A Simple Raster-Based Model for Floodplain Inundation and Uncertainty Assessment

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A Simple Raster-Based Model for Floodplain Inundation and Uncertainty Assessment A simple raster-based model for floodplain inundation and uncertainty assessment Case study city Kulmbach Wissenschaftliche Arbeit zur Erlangung des Grades M.Sc. an der Ingenieurfakultät Bau Geo Umwelt der Technischen Universität München. Betreut von M.Sc. Punit Kumar Bhola und Dr. Jorge Leandro Lehrstuhl für Hydrologie und Flussgebietsmanagement Eingereicht von Saskia Ederle Bischoffstraße 2 80937 München Eingereicht am München, den 28.04.2017 Abstract In this study, simple 2D hydrodynamical flood models for the rivers in the area of the city of Kulmbach are developed. Kulmbach has experienced several floods over the years. Flood mitigation measures have been built in early years, so major damage can be prevented. But still, reoccurring flood events lead to flooding of infrastructures, such as traffic routes and land used by agriculture. To develop the models, HEC-RAS 2D and TELEMAC 2D are applied. As input data, a digital elevation model to extract the topography of the floodplain and rivers is used. In addition, boundary conditions are gained from recorded hydrographs and water levels. Both models used the HQ100, a flood event statistically happening once every 100 years, as discharge for the computation. To check validity of the results, the simulation results are mapped and compared to official flood risk maps. For the HEC-RAS model, additionally an uncertainty analysis is performed. The method used is called GLUE, which is based on the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The results of the MCS are evaluated by comparing the simulated values with the observations using a likelihood measure. As calibration data, recorded values of the water levels at eight locations in Kulmbach of the January 2011 flood event are used. The results of both models showed satisfactory inundation areas in terms of water level and size of flooded area. The uncertainty assessment showed, that the HEC-RAS 2D model reacts sensitive to changes of roughness parameters (Manning’s n). A detailed calibration of further input parameters has been excluded and should be subject of further studies. Kurzfassung In dieser Arbeit werden 2D hydrodynamische Hochwassermodelle für die Flüsse im Bereich der Stadt Kulmbach entwickelt. Kulmbach hat im Laufe der Jahre mehrere Überschwemmungen erlebt, weshalb bereits in frühen Jahren Hochwasserminderungsmaßnahmen gebaut wurden, so dass große Schäden vermieden werden konnten. Dennoch führen wiederkehrende Hochwasserereignisse zu Überschwemmungen von Infrastrukturen, wie zum Beispiel Verkehrswegen und Flächen, die von der Landwirtschaft genutzt werden. Zur Entwicklung der Modelle werden HEC-RAS 2D und TELEMAC 2D angewendet. Als Eingangsinformation wird ein digitales Höhenmodell verwendet, um die Topographie der Überschwemmungsflächen und der Flüsse zu nutzen. Darüber hinaus werden die Randbedingungen aus aufgezeichneten Abflussganglinien und Wasserständen gewonnen. Beide Modelle nutzten das HQ100, ein Hochwasserereignis, das statisch einmal alle 100 Jahre stattfindet, als Abfluss für die Berechnung. Um die Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse zu überprüfen, werden die Simulationsergebnisse graphisch in einer Karte dargestellt und mit den offiziellen Hochwasserrisikokarten verglichen. Für das HEC-RAS-Modell wird zusätzlich eine Unsicherheitsanalyse durchgeführt. Die verwendete Methode heißt GLUE, und basiert auf der Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Die Ergebnisse der MCS werden durch Vergleich der simulierten Werte mit den Beobachtungen, mit einem Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaß bewertet. Als Kalibrierungsdaten werden aufgezeichnete Werte der Wasserstände an acht Standorten in Kulmbach des Hochwasserereignisses im Januar 2011, verwendet. Die Ergebnisse beider Modelle zeigten zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse der Überschwemmungsgebiete in Bezug auf den Wasserstand und die Größe der überschwemmten Fläche. Die Unsicherheitsbeurteilung zeigte, dass das HEC-RAS 2D Modell empfindlich auf Änderungen der Rauheitsparameter (Mannings n) reagiert. Eine detaillierte Kalibrierung weiterer Eingabeparameter wurde ausgeschlossen und sollte Gegenstand weiterer Studien sein. Acknowledgement I want to thank Professor Disse for giving me the opportunity to write my Master’s thesis on this interesting topic at his chair. Further, I want to thank all members of the Chair of Hydrology and River Basin Management for the pleasant working atmosphere. Finally, my special thanks go to Punit Kumar Bhola for supervising me during my Master’s thesis. Additionally, I want to thank the Wasserwirtschaftsamt Hof for the assistance in my search for complementary data, and especially Michael Stocker for sending me the data needed for calibration. Danksagung Ich möchte Professor Disse dafür danken, dass er mir die Gelegenheit gegeben hat, meine Masterarbeit über dieses interessante Thema an seinem Lehrstuhl zu schreiben. Weiterhin möchte ich mich bei allen Mitgliedern des Lehrstuhls für Hydrologie und Flussgebietsmanagement für die angenehme Arbeitsatmosphäre bedanken. Insbesondere geht mein Dank an Punit Kumar Bhola, der mich während meiner Masterarbeit betreut hat. Darüber hinaus möchte ich dem Wasserwirtschaftsamt Hof, für die Unterstützung bei der Suche nach ergänzenden Daten, und vor allem Michael Stocker, für die Zusendung der für die Kalibrierung benötigten Daten, danken. Content Abstract I Kurzfassung II Acknowledgement III Danksagung III Content V 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Outline of the thesis ............................................................................................. 2 2 Literature review 3 2.1 Modeling fundamentals ........................................................................................ 3 2.2 Data ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Comparison of different raster based models ....................................................... 4 2.3.1 Models based on full Shallow Water Equations .............................................. 4 2.3.2 Models based on 2D Diffusion Wave ............................................................. 6 2.3.3 Selection of models ........................................................................................ 7 3 Model approach 8 3.1 Hydrodynamic Modeling....................................................................................... 8 3.1.1 Mass Conservation (Continuity) Equation ...................................................... 9 3.1.2 Momentum Conservation Equation ................................................................ 9 3.1.3 Bottom Friction ............................................................................................... 9 3.2 Numerical Discretization .................................................................................... 10 3.2.1 Finite difference method ............................................................................... 10 3.2.2 Finite volume method ................................................................................... 11 3.2.3 Finite element method .................................................................................. 11 3.3 HEC-RAS ........................................................................................................... 12 3.3.1 Computational Mesh ..................................................................................... 13 3.3.2 Limitations of HEC-RAS 2D .......................................................................... 13 3.4 TELEMAC 2D ..................................................................................................... 14 3.4.1 Special characteristics of TELEMAC 2D ....................................................... 14 3.4.2 Limitations of TELEMAC 2D ......................................................................... 15 3.5 Additional software tools ..................................................................................... 16 4 Description of Study Area 17 4.1 Kulmbach ........................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Flood events and flood protection measures ...................................................... 18 4.3 Characteristics of the study area......................................................................... 19 5 Model Development 24 5.1 HEC-RAS Development ..................................................................................... 24 5.1.1 Grid generation ............................................................................................. 26 5.1.2 Boundary conditions ..................................................................................... 28 5.1.3 Unsteady Flow simulation ............................................................................. 28 5.1.4 Post-processing ............................................................................................ 28 5.2 TELEMAC 2D Development ............................................................................... 28 5.2.1 Blue Kenue ................................................................................................... 30 5.2.2 Fudaa-Prepro ............................................................................................... 32 5.2.3 Post-processing ........................................................................................... 32 6 Uncertainty Assessment 33 6.1 Uncertainties in floodplain inundation modeling ................................................
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