230, 232 Tamoxifen citrate, 834 837f-839J, 838t, 841f prodrug forms of, 230 Tamsulosin, 548 solubilities of, 822t protein binding of, 234-235 TAN-67, 781, 781f Steroid hormone-receptor complexes, 824J, 825-826 side effects of, 235 Tanapraget, 838-839, 839f Steroid hormone receptors, 823-826, 824f spectrum of action of, 232 TAO. See Triacetyloleandomycin Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 253 structure-activity relationships, 235-236, 236t Tapazole. See Methimazole STI-57 1. See Imatinib mesylate therapy with, 229, 229t Tapeworm infections, 224-225 Stilbene, metabolism of, 54, 56 topical, 238 Tarabine. See Cytarabine Stimate. See Desmopressin acetate toxicity of, 234-235 Tarceva. See Erlotinib hydrochloride Stoxi!. See Idoxuridine Sulfonates, 362 Targocid. See Teicoplanin Streptase. See Streptokinase Sulfones, 239-240 Targretin. See Bexarotene Streptokinase, 889 Sulfonylurea receptor (SUR), 668~69, 670f Tartrazine, metabolism of, 84-85 Streptomycin Sulfonylureas, 659~61, 668~81, 670f~72J, 673t, Tasmar. See Tolcapone antitubercular activity of, 215 674f~80J, 676t Taspoglutide, 690J, 691 ~92 discovery of, 294 acid-base and lipid panitioning character of, Tavist. See Clemastine fumarate Streptomycin sulfate, 297 672,673t TAX. See Paclitaxe1 Streptozocin, 365, 366J, 371 biotransformation of, 673t, 67~77, 677f~78f Taxanes, 398-400, 398f-399J, 400t Streptozotocin. See Streptozocin first-generation, 670, 67 If Taxo!. See Paclitaxel Styrene, metabolism of, 54 second-generation, 670, 67 If Taxotere. See Docetaxel STZ. See Streptozocin structure-activity relationships of, 670, 672, 673t, Tazidime. See Ceftazidime sodium SU 11248. See Sunitinib malate 674,674f Tazobactam, 276 Subcutaneous mycoses, 193, 193t Sulindac, 794t, 799, 799f Tazobactam-piperacillin, 276 SUberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. See Vorinostat metabolism of, 7-8, 85-86 TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressants Sublimaze. See Fentanyl Sulpride, 468 T cells, 157f, 159 Suboxone. See Buprenorphine Sumatriptan, 812-814, 812t, 813f TechneScan MAG3. See Technetium (99mTc) meniatide Substance P, 906, 967 Sunitinib malate, 404J, 406 Technetium (99mTc) bicisate, 423 Subutex. See Buprenorphine Superparamagnetic iron oxide colloids (SPIO), for Technetium ('9mTc) disofenin, 423-424 Succinylcholine, 559 MR!,437 Technetium (99mTc) exametazime, 424-425 Succinylcholine chloride, 605 Supprelin LA. See Histrelin acetate Technetium (99mTc) macroaggregated albumin, 425 Index 1007
99m Technetium ( Tc) mebrofenin, 425 Tetrex. See Tetracyclines Tipranavir, 35~351 Technetium (99mTc) medronate, 425-426 6-TO. See Thioguanine Tirofiban, 629 Technetium (99mTc) mertiatide, 426 THA. See Tacrine hydrochloride Tissue depots, drug distribution and, 4J, 7 Technetium ( 99mTc) oxidronate injection, 426 Thalassemia, malaria and, 244 Tissue plasminogen activator, recombinant, 143 Technetium ( 99mTc) pentetate, 426-427 Thallium radiopharmaceuticals, 429-430 Tissue thromboplastin, 654t, 655, 655f Technetium ( 99mTc) pyrophosphate, 427 Thallous ('oITl) chloride, 429-430 Tissue tropism, 334 Technetium radiopharmaceuticals, 415-416, 416J, L1'-THC. See L1'-Tetrahydrocannabinol Tizanidine, 538 422-429 Ll9-THC. See L1'-Tetrahydrocannabinol TMTX. See Trimetrexate Technetium ( 99mTc) red blood cells, 427 Thelin. See Sitaxsentan sodium TNM system, 355 Technetium ( 99mTc) sestamibi, 427-428 Theobromine, 505-506, 505t Tobramycin sulfate, 300 Technetium ( 99mTc) succimer injection, 428 Theophylline, 505-506, 505t TOC-039, 293 Technetium ( 99mTc) sulfur colloid, 428-429 as smooth muscle relaxant. 619 Tocainide, metabolism of, 7 Technetium ( 99mTc) tetrofosmin, 429 THF. See Tetrahydrofolate Tocainide hydrochloride, 635 Tegafur, 375, 375f THO. See Tetrahydrogestrinone a-Tocopherol, 927-929, 929f Tegopen. See Cloxacillin sodium Thiabendazole, 225 antioxidant activity of, 929-930, 930f Tegretol. See Carbamazepine Thiamine, 935-938, 936f-937f 13-Tocopherol, 927-929, 929f Teichomycin A2 • See Teicoplanin Thiamine diphosphate, 935-938, 936J, 937t I)-Tocopherol, 927-929, 929f Teicoplanin,316-317 Thiamine hydrochloride, 935-938, 936f-937f ')'-Tocopherol, 927-929, 929f Tektuma. See Aliskiren Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia (TRMA), antioxidant activity of, 929-930, 930f Telithromycin, 325-326 938 Tocotrienols, 927-929, 929f Telmisartan, 613 Thiamylal, metabolism of, 59--{)0 Tofranil. See lmipramine hydrochloride Temaril. See Trimeprazine tartrate Thiazole, 683f Tolazamide, 660, 671J, 673t, 677J, 680 Temazepam, 449-450 Thiazolidine, 683f Tolazoline, 546 Temovate. See Clobetasol propionate Thiazolidinedione, 662, 681--{)85, 682f--{)85J, 684t Tolbutamide, 659, 671f--{)72J, 673t, 674J, 677J, 680 Temozolomide, 366-367, 367f-368f 2,4-Thiazolidinedione, 683f metabolism of, 55-56 Tempra. See Acetaminophen Thienamycin, 276 Tolbutamide sodium, 659 Temsirolimus, 406-407, 407f Thimerosal, 190 Tolcapone, 477-478, 524 Tenecteplase, 143 Thioguanine, 378, 378J, 382 Tolectin. See Tolmetin Tenex. See Ouanfacine; Ouanfacine hydrochloride 6-Thioguanine. See Thioguanine Tolinase. See Tolazamide Teniposide, 390J, 391 Thionitrates, 620t Tolmetin, 799-800, 799f Tenofovir disoproxil, 345 Thiopental, metabolism of, 75, 77 metabolism of, 55, 57 Tenormin. See Atenolol Thioperamide, 773, 774f Tolnaftate, 200 Tensilon. See Edrophonium chloride Thiophos. See Parathion Tolterodine, 594 Tenuate. See Diethylpropion hydrochloride Thioplex. See Thiotepa Tonocard. See Tocainide hydrochloride Tepanil. See Diethylpropion hydrochloride Thioridazine hydrochloride, 4611, 462-463, 468, Toparnax. See Topiramate TEPP. See Tetraethylpyrophosphate 480t, 481 Topiramate, 492, 499J, 500 Terazol. See Terconazole metabolism of, 75-77 Topo. See Topotecan hydrochloride Terazosin, 547-548 metabolites of. III Toposar. See Etoposide Terazosin hydrochloride, 641 Thiotepa, 361-362, 364J, 369 Topotecan hydrochloride, 392J, 393-394 Terbinafine hydrochloride, 200 Thiothixene, 463, 4801, 481, 48 If TOPV. See Trivalent oral polio vaccine Terbutaline, 541 2-Thiouracil, 663--{)64 Toradol. See Ketorolac conjugation of, 91-92 Thiourea, 663--{)64 Toremifene, 832, 833f metabolism of, 63-64, 66 Thioxanthenes,479-481 Toremifene citrate, 834 methylation, 102-103 pharmacokinetic properties of, 479, 480f Torisel. See Temsirolimus Terconazole, 204 structure-activity relationships of, 479, 480f Tornalate. See Bitolterol Terfenadine, 753-754, 754f Thonzylamine hydrochloride, 746 Torsion angle, of acetylcholine, 564--565, 565f Teriflunomide, 807f Thorazine. See Chlorpromazine hydrochloride Toserelin acetate, 6971 Teriparatide injection (hPTH), 709, 904 Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 253 Terramycin. See Oxytetracycline hydrochloride relationships, 36-37, 36f Toxoids, 165, 166-168, 173-174 Teslac. See Testolactone Threohydrobupropion, 515 Toxoplasma gondii, 220 Teslascan. See Mangafodipir trisodium Thrombin, 654--{)55, 655J, 906 Toxoplasmosis, 220 TESPA. See Thiotepa Thromboplastin, 6541, 655, 655f Tracleer. See Bosentan Testolactone, 835J, 836-837, 848f Thromboxane A2 , 657 Tracrium. See Atracurium besylate Testosterone, 820f--,ll21J, 822t, 823J, 847-848, 849J, 850 Thymidine, 376f Training set, 23 Testosterone cyclopentylpropionate, 823f Thymidylate synthase (TS), 372-373, 376f-377f Tramadol,789-790 Testosterone cypionate, 849J, 850 Thymol, 184 Trandate. See Labetalol Testosterone enanthate. 849J, 850 Thyrocalcitonin. See Calcitonin Trandolapril, 612 Testosterone propionate, 822t, 850 Thyrogen. See Thyrotropin alpha, recombinant Tranquilizers. See Antipsychotics Testosterone undecanoate, 850 Thyroglobulin, 906 Transcription, of virus, 333, 335 Testred. See 17a-Methyltestosterone Thyroid hormones, 663 Transdermal contraceptives, 843t, 845 Tetracaine, 726 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 894 Transgenics, 153 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, metabolism of, 49 Thyroliberin. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Translation, of virus, 333, 335 Tetracyclines, 26Ot, 301-308, 302t, 305t Thyropar. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone Tranxene. See Clorazepate dipotassium chelates of, 303 Thyrotropin, 894 Tranylcypromine sulfate, 510, 51Ot, 523 chemical classification of, 260 Thyrotropin alpha, recombinant, 136 Trastuzumab, 149 chemistry of, 30I Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 890 Travase. See Sutilains mechanism of action of, 303 Thyroxine, 663 Travatan. See Travoprost microbial resistance to, 303, 308 for hyperlipidemia, 650 Travoprost, 878 pharmacokinetic properties of, 304, 305t Tiagabine, 493, 500, 50If Trazodone,514-515 spectrum of activity of, 259, 303 Ticar. See Ticarcillin disodium Trecator SC. See Ethionamide structure- Tricosal. See Choline salicylate UltraTag RBC Kit. See Technetium ( 99IDTc) red blood Vasoprost. See Prostaglandin E[ cyclodextrin Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 510-513 cells Vasotec. See Enalapril maleate Tridesiol. See Desonide Ultravist. See Iopromide Vasoxyl. See Methoxamine Tridihexethyl chloride, 592-593 Unasyn. See Sulbactam-ampicillin V-Cillin. See Penicillin V Tri-Est. See Estriol Uncoating, of virus, 333-335 VCR. See Vincristine sulfate Triethylenethiophosphoramide. See Thiotepa Undecylenic acid, 194-195 VDREs. See Vitamin D response elements Trifluoperazine hydrochloride, 4801, 481, 4831 Unipen. See Nafcillin sodium VDRs. See Vitamin D receptors Triflupromazine hydrochloride, 461 I, 462 Unoprostone, 878 Vectors, for recombinant DNA, 124-126, 125f Trifluridine, 340 Uracil, 40, 40f Vectrin. See Minocycline hydrochloride Triglycerides, 647--648 Urecholine. See Bethanechol chloride Vecuronium bromide, 602, 604 Trihexyphenidyl, 478 Uric acid, 809-811, 809f-81Of Velban. See Vinblastine sulfate Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, 592-594 Uricosuric agents, 811 Velcade. See Bortezomib Triiodinated contrast agents, 432 Uridine. 376f Velosef. See Cephradine Trilafon. See Perphenazine Urinary analgesics, 214 Velsar. See Vinblastine sulfate Trileptal. See Oxcarbamazepine Urine, sulfanilamides and, 234 Venlafaxine, 514 Trilisate. See Choline salicylate Uritone. See Methenamine Venoms, 884-885 Trimegestone, 839f, 841 Urokinase, 889 Ventavis. See Iloprost Trimeprazine, 7401 Urotropin. See Methenamine Ventolin. See Salbutamol Trimeprazine tartrate, 752 Uroxatral. See Alfuzosin Vepesid. See Etoposide Trimethaphan, 559, 598 Uterine bleeding, progestins for, 839 Veracillin. See Dicloxacillin sodium Trimethaphan camphorsulfonate, 598 Veramyst. See Fluticasone 17a-furoate Trimethaphan camsylate, 595, 599 V Verapamil, 31f Trimethoprim, 110-111, 220, 235, 239 Vaccines, 165-168 as antiarrhythmic, 637 metabolism of, 70, 72 adjuvants and, 176-177 as vasodilator, 623--624, 6231 Trimeton. See Pheniramine maleate dosing, 167 Verloop's multidimensional steric parameters, 20 Trimetrexate. 380f, 383 for human immunodeficiency virus, 347 Verluma Kit. See Nofetumomab merpentan Trimipramine maleate, 512 for malaria, 245, 255 Vermox. See Mebendazole Trimpex. See Trimethoprim new antigens for, 176-177 Verongamine, 774f Tripelennamine, 7401 new technologies Verstran. See Prazepam conjugation of. 90-91 adjuvant technology, 174-177 Very-low-density lipoprotein, 647--649, 6491 Tripelennamine citrate. 745 nucleic acid, 177-178 Vesanoid. See Tretinoin Tripelennamine hydrochloride, 745 pharmaceutical principles of, 167 Vesicare. See Solifenacin succinate Triphasic combination contraceptive tablets. production of, 166-167, 167f Vesprin. See Triflupromazine hydrochloride 8421-8431, 844 recombinant, 145-146, 1461 VOCCs. See Voltage-gated calcium channels Triple sulfa, 234, 238 storage and handling of, 167-168 VOPCs. See Voltage-gated potassium channels Triprolidine, 7401 types of, 167 VOSCs. See Voltage-gated sodium channels Triprolidine hydrochloride, 750 use of, 167-168 vHTS. See Virtual high-throughput screening Triptans, 811-814, 8121, 8l3f viral, 168-172, 330-331, 333 Viadur. See Leuprolide acetate Triptorelin pamoate, 6971, 698--699, 698f VADD. See Vitamin A deficiency disorders Viagra. See Sildenafil citrate Trisalcid. See Choline salicylate Vaginitis, atrophic, HRT for, 846 Vibramycin. See Doxycycline Trisenox. See Arsenic trioxide Vagistat. See Tioconazole Vicodin. See Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone Trisulfapyrimidines, 237. See also Sulfonamides Valacyclovir hydrochloride, 341 Victoza. See Liraglutide Trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV), 169 Valepotriate, 972, 972f Vidarabine. See Adenine arabinoside TRK-820, 781, 782f Valerenic acid, 972, 972f Videx. See Didanosine TRMA. See Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia Valerian, 972, 972f Vigabatrin, 493, 501, 50lf Trobicin. See Spectinomycin hydrochloride Valium. See Diazepam Vildagliptin, 692--693, 694f Troglitazone, 681, 682f Valproic acid, 491-495, 495f Vinblastine, 972, 973f Troleandomycin, 313 Valrocemide, 495, 495f Vinblastine sulfate, 396-397, 396f Tropic acid, 585, 587 Valrubicin, 385, 385f, 389 Vinca alkaloids, 396-398, 396f, 972 Tropicamide, 16,568,593-594 Valsartan,614 Vincristine, 972, 973f Tropine, structure of, 582, 584-585, 587 Valstar. See Valrubicin Vincristine sulfate, 396-398, 396f Trospium chloride, 591 Valtrex. See Valacyclovir hydrochloride Vinorelbine ditartrate, 396, 396f, 398 Trypanosomiasis, 221, 224 Vancenase. See Beclomethasone dipropionate Vinyl chloride, metabolism of, 54, 56 Trypsin crystallized, 888-889. 8881 Vanceril. See Beclomethasone dipropionate Vioform. See Clioquinol TS. See Thymidylate synthase Vancocin. See Vancomycin hydrochloride Viomycin, 219 TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone Vancoled. See Vancomycin hydrochloride Vioxx. See Rofecoxib Tuberculosis, drug therapy for, 214-220 Vancomycin hydrochloride, 2601, 315-316 VIP. See Vasoactive intestinal peptide Tuberculosis vaccine, 172-173 clindamycin and, 314-315 Vira-A. See Adenine arabinoside Tuberohypophyseal pathway, 472, 473f van der Waals forces, 26 Viracept. See Nelfinavir d-Tubocurarine, 559, 581, 600-601 alcohols and, 181 Viral infection Tubocurarine chloride, 600-60I dorzolamide, 34-35, 35f burst size in, 330 Tumor, 355 van der Waals surfaces, 35, 35f chemoprophylaxis, 331, 333. 336 Tumor necrosis factor, recombinant, 142 Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 523 coreceptors in, 334 Tussionex. See Hydrocodone Vanoxide. See Hydrous benzoyl peroxide endocytosis in, 334 Twilight sleep, 587 Vanquish. See Acetaminophen immunization for, 331, 333 TXT. See Docetaxel Vansil. See Oxamniquine interferons and, 337-338, 338f-339f Tygacil. See Tigecycline Vantas. See Histrelin acetate nucleoside antimetabolites, 339-346 Tykerb. See Lapatinib ditosylate Vantin. See Cefpodoxime proxetil productive, 330 Tylenol. See Acetaminophen Vardenafil, 11, Ilf stages of, 333-336, 334f Tylenol 3. See Acetaminophen Vardenafil hydrochloride, 644 Viral vaccines, 168-172 Type I diabetes, 667, 900 Variable combination contraceptive tablets, 8421-8431, Viramune. See Nevirapine Type 2 diabetes, 667. 900 844 Virion, 336 Tyrocidin, 258 Vascor. see Bepridil hydrochloride Viroptic. See Trifluridine L-Tyrosine, 471, 472f Vascular theory, of migraines, 812 Virtual high-throughput screening (vHTS), 25 Tyrothricin, 319-320 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 904 Virus. See also Viral infection Tyzine. See Tetrahydrozoline Vasoconstrictors, in local anesthetics, 724-725 biochemistry of, 330 Vasodilators, 617--629, 6 18f--6 19f, 6201, 622f--625f, 6231 budding of, 336 U antihypertensive, 642--643, 643f classification of, 330-331, 3311-3321 Ubiquinone, 222 antithrombotic agents, 627--629 DNA, 331, 3311-3321, 335 Ulcerative colitis, sulfonamides for, 238-239 calcium antagonists, 622--627, 622f--625f, 6231 oncogenic, 335 Ultiva. See Remifentanil metabolism of, 619--620, 6201 RNA, 331, 3311-3321, 335 Ultradol. See Etodolac myocardial metabolism and, 618, 618f transcription and translation of, 333, 335 Ultralente insulin, 668, 90I. 901 1-9021 nitrovasodilators, 618-622, 619f, 6201 uncoating of, 333-335 Ultram. See Tramadol sodium channel blockers, 627 vaccinations for, 330-331, 333 Ultrasound Vasopressin, 607, 895-896, 8961 Visine. See Tetrahydrozoline contrast agents for, 413, 440 Vasopressin injection, 896, 8961 Visipaque. See Iodixanol description of, 440, 440f Vasopressin tannate, 896, 8961 Visken. See Pindolol Index 1009 Vistide. See Cidofovir sources of. 948 VP-16. See Etoposide Vistrax. See Oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride therapeutic uses of, 949, 951 VRL. See Vinorelbine ditartrate Vitamin(s),915-956 Vitamin BIz, 951-954 Vumon. See Teniposide daily intake guidelines for, 916-917, biochemistry of, 953, 953f Vytorin. See Ezetimibe 9171-9181 chemistry of, 952, 952f enrichment with, 917 deficiencies of, 953-954 w fat-soluble, 917-935 dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 951-952 Warfarin, 656f history of, 915-916 discovery of, 951 enantiomers of, 109 medicinal chemistry of, 915 hypervitaminosis. 954 metabolism of, 48 overview of, 915-917 kinetics of, 952 R( +)- Warfarin. metabolism of, 80, 82 use of, 915 products of, 954 Warfarin potassium, 658 water-soluble, 916, 9161, 935-956 sources of, 951-952 Warfarin sodium, 658 Vitamin A, 917-923 therapeutic use of, 953-954 Water-soluble contrast agents, 432 biochemistry of, 921-922, 921f Vitamin C, 954-956 Water-soluble vitamins, 916, 9161,935-956 chemistry of, 919-920 biochemistry of, 955, 9551, 956f vitamin B I, 935-938 deficiencies of, 922 chemistry of, 954, 954f vitamin Bz, 938-942 dietary intake of, 917, 9171-9181 dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 954 vitamin BJ , 939-942 discovery of, 917 discovery of, 954 vitamin B" 942-944 hypervitaminosis, 922-923 hypervitaminosis, 955 vitamin Bo, 944--947 kinetics of, 920-921 kinetics of, 954-955, 955f vitamin B7 , 947-948 products, 923 products of, 955-956, 956f vitamin Bo, 948-951 provitamins. 917, 919 sources of, 954 vitamin BIz, 951-954 relative weights of, 920, 9201 therapeutic uses of, 955 vitamin C, 954-956 sources of, 917, 919, 9201 Vitamin D, 917-923 WelChol. See Colesevelam therapeutic uses of, 922 biochemistry of, 925-926 Wellbutrin. See Bupropion Vitamin A" 919 in bone health. 915 Wemicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 938 Vitamin Az, 919 bone health and, 706 West African sleeping sickness, 221, 223-224 Vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD). 922 chemistry of, 923 Whitfield's ointment, 195 Vitamin B j • 935-938 deficiencies of, 926 Wilpowr. See Phentermine hydrochloride biochemistry of, 936, 937f, 9371, 938 dietary intake of, 9171-9181. 923 World Health Organization analgesic ladder, 777, 777f chemistry of, 935-936, 936f-937f discovery of, 923 Wound healing, antiseptics and, 180-181 dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 935 hypervitaminosis, 927 Wyamycin S. See Erythromycin stearate discovery of, 935 kinetics of, 923-925 Wycillin. See Penicillin G procaine hypervitaminosis, 938 products, 927,9271, 928f Wydase. See Hyaluronidase for injection kinetics of. 936 sources of, 923 Wytensin. See Guanabenz; Guanabenz acetate products of, 938 therapeutic uses of, 926-927 sources of, 935 Vitamin D receptors (VDRs), 925-926 X therapeutic uses of, 938 Vitamin D response elements (VDREs), 925 Xalatan. See Latanoprost Vitamin Bz, 938-942 Vitamin E, 927-931 Xanax. See Alprazolam biochemistry of, 938-939, 939f biochemistry of, 929-931, 930f Xanthine oxidase (XO), 78, 379 chemistry of, 938, 939f chemistry of, 928-929, 929f Xanthine oxidase inhibitors, 811 dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 938 deficiencies of, 931 Xeloda. See Capecitabine discovery of, 938 dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 927 Xenobiotics, 43 hypervitaminosis, 939 hypervitaminosis, 931 Xenon, 7121, 716 kinetics of, 938 kinetics of. 929, 929f Xenon e33Xe) gas, 430 products, 939 products of, 931, 9321 Xenon radiopharmaceuticals, 430 sources of, 938 sources of, 927 Xigris. See Drotrecogin alfa therapeutic uses of, 939 therapeutic uses of, 931, 931f XO. See Xanthine oxidase Vitamin BJ, 939-942 Vitamin K, 932-935 Xopenex. See Levalbuterol biochemistry of, 940-942, 94 If biochemistry of, 933-934, 933f-934f X-rays, 413. 417 chemistry of, 940, 940f in blood coagulation, 655-{i57. 656f production of, 430, 43 If dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 940 in bone health, 915 Xylocaine. See Lidocaine hydrochloride discovery of, 940 chemistry of, 932, 932f Xylometazoline, 537 hypervitaminosis, 942 deficiencies of, 934 Xyzal. See Levocetirizine dibydrochloride kinetics of, 940 dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 932 products of, 942 discovery of, 932 y sources of, 940 hypervitaminosis, 935 Yoeon. See Yohimbine therapeutic uses of, 942 kinetics of, 932-933 Yodoxin. See lodoquinol Vitamin B" 942-944 products, 935 Yobimbine, 548-549 biochemistry of, 943-944, 943f sources of, 932 Yomesan. See Niclosamide chemistry of, 942-943, 942f-943f therapeutic uses of, 935 Yutopar. See Ritodrine dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 942 Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB), 935 discovery of, 942 Vitamin K inhibitors, 657 Z hypervitaminosis. 944 Vivactil. See Protriptyline hydrochloride Zaditor. See Ketotifen fumarate ophthalmiC solution kinetics of, 943 VivianI. See Bazedoxifene Zalcitabine, 344-345 products of, 944 Vivitrol. See Naltrexone Zaleplon, 451-452 sources of, 942 VKDB. See Vitamin K deficiency bleeding Zanaflex. See Tizanidine therapeutic uses of, 944 VLB. See Vinblastine sulfate Zanamivir, 336-337 Vitamin Bo, 944--947 VM-26. See Teniposide Zanosar. See Streptozocin biochemistry of, 944-945, 945f-946f VMA. See Vanillylmandelic acid Zantac. See Ranitidine chemistry of, 944, 945f VNB. See Vinorelbine ditanrate Zarontin. See Ethosuximide dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 944 Voglibose, 687-{i88, 687f-{i88f ZD 1839. See Gefitinib discovery of, 944 Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), Zebeta. See Bisoprolol hypervitaminosis, 947 anticonvulsants and, 492-493 Zefazone. See Cefmetazole sodium kinetics of, 944, 945f Voltage-gated ion channels, anticonvulsants and, Zenapax. See Daclizumab products of, 947 492-493 Zentel. See Albendazole sources of, 944 Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGPCs), Zephiran. See Alkylbenzyldimethylammonium therapeutic uses of, 946-947 anticonvulsants and, 493 cbloride Vitamin B7 , 947-948, 947f-948[, 9471 Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), 720, Zerit. See Stavudine Vitamin Bo, 948-951 72lf-722f Zestril. See Lisinopri1 biochemistry of, 949, 950[, 9511 anticonvulsants and, 492, 492f Zetia. See Ezetimibe chemistry of, 948-949, 949f local anesthetic binding to, 720, 72 If-722[, Zevalin. See IbrilUmomab tiuxetan dietary intake of, 9171-9181, 948 722-723,724f Zidovudine, 344 discovery of, 948 Voltaren. See Diclofenac Zinacef. See Cefuroxime sodium hypervitaminosis, 951 Vontrol. See Diphenidol Zinc caprylate, 194 kinetics of, 949 Voriconazole, 205 Zinc propionate, 194 products of, 951 Vorinostat, 407f, 408-409, 409f Ziprasidone, 466f, 467, 4831, 487, 487f 1010 Index Zithromax. See Azithromycin Zomepirac, 799f Zovirax. See Acyclovir Zocor. See Simvastatin Zometa. See Zoledronic acid Zuclorniphene, 833f Zoladex. See Toserelin acetate Zornig. See Zohnitriptan Zyloprim. See Allopurinol Zoledronic acid, 7071, 708 Zomig-ZMT. See Zolrnitriptan Zymogen granules, 887 Zolinza. See Vorinostat Zonegran. See Zonisarnide Zymogens, 887 Zolmitriptan, 812-814, 8121, 813f Zonisarnide, 499f, 500 Zyprexa. See Olanzapine Zoloft. See Sertraline Zopiclone, 451 Zyrtec. See Cetirizine Zolpidem, 451 Zosyn. See Tazobactam-piperacillin Zyvox. See Linezolid