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11/5/2008

Upland Gamebirds Upland Gamebirds

Order Galliformes Family Cracidea - Central & S. America Plain chachalaca

Upland Gamebirds Upland Gamebirds

Order Galliformes Family Numididae – Family Cracidea – Central & S. America Plain chachalaca Family Meleagrididae – turkeys Family Phasianidea – , Old World Family Tetraonidae – & ptarmigan quail, , chukars, Family Odontophoridae – quails

Family Order Columbiformes Family – pigeons and doves pheasants & Note that these are all introduced species in ; there are no native phasianids in New World

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Family Meleagrididae Family Tetraonidae

Wild - Meleagris gallopavo grouse & ptarmigan – 19 species worldwide only in New World 5 species in Idaho 1 species in NA, but 6 subspecies,

The 3 North American taxa have Family Odontophoridea different group characteristics Grouse Turkey Quail New World quails – 32 species in western Cooler, mtns, warmer warm, southern hemisphere northern lower elev.

6 species in North America, 1 in Idaho

The 3 North American taxa have different group characteristics Grouse Turkey Quail Cooler, mtns, warmer warm, southern northern lower elev.

Large bodies largest small

Eat leaves & variety of seedeaters, some buds plants leafy parts

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Group characteristics (cont.) Group characteristics (cont.)

Grouse Turkey Quail Grouse Turkey Quail Feathered upper neck bare legs & Feathered upper neck bare legs & legs & nostrils & head bare nostrils legs & nostrils & head bare nostrils

Live 4-6 yrs live 4-8 yrs live 1-3 yrs

Group characteristics (cont.) Group characteristics (cont.)

Grouse Turkey Quail Grouse Turkey Quail Feathered upper neck bare legs & Renest at a renest at low renest legs & nostrils & head bare nostrils low rate rate readily

Live 4-6 yrs live 4-8 yrs live 1-3 yrs (depends on species)

Polygamous, polygamous, monogamous, except ptarmigan but different but variable

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Group characteristics (cont.) Group characteristics (cont.)

Grouse Turkey Quail Grouse Turkey Quail Renest at a renest at low renest Renest at a renest at low renest low rate rate readily low rate rate readily

Much of the renesting rate depends on yearly Pheasianids renest at a higher rate, especially conditions and on hen condition pheasants – very important in reproductive productivity of populations

Quail & grouse also separate on general habitat features Vegetation Quail Grouse Blue grouse split recently into 2 species: Tundra & alpine ptarmigan dusky, sooty, - ID, UT, CO, etc (same sci. name of ruffed, spruce obscurus) Forest, brush edges bobwhite greater prairie- - Pacific coastal area – WA, OR, etc – , Dendragapus fuliginosus California quail

Quail & grouse also separate on general habitat features Vegetation Quail Grouse Tundra & alpine ptarmigan Forest dusky, sooty, ruffed, spruce Forest, brush edges bobwhite greater prairie- mountain quail, chicken California quail

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general habitat features

Vegetation Quail Grouse Sagebrush 2 sage-grouse

general habitat features general habitat features

Vegetation Quail Grouse Vegetation Quail Grouse Sagebrush 2 sage-grouse Sagebrush 2 sage-grouse Grass-brush edge sharp-tailed g Grass-brush edge sharp-tailed g lesser prairie- lesser prairie- chicken chicken Desert scrub Gambel’s & scaled quail

general habitat features general habitat features

Vegetation Quail Grouse Vegetation Quail Grouse -oak Montezuma q. Pine-oak Montezuma q. (AZ,NM) (AZ,NM)

Rocky grass-shrub – chukar

Agriculture – , gray partridge

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general habitat features

Where do turkeys fit in this listing of vegetation types?

general habitat features Evolutionary center: Grouse & Quail

Where do turkeys fit in this listing of Grouse – boreal regions of North America vegetation types?

Coniferous and deciduous , grasslands, grassland-forest edges, desert scrub, pine- oak forests, tropical deciduous forests

Evolutionary center: Grouse & Quail Evolutionary center: Grouse & Quail

Grouse – boreal regions of North America Grouse – boreal regions of North America from 38 million bp fossils from 38 million years bp morphology for northern regions short legs & wings large, rounded bodies

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Evolutionary center: Grouse & Quail Evolutionary center: Grouse & Quail

Grouse – boreal regions of North America Grouse – boreal regions of North America fossils from 38 million years bp fossils from 38 million years bp morphology for northern regions morphology for northern regions short legs & wings short legs & wings large, rounded bodies large, rounded bodies pectinations pectinations feathered legs (toes in ptarmigan) feathered legs (toes in ptarmigan) behavior – snow roost

Evolutionary center: Quail Evolutionary center: Quail

Quail – tropical America Quail – tropical America

Fossils, plus more species in S. & central America, & most primitive genera in region

Evolutionary center: Quail Evolutionary center: Quail

Fossils, plus more species in S. & central Ancestral species are arboreal, there is successive America, & most primitive genera in region tail-shortening in species as moved from trees to ground into more open habitats and to the north Ancestral species are arboreal, there is successive tail-shortening in species as birds Limited by cold weather to north. No adaptations moved from trees to ground into more open for snow – don’t snow roost, don’t scratch through habitats and to the north snow, no pectinations, bare legs and feet, small size

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The End

Quail are cute!

Grouse are great!

Columbids are cool!

Pheasants are fine!

Turkeys are tasty!

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