11598 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 26 By Mr. ASHLEY: By Mr. GWINN: . By Mr. DEROUNI~: H.J. Res. 408. Joint resolution to provide H. Con. Res. 194. Concurrent resolution re­ H. R. 7625. A bill for the relief of Ursula for the observance and commemoration of questing the President to issue a proclama­ Gerlinde Reinhardt Meinz; to the Committee the 50th anniversary of the founding and tion designating the week of January 29, on the Judiciary. launching of the co~servation m_ovei:pent for 1956, through February 4, 1966, as Na.. By Mr. LECOMPTE: the preservation of the natural resources of tional Junior Achievement Week; to the H. R. 7626. A bill for the relief of Viola the United states; to the Committee on the Committee on the Judiciary. Grace Smith; to the Committee on the Ju­ .Judiciary. By Mr. BARDEN: diciary. By Mr. RODINO: H. Res. 316. Resolution to authorize the By Mr. PRICE: H.J. Res. 409. Joint resolution to provide Committee on Education and Labor to con­ H. R. 7627. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Alice for the observance and commemoration of duct studies and investigations in the United Halbrook; to the Committee on the Judiciary. the 50th anniversary of the founding and States, its Territories and possessions, and By Mr. VINSON: launching of the conservation movement for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; to the Committee on Rules. H. R. 7628. A bill to authorize the appoint­ the preservation of the natural resources of ment in a civilian position in the White the United States; to the Committee on the _House Office of Maj. Gen. John Stewart Brag­ .Judiciary. don, United States Army, retired, and for By Mrs. ST. GEORGE: MEMORIALS H.J. Res. 410. Joint resalution to provide o~her purposes; to the Committee on Armed for the observance and commemoration of Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memori­ Services. the 50th anniversary of the founding and als were presented and referred as fol­ launching of the conservation movement for lows: the preservation of the natural resources of PETITIONS, ETC. the United States; to the Committee on the :J3Y the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legisla­ ture of the State of Massachusetts memorial­ Under clause 1 of XXII, petitions and .Judiciary. izing the President and the Congress of the papers were laid on the Clerk's desk and By Mr. UDALL: referred as follows: H.J. Res. 411. Joint resolution to provide United States relative to favoring the amend­ for the observance and commemoration of ing of the Refugee Relief Act along the lines 358. By Mr. GROSS: Petition of 30 resi­ the 50th anniversary of the founding and recommended by the President to the present dents of Mason City, Iowa, and vicinity fa­ launching of the conservation movement for session of the Congress; to the Committee on voring legislation to finance the costs of pub­ the preservation of the natural resources of the Judiciary. lic highway construction on a pay-as-you-go the United States; to the Committee on the basis; also favoring limiting the size and Judiciary. weight of motor vehicles; to the Committee By Mr. WIDNALL: PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS on Public Works. H.J. Res. 412. Joint resolution to provide Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private 359. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Fran­ for the observance and commemoration of bills and resolutions were introduced and cisco Valle and others, Hatillo, P. R., peti­ the 50th anniversary of the founding and tioning consideration of their resolution with launching of the conservation movement for severally referred as follows: reference to endorsing the bill providing for the preservation of the natural resources of By Mrs. FRANCES P. BOLTON: increasing to $100 the pension to be received the United States; to the Committee on H. R. 7624. A bill for the relief of Cynthia by. each one of us-being veterans of World the Judiciary. W. Y. Wu; to the Committee on the Judiciary. War I; to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Invitation to Sponsors of North Atlantic HUMPHREY, JACKSON, LEHMAN, LONG, MANS• headed since its foundation in 1949. In ac­ FIELD, MCNAMARA, MURRAY, NEELY, NEUBERGER, cepting, I wrote him May 12: Treaty To Name Delegates to a Con­ O'MAHONEY, PAYNE, SCOTT, and SPARKMAN. " 'I am honored to be counted among those I believe that my fellow sponsors would also who support the unity of free nations.' vention join me in urging the committee to make any "Justice Roberts' services to defense as changes in the language in the resolution well as to the judiciary were manifold, but which you deem necessary in order to better perhaps the finest thing he did was the sacri­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS define or make more precise its purposes. fice he made in resigning from the Supreme OF For instance, it is my understanding that Court to devote himself to the cause of the executive departments concerned may Atlantic Union. HON. ESTES KEFAUVER propose that the language be changed to have "The subject today is vitally important OF TENNESSEE the invitation of the President issued on and the period fateful. All probably agree IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES behalf of the Congress. Such a change to the importance of Atlantic unity but Jew would certainly be satisfactory with me and act. Tuesday, July 26, 1955 is in fact in keeping with our own consti­ "Recently a resolution calling for action tutional history. The important thing. is was introduced in Congress by a distin­ Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, I ask that we take a step now which the times de­ guished bipartisan group from both Houses. unanimous consent to have printed in mand and make such a convention possible. It proposes that delegates from the United the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a brief The President's meeting at the summit States and other NATO democracies meet in statement made by me yesterday before emphasizes, in my opinion, the desirability a convention 'to explore and report to what the Senate Foreign Relations Commit­ of the step here proposed. In line with our extent their peoples United States Congress by so many distin­ zens of the Atlantic democracies to deter• if we remain on the defensive. To move for• guished Senators and Representatives, is of mine what steps might be taken outside the .ward toward ultimate victory in this ,ideol­ the highest importance to all nations be­ military field to br1ng about unity of action. ogical struggle, to make possible an expan~ longing to NATO. On behalf of the other sponsors of this sion of the frontiers of freedom which have "I have long been an ardent partisan of resolution, I wish briefly to explain certain receded so far in the last decade, we must a European federation to be integrated itself provisions in its enacting clause. take the offensive. .tn the Atlantic community. But certain It requests the President to invite the The passage of this concurrent resolution European nations have hesitated to advance other democracies which sponsored the North by the Congress of the United States would far in this direction so. long as the United Atlantic Treaty-Canada, Britain, France, electrify free . men everywhere, providing States, Canada, and Great Britain were not Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxem­ them with a new and tremendously dynamic disposed to explore in common with them bourg-to name delegates to meet in a idea. It would generate hope and confidence an eventual political, economic, and military convention with similarly appointed dele­ . wherever people are permitted to read the union. gates of the United States. There is no rea­ news and listen freely to the radio, and some "If the American Congress accepts the At­ son why the President should not, if he of that hope would seep through the cracks lantic proposal of Senator KEFAUVER, all the deemed it desirable, undertake this initia­ in the Iron Curtain. democratic European nations should be tive jointly with the Prime Minister of Cana­ The initiative depends solely upon us. In happy to accept the invitation to send dele­ da or Britain or of any other of these. nations. seeking closer union between free peoples. gates to such a study commission. Should Because these seven nations have already there is no limitation upon our capabili• ·there result from the work of this conference joined in sponsoring the North Atlantic ties except ourselves. and from later proposals the outline of an Treaty, this exploratory convention can most ·acceptable plan of union, in which each of appropriately be initiated by them. 'the member nations would be attributed an But the resolution provides that the con• equitable voting right protecting it from any vention may invite other democracies to Keenotes eventual domination by a single nation­ participate. which should be contrary to the democratic The delegates to the convention proposed ideal of the Union-we would then certainly in this resolution would be appointed by EXTENSION OF REMARKS have made a great step toward world peace their governments, thereby insuring that OF and general prosperity." men of the highest competence and experi­ This from the author of the Schuman ence would devote their full time to this HON. ELIZABETH KEE plan. high mission for as long a period as might OF WEST VIRGINIA Paul-Henri Spaak, Foreign Minister of Bel­ be required. The delegates from the United IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVF.S gium said, in endorsing this proposal: States could appropriately be appointed by "The Atlantic exploratory convention res­ the President with the advice and consent Tuesday, July 26, 1955 olution proposed in the American Congress of the Senate. They would include mem­ by Senator KEFAUVER, Senator FLANDERS, and bers of the principal political parties, a pro• Mrs. KEE. Mr. Speaker, under leave other leading Americans seems to me a most vision which clearly envisages the participa• to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I praiseworthy effort to obtain at least a pre­ tion of Members of both Houses of the should like to include my newspaper col­ liminary examination of the advantages and Congress. They would, however, as the last umn, Keenotes, on the subject of the disadvantages of closer cooperation among paragraph in the Preamble makes clear, act adjournment rush. The column fol­ western democracies. I personally hope that as individuals, in accordance with their in• lows: such discussion will take place between the dividual convictions, just as the delegates KEENOTES citizens of the Atlantic nations very soon." did in Philadelphia in 1787. Under this (By Representative ELIZABETH KEE) Former Prime Minister of Belgium Paul procedure, division of the convention into Van Zeeland said: national delegations, which would be in­ Did you ever stand and marvel at the way "Any step leading to the acceptance or the structed by their governments and would a circus is put together from what appears support by the United States of the creation negotiate and bargain with each other as in to be the most fantastic jumble of con• of a truly well-balanced and equitable Atlan­ a diplomatic conference, would be avoided. fusion ever created? Out of it finally comes tic community would, in my opinion, be a The purpose of the convention is_ delinea­ a planned community of tents, of Big Top great support and a strong inducement for ted clearly in the resolution. It is to ex­ and side shows and rides and refreshment . those who are doing their best to create a plore cand to report to what extent their stands and everything is perfect down to the European union. delegates believe their people might further last detail. "To sum up, it would be a major step unite within the framework of the United Congress in the homestretch-in the midst towards peace and prosperity throughout the Nations and to what extent they might agree of an adjournment rush-reflects a little bit world." to form, federally o~ otherwise, a defense, of the fantastic confusion of the circus Foreign Minister of Italy Gaetano Martino economic, and political union. After com­ grounds early in the morning hours as the said of ·the resolution: · prehensive exploration of possible courses of tents are Just going up. There seems to be "I agree with Senator KEFAUVER that the action within this broad framework, the no order, no rhyme or reason, no plan, no peace of the world cannot be assured by delegates would draw up a public report of recognizable pattern of activity-just con• methods of formal diplomacy alone; and I their joint findings and recommendations. fusion. And yet, it is remarkable how, out feel that any efforts on the part of leading There is no commitment in this resolution of all of this, comes a flood of carefully · citizens in different democratic countries other than to call for such exploration and drawn, intelligent legislation under which to explore and carefully discuss the probable recommendations by a body selected from our country can then operate during the advantages, · obstacles, and problems con­ the peoples of our democracies. There is 5 months, or so, of congressional recess. nected with some possible form of eventual certainly . no commitment to any action Of course, if Congress let everything go to democratic federation are very desirable, be· which would decrease the powers of the Gov• the last minute, this kind of record could cause the more discussion we have of these ernment of the United States. Any such never be accomplished. The "last-minute problems the closer is the likelihood of even­ action which the American people might decisions" which seem to be made in the tual solution." consider wise at some future date in the closing days of a session are instead a final Now Just exactly what 1s this plan, why light of the recommendations of the con­ recognition by both sides of important issues do I think it is necessary, and how would it vention would necessarily be undertaken by that neither side will surrender on basic work? · the Congress of the United States in ac• principles and so a compromise long under NATO is now the most integrated and cordance with our constitutional processes. consideration will have to be agreed to. Leg. developed international organization of the Anyone who believes in our political sys• islation is almost always a case of compro­ free world as well as tlie principal bulwark tem and ackowledges the sovereignty of the mise-but when you feel' you might carry of· its security. But NATO is still fund- people should favor the convocation of a your point all the way, you are reluctant to 11600 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 26 compromise. In the :final days of a con­ state and Foreign Commerce-H. R. it acquires 15,000 monographs and 100,- gressional session. however, you face the 4475, introduced on February 28, 1955, 000 journal pieces, the housing of which choice of compromise or no legislation at all. by Mr. DELANEY, and H. R. 5927 intro­ requires over half a mile of linear shelf So compromises are made. And usually they are good compromises duced on April 28, 1955, by Mr. MILLER of footage. Each year its unrivaled inter­ and good law. Nebraska-will receive the careful study library loan service places 133,000 The session now coming to an end has and consideration of all interested Gov­ volumes in the hands of medical research been a particularly productive one, and well ernment departments, groups, and indi­ workers throughout this country. Over run. The adjournment rush is a compara­ viduals. 1,000 reference questions are answered tively quiet one. Usually, at this point in a by the library staff each month, in the session of Congress, both the House and course of which many long medical bibli­ Senate are meeting almost continually, often The Armed Forces Medical Library in round-the-clock marathons, in an effort ographies are prepared. The library is carefully cataloging all of its acquisi­ .to get everything done which has to be EXTENSION OF REMARKS .done before adjournment. tions, and issues each year a printed rec­ Yet so current have we been on our work OF ord of this work for all to see and use. this year that the two Houses still can dis­ HON. GEORGE P. MILLER The library publishes a monthly index pose of the business on the calendar in nor­ to the current periodical literature of mal working days, and even take an occa­ OF CALIFORNIA medicine in which over 100,000 articles a sional Friday off, as was done last Friday. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Of course, the intensive work-the long year are listed by author and subject. hours and the hard grinding-takes place Tuesday, July 26, 1955 Interlibrary loans, bibliographical and primarily within the committees, where the Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. photoduplication services make it pos­ bills are whipped into final shape for House Speaker, on the south side of the Mall sible for the doctor, wherever he may be, or Senate consideration. The compromises at the corner of 7th Street and Inde­ to have at his beck and call all of the are hammered out there, and consequently library's resources. It is difficult to ex­ when a bill comes to the floor-generally with pendence A venue stands the old red brick building which houses the Armed aggerate the important influence this support from both Democratic and Repub­ library has had on the advances in the lican leaders of the committee-the chances Forces Medical Library, the greatest are 10 to 1 that it will go through as written medical library in the world, now in its medical sciences throughout the world. in committee. 120th year. The library was instituted Indeed, Osler once remarked that this If we proceed at the pace we have been in 1836 by Joseph Lovell, Surgeon-Gen­ library and its publications constituted following in recent weeks, adjournment will eral of the United States Army, as the the outstanding American contribution come upon us almost by surprise. In past in the field of medicine. years, adjournment usually came simultane­ Library of the Surgeon-General's Office. Known variously under that name and The Library has long since outgrown ously with mass exhaustion by all Members­ its present quarters. As early as 1917 they just seemed to wear themselves out and as the Army Medical Library, and since then quit in utter weariness. 1952 as the Armed Forces Medical Li­ a lengthy report to the 65th Con­ It may yet happen that way this year, too; brary, it serves for all intents and pur­ gress proposed a new building for but it doesn't seem likely. poses as the National Medical Library of the institution. The quantities of lit­ the United States. Its collection of the erature which the Library has amassed world's medical literature, numbering al­ have become so great that since 1942 most a million items, ranges in date over 30,000 of its most outstanding Chemicals in Food from a manuscript of A. D. 1094 to the old and rare volumes have had to be latest printed book of 1955. Besides its shelved in rented space in , Cleveland EXTENSION OF REMARKS outstanding collections of historical Ohio, at the cost of more difficult and OF works, medical theses, portraits of physi­ less efficient operation, due to the divided cians, and its unique section of American collection. While some temporary relief HON. J. PERCY PRIEST and foreign government and statistical has resulted from the removal of the OF TENNESSEE documants, the completeness of its hold­ Library's sister institution, the Armed . IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES ings of medical periodicals makes it a Forces Institute of Pathology, to its recently completed new building, within Tuesday, July 26, 1955 fountainhead of' information surpassed by few other libraries. 2 years the available stack space in Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, I have to­ The phenomenal growth and develop­ Washington will again be full to burst­ day introduced, by request, two bills de­ ment of this great collection was pre­ ing, and the collection will still be divided signed to amend the Federal Food, ·Drug, dominantly the result of the vision and between Washington and Cleveland. and Cosmetic Act prohibiting the use in efforts of the great American physician Under such circumstances, a new build­ food of new food additives which have John Shaw Billings, who administered ing to house this irreplaceable national not been adequately tested with respect the library for 30 years between 1865 treasure is an absolute necessity, as a to their safety. and 1895, and during his term of office survey committee of the American Li­ The first of the two bills, entitled "A . the present library structure was built­ brary Association declared in no uncer­ bill to protect the public health by in 1887. The library is world-renowned, tain terms in 1944. Since then the pres­ amending the Federal Food, Drug, and and we can believe that Sir William Osler sure of the Library's space problems has Cosmetic Act to prohibit the use in food spoke for the entire medical profession grown enormously until at the present of new food additives which have not when he said: time a really desperate situation is being faced which can be solved only by the been adequately tested to establish their For the teacher and the worker, a great safety," has been prepared by several or­ library such as this is indispensable. They provision of a-new building. · ganizations representing the food indus­ must know the world's best work and know In the military construction bills pres­ tries of the Nation. This bill supersedes it at once. They mint and make current ently being considered by conferees of a bill-H. R. 4099-which I introduced coin the ore so widely scattered in journals, the House and Senate, the Armed Forces on February 16., 1955. The gentleman transactions, and monographs. • • • The are presently concerned with an item for from Minnesota [Mr. O'HARA] introduced unique opportunities of the Surgeon Gen­ $350,000 for architects' services for a new a similar bill. eral's library have done much to give Ameri­ Armed Forces Medical Library building, can medicine a thoroughly eclectic char­ The second bill, entitled "A bill to acter. Eventually some $6 million additional will amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos­ be required for the construction of this metic Act for the protection of the pub- The Armed Forces Medical Library building. Surely no money appropriated lie health, by prohibiting new food addi- carries on an active service program. . could better serve the needs of all citizens tives which have not been adequately Material of clinical importance flows into · of this country. When a recent report pretested to establish their safe use un- the library from nearly every country in of the National Science Foundation tells der the conditions of their intended use," the world. Russian publications, Chi­ us that during the current fiscal year the has been prepared by the Manufactur- nese periodicals, Icelandic, Turkish, Federal Government is spending $94 mil­ ing Chemists Association, Inc. Hungarian, Portuguese, Dutch, Swedish, lion on research and development in the I have introduced these 2 bills in the . and Spanish monographs and journals medical sciences, it is difficult to reach hope that these bills, as well as 2 other all make their contribution to the any other conclusion than that the ex­ bills dealing with the same subject now library's collection. Over 10,000 serial penditure of a relatively modest sum for pending before the Committee on Inter- titles are regularly recorded. Each year · proper housing of the national medical 1955 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11601 library, the se:rvices of which are abso­ It is encouraging indeed to see this vigor­ facto recognition of Red China now, and lutely fundamental and essential to the ous people strengthening the cause of ultimately to obtain de jure recognition progress of these other, vaster, enter­ freedom and democracy in the Middle as an easy consequence of these now prises, is ·completely justified and ex­ East. suggested diplomatic negotiations. tremely desirable. Those who would bring about the rec­ For over a century the Armed Forces ognition of the lawless warmaking Red have operated this library in the public Meeting With Red China To Discuss Chinese Government must be aware of interest, and they have operated it well. the fact that in order to accomplish their How otherwise has it become the great­ Formosa and Asia aims, a back-door route, and devious est medical library in the world? It is methods and devices must be utilized. true that the library has had many set­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS To enter into these suggested conver­ backs, notably during the early thirties OF sations on a foreign minister level would when, along with many other institu­ alienate our friends in the Far East, tions, it suffered from a lack of funds. HON.THOMASJ.DODD would weaken our influence in the world, But since 1940, at least, the Armed OF CONNECTICUT and debase our honor. Forces have directed a program of re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Because I fear that this suggestion will habilitation and reorganization of the be carried into effect while the Congress ·library's collections which has in large Tuesday, July 26, 1955 is in recess, I record these words of warn­ part overcome the deficiencies of the Mr. DODD. Mr. Speaker, last Sunday ing and of exception today. previous decade. The Armed Forces a distinguished and experienced Member .have, in fact, developed a forward-look­ of the other body of this Congress pub­ ing service program, widely hailed as a licly suggested over certain television fa­ sound one by both the library and the cilities that the Secretary of State of the We Need Wheat Legislation medical professions. Perhaps on no United States meet soon with the so­ other issue, indeed, is medical thought called Foreign Minister of Red China to so unanimous as on this: That the discuss Formosa and other questions in EXTENSION OF REMARKS Armed Forces Medical Library ought to Asia. OF be adequately supported in the national Because of the prestige which this dis­ interest, and that the outstanding item tinguished Member of the other body en­ HON. WALT HORAN of current adequate support must be the joys in this land, and because it appears OF WASHINGTON provision of a new building for this mon­ that this suggestion is part of a calcu­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES umental storehouse and nerve center of lated and well-planned effort to bring Tuesday, July 26, 1955 medical knowledge, about recognition of the Red Chinese Today's demands for greater medical Government by the United States, and Mr. HORAN. Mr. Speaker, I feel it knowledge have placed heavy responsi­ because the distinguished Member of the my duty to call the attention of the Con­ bilities on the Armed Forces Medical other body is a member of the Demo­ gress to the urgent need for immediate Library. To meet these responsibilities cratic Party, in which I also have mem­ consideration by the Committee on Ag­ and to provide proper housing for its bership, I am compelled to publicly state riculture of H. R. 1834 and other bills to ever-expanding collection, a new and as a matter of record that this suggestion exempt certain wheat producers from larger building must be secured. This does not represent my views or the views marketing-quota penalties under the great medical research library must con- of many other Members of Congress and Agricultural Act of 1938 in cases where . tinue to build and interpret its collection that it is contrary to the best interests all of the wheat crop is fed or used for in support of medicine and its dedicated of the United States and of the free seed on the farm. workers who seek the betterment of world. As you know, the Senate on March 28 mankind through the prevention of dis­ Besides, it is opposed to the expressed passed S. 46, which is identical with H. R. ease and the alleviation of human suf­ will of Congress; and moreover, in con­ 1834. It is my understanding that these fering, flict, I believe, with the will of a majority measures, together with several other of the American people. bills which seek to accomplish similar Curiously, this suggestion with respect ends, have been referred to a subcom­ Election Day in Israel to Red China comes from one who ap­ mittee of the House Committee on Ag­ pears to be close to the foreign-policy riculture. EXTENSION OF REMARKS makers of this administration. An intolerable situation is developing OF Interestingly, the suggestion was made with respect to assessment of wheat­ the day that the President arrived home marketing-quota penalties. With cer­ HON. THOMAS L. ASHLEY from Geneva, and only a day before the tain exceptions, the farmers who market OF OHIO State Department announced that the wheat in excess of their quotas are sub­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES American Ambassador to Czechoslovakia ject to marketing penalties currently set would meet with Red Chinese delegates at $1.13 per bushel. Requests for suits to Tuesday, July 26, 1955 in Switzerland next week to discuss collect such penalties from wheatgrow­ Mr. ASm..EY. Mr. Speaker, because American prisoners presently confined in ers who exceeded their quotas on the free elections are the symbol of a genu­ Communist China. 1954 wheat crop are being filed at an in­ ine democracy, I believe that all Mem­ Remarkably, a similar suggestion was creasing rate. The Department of Agri­ bers of this body rejoice in the fact that made by this same distinguished Mem- culture estimates that there may be as in one of the youngest democracies in . ber of the other body over the same facil­ many as 1,500 such cases this year, in­ the world, Israel, today is election day. ities on the same program some months volving production of wheat in 1954. Every citizen of Israel, over the age of ago, and no spokesman for the adminis­ Unless action is taken to collect these 18, regardless of race, color, creed, or tration criticized or repudiated the pro­ penalties, it appears certain that there previous nationality, has the right to posal made at that time. will be many more violations in 1956, vote and it is estimated that 85 percent In addition, and in the course of mak­ which would normally come up for legal of the citizens. of Israel will today make ing this suggestion, it was intimated action a year hence. use of that right. The voters will go to that the proposed meeting take place In many cases farmers who seek to the polls to determine the composition of while Congress was not in session to avoid avoid penalties plead that their wheat the Knesset, or Parliament of Israel, the possible "trouble'' with Congress. ·was not sold in interstate commerce, most important governmental body in Further, when it is recalled that this that they did not want price support, the country. The current election will same distinguished Member of the other and that all of the wheat was used for produce the third Knesset in the 7 !;.ears body with increasing frequency has been feed or seed on the farm. Under the of Israel's history as a modern repuolic. hailed as the congressional bipartisan holding in Wickard v. Filburn (317 U.S. Mr. Speaker, here in the United States · spokesman on foreign policy, I feel com­ 111 <1942)). the farmer is liable whether many millions of Americans have fol­ pelled to warn the Members of this . the wheat is fed or sold if he exceeds his lowed with pride and hope the struggle House and the public at large that there acreage allotment unless the planted of this new nation to build a free la.nd. is ample evidence of a plan to rig de acreage of wheat does not exceed 15 11602 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 26 acres or an acreage from which the nor­ · H. R. 6645, which was reported by a of the Town television show in New York, mal production does not exceed 200 majority of 1, with the full membership the national convention of the Elks in bushels. of the committee present and voting, was Philadelphia, and at Brooklyn's Ebbets Another unusual example which has reported on June 28, 1955. Field. Not only have they appeared come to our attention involves a monas­ There followed a period of consider­ before record-breaking audiences of the tery in Georgia. The monastery has fol­ able uncertainty, even more confusion, general public, but they have taken the lowed the policy of producing the wheat and extensive polling of the House Mem­ time from their crowded schedules to do necessary for food at the monastery. bers as to the possibility of passing the special shows in service and veterans· None of the wheat is sold. The amount bill. In the interim, statements were hospitals. required for 1954 was in excess of the published in the press and made over the The founder and director of the marketing quota. The monastery now radio and television to the effect that Rhythmettes is Miss Evelyn Stuckey and finds itself liable to the Government for only President Eisenhower could bring the motto of the group is ''Perfection a penalty of $1.13 per bushel on the about the passage of this bill by his in performance reflects perfection in excess. active support of it. living." Congress did not contemplate situa­ Although this did not result in any It is my feeling that the qualifications tions such as this arising under the pen­ such action by the President, a. hearing of the Rhythmettes are particularly alty provisions of the Agricultural Act was scheduled before the Rules Com­ noteworthy: of 1938. mittee for Tuesday, July 26, 1955, at First. Moral and behavior standards 10:30 a. m. of the highest character. Fifth. If anything was demonstrated Second. Maintenance of good grades. What Is Ahead for the Members of the at that hearing, it was that this bill is Third. Perfect sense of rhythm and a highly controversial one, technical in timing. House on the Natural Gas Bill the extreme and one that cannot be con­ Fourth. Ability to accept responsi­ sidered adequately by Members of the bility. EXTENSION OF REMARKS House at this late date even though a Fifth. A highly cooperative and most liberal rule for debate should be OF friendly nature. granted. Sixth. Excellent general appearance. HON. JOHN W. HESELTON During this public hearing before the Seventh. Keen interest in school and OF MASSACHUSETTS Rules Committee, the point was repeat­ all school activities. edly brought up and emphasized that it Eighth. Enthusiasm-sincere desire to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVF.S would be most unfortunate if such a bill attain perfection. Tuesday, July 26, 1955 should be sent to the floor of the House Ninth. Excellent health. during these closing days and hours of Mr. HESELTON. Mr. Speaker, I sup­ Tenth. Creativeness. pose that every member of the House the current session. It was also pointed Mr. Speaker, one of the pleasures and Committee on Interstate and Foreign out that the morning press had quoted privileges of being a Member of the the acting leader of the other body as House of Representatives is being able Commerce is confronted, as I am, dozens stating, after a 2-hour conference with of times each day with the entirely legiti­ .to welcome such a fine group of young the Democratic policy committee of that ladies to the Nation's Capital. mate question, "What is going to happen body, that this bill with one other bill on the gas bill?" was informally shelved for the session. I doubt if any member of that commit­ The question naturally arises as to tee has been or is able to answer that why such an extraordinary effort should question with any certainty. be made at this time to force this par­ Address by Clarence A. Davis, Under We do know that when the amended ticular bill to a fruitless vote by the Secretary of the Interior, Before the bill was before the committee back in House. The answer to this question must National Rivers and Harbors Congress, June, the first vote was 14 to 14 and that be determined by each Member of the then after reconsideration was moved House who may be called upon to take Washington, D. C., May 31, 1955 and carried, H. R. 6645 was reported out any action with reference to H. R. 6645 by a vote of 16 to 15. during the next few days. EXTENSION OF REMARKS These facts are of particular signifi­ cance for the following reasons: OF First. The subject matter of exempting HON. A. L. MILLER producers and gatherers of natural gas The Las Vegas High School Rhythmettes OF NEBRASKA from regulation by the Federal Power IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Commission has been before that com­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS mittee for several years but up to date Tuesday, July 26, 1955 OF the proponents of exemption have not Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Speak­ been successful in their efforts. HON. CLIFTON (CLIFF) YOUNG er, under the leave to extend my re­ Second. One of the most significant OF NEVADA marks in the RECORD, I include the fol­ votes with reference to such exemption IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lowing address by Hon. Clarence A. occurred on March 31, 1950, upon the Tuesday, July 26, 1955 Davis, Under Secretary of the Interior, adoption of a rule which would have before the National Rivers and Harbors taken such an exemption bill from the Mr. ·YOUNG. Mr. Speaker, it is my Congress: Speaker's table "to the end that the Sen­ pleasure today to pay tribute to an out­ Mr. Chairman, I feel honored indeed to be ate amendment be, and the same is here­ standing group of Nevada young people invited to participate in the very distin­ by, agreed to." upon the occasion of their arrival in guished program which you have assem­ Third. Those who are still members Washington. bled for the 42d national convention of of the House will probably recall that the The 22 lovely and talented ladies of the National Rivers and Harbors Congress. rule was called up and considered at ap­ the Las Vegas High School Rhythmettes The subject of this address, however, as proximately 6 p. m. on Friday, March 31, are on a nationwide tour sponsored by printed in your program is the occasion of 1950. The rollcall vote was 176 for the the Nevada State Elks. The only group some little embarrassment. The President used his address to your rule, 174 against it and 2 present. There­ of this kind 'in the United States, the convention last year as the occasion for an. after this bill was vetoed by the Presi­ Rhythmettes set extremely high stand­ nouncing the appointment of a committee dent and there was no further considera­ ards of behavior and character for young to study national water resources and poli­ tion of the matter for obvious reasons. people throughout the State of Nevada. cies. That committee consisted of the Sec­ Fourth. The committee held extensive Their repertoire includes brilliant mil­ retaries of the Departments of Defense, Agri. hearings on H. R. 4560-the predecessor itary numbers, contemporay dance pro­ culture, and Interior, with several other De­ bill to H. R. 6645-during March, April, duction numbers, precision dance rou­ partments and Agencies also participating. I am sure it 1s proper for me to say to and May of this year. The printed tines, and novelty production numbers. you that that committee has been meeting record of the hearings includes nearly Since leaving Nevada on July 3 the consistently during the last 12 months, ex­ 2,000 pages. Rhythmettes have appeared on the Toast ploring not only the numerous Federal ac- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11603 tivities relating to water resources, but also first priority of use, and yet it is not difficult and the States and individuals with reference the entire problem of. water. . . to visualize developments where providing to the ownership and control of inland The committee has not yet presented its an adequate domestic supply will cut into waters. report, and I am sure you will understand, and curtail the industrial or agricultural We have inherent conflicts between the therefore, that I shall not discuss it. How­ use of water. water appropriation laws of the West by ever, I am sure it will not be amiss i! I dis­ We have areas in the United States already which the right to use water has long been cuss with you for a few moments some of the in which the supply of water may become considered a property right under the laws various problems which arise in a survey of a limiting factor in the population growth of the States where all our property rights the water resources of the United States. of the area and present tremendous conflict originate and the powers of the Congress The thing I should like to most impress of interest between vested uses of water under the commerce and defense clauses. upon your minds is the fact that there is and the growing demands of an expanding In some areas of the country there appear no single water problem in the United population. to be vast reservoirs of underground water, States; that there are a multitude of prob;. The amounts of money involved in these adequate for all foreseeable uses of the over­ lems; that they are nationwide in scope; problems are tremendous, and even in this lying land, and possibly providing surpluses. but they are not necessarily national. day of budgets computed in billions, they are In other areas limited underground waters I suspect that all of our minds tend to still of a magnitude worthy of careful at­ are available, but in some of these areas we emphasize different aspects of the water ·tention. For instance, it is estimated by are pulling water out of the ground much problem according to our various back­ one of our departments that an annual ex­ faster than nature is replenishing it. This grounds and our various local interests. This penditure of $750 million a year is neces­ means, of course, that sooner ·or later such organization in its very nature has been pri­ sary to merely keep abreast of the problem areas are not only headed toward a water marily interested in rivers and harbors, in of stream pollution. Most of this, if not shortage, but perhaps such a failure of supply navigation and flood control. These are im­ all of it, will be borne by municipalities as will render agriculture in the areas im­ portant segments of the water problem, but and the industries contributing to that possible and may seriously handicap the re- they are only segments. pollution. gion. ' · Those of us from the West envisage the It is estimated by both the public and We need much more intelllgent study and water problem as primarily oµe of the stor­ private agencies that the capital require­ much more intelligent regulation by the age of water and its application to land­ ments necessary to keep abreast of the hydro­ States with reference to the use of under­ irrigation, the reclamation of arid lands, and electric and irrigation developments in the ground waters, yet most of the States have the building of the agricultural economy of Pacific Northwest will require consistently been reluctant to invade this field, and in the Western States. some $300 million a year. I believe the last many cases there is not adequate informa­ But that, too, is only another segment of report of the Tennessee Valley Authority tion available by which it can be intelli- the water problem. indicated an investment need there of some gently invaded. · In other and older parts of the country $150 million a year. And, yet, these are A second potentiality in which Interior is water and stream pollution are beginning to only small areas compared to the total na­ engaged is a study of the problem of saline­ loom as major segments of the water prob­ tional requirements. water conversion. The Congress has made lem. These amounts are not only approximately approxime.tely $400,000 a year ava,ilable for Throughout the country there is a grow­ double the amounts of the average appro­ that purpose, and the method of handling ing and insistent demand that more con­ priations to these areas during the last 10 has been to make research grants to colleges, sideration be given to the preservation or years, but if anything like that proportion scientific and industrial organizations to at­ enlargement of the fl.sh and wildlife oppor­ of appropriations were maintained for other tra.ct to this problem the finest minds of the tunities and the opportunities for public sections of the country, we reach almost country to discover, if possible, a cheap and recreation. astronomical figures. practical process. _ In many places water supplies heretofore It seems to me we may, therefore, appro­ I am glad to report to you that a great deal thought inexhaustible have begun to show priately ask, Whose water problem? And it of progress has been made. While the costs signs of depletion, and the problem of ade­ seems to me the necessary answer is that are still much in excess of the amounts quate supply confronts areas and individual it is everybody's problem-Federal, State, which you and I wolld like to pay and are communities. local, and individual. still too high for uses in a competitive in­ Let us bear in mind that we have pretty For that reason there must be the closest dustry, they are at a point where the burden much taken water for granted in most of the cooperation and coordination of the various of cost could be borne for strictly limited United States. We have not looked upon Federal agencies entrusted with particular domestic uses. All of the processes involve it as a really vital matter. We have never programs and with the States and the local the use of energy, however it may be ob­ been under the necessity of paying very interests working in this field. tained. The amounts required are great. much, if anything, for water, and conse­ The Corps of Engineers' program of work But the scientists are continuing on their quently, we have neglected to find many of with rivers, flood control, and navigation way. Perhaps solar energy in areas where the facts about water, its availability, and must be coordinated with the Bureau of Rec­ sunshine can be depended upon, perhaps its necessary uses. lamation's program of water storage for rec­ windpower and geothermal energy offer The consumption of water in the United lamation and irrigation, and the program possiblities. All these sources are being ex­ States has increased so tremendously even of agriculture, now nationwide, with its mul­ plored. in the last 25 years, that it staggers the titude of developments of small watershed If any cheap process for desalting water imagination. The industrial uses of water controls, including water storage, which ls could be devised, the benefits can only be are almost beyond our comprehension, and just in its infancy, must be coordinated with measured by the scope of our imagination. as new industrial processes develop and new both if we are to avoid conflicts in policies There are millions of acres of land in the uses, such as air conditioning, increase and and interagency rivalries, not to mention in­ world, readily irrigable with only slight lifts supplemental irrigation ls expanded into new adequate participation of States and local from the oceans, if tha,t water could be made areas where heretofore it was not thought interests, many of which are fully able to available. Fresh water would produce the necessary, we are intensifying the burden carry a substantial proportion of the burden. food supplies, improve the living conditions that we put upon the Nation's water supply. There are conflicts of interest in the very and alter the economy of large regions of the There is sufficient water to meet these tre­ nature of the program. It is not always pos­ world. Such a process might work almost as mendous needs, but the task of husbanding sible to serve the conflicting interests in great a change in the economic conditions our resources will require the best efforts of water resources development. It is not pos­ and the standards of living of a large part of us all. sible to build a dam across a canyon and im­ the world as will the development of atomic Many of the things we do not know are pound large amounts of water for the irri­ energy. fully as important as the things we do know. gation of land, the improvement of the A third fascinating possib1lity is that of In some areas of the United States water ls economy of a region, the enhancement of the weather control, where exploration is still in being withdrawn from the ground at a rate fish and wildlife resources, and the improve­ 1ts infancy, and our scientists are most re­ of thirty times the rate of water replenish­ ment of recreational facilities without at the luctant to express opinions. ment. In some coastal areas we have drawn same time altering the natural beauties of This is a thumbnail sketch of some of the down the water table to the point where the nature and the isolated, solitary aspects water problems as I see them. It is ap­ salt water of the sea has intruded under which many people wish to see preserved. parent that they go far beyond any possi­ the land surface. I assume we have all As our population increases and our econ­ bility of exclusive Federal action. They noted that in the areas of both Virginia and omy develops, I suspect these conflicts will must be met by unified effort in a spirit of Maryland adjacent to the District serious become more apparent. What will happen cooperation between all of the Federal agen­ water problems are developing. when increasing domestic uses of available cies, the States and local interests. It is not too difficult to foresee in many water supplies begin to curtail agricultural While they have an effect upon the na­ regions that in the course of time water development and perhaps curtail industrial tional economy, the direct benefits of most may be more valuable and more of an asset uses? How will we solve the great problems of these resource development projects are than any of the other natural resources. that arise with relation to the diversion of primarily local. For that reason, it would I think I can foresee some future con­ water from its natural courses to other uses? seem there should be substantial contribu­ flicts of a very basic nature. We are in the midst of serious conflicts in­ tions by the beneficiaries, regardless of the It is obvious that domestic supplies and volving profound constitutional questions of agency constructing the project, whether it uses of water must be maintained in the the legal rights of the Federal Government be Federal or non-Federal. 11604 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 26 Just as all must assume some share of A major purpose of the bill is to carry out out and otherwise amend such training pro.. the responsibility, so it would seem to me the proposal in the President's health mes­ visions. that all should share the costs. sage of January 31, 1955 (H. Doc. No. 81), ·In addition, the bill contains purely tech­ There are many auspicious signs of a gen­ that the Congress take steps to "Strengthen nical amendments, which would clarify eral awakening of States fl,nd local interests, the Public Health Service commissioned existing authority to make reappointments public and private, toward assuming respon­ corps by improving its status • • •." The to the Regular Corps without examination, sibility in the resource field. The deauthor- mission of the Public Health Service, as a de!ete obsolete provisions and references, etc. 1zation of some Federal projects to permit major health armofthe Federal Government, The enactment of the bill would result in local interests to proceed and the large num­ is one of considerable scope and diversity. increased costs to this Department, with re­ ber of projects in the planning and financ­ Although normally its functions are civilian spect to the payment of the uniform allow­ ing stages by States, public agencies, mu­ in character and vital to the maintenance of ance, in an estimated amount of $110,000 nicipalities, public power districts, irriga­ the health and welfare of the civilian popu­ for fiscal year 1956 and $60,000 for each fiscal tion districts, drainage districts, and private lation, the Public Health Service through year thereafter. Other potential costs, such interests are evidence of a general public special use of its commissioned corps is as those arising out of the proposed author­ awareness of their responsibilities for large available, as a standby service of the Armed ity for conversion of the Commissioned Corps parts of the program. Forces, to perform in time of war or national to military status during defense emergen­ To many of them capital ls readily avail­ emergency, at the discretion of the Presi­ cies, are not susceptible to an estimate at able, as are the skills and technicians that dent, functions and duties relating to the this time. are necessary. The task is great enough for responsibilities of the Armed Forces and We should appreciate it 1! you would be all. The needs are pressing. May we all be such other defense functions as may be as­ good enough to refer the bill to the appro­ given the vision to view these problems in signed to it. Legislation, however, is neces­ priate committee for consideration. their nationwide aspect, free from any per­ sary in order to enable the Public Health The Bureau of the Budget advises that it sonal or sectional views. May we do our Service to perform these functions and perceives no objection to the submission of part and help others to do theirs that this duties more effectively during periods of this proposed legislation to the Congress great and necessary program can go forward. national defense emergencies. for its consideration, Under present law the President is au­ Sincerely yours, thorized to convert the commissioned corps OVETA CULP HOBBY, to military status in time of war only. The Secretary. Emergency Military Service by Commis­ same considerations which underlie con­ version to military status during such periods missioned Corps of Public Health obviously may prevail during periods of SUMMARY OF BILL, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE emergency related to the national defense. COMMISSIONED CORPS Service It is therefore desirable to authorize the SECTION 1 President to convert the commissioned corps Section 216 of the Public Health Service EXTENSION OF REMARKS to military status in time of national-de:­ Act at present authorizes the President, in OF fense emergency as well as in time of war. time of war, or of emergency proclaimed by Authority for conversion of the commis­ the President, to utilize the Public Health sioned corps to military status during such Service to such extent and in such manner HON. J. PERCY PRIEST periods would constitute a firm basis for OF TENNESSEE as shall in his judgment promote the public the full utilization of the Public Health interest. It further authorizes the President, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Service, including the Inactive Reserve, in in time of war only, to declare the Commis­ Tuesday, July 26, 1955 mobilization planning. sioned Corps of the Public Health Service to The personnel system of the Commissioned be a military service and a branch of the Mr. PRIEST. Mr. Speaker, I have to­ Corps needs to be strengthened in certain land and naval forces of the United States. day introduced a bill "to amend the Pub­ . other respects. In the first place, as recog­ And it provides that while in such military lic Health Service Act to authorize the nized by the President in his above-men­ status,.the Commissioned Corps shall, to the President to make the commissioned tioned health me~sage, . legislation is ur­ extent prescribed by regulations of the Pres­ corps a military service in time of emer­ gently needed to provide an adequate system ident, be subject to the Articles of War and of survivor benefits for the dependents of to the Articles for the Government of the gency involving the national defense, deceased members of the Corps, which is Navy. The proposed amendment, the need and to authorize payment of uniform al­ now lacking. A specific proposal to accom­ for which is explained in the letter of trans­ lowances to officers of the corps in cer­ plish this has been omitted from the en­ mittal to the Congress, would authorize the tain grades when required to wear the closed draft bill only because such legislation President to declare the Commissioned Corps uniform, and for other purposes." has been reported favorably by the House to be a military service in time of emergency In order to give the Members of Con­ Select Committee on Survivor Benefits as involving the national defense, as well as in gress adequate information as to the part of a broader proposal (H. R. 7089) time of war. Furthermore, reference to the background and purposes of this bill, I covering all the uniformed services. Uniform Code of Military Justice would be Another needed improvement-which is substituted for the now-obsolete references would like to make public Secretary Hob­ covered by the enclosed draft bill-relates to to the Articles of. War and the Articles for by's letter, addressed to the Speaker, re­ uniform allowances for members of the the Government of the Navy. questing introduction of this legislation, Corps. Existing law authorizes an allow­ SECTION 2 and a summary of the bill prepared by ance of $250 to commissioned officers of the the Department of Health, Education, Public Health Service in the lower three Subsection (a) would amend section 213 grades entering on active duty in time of of the Public Health Service ·Act to author­ and Welfare. The letter and the sum­ ize the payment of a one-time $250 uniform mary are as follows: war or so serving at the commencement of a war. No such uniform allowance is at allowance to those Regular and Reserve offi­ DEPARTMENT OF present payable despite the fact that ap­ cers of the Service who (1) are on active .duty HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, proximately 40 percent of such officers are on, or enter on active duty after, the effective July 18, 1955. now required to wear uniforms during duty date of the amendment, (ii) are receiving the Hon. SAM RAYBURN, hours. We recommend an amendment to pay of . the junior assistant, assistant, or Speaker of the House of Repre­ section 213 of the Public Health Service Act senior assistant grade, ·and (111) have not at sentatives. which would authorize a one-time uniform any time received a uniform allowance from DEAR MR. SPEAKER: We are enclosing for allowance for these officers regardless of the the Service. The general effect of this your consideration a draft of a bill "to existence or nonexistence of a state of war, amendment would be to delete from existing amend the Public Health Service Act to au­ but which would limit payment to those who law the limitations of the uniform allowance thorize the President to make the commis­ are required by directive of the Surgeon to war periods. The need for this amend­ sioned corps a military service in time of General to wear uniforms. ment is explained in the letter of .trans­ emergency involving the national defense, mittal to the Congress. and to authorize payment of uniform allow­ The bill also contains certain other pro­ Subsection (b) w:ould repeal, as no longer ances to officers of the corps in certain posed amendments (more fully described in necessary, section 707 of the act of July 1, grades when required to wear the uniform, the enclosed summary) designed to simplify 1944, as amended, which authorized the ret­ and for other purposes." administration and result in better person­ roactive payment of uniform allowances to This bill is designed to strengthen the nel management, which would extend the officers who were appointed to the Regular personnel system governing the commis­ term of Reserve commissions; equalize the Corps or called to active duty in the Reserve sioned corps of the Public Health Service provisions for crediting prior noncommis­ Corps after December 7, 1941, and prior to by providing certain authorities which are sioned service of Public Health Service offi­ July 1, 1944, and who would have been eli­ required for the effective performance of the cers toward retirement for age or leng~h gible for the uniform allowanc.e under sec­ responsibilities of the service during war and of service with the provisions for crediting tion 213 of the Public He.alth Service Act but emergency periods, by authorizing the pay­ such prior service for disability retirement for the fact that their appointment or call ment of uniform allowances, and by allevi­ purposes; and e:!f:tend the present authority to active duty occurr-ed prior to July 1, 1944. ating certain problems pertaining to per­ for extramural training assignments of the effective date of such act. Eligibility sonnel management. Regular officers to Reserve officers and round under section 707 is limited to officers who 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11605 were on active duty on or. after November 11, cer receives a. return of all contributions though such programs are normally short­ 1943. After a lapse of 11 years it can be paid into the retirement fund, he loses all term courses, they are, nonetheless, essential assumed that this section has been executed. credits toward retirement for his prior non­ to the training activities of the Public Health SECTION 3 commissioned service which he had accumu­ Service. The amendment made by this sub­ lated under the Civil Service Retirement section would, therefore, clarify the authority Subsections (a) and (b) would amend sec­ Act. of the Service to train officers at educational tion 207 of the Public Health Service Act by These amendments would equalize the institutions or training programs, both adding a new subsection thereto which would computation of service for nondisability re­ within and outside the Federal Government. authorize the reappointment of former offi­ tirement purposes with the computation of Subsection (b) would amend section cers of the Regular Corps within 2 years after service for disability retirement purposes at 218 (b) o1: the Public Health Service Act the termination of their prior commission in present authorized under the Career Com­ which now provides that an officer whose the Regular Corps without a new examina­ pensation Act of 1949. Under that act, Pub­ tuition and fees have been paid by the serv­ tion, except as the Surgeon General may lic Health Service officers may be credited ice while attending an educational institu­ otherwise prescribe, and without regard to for physical disability retirement purposes tion shall reimburse the service for such the numerical limitations with respect to with their noncommissioned service with costs if he voluntarily leaves the service the appointment of officers in the full grade the Public Health Service regardless of the within 2 years after the cessation of such at­ and above. . For purposes of pay, promotion, date of their appointment. tendance. In view of the fact that 62 per­ , and seniority. in grade, such a reappointed Although these amendments would grant cent of such training is for periods of less officer would receive the same credits for in some few cases, a number of years of civil than 3 months, and that such training as­ service to which he would be entitled if service credit for staff-retirement purposes, signments are, in many instances, for a pe­ such reappointment were an original ap­ the number of officers involved would not riod of no more than 1 week, the requirement pointment, but in no event less than the exceed more than a small percentage of the of 2 years of subsequent service is unduly amount of credits he held at the time his total strength of the Regular Corps. · harsh on the officer and is unnecessary from . prior commission was terminated. These Subsection {c) would amend section 211 the point of view of the Government. amendments parallel existing authority con­ (c) of the Public Health Service Act to This amendment would require an Officer t ained in Public Health Service Regulations. authorize the recall to active duty of a re­ who receives training in excess of 30 days However, we believe that it would be desir­ tired officer of the Regular Corps without for which tuition and fees are paid by the able to make explicit in the act the basis for his consent while the Corps has military service to reimburse the service for such tui­ the existing regulation. status. Existing law authorizes such recall tion and fees if thereafter he voluntarily From time to time officers of the Regular only in time of war. The amendment is leaves the service within a period of time Corps who have resigned from the Service necessary to complement the amendment to which is equal to twice the period of such find it desirable to return to the Service section 216 of the Public Health Service Act training, with a minimum period of 6 months within a relatively short period of time fol­ proposed by section 1 of the bill which would lowing the termination of their commissions. of service and a maximum of 2 years. Such permit conversion of the corps to military period of subsequent service would com­ These candidates are well qualified profes­ status in times of national defense emer­ mence upon the cessation of the officer's sional persons who because of former asso­ gency as well as in time of war. This sub­ c'iation with the Service, are familiar with prescribed training program which may also section would also incorporate into section include other training for which no tuition the responsibilities and the mission of the 211 (c) of the Public Health Service Act sub­ Service. The amendments made by these and fees are paid, regardless of whether such stantive legislation contained in the De­ other training is in a Service facility or other­ subsections would facilitate the reappoint­ partment of Health, Education, and Welfare wise. The amendment would also authorize ment of these candidates. Appropriation Act, 1954 (67 Stat. 254, 42 Subsection (c) would amend section 207 the Surgeon General to waive, in whole or in u. s. c. 212b) which authorizes the recall to part, the recovery of tuition and fees when (a) (2) of the Public Health Service Act active duty of an officer of either the Regular so as to extend the term of Reserve com­ such recovery would be inequitable or not in or Reserve Corps with his consent at any the public interest. missions. from 5 years to an indefinite time. period. This amendment would parallel the The amendment would provide a more Subsection {d) would repeal the provision reasonable and equitable basis for determin­ practice of the Armed Forces to grant Re­ of the Department of Health, Education, and serve commissions for indefinite periods. ing the conditions under which the recov­ Welfare Appropriation Act, 1954, referred to ery provision would be applicable. For ex­ Reserve commissions in effect on the date of above, which would be incorporated into sec­ enactment of this subsection would not, ample, it would exclude from such provi­ tion 211 (c) of the Public Health Service Act sion an officer who is assigned to a training however, be affected unless the officer con­ by section 5 ( c) of the bill. · sents in writing to such extension, course of 30 days or less, as a training course Subsection ( e) would repeal section 706 of such short duration is mainly for the SECTION 4 of the act of July 1, 1944, as amended. See benefit of the Government and may provide Thls section would amend section 210 discussion under subsections (a) and (b) only a small degree, if any, of personal bene­ {d) (2) of the Public Health Service Act above. fit to the officer. Likewise, it would permit a by striking out the words "pay period and SECTION 8 remission, in whole or in part, of the required for purposes of." The words to be deleted Subsection (a) would amend section 218 reimbursement when such reimbursement had reference to the Pay Adjustment Act of (a) of the Public Health Service Act which would be inequitable or not in the public 1942, as amended, which provided for at present authorizes the training of Regular interest. longevity increases in pay every 3 years. officers at educational institutions. The proposed "two for one" formula with This law was superseded by the Career Com­ The amendment would extend this train­ respect to service to be performed subse­ pensation Act of 1949. The language to be ing authority to include Reserve officers. quent to a prescribed training period relates deleted no longer has any meaning. Within the Commissioned Corps very little to the period of training for which tuition SECTION 5 distinction exists between Regular and Re­ and fees have been paid, as compared to the fixed period of 2 years of service required Subsections (a) and (b) would amend serve officers, both of whom have already ob­ tained their professional degrees. They work under existing law. This formula is more subsections (a) and (b) (1) of section 211 equitable from the officer's point of view of the Public Health Service Act to author­ side by side on the same projects which may require advanced professional training in or­ and yet would sufficiently safeguard the in• ize the crediting of all noncommissioned terests of the Government. service with the Public Health Service for der that they may keep abreast of changing purposes of age and length-of-ser"._ice retire­ times and new professional' techniques. Au­ ments w1thout regard to the date of ap­ thor!ty to train Reserve officers on the same pointment of an officer to the Regular Corps. basis as Regular officers would be in the best The term "noncommissioned service" is used interests of the Service. H. R. 7474, Utility Reimbursement to describe any employment with the Public The scope of subsection (a) of section 218 Health Service other than in a commis• is somewhat ambiguous with respect to train­ ing courses and programs, both within and EXTENSION OF REMARKS sioned status. OF Under existing law (sec. 706 of the act of outside the Federal Government, which may July 1, 1944, as amended), the crediting of not technically be described as training at HON. BRADY GENTRY prior noncommissioned service with the educational institutions. Non-Federal train­ OF TEXAS Service for the purposes Of age and length­ ing programs are given from time to time of-service retirements is limited solely to under the auspices of various professional IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES associations such as the American Medi­ those Regular officers who were appointed Tuesday, July 26, 1955 prior· to July 1, 1944. An officer who has cal Association, the American Trudeau As­ been appointed since that date may not re­ sociation, and the American Psychoanaly­ Mr. GENTRY. Mr. Speaker, H. R. ceive credit for any noncommissioned service tic Association. Within the Federal Govern­ 7474 contains a provision that 50 per­ for purposes of retirement for age or length ment, Public Health Service officers have need cent of the cost of relocating utility fa.. of service, notwithstanding the fact that for training given by various Federal agen­ cies, such as the Foreign Service Institute cilities necessitated by the construction from the date of his appointment to the Reg­ of projects on the interstate, Federal ular Corps he is excluded from the Civil conducted by the Department of State and Service Retirement System and his rights the biological warfare defense course con­ primary, seconqary and urban highway ' thereunder terminated. While such an offi- ducted by the Department of the Army. Al- system may be paid from Federal funds 11606 : CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 26 whenever, under the laws of the States police power. It is universally held that tbe State has both a legal enactment and where the project is being constructed, highways is a proper subject for the ex­ a valid, written contract with the util- . the ·entire relocation cost is to be borne ercise of police power. ities which pledged the utilities to pay by the utilities. Every decision in courts of last resort, its own removal costs in return for use stated rather baldly, this means that without exception, has held that the of rights-of-way. . even though a utility has made a solemn, · State, acting through its legislature, its Stated quite bluntly, this is no bu.siness written, legal contract with a State that highway department, or its local govern­ of the Congress. A powerful lobby, over it will relocate its facilities in considera­ mental units has every legal right and a course of 2 or 3 years, has attempted to·· tion of being given the use of highway reason to require a utility, at its own ex­ exert a pressure which w9uld make the rights-of-way, or even though it has re­ pense, to relocate any facilities on t~e Congress do something which is wrong quested and accepted a franchise to en­ public rights-of-way in order to permit legally, equitably, and morally. It is ter upon highway rights-of-way as a highway improvement. Nothing in the something which should not be legislated result of a statute enacted by a State nature of a Federal program of highway in this body. Its effect, under the cir­ legislature by which it specifically obli­ aid alters the fact that the State, in the cumstances and in the manner it. is be­ gated itself to relocate its facilities to exercise of its Police power, has every ing attempted, would destroy every re­ permit highway improvement-this re­ right to request the readjustment of util­ maining vestige of state sovereignty. imbursement provision · nevertheless ity facilities in order to properly serve This is made no less true because of the would induce a vitiation of the legal the highway user. Federal aid to high­ subtle approach and the seemingly contract, a violation of the valid State ways consists merely in the appropria­ benign language of the provision in ques­ law and shatter every principle of State tion of money derived in taxes on citi­ tion. The language is permissive in the sovereignty. zens of the States, to be matched in some House bill but it is mandatory in the This provision in the bill might have amount by the States, and spent on a provision passed by the other body and it been stated another way in complete designated system of highways, provided likely will be mandatory in the confer­ truthfulness and frankness. It might certain standards are met. The Federal ence report provided we pass it in any have said that if a State has passed Government does not initiate these high­ manner here. The result sought to be a law which is sound in morals and in way projects. The States have the sole attained, that of getting the money for equity; a law that is solely and com­ discretion of determining whether high­ the utilities, is the same in both measures way projects are undertaken, the nature and there is little doubt that it would pletely within the Police power of the of the project, and whether it will be States, and completely without the pow­ bring about that result. financed from State funds or from both If Congress has determined to wipe out ers and jurisdiction of the Government; Federal and State funds. and if, under such law, solemn, written State capitols in their entirety and make Thus Federal participation does not Washington a completely all-powerful, contracts have been made between the prevent the State from exercising its centralized bureaucracy regardless of the utilities and the States at the specific solemn police power in connection with laws of the States, regardless of exist­ request of the utilities by which the a highway project. And, the Federal ing legal, written contracts made by the utilities gained valuable rights that saved Government exercises no such control States, and regardless of the States' them great expense-all in consideration over these projects that would make sovereign police power, it has picked a of their one contractual promise to re­ highway departments merely agents of perfect issue on which to do so. locate their facilities when necessary to the Government. The Federal grants What are some of the facts of this case permit highway improvement-then, in recognize only that the Federal Govern­ which show the extent, the import, and that event, will not you, Mr. Sovereign ment has legitimate national interest in the viciousness of this provision? State, vitiate your solemn contracts, vio­ the improvement of highways. Forty-three States either have legally late your valid State laws, and destroy Recognizing that the police power of enacted laws providing for the issuance your sovereign rights by giving the poor the States, exercised through delegated of franchises permitting utilities to use utilities--such as the American Tele­ agents, is supreme in the matter of highway rights-of-Way under the con-. phone & Telegraph Co., Western Union, rights-of-way as against everyone, let dition that their facilities must be moved and the great electric-power compa­ us revert to the present situation with by them when highway improvement is nies--50 percent of their relocation costs reference to the utility provision in the needed or have entered into legal writ­ out of this money that we have collected. highway bill. ten contracts with the utilities, at the from your citizens, presumably to build Why should the Congress think of utilities' specific request, in which the highways, but which we now send back doing this? What is causing all the utilities solemnly contracted to readjust to you only in part. deep solicitude for the poor utilities? and relocate their facilities in order to Before considering other aspects of a Just what is the reason for this effort not secure rights-of-way. provision which can result in $970 mil­ only to break State laws and vitiate sol­ These laws were passed and these con­ lion of these road funds being given to emn, legal contracts which the utilities tracts were made under their sovereign the utilities, let us treat for a moment requested and signed, but also to destroy State police power. Were these laws en­ some of its legal aspects. the sovereign police power of the States, acted by the States and the contracts State legislatures have sovereign con­ even though the States are now pleading entered into by the States at the request trol over highways-a control that is with us that they want and need no in­ of the utilities, fair- laws and fair con­ ordinarily delegated to its State highway tervention in this matter by Congress? tracts? Are they equitably and morally department and lesser agencies of State Just what would this provision do? just? Were they entered into to protect government. The primary use of high­ In cases where valid State laws have the primary use of the. traveling public ways is for the traveling public, but other given a franchise to a utility for use of on the highways? Were they a proper uses that serve the public interest are rights-of-way, conditioned on their re­ and just exercise of the police power of generally allowed. Thus, it is generally moval to permit highway improvement, the States through their delegated agen­ accepted that utilities may be permitted it would authorize the States, regardless cies, the State highway departments? to place their facilities on highway of such condition under their law, to pay They w0.uld seem to b.e all of these. rights-of-way under certain considera­ 50 percent of removal costs out of Fed­ Then why should we even consider doing tions and restriction~always provided, eral funds. Secondly, it would authorize something which would subvert the laws of course, that their use does not incon­ the States to pay 50 percent of removal passed by the States, which would vitiate venience the traveling public in its pri­ costs even though the States have made, contracts legally made by the States for mary use. Even though a utility is and there are in existence, valid written the protection of its citizens, and, wor~t allowed to do this, its rights are second­ contracts witb the utilities, entered into of all, why an effort which· would 'effec~ ary and subordinate to the interest of at the utilities' own request, whereby'the tively destroy the sover~ignty ot the the traveling public, and always re­ utilities gain the valuable right to oc­ States in the exercise. of their police main so. cupy rights-of-way, free of any charge, power? No utility ever acquires a vested right as a result of their contractual promise The laws permitting :· utilities to use to remain in any specific location on the to pay their costs of removal to permit rights-of-way, under certain conditions highway. That is true because neither highway improvement.· Thirdly, it would and restrictions, were enacted because the State nor its delegated agency can authorize the payment of these removal the utilities asked for them. The con­ make any contract· which impairs its costs with Federal funds even though tracts they have made with the States 1955 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD - HOUSE , · 11607 were·at their own insistence. They have in order to secure free rights-of-way a- little help.· -It is ·being reported that saved great sums of money as a result for its facilities, it pledged itself in writ­ the representatives of the major utili­ of these laws and contracts. Rights-of­ ing to remove such facilities to perniit ties, which will get at least 90 percent of way have been maintained for them at· highway improvement. Every · one of the benefits from· this reimbursement the expense and inconvenience of high­ these agreements is a legal contract and provision, are saying in the corridors of way users and without expense to them. is in full force and effect today. They the Capitol and the House Office B·uild­ The new rights-of-way requirea for the have saved American Telephone & Tele­ ings that their great interest is in some interstate system will cost the highway graph Co. great-sums of money. Does it small utilities which they feel might be users billions of dollars. The utilities need the money it will get under this unduly burdened if it is not passed. will not PaY 1 cent of it, but they ·ex­ provision? In addition to the cash Their great concern for some-little man, pect to occupy it free of any cparge. yearly dividend . of $9 paid for many imaginary or otherwise, is, I am sure, They expect it to be maintained for years on each of the 50 million shares responsible· for their tremendous effort, them, also free of charge. - But the of stock owned by its stockholders, it re­ sustained for some time now, to pass this spokesmen of the utilities now demand, cently reported retained earnings of al­ legislati .on. in this legislation, that the . highway most $800 million. Does not such pros­ It might be well to remember in this users not only build new rights-of-way perity, practically guaranteed under connection that employees of the State for them, and maintain it for them, for­ present-laws, give a conclusive answer as Highway Departments live and work in ever, but that they also move the facili- to whether it needs the approximately every section of every State of the Un­ - ties on to any new location and pay the $200 million which could· be paid · to it ion. There are few counties in our coun­ removal bill, all without legal sanction, under section 7 of the high,way 1:,>ill? try which do not have residents who are and, in most cases, in direct contraven­ Should we pass a law which says to·the employees of the State highway depart.,. tion of solemn contracts which the utili­ States that we are willing to have them merit. Th_ese employees take their place ties asked the States to make with them pay A. T. & T. approximately $200 mil­ in the life of their communities and they by which they acquired the valuable lion of any highway funds we provide know its problems. They mix, mingle, right to enter upon the highways in the them? I am not willing for the States and go to churches and clubs with the first instance. This would completely to have congressional authority to ~o people among whom they live. Should and permanently change the historic that because A. T. & T. is not entitled to there happen to be a small utility for and legal relationship between the it. Certainly it does not need the bene­ which road improvement would create a parties. It would destroy the States -po- fits of. this beneficient provision nearly burden, would not the highway depart­ . lice power in regard to highway rights­ as much as does our Treasury and our ment know about it? If the State felt it of-way and would make the States com­ highways. a highly meritorious case it would re­ pletely subordinate to the utilities, in­ Then we have our telegraph utilities. quire no act of Congress for it to be stead of the reverse, as it is at present Really it is now only one utility since helped. Certainly it would not require under the sovereign power of the States. Western Union, with Government ap­ the payment of hundreds of millions of But possibly there are some who feel proval, became a complete telegraph dollars of taxpayers' funds to the major that the utilities are in such desperate monopoly a few years back. Does West­ utilities of our country in order to move financial straits that any action, how­ ern Union, contrary to State laws and a few poles for some little fellow in Po­ ever extreme and however destructive contrary to its legal contracts with the dunk, Pa. of State sovereignty, is justified. That States by which it is obligated to pay its What do the State agencies exercising could be the ·only possible reason by removal costs, need a handout'? Within the State police power in the matter of · which anyone might seek to justify what the last 3 years-and since it became a· States rights-of-way have to say of this is being attempted here. · Let us see monopoly-its common stock has in­ reimbursement provision? They have what the facts are in that regard. creased in value more than 800 percent. come to Washington from great · dis­ Moody's Manual of Investments gives I do not believe we should suggest to the tances twice in recent months and even figures which show that the utilities will States that our Treasury be raided to though they welcome the opportunity to make for their owners during the 13-year give Western Union a considerable sum build the great highway system which period of the proposed road program of taxpayers' money. In fact, I don't they feel the country needs, they had the clear net profits, after all taxes and ex­ believe we should even say to the States courage to state their very strong opposi­ penses, of considerably more than $25 that we would pay one cent to Western tion on each occasion to the inclusion of billion. Now let us say that removal Union, the circumstances being what this provision. costs will be $2 billion in those 13 years, they are. The president of the American high­ a figure higher than I have heard esti­ Then we come to the electric power way officials characterized it as an ef­ mated. Two billion dollars in removal companies. There is little need for com-· fort on the part of the utilities to avoid expenses would cost the utilities less ment as to their solvency· or even as to contractual obligations by Federal legis­ than $1 billion, since 52 percent of the the state of their financial prosperity. lation. Could anything be stronger, or $2 billion would otherwise be paid in Their prosperity is guaranteed as much a more correct appraisal, than that? taxes. Are not the removal costs, then, as anything can be guaranteed in this We should remember that by this pro­ almost insignificant when compared with country of ours. The class A and B vision the Congress is saying to the States the lush guaranteed profits of the utility utilities .alone-the biggest ones, ·of that they may ·do something which the ' owners? course-in recent reports show retained States have been insisting, and are still Now, under the facts, who actually earnings of $2,200,000,000 over and above insisting, that they do not want to do would get the almost $1 billion handout, dividend payments. through the years. and which they feel would be very un­ provided the·highly benevolent and phil­ What a nice, fat, backlog that is. Just just for them or anbody else to do. In anthropic spirit of Congress toward the $2,200,000,000. ·A conservative estimate that position, the States seem to be on utilities is expressed through the passage would seem to be that the electric power eminently sound ground. of this provision of the highway bill? companies will receive a cut of some American Telephone & Telegraph Co., $250 million of the bounty provided in by its own statement, owns 90 percent of section 7 of the highway bill. Do you all telephone lines. That means it will want to give the States the permission Keenotes get more than 90 percent of all reim­ to hand them all this money when you bursements paid to telephone utilities, know it would not only be a violation of State laws but a vitiation of legal con­ E:XTENSION OF REMARKS one of the largest of our utility groups tracts these companies .have themselves OF slnce it has no legal right to· any pay­ made with the States by which they ment whatever the only question that secured valuable rights enabling them to HON. ELIZABETH KEE remains is whether it has any moral save great sums of money, part of it at OF WEST VIRGINIA claim to reimbursement. That seems to the expense of the highway user? I can IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES be conclusively answered by the fact hardly believe that you want to do that, that it has made a great number of con­ but that is exactly what this bill does. Tuesday, July 26, 1955 tracts throughout the years with the But there are those who say that they Mrs. KEE. Mr. Spea}{er, under Jeave States, many of them recently~ in which, know of a small utility which may need to extend my remarks in the RECORD. 11608 CONGRESSIONAL. ilECORD--HOUSE- July 26 I should like to include iny newspaper' A Move in the Right Direction use of the order which he had" made, and - column, Keenotes, which follows: that unless the courts ruled. otherwise, · he would continue to get the Govern­ KEENOTES EXTENSION OF REMARKS ment out' of competition with private · (By Representative Er.lZABETH KEE) OF enterprise. · Few really large American cities could sur-. . A statement of the facts shows that · vive a month-long strike of public mass HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN the President is on sound ground, both transportation as well as Washington has OF MICHIGAN done it. It has been a remarkable demon­ from a legal and economic standpoint. stration of a city going about its business· IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The administration is to be com­ almost as usual-but, of course, with a lot Tuesday, July 26, 1955 mended for this. forthright, effective,· of personal inconvenience for many people. courageous action. From the very start of the transit stop­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. page on July 1, business and Government Speaker, before Uncle Sam gets a dollar proceeded without any real hitch. Many ~omeone has to earn it and then turn it were late at first getting to work or home, over to the tax collector. What Are the Facts. About the lode- . but they did get to work and they did get . Without those tax ·payments, Uncle home. Traffic at peak hours was frightful, pendent Producers Who Would Be Ex- . but thinned out fast, even though just about Sam could not stir a foot nor lift a hand. everything on wheels that was in shape to Cf that fact, everyone is aware. empted From Regulation by the Federal drive seemed to be on the downtown streets. Nevertheless, there are those who have Power Commission Under H. R. 6645? Washington was able to coexist so well been able to entice some agency or de­ with a transit strike only because of a num­ partment of the Federal Government to ber of distinctive features about the city and go into business in competition with tax­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS those who live and work in the Nation's Capi­ payers. Always the result has been to OF tal. (Just imagine New York without sub­ deprive some taxpayer of his opportunity ways, buses, or street cars.) to establish and continue a business, HON. JOHN W. HESELTON For instance, for years Washington had give employment, and meet tax levies. OF MASSACHUSETTS more taxicabs than any city in the country, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES including New York City. It still has an un­ Usually the Government has gone into usually large number compared to other competition with private business be­ Tuesday, July 26, 1955 cities, and rates are comparatively low-par­ cause some Congressman or some group ticularly for group riding. Mr. HESELTON. Mr. Speaker, among of Congressmen, at the request of their the other confusing aspects of the testi­ Group riding-not only in cabs but in constituents, insisted that Uncle Sam_ private passenger car pools-has been an mony before the House Interst~te and accepted and very popular thing in Washing­ engage in a specific business so as to Foreign Commerce Committee with ref-· ton since early in World War II. Every large benefit the local community. erence to the exemption of producers of. Government agency has its car pools of work­ The 83d Congress last year passed a natural gas from regulation is the lack ers living in the same part of town and tak-. bill which died in the- Senate, which it of anything like exact or adequate infor­ ing turns driving a full car to work each was my privilege to introduce, the pur­ mation with reference to those producers. day. When the strike began, car pool pose of which was to have the Govern­ This cannot be attributed to any lack notices-rides needed or rides available-be­ ment discontinue the activities of its de­ gan going up on corner drug store bulletin of interest or effort on the part of mem­ boards (another Washington neighborhood partments .which were in direct competi­ bers of that committee. Rather, despite' phenomenon) . tion with individuals, or private corpora­ the reported $1 ½ million educational Many Washington workers commute by tions, and which could be carried on by campaign on the part of those seeking train to within walking distance of both those private interests, without injury exemption, any careful reading of the· home and work and never use the transit to the national defense. printed hea,rings will disclose a notice­ system. A similar bill was introduced this year, able inadequacy of factual information Washington's main traffic arteries are un­ \s now pending before the Committee from those producers themselves as to usually wide, accommodating greater traffic on Gover·nment Operations, and it was flow and providing lots more room for park­ the essential facts of their activities. ing than most cities. With the start of the hoped that it woulq. go through Congress However, fortunately, Members of the strike, cars were permitted to park on the before adjournment. House who may be called upon to vote trolley tracks in the middle of such wide Not waiting for the enactment of this upon this bill during the last few days or· thoroughfares as Pennsylv8:nia and Con7 proposed legislation, but acting on its even hours of this. session ca,n have cer­ nectlcut Avenues, and parking meter restric­ own initiative, as is proper and com"'! tain information of considerable sig­ tions were lifted to permit all-day parking in. mendable, the administration-and here nificance. 1-hour zones. This was a bonanza for I mean the President-has instructed the motorists who usually parked in lots or _ From data compiled by the Federal garages; if they got into town early enough, Department of Defense, wherever it can Power Commission, it a,ppears that in they could park free all day. So garage and be done without impairing our national 1953 there were 4,365 independent pro­ lot space they used to fill then became avail­ security, to discontinue its competition ducers who sold natural gas to natural­ able for shoppers and others. with the taxpayers. ga,s companies. Although hours in Government agencies The Department of Defense, notwith­ Of this number, 174 such producers, are staggered to some extent, the city is used standing bitter and vicious criticism with sales exceeding 2 million thousand­ to a concentrated, heavy influx of private cars from some Members of Congress, has al­ cubic feet per year, sold 90.74 per:cent of'. each morning and an equally heavy outflow each evening-usually on turn-about 1-way ready discontinued 143 establishments the total volume of such gas. streets with fast-paced traffic lights and few operated by the Army, Navy, Marine Conversely, 3,736 such producers sold bottlenecks. The strike merely intensified Corps, and Air Force, including tire re­ only 2.1 percent of such gas. the flow. treading activities, cobbler shops, saw­ The balance was devoted to other pur­ With most traffic headed in one direction, mills, bakeries, office equipment, furni­ poses. it was customary to be offered a ride if you ture and automotive repair shops, laun­ Next, any examination of the available were waiting at the curb for a taxi. Motor­ dries and dry-cleaning establishments, statistics ma,kes it crystal clear that there ists went blocks and even miles out of their ice and cement-mixing plants, tree and is an enormous concentration in a few way to be helpful. garden nurseries. producers so .far as natural:-gas produc­ But for those who traveled at other than rush hours, or were headed away from the . The Department recently ordered the tion and ownership of reserves are con­ direction of traffic, the only answer for those discontinuance of some 37 additional cerned. - who did not have their own cars was the facilities, including scrap-metal baling, · According to these statistics in 1953, ubiquitous taxi-and that can be expensive coffee-roasting plants, rope and paint something over 4¼ billion thousand­ even 1n a city where taxi rates are low. manufacturing. cubic feet was so sold. One group above all others made it possible Recently, when Congress inserted in Twenty-nine producers accounted for for Washington to get along so well during the $31 billion defense appropriations sales in excess of 2 ¼ billion thousand the strike-the city's magnificent police bill a provision which, if enforced, ham­ cubic feet. force. The men worked 12-hour shifts each day-in 95 and 100-degree temperatures­ pered the President in his effort to mini­ Turning to the sales of individual pro~ keeping traffic moving and streets fa~rly mize this ruinous competition, the Presi"'! ducers, it appears that Phillips Petroleum clear. The police became the city's heroes dent asserted that under the Constitu­ Co. was by far t.he leader, ac·counting for overnight. tion the Congress could not prevent the 457,445,147 thousand cubic feet. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11609: The next company_ S-tanolfnd . Oil . & - The Outrage on -General Taxpayers of to produce more surplus wool to put in Gas Co., a subsidiary of the -Standard Oil storage at more taxpayer expense. The Company of Indiana, sold· 202,562,446 Federal Reclamation cost to the Nation's taxpayers will be as thousand ·cubic feet. high as $5,000 an acre to bring water to The third company, Humble Oil & Re­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS the hay and grass fields. The land re­ fining Co., a subsidiary of the Standard OF claimed would not be worth $200 per Oil Company of New Jersey, sold 175,-· HON. RALPH W. GWINN acre. No hay and grass fields are worth 975,859 thousand cubic feet. more than that. Yet, W. A. Dexheimer, The fourth company, Magnolia Petro­ OF NEW YORK Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclama­ leum Co., a subsidiary of Socony-Vacuum IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion, represents to Congress and the tax­ Oil Co., sold 157,553,211 thousand cubic Tuesday, July 26, 1955 payers that these reclamation projects feet. will not add to surplus agricultural prod­ . Mr. GWINN. Mr. Speaker, I dare say ucts in his press release of May 13, 1955, The fifth company was the Shell Oil that the great majority of the Members Co., with sales of -156,356,923 thousand when he says "most products of western of this House has no idea of the scanda­ irrigated farms are not under price sup­ cubic feet. lous operations of the Bureau of Recla­ port or acreage control and are not In short, these 5 companies alone sold mation. They have been going on for 50 surplus.'' in this period 27 .07 percent of all the years. What is more, it appears that the This illustrates how characteristic and natural gas sold by nontransporting pro­ Members from the central West and the common misrepresentation is when ducers to the interstate pipeline com­ East and South and some from the far bureaucrats engage in improper func­ panies. West have been dead asleep. We hope tions of government. And all this is an There then appear such extensive and this is not true of the present Members. improper function of limited constitu­ prosperous activities as those undertaken While they slept in the past the Govern­ tional government. It becomes even by the Gulf Oil Co., the Atlantic Refining ment took, mostly from their States, over ridiculous. For example, the Depart­ Co., Skelly Oil Co., the Texas Co., Sun $2,175,000,000 as of June 30, 1952. And ment of Agriculture calls for lower price Ray Oil Corp., Union Oil Company of they are now committed to at least $1,- supports for certain agricultural prod­ California, Continental Oil Co., Pure Oil 588,000,000 more, a total of at least $3,- ucts we cannot use. It orders a decrease Co., Tidewater Associated Oil Co., and 745,000,000, and maybe double that. No in acreage allotments so as to reduce Sinclair Oil & Gas Co. one can tell. unneeded production and the burden The conclusion has not been disputed For example, a vast new project before on taxpayers. Another bureau of Gov­ and cannot be disputed that in this pe..; Congress is called the upper Colorado ernment, the Bureau of Reclamation, riod 29 producers, mostly larg~ oil com­ storage project. Just to get started the under Mr. Dexheimer, calls for spending panies, sold 63.24 percent of such natural Bureau wants an authorization of $1,- billions of the same taxpayers' dollars gas. 093,000,000. To complete it will take 25 for more Western mountainous desert It was because of facts such as these years or more. Goodness knows what the acres which will grow more farm sur­ and because of the complaints arising as figure will be for our grandchildren to plus products, viz, butter, milk, and wool, to hardships which might be placed upoq pay. ;No one can even guess that. The to buy up and put in storage. None of it small producers under Federal regulation Bureau itself does not know and says so. makes any sense to taxpayers. But the that I introduced H. R. 4924, which would Of course, Congress does not know. Yet taxpayers are unorganized. Besides they exempt approximately 96 percent of the by the logrolling, bacl~-scratching gam~ do not know about these things. Only natural-gas producers who sell less than of politics the taxpayers have been com­ those who get the benefits are organized mitted for years and years to come. 2 billion cubic feet a year. and they trade their votes for these bene­ · The Hoover Commission task force fits. It is as bad as a shell game. It is It is clearly established that such a pointed out that ''the Federal Govern­ classification is entirely legal. worse because it is all so vast even Con­ ment has used water resources and power gressmen on the ground cannot fathom I wish to cite the following cases in development projects, which should be support of that legal proposal: Wilson it. undertaken exclusively for economic When politicians support a project v. New (243 U. S. 332), and Chicago, purposes, to accomplish indirec~ social like the upper Colorado River boon­ Rock Island & .Pacifi<; Railway Co. v. and political ends. Instead of bemg un­ doggle, they must be thinking of votes. United States (284 U. S. 80, 93) . . dertaken and operated for the purposes Such a ·project means enormous gifts of Moreover, I do not think it will be stated, Federal water resource f:ievelop­ money to a few persons; it means brief disputed that the elimination of this ment projects have been used m some boom times for a few desert towns; it large body of the very small independent instances to promote collateral objec­ means that craftsmen and laborers must producers would remove a most substan­ tives.'' The Hoover task force "found be transported at great public expense to tial administrative burden from the Fed­ that project costs are frequently under­ remote areas of the mountain west; it eral Power Commission. Incidentally, estimated, that benefits advanced by means some wild spending; and most of this has been and undoubtedly will be various Federal agencies as justification all it means a successful raid on the for projects are often exaggerated, that Treasury of the United States. There is used as an argument in favor of the over­ unsupported and unsupportable claims all exemption provided by H. R. 6645. an unbroken record of "no returns" to are made for indirect benefits. In some the Federal taxpayers. The payments Furthermore, I do not think anyone instances projects have been recom­ can study these statistics without coming made by the few projects that have m-ended and· authorized without eco­ nearly paid out or are now paying on to the positive conclusion that these nomic justification of any kind. Over­ account are not paid back to reduce the thousands of small producers could not, estimation of irrigat_ion benefits has advances by taxpayers but are paid out under any stretch of the imagination, af"'.' reached a point where the Bureau of again for new projects. A Government feet or control the price of natural gas Reclamation has claimed justification that will wrongly take private property in interstate commerce. for the expenditure of $1,000 to $2,000 to do special favors for a group of voters It is my intention to offer the sub­ an acre for the development of irrigated in return for their votes will, of course, stance of this bill as· an amendment at land which, on the basis of information resort to misrepresentations and deceit the proper point in the -consideration of ·available to the task force, would not be to develop some more of the same. Not ·worth more than $200 an acre." H. R. 6645 if the bill is brought up for · According to the Bureau of Reclaina­ one of these irrigation projects started -consideration on the floor. 'tion reports, out of 34 irrigation projects, since 1902 has paid for itself. I hope that this brief explanation of ·31 would produce more hay and grass to The Bureau of Reclamation recently the reasons justifying such an amend­ .produce more dairy products, viz, butter, issued to the House Interior Committee ment-will result in the- support. Qf all ·cheese, and dried milk. Then more tax a table purporting to show how much those- who are interested in a _realistie 'dollars will be· required to buy them up each State would receive back for serv"'.' and effective regulation_ of the flow of ·and put them in storage. They may ices, materials, · and · equipment for th~ natural gas in interstate commerce, mold and waste away. · Twenty-seve:Q. construction of the upper Colorado River which is clearl1 a corigressi~nal respon­ ·out of thjrty-four projects would grow project. For instance, my own State of sibility. more grass and ha:Y to grow more sheep New York, according to ~ht) Burea~. CI--730 11610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--· HOUSE July 26 would benefit to the extent of $77,- it a,ppropriated $4,150,000 to try to sal­ But in this Colorado project tlie Congress 398~000 ' for possibly some machinery vage the whole project from the ice. is being asked to provide funds to irrigate lands in t;he mountainous uplands, at alti­ orders. How the Bureau guesses the The additional cost not now contem­ tudes between 5,000 an<;I. 7,500 feet. At these amount of benefits does not appear. plated for the Frying Pan-Arkansas altitudes, as you well know, the winters are The phony part, the deceitful part, is project will be more than $64 million long and cold and · the summer growing the careful omission of the cost to my when this has to be done, according to season short. The crops are mostly grass State and to all taxpayers in each State engineers' testimony before the House and hay which is of very low value, and it for the whole project. For instance, Interior Committee. No one can expect frosts nearly the year round. . New York taxpayers in order to get back the taxpayers to get back a cent from Upper Colorado project construction costs $77,398,000 in business orders would be such crazy schemes. They have not for the hydroelectric projects per kilowatt assessed $493 million as their share of done so in the last 50 years. There is capacity are almost 5 times higher than less reason to expect it in the next 50. Hoover Dam and 6 times that of the Grand the $4 billion subsidy necessary to· com­ Coulee. In terms of cost per kilowatt-hour, plete the project, according to the Coun­ To make the picture complete a maxi­ it ranges from 4 to 6 times that of the exist­ cil of State Chambers of Commerce bul­ mum of only 6 million acres could pos­ ing hydro-electric dams. It would be cheaper letin No. 134, June 1955. Its net con­ sibly be irrigated and reclaimed in the to generate the power from the greatest tribution to Rocky Mountain farmlands desert country by the year 1975, accord­ coal deposits in the world, located in the would be $416,202,000. How the other ing to the Bureau's program. According upper Colorado region including your own States would fare is as follows: to the Department of Agriculture that State. Surely the upper Colorado is the would be a little over one-half of 1 per­ worst possible project for the development of hydroelectric power. Amount cent of the present total land in farms Bureau says Cost to tax• now in use. To reclaim western arid The Government estimates of cost for rec­ State it will payers lamation projects has been so uniformly receive lands costs from 20 to 50 times that of wrong as to indicate a deliberate intent to draining and clearing ·ordinary farm­ deceive the Congress in these undertakings. Arizona ______: ______$37, 036, 000 $20, 400, 000 lands in the humid areas with plenty of According to their own testimony before the Alabama ______7,025,000 46,000,000 annual water fall. There are 20 million Subcommittee · 'l;'o Study Civil Works, 82d Arkansas ______2,145,000 27,200,000 acres of fine crop land available when Congress, 2d session, House Committee print California ______125, 248, 000 372, 800, 000 No. 21, page 17, the Bureau of Reclamation Colora do ______47,981,000 36,400,000 needed. Besides that, they are located Connecticut______15,181,000 69,600,000 much nearer the big city markets. admitted that on the basis of its present Delaware ______1,429,000, 14,800,000 authorized construction program, actual District of Columbia ______774,000 Congress may commit a great asset-­ construction costs run about 106 percent Florida_: ______2,797,000 67,600,000 water for four States--to grow forage above the estimated costs prepared. Georgia ______8,157,000 61,200,000 Idaho ______5,963,000 13,600,000 crops for dairy cows and wool on sheep's The bills call for an expenditure of $1,- Illinois ______~ __ _ Indiana ______53,463,000 276, 000, 000 backs in the mountainous uplands of the 658,460,000. The total interest charges that Iowa ______23,815,000 102, 400, 000 will have to be absorbed by the United States 5,357,000 62,000,000 Rockies. Former Governor Miller, of Kansas· ______10,270,000 52,400,000 Wyoming, Chairman, Natural Resources taxpayer will amount to $1,153 million ac­ 5,953,000 50,800,000 Task Force, First Hoover Commission, cording to Mr. C. W. Crosthwait, acting 5,536,000 53,600,000 Commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation, !ti!~!!:======3,452,000 18,800,000 stated that every thousand gallons of Isn't it true, then, that the actual estimated Maryland ______9,108,000 102, 400, 000 water in this area would grow 10 cents' Massachusetts ______26,970,000 127,600,000 cost at the moment is $2,811,460,000? But Michigan __ ------~------41,'556, 000 196, 400, 000 worth of such crops: on the record of performance for the Federal Minnesota ______:.~----- 8,157,000 69,600,000 It could be used to produce $5 worth of agencies for over 50 years we must assume . 2, 382, 000 . 26, OQO, 000 that estimates are deceptive and that the ~~~f~i::=::::::::::::: 12, 980,·000 100, 000, 000 industrial products. - Moiltana______~------4,275,000 16,000,000 actual. cost of the upper Colorado· project N ebraska ______6,547,000 34,000, 000 And of course it should be preserved will be 106 percent higher, making ah ulti­ Nevada _____ ------4,667,000 6,800,000 mate cost of at least twice $2,811,460,000 or New Hampshire ______2,441,000 12,000,000 for that if not necess~ry for human con­ New Jersey ______33,400,000 144, 000, 000 sumption. Adm. Ben Moreel, Chairman $5,622,920,000. That is $140 for every Amer­ New Mexico ______17,006,000 15,200,000 of the Task Force on Water Resources ican family .plus the deficits in operation New York------~--- 77,398,000 433, 600, 000 and Power, said that our precious water plus the exemption of taxes on that capital North Carolina ____ ~------13, 158,, 000 66,800,000 which would otherwise be in private busi­ North Dakota------~------1,403,000 12,000,000 resource "should be committed sparing­ Ohio __ ------50,844,000 236, 000, 000 ness which amounts to more billions the Oklahoma ______7,809,000 44,800,000 ly in order to retain the maximum de­ general taxpayers must pay because the Oregon •..... ______9,847,000 44,000,000 gree of flexibility in our rapidly chang­ upper Colorado projects are made tax Pennsylvania ______55,549,000 277, 600, 000 exempt. Rhode Island ______~-- 5,240,000 20,800,000 ing future economy." South Carolina ______6,370,000 34,400,000 The answer to the reclamation busi­ In the larger projects like this the decep­ South Dakota ______2,056,000 13,200,000 tions are the most shocking. For example, Tennessee ______7,681,000 55,600,000 ness is too obvious. Yet a governor of a Texas ______the total estimated cost for the Missouri 34,575,000 194, 400, 000 State and the Congressmen in that State Basin project as originally proposed was u tah ___ ------61,716,000 16,000,000 1,191,000 7,600,000 may not be reelected unless they con­ $1,257,645,700. Some 10 years later, as set tinue to whoop it up for more and more ~:~i~~~=Washington =:: ______:::: :: :::: :: :_ 8,395,000 67,600,000 forth in the hearings before the House Ap­ 14,631,000 68,400,000 of the same old reclamation and electric 5,299,000 35, 600;000 propriations Subcommittee, 83d Congress, 18,100,000 88,000,000 power dam projects. The Governor of 2d session, "Interior Department Appropri­ ;~f!i;~~::::~:::::::= 10,719,000 8,000,000 Wyoming wrote asking me and other ations for 1955" the estimate of cost had risen Congressmen to support the upper Colo­ to $5,449,827,000 which was an increase of rado River project. My reply follows: $4,192,181,300 or 333 percent. Federal agen­ When the Bur.eau gets through with cies repeat such mistakes so regularly that this upper Colorado River project it has JUL~ 8, 1955. lack of plain honesty is the only conclusion a list of 269 additional projects it hopes Hon. MILWARD L. SIMPSON, possible. They fool one Congress, then a to build in the future. The Bureau re­ Governor of Wyoming, new project comes before a new Congress gards itself as permanently in the busi­ Executive Department, and the same type of deception is worked ness of "the investigation of water re­ Cheyenne, Wyo. over and over again, sources of the West is (as) a continuous DEAR GOVERNOR SIMPSON: Your letter of Such is the evidence of political irrespon­ process." It has no intention that the June 10 to me indicates that the enclosed sibility, logrolling, and buying of votes is Denver Post editorial of May 10 adequately common to all Government projects that taxpayers will ever get their money back. states the feelings of the majority of the go beyond the legitimate functioning If the taxpayers are going to remain people in Wyoming favoring the Colorado of government. Proper government must so dumb as to let their Government stay River storage project and participating proj­ always be d·efensive or protective in in this kind of business we must expect ects, It may take more presently unascer­ character. Then it can be and generally is a repetition of the past. For example, tainable billions from the taxpayers. But, honest. When it goes beyond that it is al­ the Bureau of Reclamation admitted that Governor, the majority, whoever they are, ways dishonest and corrupt in its purposes on the Colorado-Big Thompson project now turn out to be dead wrong on nearly and its means of carrying it out. To illus­ after they got the water canals all built all reclamation projects for the last 50 years. trate, the Hoover Commission task force on Of the earlier irrigation projects a very few water resources and power in its report, the water froze up and would not run. were economically feasible. The cost per June 15, 1955, stated that it "has been forced The project had to be scrapped or else acre was low, the land was fertile, the grow­ to the rather depressing conclusion 1n view cement covers had to be put on miles of ing season long, and high-value crops such 01 the general competence and quality of canals in the frozen mountains to keep as melons, grapes, beans, celery, tomatoes, performance of the Federal agencies, that the water from freezing. Congress asparagus, etc., have been grown as in the most of the weaknesses revealed by its stud­ could not· be made to look ridiculous so Central Valley project of California. ies are inherent in bureaucracy," · 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11611 The cost of the three projects in your Some of the reasons which caused me 1834. The magnificent, large painting State on a new lands basis, including the to make the necessary inquiry and study of General Lafayette was painted by the interest on the bonds, paid not by the people to be benefited but by the general taxpayers to obtain the information and data about distinguished artist, Ary Scheffer, which in far distant States, is as follows: Co'sts these relief portraits on which we look honors the walls of the Chamber just to of irrigation for the LaBarge project is esti­ each day, and the only two paintings your left as you stand in the rostrum mated at $472 per acre. Costs of irrigation which occupy our working Chamber, are and was made a gift to the House of Rep­ for the Seedskadee and Lyman projects, re­ as follows: resentatives by the artist. These two Epectively, is estimated at $861 and $1,755 per First. The lettering underneath each paintings are the only paintings gracing acre. Since the Department's record for de­ relief portrait giving the name of the the walls of the Chamber of the House liberately underestimating costs is 106 per­ historical legislator or lawgiver is so cent for 50 years, you must more than double of Representatives. Neither are there the estimates. So on the basis of experience small and indistinct that as we sit on the photographs or other paintings within the costs for irrigating the 3 projects floor of the House, many Members can­ the Chamber itself but in the private en­ will be nearer $944, $1,722, and $3,510 per not readily read the name of each relief trance hallway to the Chamber, which is acre, respectively. In view of this record, portrait because they are so far away largely limited to use by Members, are how can you -logically ask me to support from us. the large paintings of each of the dis­ these projects for new land when our most Second. I have had many inquiries tinguished Speakers in the history of valuable farmlands for hay, grass, and silage about said relief portraits and have been the House of Representatives. do not exceed $250 per acre? asked many times as to who each of these Stack all this alongside of the mountains Mr. Speaker, behind your chair rests of surplus agricultural products we already historical persons are as relates to the the flag of the United States of America, have: the $8 billion taken from the people legislative processes. I frankly state which is so beautifully draped. It is a to pay growers of butter, milk, wool, corn, that I have not heretofore been able to daily inspiration to us Members as we wheat, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, etc., be­ satisfactorily answer such inquiries. sit in our respective places and listen to cause there are too many acres under cul­ Furthermore, I know that many Mem­ your scholarly, able, and fair parliamen­ tivation. bers have been similarly situated in tary rulings and decision. The ridiculous consequences of our own being asked that same question. socialistic management of our economy now Mr. Speaker, because I am herewith requires the Secretary of Agriculture to pro­ Third. For myself, I have been sure endeavoring to make at least a simple pose cuts of acreage of various crops by pos­ that it would add to my information and word picture of the decorations of what sibly 20 million acres. Wheat acreage has inspiration as a Member of this great is on the walls of the House and in the been cut from 78 to 55 million acres. legislative body if I did know at whom I Chamber of the House itself, in addition So when and if our needs for additional was looking when I daily sit in this great to our seats and the 4 large mahogany crop acreage increases in future years, this legislative body and look at these 23 por­ tables, 2 of which are on each side of the acreage and many other millions of unused traits which appear in the marble high political aisle, I herewith include a part acres can be brought into cultivation. Be­ over the gallery doors and surrounding sides, according to the Department of Agri­ of the text describing the mace, which culture and the American Society of Agricul­ gallery walls of the Chamber of our rests to your right as you sit or stand tural Engineers, there are over 20 million House of Representatives, wherein I facing the Members which you so ably acres of fertile wet or swampland nearer recognize the great privilege and honor govern in their parliamentary and legis­ the markets that can be drained at less than I have of now serving my ninth year. lative problems and procedures. $100 an acre without continuing annual Fourth. I felt it would be of con­ . The mace of the House of Represent­ charge~ for irrigation. siderable interest to a great many Amer­ atives is, aside from · the flag, the only Surely the time has come to stop this ican citizens and students of Congress to uneconomic and immoral game of groups visible symbol of Federal Government organizing to get theirs from the public have this necessarily brief word picture authority. It has no counterpart in the feed trough because others are getting theirs. of what is carried upon the walls of the United States Senate, none in the su­ To do that the States legislatures must re­ House of Representatives. preme Court. It is as old as the Govern­ assert the constitutional limitations on the . These relief portraits were placed in ment itself, having been provided for in Congress and limit its taxing and spending the Chamber of the House of Represent- a resolution adopted by the House during powers. Government must be reconfined to . atives during congressional recess of the 1789. its true function of defending American life the First Congress in Ever since it and property instead of managing them. years 1949-50. You will remember, Mr. has served as the active symbol of au­ Sincerely yours, Speaker, that when we returned to our thority of the Sergeant at Arms, who is RALPH W. GWINN. daily duties in January 1951, there were charged with the duty of preserving or­ many interesting questions and many der on the floor of the House. queries raised by some Members of the The first mace used by the House was House in their speaking about it as to destroyed by fire when a British Army Oescription of 23 Relief Portraits and 2 why these particular relief portraits oc­ burned the Capitol in 1814. Thereafter Paintings in the Redecorated Chamber cupied the valuable and significant space a mace of painted wood did service until on the walls of the House of Representa­ 1841, when the present mace--a fine ex­ of the United States House of Repre­ tives of the United States of America. ample of the silversmith's art--was made sentatives Furthermore, and not least of all, queries by William Adams of New York in re­ were made by some Members of the production of the original. It is 46 EXTENSION OF REMARKS House as to why so many of these re­ inches in height and consists of a bundle OF lief portraits were those of historical of 13 ebony rods, representing the Orig­ characters of ancient times and from inal Thirteen States of the Union, bound HON. CLYDE DOYLE foreign nations. Well, Mr. Speaker, the together with a band of silver in imita­ OF CALIFORNIA text of the information I herein set tion of the fasces originally carried by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES forth, which was furnished me upon re­ the lictors in ancient Rome. From the quest by the Library of Congress, will center of this bundle of rods protrudes Tuesday, July 26, 1955 give you some data on these relief por­ the stem of a silver globe which is 4½ Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, having traits. I hope this data will not only inches in diameter. The globe is sur­ been heretofore granted unanimous con­ prove of interest but of real value and mounted by an eagle of solid silver with sent so to do, I am pleased to present assistance to Members and to their many outspread wings. for the information and identification · friends who make inquiry on the sub­ When the House is called to order each of all of my colleagues and any others ject. But before I do that, Mr. Speaker, day a Deputy sergeant at Arms places who read the same, the instructive in­ I am sure we .are all interested in that the mace on a cylindrical pedestal of formation about the 23 relief portraits of magnificent, large painting of George polished green marble at the right of the historical characters in the history of Washington which honors the wall of the Speaker's desk. From the moment the legislation and lawgiving, which relief Chamber at floor level just to your right Speaker raps for order it begins to play portraits occupy valuable space upon the as you stand in the Speaker's rostrum a silent but important part in the day's walls above the gallery of the House of facing the membership of the House. It proceedings. While the House itself re­ Representatives. was painted by John Vanderlyn and was mains in session the mace is kept in posi­ I also include similar information as acquired by the House of Representatives tion at the Speaker's right, but is re­ to the two large paintings of George in 1834 for the total sum of $2,500, by moved to a lower pedestal by the desk of Washington and General Lafayette. virtue of House resolutions in 1832 and the Sergeant at Arms when the House 11612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 26 resolves itself into Committee of the Alaska, and then extending further to the -tive nature of punishment, which follows "an Whole. Members can thus tell by a left and the right respectfully the beau­ eye for an eye" literally, glance at the position of the mace tiful seals of the States themselves. MOSES-FLOURISHED CIRCA 1400 B. C, whether the House is in session or in Following is the identification of the The lawgiver of Israel and the founder of Committee. This is significant because relief portraits referred to: To the east her nationality and religion, Moses stands it requires 218 Members to constitute a of the Speaker's rostrum as the Speaker .out as one of the greatest figures in history. quorum for business in the House and faces the membership: First, Jefferson; From his infancy, according to Exodus, only 100 when the House is sitting as a second, Napoleon; third, Blackstone; there were constant signs of God's selection .of Moses to lead His people. His leadership Committee of the Whole. fourth, Grotius; fifth, Simon de Mont­ in the Exodus and his prominence in the The cost of the mace was very small, fort; sixth, Innocent III; seventh, Sulei­ great covenant at Sinai are well known and considering its intrinsic and historic man; eighth, Maimonides; ninth, Gaius; documented. It was he who welded into one value. An interesting item in the state­ tenth, Papinian; and eleventh, Solon. people the various kindred tribes under his ment of the expenditure of the contin­ To the west of the Speaker's rostrum as leadership. But further details must be a gent fund of the House of Representa­ the Speaker faces the membership of the matter of conjecture. tives from December 1, 1841, to Decem­ House: First, Mason; second, Pothier; Not only the Ten Commandments, but the ber 1, 1842, reads, "William Adams, a third, Colbert; fourth, Edward I; fifth, whole Mosaic Law as found in Leviticus, Exo­ mace for hall, H. R., $400." Today its Alphonso I; sixth, Gregory IX; seventh, dus, and Deuteronomy are ascribed to Moses. However, close study of the Bible makes it value, real and sentimental, far exceeds St. Louis; eighth, Justinian; ninth; Tri­ difficult if not impossible to accept the tradi­ that figure. bonian; tenth, Lycurgus; and eleventh, tion which accredits to him every detail of It was originally proposed, following Hammurabi. In the center of the north Israel's legal and cultural institutions. Even English parliamentary usage, that the wall is Moses. the earliest code of laws in the Bible (Ex. xxi­ mace should be placed on the Clerk's A brief biographical sketch of each of xxiii) is simply a local and national form of table during sittings of the House and the relief portraits is as follows: the civil law common to Babylonia, Assyria and the Hittites and was probably adopted by under it when the House should be in RELIEF PORTRAITS IN THE REDECORATED CHAM­ Israel after the settlement in Canaan. Committee of the Whole. The proposal BER OF THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REP• however, was rejected by the House, RESENTATIVES LYCURGUS-FLOURISHED 7TH-9TH CENTURY B. C, which adopted the present far more im­ The redecorated Chamber of the United Lycurgus is the reputed founder of the pressive practice, under which the great States House of Representatives features a Spartan Constitution. According to a stand­ symbol is kept always in view of Mem­ series of medallions portraying 23 historic ard hypothesis he lived in the seventh cen­ characters. These individuals were chosen tury B. C. He may be a mythical figure. bers on the floor of the Chamber and as representative of the great lawgivers of Tradition represents Lycurgus as finding of the ever-changing groups of visitors the world who contributed to the American Sparta the prey of disunion, weakness and in the galleries. law system. An inscription that accompa­ lawlessness, and leaving her united, strong OF ANCIENT ORIGIN nies them, appearing high above and behind and subject to the most stable government the Speaker's desk, reads: which the Greek world had ever seen. To The mace is of ancient origin, deriv­ "Let us develop the resources of our land, him we may attribute the unification of the ing from the fasces of Roman antiquity. call forth its powers, build up its institu­ several component parts of the State, the When the First Empire was overthrown tions, promote all its great interests and see strict military organization and training and the Roman Republic was estab­ whether we also in our day may not accox;n­ which soon made· the Spartan hoplite the lished, the fasces assumed a new civic plish something worthy to be remem­ best soldier in Greece, and above all the elab­ dignity. bered.''.-Daniel Webster. orate and rigid system of education. This is the only quotation or verse or say­ His subordination of the individual citizen MACE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS ing on the walls of the House. to the all-powerful state has been the model The mace now borne before the Speak­ The subjects of these relief portraits were of subsequent police states, but it has yet er in the House of Commons was made selected by the Architect of the Capitol, after no parallel in the history of the world. in 1649 by Thomas Maundy for the Com­ consultation with many authorities and ap­ proval by the Special House Roof and SOLON-CIRCA 635-559 B, C, monwealth Government of Oliver Crom­ Chamber Committee. A biographic sketch of Solon was an Athenian statesman and law­ well, altered, however, in insignia. What each of these great men is attached hereto. giver. His amatory poems and patriotic and became of the mace used prior to the The statements given above and the list didactic verse won him inclusion among the Cromwell period is not recorded. of subjects have been provided by the office Seven Sages. He led the Athenians in a In 1880 the Speaker undertook to quell of the Architect of the Capitol. The sketches victorious military campaign. But his en­ an incipient fight between two Repre­ summarize salient-and apropos-material during renown rests on his economic and sentatives, William A. J. Sparks, of Illi­ found in the Encyclopedia Britannica ( 1942 constitutional reforms. nois, and J. B. Weaver, of Iowa, when edition) and the first and second editions Solon was elected archon at a time when of the Columbia Encyclopedia. Articles in the nobles held unc:hecked all the governing they used such menacing words and these sources were found to complement one power of Athens and the new capitalists threatening actions toward each other another and material from both sources was virtually owned the entire peasant class. that many Members rose to separate used in every sketch, with the exception of Receiving the unlimited powers of a dictator, them. Whereupon the S'ergeant at that of Pothier, who is not listed in the he annulled all mortgages and debts, ·put Arms moved about the House with his Columbia Encyclopedia. narrow limits on the amount of land anyone mace of office and order was restored. The Architect of the Capitol has released could add to his holdings, outlawed con­ a statement that serves to explain why each tracts in which a person's liberty was HISTORIC MACES man was chosen for inclusion in this group. pledged, and put limits on the amount one There are two historic maces in Amer­ It is attached as an appendix to this report. might spend on various functions, such as ica which antedate the mace of the Some of the material therein does not ap­ funerals. other state controls included House of Representatives, indeed ante­ pear in the following biographical sketches those over exports, education, the use and because it does not appear in the sources sinking of wells, bee-farming, the planting date the organization of the Federal used in their preparation. of olives and figs, and the cutting down of Government. The older of these, an olive trees. ornate specimen, was presented to the HAMMURABI-FLOURISHED cmcA 2100 B. c. Solon's new constitution laid the founda­ Corporation of Norfolk, Va., in 1753. Hammurabi was a great king of Babylonia, tions of the Athenian democracy and paved The other is still in honorable service in His military and political achievement of es­ the way for its later developments. The as­ the House of Representatives of South tablishing a central and efficient Government s~mbly was thrown open to all freemen, at Babylon is regarded as one of the most far­ He erected a whole new law code that tends Carolina and was made in London in reaching events in ancient history. Hence­ toward democratization. His reforms were 1756 at a cost of 90 guineas. forth Babylon was to be the political and in- characterized everywhere by a moderation Mr. Speaker, while I do not herein tellectual center of West Asiatic history right that made him the model of Greek states­ name or identify or place each of the down to the Christian era. · men. great seals of each of the States of the Hammurabi's name is particularly associ­ GAIUS---CIRCA 110-180 A. D. United States which surround the lower ated with the great law code which he was Gaius was a celebrated Roman ·Jurist of ceiling of the House, I do state that the declared to have received from the sun god, the second century A. D. Of his personal great seal of the United States of Amer­ Shamash. This is one of the greatest of an­ history very little is known. Indeed, it is cient.codes. Promulgated for the use of the impossible to discover even his full name, ica is in position almost directly above courts throughout the empire, it is particu­ Gaius being merely the given name. you as you stand facing the Members, larly strong in its prohibition of defrauding Gaius is remembered for his institutes, while to the left and right thereof are the the helpless. It is genuinely humanitarian, Which contributed materially to our knowl­ seals of the Territories of Hawaii and although one savage feature is the retribu- edge of .early Roman law, and on which much 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11613 of Justinian's work 1s based. The Emperor :MAIMONIDES-A, D, 1135-1204 against, Henry III of England. At the "Mad Valentinian named him, along with Papi­ Maimonides (Rabbi Moses Ben Maiman, Parliament" of Oxford he headed the opposi­ nian, illpian, Modestinus, and Paulus, as one or Rambam) was born in Spain and mi­ tion. In civil war he became master of of the five jurists whose opinions were to be grated to Cairo, Egypt, where he became the England, which was placed under a consti­ followed by judicial officers in deciding cases. greatest of all medieval Jewish scholars. tutional government. De Montfort was Besides the institutes, which are a com­ He produced a great commentary on the slx practically dictator after his victory on the plete exposition of the elements of Roman orders of Mishna 1 (where he was the first battlefield at Lewes, in May 1264. However, law, Gaius was the author of several other to enumerate the fundamental dogmas of he promulgated a scheme for establishing a works. His interest in the antiquities of Judaism) , a collection of discourses, a work thorough parliamentary control over the Roman law makes his work valuable to the on logic, a treatise on the calendar, several executive. He was killed in a resurgence of historian of early institutions. medical books-including an important work civil war. PAPINIAN-DIED A, D, 212 on hygiene-and the great philosophical Simon is an important figure in the history work, Moreh Nebukim ( Guide for the Per­ of legislative bodies because the great Parlia­ Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus) is gen­ ment which he summoned in 1265 was a rev­ erally considered to be the greatest of Roman plexed). In the latter work he explains the esoteric ideas in the Bible, formulates a olutionary assembly that established an im­ jurists. He was magister libellorum and af­ portant precedent-it contained not only terwards Praetorian perfect under the em­ proof of the existence of God, expounds the principle of creation, and elucidates baffling knights from each shire to represent the peror Septimius Severus. An intimate metaphysical and religious problems. The rural nobility, but also representatives from friend of the emperor, Papinian accom­ work has dominated Jewish thought and the towns and boroughs. He left a heritage panied him to Britain and became the exerted a profound influence upon Christian in the precedent he had established in guardian of his two sons. In 212, one of and Arabian thinkers. championing the cause of the nobles and these brothers, after committing fratricide, The greatest scholastic work of this savant­ the people against the king and in calling had Papinian put to death. physician-philosopher was the Mishna the Parliament of 1265. For years after his Papinian was noted not only as a jurist Torah, a classified compendium of the Jew­ death he was revered by the commons as a of wide learning and great comprehension, ish law. This attempt to organize and sys­ martyr. but as a stern moralist. His works are tematize the vast mass of Jewish oral law LOUIS IX-A. D. 1214-1270 known to us through the numerous quota­ became a reference book for laymen as well Saint Louis, or Louis IX, king of France, tions of them in the Theodosian Code and in as rabbis and Judges. was an accomplished knight, physically the Digest of the Corpus Juris Civilis (see GREGORY IX-A. D, 1145-1241 strong, fearless in battle, heroic in adversity, Justinian). The constitution of Theodosius of imperious temperament, unyielding when II and Valentinian named him the principal The papacy of Gregory IX (Ungolino Conti convinced of the Justness of his cause, ener­ of 5 jurists set up as authorities to be cited de Segni) was largely devoted to hostilities getic and firm. He stands in history as the in future decisions of the courts (see Gaius). against Frederick II, Emperor of the Holy ideal king of the middle a.ges. Here was an Roman Empire. Gregory systematized the JUSTINIAN-A. D, 483-565 ascetic who gave charity to over a hundred Medieval Inqt:isition. His zeal for the ex­ beggars daily, yet safeguarded the royal dig­ Justinian I (Flavius Anicius Justin­ tirpation of heresy made him generally dis­ ianus), surnamed The Great, is the most nity by bringing them in at the-back door­ liked. The people of Rome, disapproving his and by a courtly display greater than ever famous of all emperors of the Eastern temporal power, exiled him for a part of his Roman (Byzantine) Empire. He recovered before in France. He made presents of hair­ reign. He died as Frederick was invading the cloth shirts to his friends and went on two Africa from the Vandals and Italy from the Papal States. Ostrogoths, but met with less success in crusades. He was canonized in 1297. His Gregory ordered the condensing of fl ve reign was comparatively uneventful. fighting Persia. He insisted upon the compilations of decretals 2 into a single col­ supremacy of the emperor over the Church, lection. The editor, Raymond of Pennaforte, Louis was active in arbitration, adjusting not only in matters of organization, but also did not attempt any original work and the territorial claims, imposing peace upon war­ in matters of dogma. He engaged in various Pope had no idea of codifying the whole of ring factions of his nobility, and setting suc­ important controversies about dogma, but canon law. However, the collection was an cession disputes in neighboring countries. never succeeded in creating unity. He simplified administration, improved the important step toward codifying canon law. distribution of taxes, abolished the judicial It is as a legislator and organizer of the INNOCENT III--CIRCA A, D, 1161-1216 law that Justinian's name is most familiar duel, and sought to introduce uniform to the modern world. His greatest accom­ Innocent III (Lotario de' Conti de Segni) Roman law. The English barons (see Simon plishment was the compilation of the Corpus was elected Pope at the age of 37. The effec­ de Montfort) submitted their quarrels with Juris Civilis, which has influenced all sub­ tive assertion of world power is the charac­ Henry III to him, but his Judgment in favor sequent legal history. Finding the law of teristic feature of his pontificate. Working of the king led to civil war and the victory the Roman empire in great confusion, he from a theory that since things of the spirit of Simon at Lewes. This judgment, known ordered the preparation of this work--con­ take preeminence over things of the body, as the Mise of Amiens, was a flat denial of sisting of the Codex Constitutionum (a col­ and since the ~hurch rules the spirit and the parliamentary reforms known as the lection and revision of the imperial con­ earthly monarchs rule the body, earthly Provisions of Oxford. However, it expressly stitutions from the time of Hadrian), the monarchs must be in all things in subjection declared that the decision was not to invali­ Digesta or Pandectae (a revision, abridgment to the church. Innocent effectively exer­ date the privileges and liberties of the realm and rearrangement of the classical jurists), cised his ideal that the Pope is the political of England, which had existed before the the Institutiones (a handbook for students), ruler of the world. time of these provisions. Innocent's exalted ambitions were even­ and the Novellae (the new laws instituted by ALPHONSO X-A, D. 1221-1284 tually their own undoing, and had the effect Justinian). The Corpus was not a codifica­ Alphonso the Wise, or Alfonso X, king of tion but a consolidation. Thus regarded, of setting almost every resolute Christian prince automatically against the church. Castile and Leon, ruled from 1252 until he Justinian's work may appear to entitle him The triumph of his pontificate was the fourth was deposed by the Cortes in 1282. He is and Tribonian to much less credit than they Lateran council (1215), a great assembly of perhaps the most interesting-though he have received. States that did little more than listen to and was far from being the most c.apable-of the As TRmONIAN-DlED A. D. 545 endorse the decretals read by the Pope. Spanish kings of the middle ages. a ruler The Pope's interest in law was active: he he was weak, unstable and obstinate and he Tribonian (Tribonianus) was a famous ruined the economy of his lands while en­ jurist and chief legal minister to the em­ constantly held court, with a good name for impartiality. He instituted ecclesiastical re­ deavoring to secure his election as emperor peror Justinian. Under the command of forms, centralizing the administration at of the Holy Roman empire. Justinian, he directed the compilation of the Rome and his authority within the church El Sabio (the Sage) is called the father Corpus Juris Civilis, the most important col­ exceeded that of his predecessors. Innocent of Castilian prose. Under his patronage and lection of Roman law and the basic docu­ 'is remembered for his abrogation of the editorship a number of vast works were un­ ment of modern civil law. Ma~na Carta. Supporting King John, dertaken, including Las Siete partidas, the It is not possible to determine exactly what against the barons who demanded the great earliest known Spanish-vernacular chronicle, Tribonian himself contributed to the Corpus document, Innocent declared it null as a valuable compilations from Arabic sources Juris Civilis. In all likelihood he wrote a forcibly exacted promise. such as the Alfonsine Tables in astronomy, an illustrated book of games, and one of the large part out of his encyclopedic knowledge SIMON DE MONTFORT--cIRCA A, D. 1200-1265 of Roman law. Of the four parts of the greatest collections of mediaeval poetry and Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, spent music. Under his patronage the flow of Corpus, he was the most important editor of the most active part of his life giving skillful Oriental culture into Western Europe was the Digest, Institutes, and Codex. Of the and ruthless support to, then leading revolts greatly accelerated. Novels (the new laws) he must have been a Alphonso showed legislative capacity and principal author, as chief legal minister. 1 The Mishna is the text of the oral law, a very commendable wish to provide his Tribonian was probably not a juridical think­ 1n contradistinction to the scriptural, or kingdoms with a code of laws and a con­ er, like the great five jurists (see Gaius), written, law of the Jews. sistent judicial system. He was largely re­ but his knowledge o! Roman law and his 2 The decretals are papal decisions and sponsible for the Siete partidas, a compila­ somewhat pedantic. erudition was absolutely decrees to be considered authoritative and tion of Roman and canon law which was essential to the great project that he directed. binding in future decisions. promulgated by his grandson, and other 11614 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE , July 26 codes: The Fuero de las leyes or Fuero Real fleeing life imprisonment in his native MASON-A. D. 1725-92 and an Espejo de Fueros. country. George Mason exercised great· influence in Concerning the law of war and peace, the EDWARD I-A. D. 1239-1307 local and Virginia legislative bodies. As a De jure belli et pacis, is a systematic study member of the Virginia Convention, he Edward I, King of England, failed 1n the of the bases and principles of positive natural drafted the Virginia constitution and the · chief ambition of his life, the conquest of' law. Though not the first attempt in mod­ famous Bill of Rights, a radically democratic Scotland, (He did humiliate Scotland by ern times to ascertain the principles of juris­ document which had great influence on removing the coronation stone of Scone to prudence, it went far more fundamentally American political institutions. This great· Westminster.) Yet, his conquest of Wales, into the discussion than any one had done work was extensively copied by other ,Amer­ his legislation, and his triumph . over his before. The work is startling in Its originali­ ican States and had some influence on the · barons his ecclesiastics, and the greatest of ty and in the scope of its consideration or· French Declaration of the Rights of Man. French medieval kings indicates the strength international law and international ethics; Mason was a member of the Federal Con­ and permanence of his work. · One of the great masterpieces of legal litera­ stitutional Convention at Philadelphia in Edward is remembered for the develop­ ture, it ls usually considered to be the first· 1787 and took an active part In drafting ments in law and constitution that have definitive text on international law. the Constitution. However, he objected to caused him to be called the English Jus­ COLBERT-A. D. 1619-1683 the large and indefinite p~wers given to Con­ tinian. Before he became king he appro­ gress, the compromises on the tariff . and priated some of Simon de Montfort's ideals. Jean Baptiste Colbert was a statesman who slave-trade issues, and failure to include a The general effect of his work was to elimi­ did much for France. Nevertheless, his rule bill of rights. He refused to sign the Con­ nate feudalism from public life. The Stat­ was a very bad example of overgovernment. stitution, and, w~th Patrick Henry, he led utes of Westminster I and II formulated He did not believe in popular liberty. The the fight in Virginia against its ratification. much unwritten law. The Statute of Mort­ parlements and states-general received no Failing in this, he suggested amendments, main was a landmark in his struggle with support from him. The technicalities of jus-· the substance of several of which was after­ the church, resulting from his dislike of· tice he never allowed to interfere with his ward embodied in the first 10 amendments­ authority not emanating from himself. The plans. He trafficked in public offices for the Bill of Rights-to the American Consti­ Statute of Winchester established police and profit. tution. militia regulations. Westminster III, also Colbert became the chief power in the ad­ Mason believed that local government called Quia emptores, prohibited subinfeuda­ ministration of Louis XIV, where he cleansed should be kept strong and central govern­ tion. the financial administration ruthlessly. ment weak; his democratic theories have had Thus Edward brought within the formu­ His ambitious scheme of encouragement of much Influence in Southern and Western lated law the gains of a century of common industry and trade involved subsidies, state States. law, supplementing them. He gave a tre­ planning and rigid control of every detail of NAPOLEON-A. D. 1769-1821 mendous impetus to the development of law production, including quality and price. and courts, and built up the central admin­ Similar policies were applied to agriculture. Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, was a istration. His greatest and most lasting achievement spectacular military genius of unlimited am­ was the establishment of the French Ma­ bition. One of the greatest conquerors his­ Some important developments were wrung tory has ever known, he made France para­ from Edward again.st his will. The parlia­ rine. (To supply oarsmen for his galleys, he required judges to sentence as many per­ mount in Europe, rearranged its map, and mentary constitution of England was estab­ set his relatives upon its thrones. lished as the result of his convocation of sons as possible; the convict, once chained to the bench, was seldom released at the ex­ In France, Napoleon consolidated the re­ the Model Parliament of 1295. "What sults of the Revolution and sought a new touches all," ran Edward's writ of summons, piration of his sentence. Colbert never thought of the 10ng agony of those who conservative balance by his reforms. He "should be approved by all, and it is also centralized the administration, established clear that common dangers should be met filled his needs.) Colbert extended his scheme of paternalism to the arts and litera­ the Bank of France, inaugurated financ.ial by measures agreed upon in common." This reforms, made peace with the church, and action marks a tremendous forward step in ture. His industry was colossal; he even the development of a powerful representative found time for the improvement of the inatituted legal reforms to pave the way breed of horses. for the Code Napoleon. His excessive cen­ body. Two years later, the rising hostility tralization made the state supreme over the of his subjects, barons, merchants, and clergy Colbert reformed certain aspects of the entire people-a system singularly favorable forced Edward to issue the confirmation of legal administration and codified ordinances. to statism. the charters granted by John and Henry III, including the Magna Charta. POTHIER-A. D. 1699-1772 The Code Napoleon, sometimes called the Robert Joseph Pothier was a French judge Code Civil, was the first code of French civi~ SULEIMAN-A. D. 1494-1566 and professor of law. He paid particular law. It embodies the private substantive Suleiman, the Magnificent, was the most attention to the text of the Pandects, or law of France, fusing the preexisting Ger­ fortunate of Ottoman sultans: He lived dur­ Digests, of the Corpus Juris Civilis (see Jus­ manic and Roman civil law applied in France ing the most glorious period in the history tinian, Trlbonium, etc.). His Pandectae Jus­ with additions resulting from the French of Islam and ruled without a worthy rival. tinlanae in novum ordinem digestae is a Revolution. The code has been in force, as He inherited a welI.-organized country, a classic In the study of Roman law. He wrote changed by legislative amendment, since it disciplined army, and a full treasury. Al­ many learned monographs on French law was first promulgated. Still in force in Bel-. though his campaigns were not always wisely and much of his work was incorporated al­ gium and Holland, it has served as a model and prudently planned, they added great most verbatim in the French Civil Code. for-and has exercised t.he greatest influ­ territories to his realm. In his days Turkey ence in-many other countries. The Span­ became a first-rate seapower and attained BLACKSTONE-A. D. 1723-80 ish Civil Code was largely based on the Code the culminating point of her glory. Sulei• The fame of Sir Willlam Blackstone rests Civil, as were the civil codes of most of the man is remembered for his encouragement on his Commentaries on the Law of England. South American States, Quebec, and Loui­ of learning and the arts. He wrote verses His career in Parliament, to which he was siana. and it is from his time that historians date elected first in 1761, was somewhat inglori­ JEFFERSON-A. D. 1743-1826 the rise of the occult influence of the harem ous, as he disliked attendance there. In the Thomas Jefferson is the· outstanding on Turkish political development. 10 years of his judgeship he administered the apostle of American democracy and one of In Turkey, Suleiman is known as the law satisfactorily but attained no special the greatest liberals of all time. He heid a Lawgiver. His claims to renown as a legis­ distinction. He inaugurated courses in great range of public offices.; he was promi:. lator rest mainly on his organization of the English law at the British universities, which nent in many, and foremost member of Ulema, or clerical · (religious) class, in its had previously confln~d themselves to Ro­ several, of the most important deliberative hierarchical order. The judges belonged to and legislative bodies in American history. this class, but all executive and administra­ man law. He is fal!lous for many c_ontributions to the tive power remained outside it, in the hands The commentaries of Blackstone have American democratic system, as Governor of of the military. Suleiman's administration been regarded as the most thorough treat­ Virginia, member ·of the Continental Con­ was, relatively, one of the best of his time. ment of the whole of English law ever pro­ gresses, Minister to France, Secretary of His amelioration of the lot of his Cl;lristian duced by one ma:n: Whether it is owing State, Vice President, and President. subjects is not his least title to fame. How:­ to its literary graces, or to its success in Jefferson was the chief inspirer and. most e.ver, his record of magnanimity was marred flattering the prejudices of the public to ardent worker for reforms embodied in a by the murder of his two sons, at the in­ which it was addressed. the influe.nce of the revision of the laws of Virginia. These in­ sistence of his favorite wife~ work has been extraordinary. It may be cluded the statute for religious freedom­ the first law of its kind in Christendom­ GROTIUS--A. D. 1583-1645 more correct to regard it as a handbook for laymen than as a legal treatise. Yet, it has abolition of primogeniture, and the repeal of Hugo Grotius, or Hulg van Groot, was a laws of entail. Here, he was the first Ameri­ Dutch jurist and humanist. He strove vain­ been used as the standard 'textbook in Eng­ can statesman to make education by the ly to reunite the Christian sects and the Eu­ lish law for generations. State a fundam.ental article of democratic ropean countries. · He wrote valuable works The fame of Blackstone ls greatest in the faith. He gained his greatest fame as author in theology, history and classical study, but United States, where t'he commentaries was, of' the Declaration ot Independence. As his fame rests chiefly on the De Jure 'belU for many yea:rs, almost the only source of Vice President and Presiding Officer of the et pacls, -which he prepared in Paris after knowledge of English law. · Senate, he wrote the influential :Manual of 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 11615 Parliamentary Practice, which ls stlll used those of Gregory IX, preservation of the tation Act of 1946. Indeed, in 1950, I in­ in both Houses of Congress. . remnants of Roman law. troduced H. R. 7600 to implement the In Jefferson the Nation had a great scholar Simon de Montfort-A. D. 1200-1265: Cel­ Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946. and philosopher, who was at the same time ebrated English statesman, he originated the one of her most competent political man­ first appearance of the House of Commons of Hence my continued deep interest in agers-a leader with unlimited faith in the England. legislation affecting the relationship of people. The ideas he advocated have become St. Louis-A. D. 1214-1270: King of France, the United States and the Philippines. the very foundations of our Government. author of the Mise of Amiens. And I may add that it is my earnest be­ His importance as a maker of modern Alphonso X, the Wise-A. D. 1221-1284: lief, which I am sure will be shared by America is unequaled; it can hardly be over­ King of Leon and Castile, he was the author my colleagues who participated in that stated. of the code Las Siete Partidas, the l:>asis of legislation, that the Philippine Rehabili­ Spanish jurisprudence. tation Act and the Bell Trade Act con­ .APPENDIX Edward I-A. D. 1239-1307: King of Eng­ land, founder of the parliamentary consti• stituted a compact between the United RELIEF PORTRAITS IN MARBLE OVER HOUSE tution of England and eliminator of feudal­ States and the Philippines as soon as the GALLERY DOORS ism from political life. "What touches all latter accepted the conditions therein re­ The relief portraits on the upper walls of should be approved by all, and common dan­ quired. So that when the Philippine Re­ the House Chamber are of men noted in gers should be met by measures agreed upon habilitation Act provided that the claims history for the part they have played in the in common." evolution of what has become American law. approved in excess of $500 should be paid Suleiman-A. D. 1494-1566: "The law­ 75 my There has grown a great body of judicial tra­ giver," Sultan of Turkey, reformer and im­ up to a maximum·of percent, it is dition and a mass of legislation embodying prover of civil and military codes. His best. judgment that this is a commit­ the rules and standards by which the Ameri­ amelioration of the lot of his Christian sub­ ment to the Philippine people which they can people, regardless of State lines, are con­ jects is not his least title to fame. took into account when they approved tent to guide their lives. Grotius-A. D. 1583-1645: Dutch states­ the amendment to their constitution The Colonists brought to this country the man, advocate general of Holland and Zea­ and therefore the same must be met by common law of England, its concepts of prop­ land. Author of De Jure Belli et Pacts, first us now. erty, liberty, and justice, but they took pains treatise on international law. to make themselves free of governmental Colbert-A. D. 1619-1683: French states­ Many have asked "why should the tyranny. But though our law ls mainly de­ man, codifier of the ordinances, reformer of United States continue to assist the Phil­ rived from the British system it also owes the French legal system. ippines?" The Philippine Rehabilitation something to French law, and both of these Pothier-A. D. 1699-1772: French jurist, Act was enacted by Congress to fulfill great systems derive from Roman law, and author of Digest of the Pandects. He assem­ promises made to the Philippine people the laws of earlier peoples. bled and codified the remnants of Roman These great lawgivers, in chronological or­ during the dark days of the occupation. law and the prevalent French law. It represented a generous gesture by der, are: Blackstone-A. D. 1723-1780: A celebrated Hammurabi, the first King of Babylonia, English jurist, professor of common law at the people of the United States to assist reigned about 2067-2025 B. C. Oxford, his Commentaries on the Laws of their ally in the rehabilitation of their The great law code bearing his name is England had considerable influence on the war-torn economy. Over and above all recognized in legal literature as, perhaps, the importation and adaptation of English com­ these it represented the recognition by earliest surviving, naturally characterized by mon law in this country. the United States of the aid and assist­ its primitiveness. George Mason-A. D. 1726-1792: He drafted Moses-circa 1571-1451 B. C.: Hebrew ance it had rendered us in the allied the Virginia Declaration of Rights, 1776, was cause. Again, we must not forget the prophet and lawgiver. Amongst all law­ a member of the Constitutional Convention givers, founders of states, and teachers of in 1787, but led opposition to the ratification special and peculiar relations between mankind, none has excelled Moses, who trans­ of the Constituti6n until the Bill of Rights our two countries during the last half formed a horde of slaves and wanderers into was inserted in it. century. We have labored with the Phil­ a nation, disciplined a race, and breathed Napoleon-A. D. 1769-1821: He appointed a ippine people to assist in their education into it its character. To him is attributed commission which produced the Code Napo­ and self-government so that they might the delivery of the ·Ten Commandments. leon and saw that it was enforced. It is Lycurgus-circa 900 B. C.: Legislator, tra­ realize one day their own self-democra­ prevailing law even now in Louisiana, quite tic government. Our prestige in the Far ditional author of laws and institutions of influential in Florida, New Mexico, and Cali­ Sparta (by present standards a harsh code). fornia. East is inescapably bound to the success Solon-circa 594 B. C.: The great Athenian Thomas Jefferson-A. D. 1743-1826: Third of the Philippine experiment. Equally lawgiver, author of constitutional and legal President of the United States, he was au­ important and significant is the fact that reforms. thor of the Declaration of Independence and the cause of democracy in southeast Asia Gaius-circa. A. D. 110-180: A celebrated of the Statute of Virginia for religious free­ is directly involved in the Philippine Roman jurist, probably a native of the east­ dom. ern empire. He was the author of numerous success, for southeast Asia today, in a works on the civil law, the most noted being :fluid state, has its attention focused on The Institutes. the Philippines and how democracy func­ Papinian-circa A. D. 200: A Roman, re­ A Bill To Authorize Additional War tions there. Needless to say that with markable not only for his juridical genius, Damage Payments in the Philippines the recent development in China, mili­ for his independence of judgment, lucidity, tarily speaking, the Philippines has as­ and firmness, but for his sense of right and sumed an increased strategic impor­ morality by which he frequently rose above EXTENSION OF REMARKS tance. Moreover, the Philippines has the barriers of national prejudices, and mer­ OF ited the highest veneration of succeeding been a significant factor in the foreign centuries. HON. GEORGE P. MILLER trade of the United States. We have Justinian-A. D. 488-565: One of the most there a major market for American important events of the reign of this Byzan­ OF CALIFORNIA products and a source of essential com­ tine Emperor was the publication of the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES modities, sugar, copra, Manila hemp and Justinian Code, the body of the Roman law compiled and annotated, the most important Tuesday, July 26, 1955 hardwoods. For all these reasons, in my of all monuments of Jurisprudence. Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. opinion, the United States must keep its Tribonian-circa A. D. 500-547: A Byzan­ Speaker, in introducing this bill today, commitments to the Philippine people. tine jurist, he was head of the commission I am only concerned with what I be­ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND which ccdified the laws under Justinian. Maimonides-A. D. 1135-1204: Jewish lieve to be the best interest of the United The Philippine Republic is one of our philosopher of Cordova; he compiled a sys­ states. I believe that a strong Philip­ most dependable allies in that area of tematic exposition of the whole of Jewish pines is of vital importance to the United the world where the international situ­ law as contained in the Pentateuch and in States in the Far East. Incontrovertibly ation is presently so very delicate. She Talmudic literature. this legislation will help greatly to has made wonderful progress in combat­ · Gregory IX-circa A. D. 1147-1241: Author strengthen Philippine economy. of a compilation of decretals on canon law; Having been a member of the Insular ing communism, principally by demon­ during a critical period he accomplished Affairs committee since the 79th Con­ strating that the democratic system can muc~~ in maintaining the remnants o! gress, it has always been my honor and provide a higher standard of living to the Roman law. privilege to have taken an active part working class than any totalitarian Innocent III-A. D. 1161-1216: A profound method. This she has been able to do student of canon and civil law, his accom­ on all legislation concerning the Philip­ plishments during a dark and critical period pines. I participated in the preparation notwithstanding the still unsatisfactory of human history were much the same as and passage of the Philippine Rehabili- condition of her economy resulting from 11616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July ·26 her loyalty to the cause of. freedom· in - We must preserve and protect that long-awaited independence to the Phil­ the last war. friendship. ippine people. ·The r·avages of the con­ The Philippines are, indeed, the show­ Mr. Speaker, what happens to this flict, including the destruction caused in case of democracy in Asia. If the Fili· champion of democracy in the Orient is the battle. of liberation and the tragic pinos succeed in proving to the great of the greatest interest to us. events of the occupation, however~ had masses of the people of Asia that under We must keep the Republic of the seriously disrupted the life and economy democratic practices they are able to es­ Philippines strong morally, militarily, of the Philippines. Its financial condi­ tablish, and maintain, a higher standard and economically so she can stand ~ide tion prevented the people from embark­ of living than the people of the Com­ by side with us in the world conflict ing on a career as a free nation without munist and neutralist countries, the free against communism. assistance. The relationship between world will have won a battle that will be The election and acceptance of Presi­ the United States and the Philippines more effective than the gains effected by dent Magsaysay to lead the Republic of had been unique and, during the occupa­ divisions of soldiers or billions in hand­ the Philippines is evidence of the direc­ tion, the highe1-t American officials had outs. tion in which that country lays its course. given assurances that the damage of war PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE This bill which I have introduced in would be repaired and the people repaid. In this connection, I should like to re­ the House today would authorize the With the grantiJ:J.g of independence, the call that on April 11 the President of the appropriation of $100 million for addi­ time for the fulfillment of these assur• United States in a message to Congress tional war-damage payments in the ances had come. stressed the need for intensifying our Philippines. In this connection, I deem In the Senate and the House of Rep­ cooperation with the free nations of it expedient. at this time to briefly relate resentatives there was overwhelming southeast Asia in their efforts to achieve the facts and thus refresh our memory sentiment to restore damaged and de­ economic development and a rising with regard to war damage and the stroyed public and private property in standard of living. I quote from his Philippines. the Philippines. One of the difficulties, message: Throughout the half-century when however, was the question of cost. Vari­ The motivation behind this cooperation the Philippines was a possession of the ous surveys had ·been made, but it was Is twofold; our fixed belief in the worth and United States, there were frequent decla­ a practical impossibility to obtain a de­ dignity of the human individual whatever rations by our policymakers that the tailed accounting of all destruction. On his race or flag. may be, and our dedication to Philippines would be created a free and the basis of the statistics then available. the principle that the fruits of national it was agreed in April 1946 that the growth must be widely shared in every so­ independent nation at such time as its ciety. people were able to govern themselves-­ United States Government would au­ As a people we insist that the dignity of the only Christian nation in that part of thorize the appropriation of $400 mil­ the individual and his manifold rights re­ the world. The Philippines had been lion for the payment of claiins for dam­ quire for their preservation a constantly ex­ under foreign rule for several centuries. age to private property. In addition, the panding economic base. We are convinced Chinese, Dutch, British, and Spanish Congress authorized the appropriation of that our continued economic, cultural, and were among those who conquered parts $120 million for the restoration and im­ spiritual progress are furthered by similar or all of .the 'Z,000-island archipelago provement of public property and essen­ progress everywhere~ • • • from time to time, despite the resistance tial public services. · We seek to evolve a consistent and stable· The legislation which contained these economic policy which will assis.t free nations of the Filipinos and their desire for in­ in their efforts to achieve a sound growth dependence. In the 50 years of American authorizations was entitled the Philip­ for their economies. control, there was no lessening of the pine Rehabilitation Act of 1946, and pro­ wish for freedom which was promised at vided for the creation of the United General Eisenhower stated, upon first such time as the people demonstrated States Philippine War Damage Commis­ seeing postwar Manila, that it was the their ability to sustain it. Meanwhile,. sion to expend the $400 million for priv­ worst war torn city that he had seen, American teachers sought to improve the ate claim payments. In addition, the with the possible exception of Warsaw. education of the youth; agricultural ex­ Commission was allotted $57 million of The damage was not limited to Manila, perts endeavored to demonstrate im­ the $120 million authorized for the re­ but extended as devastatingly through­ proved methods of crop production; storation of public property. The bal­ out the Archipelago. technicians introduced new procedures ance of the latter fund was allocated as PHILIPPINE ECONOMY~ rr IS STILL FAR FROM for industries and business; and efforts follows: COMPLETE RECOVERY were made to instruct in the sound ad­ Public Roads Administration, for re­ The Philippine Islands, which always ministration of public and private enter­ habilitation of roads and bridges,. :j;40 had a favorable balance of trade with prises. million; Corps of Engineers, for resto­ us and with the world before the war, World Warn interrupted the prepa­ ration of ports and harbors, $18 million; have piled up a tremendous trade deficit ration for independence by the Philip­ and the Public Health Service, for the during the years of reconstruction and pines~ History records the· grim events restoration and improvement of health rehabilitation. It is significant to note that occurred in what was then the Com­ services, $5 :-nillion. in this connection that, in the 8-year monwealth between December 7, 1941, THE PHILIPPINE REHABILITATION ACT OF 1948. period before the war, 1934-41, the Phil­ and the time of liberation in 1945. De­ The Philippine Rehabilitation Act of ippines had a total favorable trade bal­ spite the propaganda of the Japanese, 1946 was an early implementation of the ance with the United States of $257 the v~st majority of the Philippin(:l peo­ expressed purposes of Members of our million-imports, $621 million; exports, ple remained loyal to the United States Congress to take care of immediate Phil­ $878 million-in the 8-year period after because of the bonds of friendship that ippine rehabilitation problema in rough the war, 1946-53, the Philippines had had been developed in the years of outline as quickly as possible. It was a total negative trade balance with the American jurisdiction. They fought side obviously not intended as blanket legisla­ United states of $1,268 million-imports, by side with the forces of the United tion to cover all of the vexatious chal­ $2.861 million; exports, $1,593 million. States and, during the Japanese occupa­ lenges implicit in these problems. tion, gave aid and comfort to those na­ The country is still plagued by infla­ The act was administered by the Hon .. tion and unemployment, and has had to tionals of the United States who were adopt strict currency and import con­ imprisoned or who waged guerrilla war­ orable Frank A. War-ing, of California; trols. These conditions prevail, even fare against the invaders. Their loyalty the Honorable John A. O'Donnell, of and assistance continued, notwithstand­ Pennsylvania; and the then judge, now though there have been pronounced senator, Francisco A. Delgado, of Bula­ strides toward full recovery. ing the havoc that was wreaked on their can, Philippine Islands. Senator Del­ It is indeed fortunate that there is one homes, farms, industries. and businesses. gado is now chairman of the committee nation in Asia bound to us by strong pr the torture and even death to which on foreign affairs of the Filipino Senate. ties on which we can depend. The Re­ many were subjected. When the mili­ In this connection, he is not unknown public of the Philippines has been tested tary forces of the United States returned to the older Members of this body, who in war. The blood of her heroes has to the Philippines, the people again remember him as a farmer Resident mingled freely with that of our own fought to overcome the Japanese. Commissioner from the Philippines in sons on many a battlefield of World War With the conclusion of the war, the the. House of Representatives during the II and in Korea. United States. made ready to grant the 74th Congress. 1955 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 1161T The Commission was to receive, in­ power intent on establishing- the doc­ Administration, the Congress has given vestigate, approve, or disapprove, claims trine "coprosperity sphere of Asia," an­ more than $277 million to countries in covering damage to property during and other way of saying "Asia for the Europe, the Far East, Near. East, and as a consequence of World War II in Asians." Africa for irrigation, reclamation, and the Philippines. The valiant resistance of our then po­ hydroelectric power projects. Some of Claims up to $500 were to be paid in litical ward shortened the war in the the countries to receive these gifts are: full as quickly as allowed. Further, the Pacific by many months, if not by many Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy, successful claimants were to be paid on years. the Netherlands,· Portugal, Spain, Tur­ the basis of 1941 market prices, less de­ The Philippines are the anchor of our key, Austro-Germany, French Morocco, preciation of amount per year from the defense in the Pacific. Korea, Formosa, Indochina, the Philip­ date of acquisition of the lost or dam­ Then, too, the Philippine Republic will pines, Thailand, Iran, Iraq, Israel, aged properties. consume both our soft and durable goods. Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Payments made by the Philippine War They have a great capacity to absorb Ethiopia, Liberia, Afghanistan, India, Damage Commission, prorated according them. Our nationally known brand Nepal, and Pakistan. to law among all claimants, totaled 52.5 names are familiar to them. Our trade We have given Italy more than $62 percent of the amount allowed on each with the Philippines is not a one-way million to install steam plants and turbo claim in excess of $500. In contempla-. street. They produce much that is es­ generators. tion of exorbitant postwar cost, of sub­ sential in our economy. We use their We have given Formosa $24,474,000 for stantial disallowances on the claim as hemp, their sugar, their hardwoods, and irrigation and hydro-power generators. filed, and the partial payment of slightly their pineapple. Any money we spend We have given Thailand· more than more than half of the amount approved, in the Philippines encourages the solid $5.5 million for irrigation and reclama­ it is estimated by the War Damage Com­ type of trade we so badly need. tion, thermal power generation, rural mission that successful claimants prob­ I repeat that the Philippines present power and surveys. ably received no more than 20 percent the showcase of democracy in that area, We have given Iran $3.4 million for of the cost of the reproduction of their and that other countries of that region dams, tunnels, wells, power, irrigation, homes, businesses, and other property. are closely watching the Philippines and and surveys. Finally, when all the claims had been everything that happens there. We have given Lebanon $1,486,000 for F,djudicated and it was adjudged that Let me mention just a few more items water investigation in the Litani River with the funds available the combined in the structure of our connecting bridge Basin, wherever that is. total would be 52.5 percent of the ap­ with the Philippines: We have given Pakistan nearly $8.5 proved balance of any claim adjudicated Under our mutual defense pact with million for ground-water exploration for more than ~500, or 22.5 percent less the Philippines, we have established im­ and wells. than the statutory maximum of 75 per­ portant military, naval, and aerial bases We have given India, who has both cent fixed by the act. in their country. hands out, more than $57 million to build The War Damage Act aforesaid was Under our trade agreement with them irrigation and power dams, and to con­ reported by the old Committee on In­ our investments are guaranteed the same duct water surveys. sular Affairs. I had the honor to serve protection and privileges as those of their on. this committee under the chairman­ own nationals. We have given Egypt over $2.5 million ship of Judge Jasper Bell, of Missouri, · Under the dynamic leadership of Pres­ to investigate its underground water and affectionately known to all who were ident Magsaysay, the Philippines is to develop a desert range program. here through the 79th Congress. The undergoing a program of development There are·, in all, 122 projects in foreign committee had no precedent to guide it. and strengthening their economy, so countries which owe their existence to In its wisdom, however, the committee that they may better cope with the appropriations from our Treasury. wrote the fallowing language into Re­ threat of communism. We have given these countries, and port No. 1921, page 32, Committee on many more, a blank check on the United Insular Affairs, House of Representa­ States Treasury, with instructions to tives, 79th Congress, 2d session: build what they need and write a check While the committee feels it is urgently Report on Foreign Aid to Reclamation and for it, assuring them that the United necessary to provide through this legislation States Treasury will make it good. This (S. 1610) for the rebuilding and restoration Power Projects in 22 Foreign Countries single phase of the foreign giveaway of the physical plant of the Philippines, it program has cost the people of the State 1s generally realized that additional legisla­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS of New York over $25 million, the people tion will probably be necessary in the future OF to augment and supplement the benefits of Pennsylvania have been clipped to which will be accomplished through S. 1610. HON. A. L. MILLER the tune of $19.5 million, and Califor- • • • It is expected that proposals for addi­ oF NEBRASKA nians have added about $20 million to tional legislation will be made from time the pile. It is only a small part of the to time by the agencies of the United States IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES $55 billion foreign-aid program we have Government, by the Government of the Philippines, and the Filipino Rehabilitation Tuesday, July 26, 1955 been asked to support for the last 10 Commission to meet needs for legislation as Mr. MILLER of Nebraska. Mr. Speak- years. they arise. er, in the past weeks, the CONGRESSIONAL Now when Egypt wishes to build a dam It is fair to state that the foregoing RECORD has carried a number of articles or install a generating plant, the Con­ paragraph of the report certainly was under the catch line, "Bananas on Pikes gress simply opens the Treasury and not placed in there by accident and can­ Peak.'' The newspapers, magazines, and makes the funds available. No extensive not be discarded. The Philippine War other advertising media have also survey is necessary, no plan report is D&mage Commission, as the record will brought to our attention the belief of cer- required, and no congressional review is attest, did a most efficient and exem­ tain organizations, and even Members of needed. We do not even demand a re­ plary job. It not only concluded its work this Congress, that it is sheer folly to ap- payment contract, because repayment is a month ahead of the statutory deadline, propriate tax money to build the upper not asked; and very little opposition is but it returned a substantial part of the Colorado storage project. heard. We must assume that some of these money authorized for its administrative Members recognize the benefits that fol- But, when a project that will develop expenses to the United States Treasury. the land and conserve the resources of We have a moral responsibility to the low from the irrigation and reclamation America is brought to the Congress, the people of the Philippines. They were of arid land, and from using the water our wards and we their tutors in democ­ resources to produce power, because cry begins; a,nd we have difficulty in racy for nearly half a century. We many of. them have consistently voted getting even. small appropriations for encouraged them to fight, and they re­ for large appropriations to build such investigating and developing our own sponded to our request. They paid in projects 1n foreign lands. During the ground water supply, power facilities, blood and sweat·and the raw red wounds life of the Marshall plan, the Foreign · and underground water wealth. As a and, yes, in the lives of their people for Operations Administration, and their result, our domestic stability is often their resistance to an enemy drunk with successor, the International Cooperation sacrificed on the foreign altar. 11618" CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE · July 27 There are certain facts about ·recla• Domestic reclamation projects create than it has invested in reclamation proj­ mation that are unassailable. new United States wealth; foreign proj .. ects within our own continental bound­ Domestic reclamation project costs are ects do not. aries. And many Members of Congress repaid to the Treasury; foreign project But, in spite of these facts, the Gov• continue to vote for these foreign proj- · ernment has spent and given away more ects and then vote against the projects costs are not. in our own United States. It is nearly Domestic reclamation projects in­ money to build irrigation, reclamation, impossible to reconcile these two votes. crease Treasury income; foreign projects power, and related projects in the far-off You might as-well try to grow corn on do not. countries within the foreign-aiid sphere the Sphinx.

clerks, announced that the House had lutions, and they were signed by the Vice· SENATE insisted upon its amendments to the President: · bill (S. 1093) to fix and regulate the WEDNESDAY, JULY27, H. R. 5875. An act to amend title 14, United 1955 salaries of teachers, school officers, and States Code, entitled "Coast Guard," for the The Chaplain, Rev. Frederick Brown other employees of the Board of Educa­ purpose of providing involuntary retirement l!arris, D. D.. offered the following tion of the District of Columbia, and of certain officers, and for other purposes; prayer: for other purposes, disagreed to by the H. R. 7000. An act to provide for strength­ Senate; agreed to the conference asked ening of the Reserve Forces, and for other God of our fathers, facing tasks that by the Senate on the disagreeing votes purposes; tower above our power to achieve, with a H. J. Res. 251. Joint resolution to authorize of the two Houses thereon, and that Mr. the President to issue posthumously to the sense of our utter inadequacy when ABERNETHY, Mr. DAVIS of Georgia, Mr. late Seymour Richard Belinky, a flight officer left with our own devices, we bow JONES of North Carolina, Mr. MILLER of in the United States Army, a commission as for the strengthening benediction of Nebraska, and Mr. HYDE were appointed second lieutenant, United States Army, and our morning prayer. Keep our goals managers on the part of the House at for other purposes; and clear, our hearts· pure, our spirits the conference. H.J. Res. 385. Joint resolution authorizing courageous, in all the tangled tragedy The message also announced that the the printing and binding of a revised edi­ of our ailing world. By Thy kindly. House had severally agreed to the tion of Cannon's Procedure in the House light, as we , follow it patiently and of Representatives and providing that the amendment of the Senate to the follow­ same shall be subject to copyright by the obediently, lead us and all men to a realm ing bills of the House: author. where peace and good will shall reign, to H. R. 2107. An act to amend the National a kingdom of human rights where Defense Facilities Act of 1950 to provide for mouths shall not cry for bread, where additional facilities necessary for the admin.. HOUSE BILLS AND JOINT RESOLU­ hands and feet shall not be shacl{led, istratlon and training of units of the Re­ TION REFERRED where speech shall not be silenced, where serve components of the Armed Forces of The following bills and joint resolution eyes shall not be bandaged nor minds the United States, and for other purposes; were severally read twice by their titles darkened by distorting lies which hide H. R. 6259. An act to amend section 8 of and referred as· indicated: · the light of truth. We ask it in the the act entitled· "An act to establish a Dis­ trict of Columbia Armory Board and for H. R. 593. An act to convey by quitclaim name of that One who is the truth and other purposes," approved June 4, 1948; and deed certain land to the State of Texas; to· the way and the life. Amen. H. R. 7029. An act to establish a' Perma­ the Committee on Public Works. nent Committee for the . Oliver Wendell H. R. 7244. An act to provide for the strik­ Holmes Devise, and for other purposes. ing of medals in commemoration of the 120th THE JOURNAL anniversary of the signing of the Texas On request of Mr. BIBLE, and by.unan­ The message further announced that declaration of independence and the Battles imous consent, the reading of the Jour­ the · House had agreed to the amend­ of the Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto in the nal of the proceedings of Tuesday, July ments of the Senate to the bill (H. R. year 1836; and 5512) to provide for the conveyance of H: J. Res. 278. Joint resolution to provide 26, 1955, was dispensed with. certain property under the jurisdiction that a gold medal be coined and presented of the Housing and Home Finance Ad­ to Dr. Jonas E. Salk in honor of his achieve­ ments in the field of medicine; to the Com­ MESSAGES PROM_THE PRESIDENT­ ministrator to the State of Louisiana. ml ttee on Banking and Currency. APPROVAL OF BILLS The message also announced that the H. R. 7289. An act to authorize the States House had agreed to the concurrent res­ to organize and maintain State defense Messages in writing from the President olution (S. Con. Res. 53) to make a forces, and for other purposes; to the Com­ of the United States were communicated change in the enrollment of s. 2428, to mittee on Armed Services. to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his increase the salaries of officers and mem­ secretaries, and he announced that on bers of the Metropolitan Police force, etc. July 26, 1955, the President had approved The message further announced that COMMITTEE MEETINGS DURING and signed the following acts: the House had passed the following bills SENATE SESSION S. 26. · An act for the relief of Donald Hec- and joint resolution, in which it re­ On request of Mr. CLEMENTS, and by. tor Taylor; . quested the concurrence of the Senate: s. 36. An act for the relief of Lupe M. Gon­ unanimous consent, the Committee on zalez; a:. R. 593. An .act to convey by quitclaim the Judiciary was authorized · to meet S. 244. An act for the relief of Anna C. deed certain land to the State of Texas; thi's afternoon during the session of the Giese; · · H. R. 7244. An act to provide for the strik­ Senate. s. 467. An act for the relief of Dr. Lu­ ing of medals in commemoration of the On request of Mr. CLEMENTS, and by ciano A. Legiardi-Laura; 120th anniversary of the signing of the Texas unanimous consent, the Antimonopoly s. 758. An act for the relief of Marion S. declaration of independence and the Battles Quirk; of the Alamo, Goliad, and San Jacinto in the Subcommittee of the Committee on the S. 1139. An act to extend the existing au­ year 1836; Judiciary was authorized to meet this thority for the loan of a small ·aircraft carrier H. R. 7289. An act to authorize the States afternoon during the session of the Sen­ to the Government of France; to organize and maintain State defense ate. S. 1250. An act to declare Pike Creek above forces, and for other purposes; and Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, I ask the easterly side of the highway bridge at H. J. Res. 278. Joint resolution to pro­ unanimous consent that the Committee Sixth Avenue in the city of Kenosha, Wis .• vide that a gold medal be coined and pre­ on Interstate and Foreign Commerce be a nonnavigable stream; and sented to Dr. Jonas E. Salk in honor of his authorized to meet this afternoon dur­ s. 1464. An act to authorize the Secretary achievements in the field of medicine. ing the -session of the Senate. of the Interior to acquire certain rights-of• way and timber-access roads. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ ENROLLED BILLS AND JOINT jection, it is so ordered. RESOLUTIONS SIGNED Mr. MAGNUSON. I announce to Sen­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE ators, and particularly Senators from The message also announced that the the agricultural· States who may be in­ A message from the House· of Repre­ Speaker had affixed his signature to the terested, that the hearing relates to the sentatives, by Mr; Bartlett, one of its following enrolled bills and joint reso- so-called boxcar sho:r;tage for the trans-