Instituciones Actuales Armenias En Uruguay Y Argentina: Memoria Histórica E Identidad Cultural

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Instituciones Actuales Armenias En Uruguay Y Argentina: Memoria Histórica E Identidad Cultural INSTITUCIONES ACTUALES ARMENIAS EN URUGUAY Y ARGENTINA: MEMORIA HISTÓRICA E IDENTIDAD CULTURAL TRABAJO FINAL DE GRADO Agustin Nicola Abrajian Tutor: Anna Maria Garcia Universitat de Girona Junio de 2017 1 2 Para todos ustedes, que me contempláis desde lo más alto de vuestra cúspide. Por ti. Por nosotros. Por que no existe justicia más grande que poner la verdad sobre la mesa. Gracias, Anna Maria, por tu dedicación y tu paciencia, pero sobre todo por proponerme esta gran idea. Para mis Maria Rosa, Enrique y Sofia por ser incondicionales. 3 ÍNDICE 1. Introducción .................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. La situación de la minoría armenia en el siglo XIX. Del movimiento de liberación a la creación de las primeras instituciones armenias ........................................................................................... 9 2.1. El desigual tratamiento hacía los cristianos. El caso armenio y el movimiento de liberación .............................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Las reformas del “Tanzimat” y la época constitucional ........................................................ 12 3. Los treinta años de absolutismo de Abdul Hamid II ........................................................................ 22 3.1. El Tratado de San Stéfano y el Congreso de Berlín ............................................................... 23 3.2. El despotismo de Abdul Hamid II ................................................................................................ 25 3.2.1. “La causa armenia” en los años del absolutismo ........................................................... 27 4. El Genocidio armenio ................................................................................................................................ 33 4.1. La creación del partido Unión y Progreso. El nacimiento de los Jóvenes Turcos. El panislamismo. ................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.2. La revolución de 1908 ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.3. El nacionalismo turco ....................................................................................................................... 38 4.4. El poder del triunvirato (1913-1915) y la entrada de Turquía en la Gran Guerra ......... 41 4.5. Ejecución del Genocidio armenio.............................................................................................. 44 4.5.1. La deportación .......................................................................................................................... 45 4.6. El debate historiográfico en torno al Genocidio ...................................................................... 50 5. La guerra de Independencia otomana: el surgimiento de dos naciones ..................................... 53 6. La diáspora armenia ................................................................................................................................... 57 6.1. La consciencia de grupo. El proceso de reproducción de la identidad colectiva armenia: el ser armenio fuera de la tierra madre ................................................................................... 62 6.1.1. La iglesia armenia .................................................................................................................... 65 6.1.2. La diáspora silenciosa: la relevancia del mártir ............................................................. 67 6.2. La diáspora armenia en la zona rioplatense .............................................................................. 70 6.2.1. La diáspora armenia en Uruguay ........................................................................................ 74 6.2.2. La diáspora armenia en la Argentina ................................................................................. 75 6.2.3. Las escuelas armenias en Uruguay..................................................................................... 77 6.2.4. Las escuelas armenias en Argentina .................................................................................. 79 6.2.5. Las audiciones radiales uruguayas; pioneras en la diáspora armenia ...................... 80 6.2.6. Instituciones patrióticas o “partidos políticos” ............................................................... 81 6.2.7. Organizaciones benéficas ...................................................................................................... 83 6.2.8. Organizaciones culturales ..................................................................................................... 84 7. Conclusión ..................................................................................................................................................... 85 8. Bibliografía .................................................................................................................................................. 88 8.2. Bibliografía ......................................................................... Error! No s'ha definit el marcador. 4 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El presente trabajo está dedicado al estudio de las instituciones actuales armenias en Uruguay y Argentina, desde una perspectiva de memoria histórica y de identidad cultural. La colctividad armenia está presente, desde hace décadas, en más de cincuenta países. La causa principal de este asentamiento fue el Genoidio armenio que provocó, entre otras cosas, la diseminación de gran parte de la población armenia. La migración masiva de armenios, denominada como diáspora, se desarrolló, sobre todo, en la década de los años veinte del siglo pasado. El pueblo armenio como sobreviviente del primer genocidio del siglo XX se asentó en diferentes regiones del planeta. Una puerta de entrada para estos refugiados políticos fue Argentina y Uruguay. Para adentrarse en el tema, es necesario tener en cuenta que el estudio sobre el Genocidio armenio (debido al “negacionismo” turco e internacional) pasó inadvertido, durante décadas, por la Historiografía. La no aceptación de las matanzas de 1915 a 1918 de armenios en manos de musulmanes (turcos, kurdos y otras etnias turcomónidas) como genocidio provocó un silencio colectivo armenio y, por ende, una diáspora trastornada (KARLSSON, 2011). No fue hasta 1982, en una conferencia celebrada en Tel Aviv, que se pusieron las bases académicas para el estudio del Genocidio armenio. En suma, la verdad sobre lo ocurrido en Anatolia a principios del siglo XX no pasó a ser objeto de debate historiográfico hasta la década de los ochenta del siglo pasado, cuando empezaron a circular, sobre todo, publicaciones de autores coetáneos a los hechos (como por ejemplo, Blue Book de James Bryce y Arnold Toynbee). Se debe destacar que de esta conferencia surgieron dos líneas de investigación con teorías y métodos de análisis distintos, es decir, dos tendencias historiográficas, que perduran enfrentadas hasta nuestros días. En 1998, en un coloquio realizado en París, se puso en marcha una investigación con el objetivo de establecer la verdad sobre lo ocurrido en Anatolia a principios del siglo pasado. A partir de entonces, surgió de la mano de historiadores, antropólogos, sociólogos y otros científicos sociales una amplia preocupación por el estudio de la diáspora armenia y, por ende, de las diversas colectividades armenias que existen alrededor del mundo. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, el triunvirato (Talat, Enver y Cemal) del CUP (Comité de Unión y Progreso), que tenía el poder sobre el Imperio Otomano, programó y ejecutó un Genocidio contra la única minoría cristiana que quedaba en el estado; el pueblo armenio. Los armenios, a principios del siglo pasado, fueron deportados y asesinados de manera masiva (se estima que murieron cerca de 1.500.000 de armenios). Se debe subrayar que el Genocidio armenio, considerado el primer genocidio del siglo XX, fue también un genocidio cultural, puesto que, por un lado, se mandó destruir y privatizar todo el patrimonio armenio (iglesias, monumentos, tierras, etc.) y, por otro, se prohibió el uso de la lengua y la predicación de la religión armenia, llevándose a cabo una “turquización” en todo el Imperio. La consecuencia directa de este genocidio, como se ha mencionado antes, fue la diáspora armenia. 5 Este trabajo está compuesto por cinco apartados, que podrían dividirse en dos grandes bloques. El primero está dedicado a la situación de los armenios en el siglo XIX, pasando por el surgimiento del movimiento libertador, la creación de los partidos políticos y de las instituciones armenias. El segundo bloque se construye por el Genocidio y su correspondiente diáspora, sobre todo está dedicado al estudio de los armenios en el nuevo mundo junto con la introducción y desarrollo de sus instituciones. El primer apartado, La situación de la minoría armenia en el siglo XIX. Del movimiento de liberación a la creación de las primeras instituciones armenias, se pretende explicar cómo vivían los armenios bajo el dominio otomano; sus características como súbditos, su situación socioeconómica y el desarrollo de su cultura. Además de analizar el motivo del nacimiento del movimiento de liberación armenio, que tuvo su auge a finales del siglo XIX, tras el florecimiento de las
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