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World Migration Report 2018

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World Migration Report 2018 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 9111 Fax: +41 22 798 6150 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int ISSN 1561-5502 ISBN 978-92-9068-742-9 Cover photos Top: South Sudanese refugees enter a tent at a way station in Gimbi, Ethiopia. © IOM (Photo: Rikka Tupaz) Middle: Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The palace is a major attraction for tourists from around the world. © IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed) Bottom: People enjoy a weekend shopping in downtown in Dublin, Ireland. © IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed) © 2017 International Organization for Migration (IOM) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 56_17 WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018 ii WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018 This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under the direction of the editors. The World Migration Report 2018 project commenced in September 2016 and culminated in the launch of the report in November 2017 by the Director General at the 108th Session of the IOM Council. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report, including through data verification. We regret, however, any data errors that may remain. Unless otherwise stated, this report does not refer to data or events after June 2017. The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v. WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018 iii Editorial, review and production team Editors Marie McAuliffe (IOM) and Martin Ruhs (University of Oxford) IOM reviewers Jason Aplon, Gervais Appave, Tara Brian, Richard Danziger, Jill Helke, Louis Hoffmann, Frank Laczko, June Lee, Mathieu Luciano, Laura Lungarotti, Marina Manke, Joel Millman, Daria Mokhnacheva, Michael Newson, Ahn Nguyen, Carlotta Panchetti, Anna Platonova, Tauhid Pasha, Marzia Rango and Erica Usher Academic reviewers Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Alexander Aleinikoff, Celine Bauloz, Jacqueline Bhabha, Jorgen Carling, Elsayed Bekhit Darwish, Ben Gidley, Philip Martin, James Raymer, Alex P. Schmid, Ann Singleton, Ronald Skeldon and Nando Sigona Photographs Muse Mohammed, Carolina Celi, Amanda Nero and Rikka Tupaz Production coordinator Valerie Hagger Copy-editing Karl Muller and Olga Sheean Report design and layout Marie McAuliffe, Valerie Hagger, Mae Angeline Delgado and Harvy Gadia IOM project team Marie McAuliffe, Marco Pedrotti (part project), Sanjula Weerasinghe (part project), Alexandra M. Goossens (part project), Adrian Kitimbo (part project), Mark McCarthy (part project), Eleni Alexandrou (part project), Juan Cava Quintero (part project), Mohamad Elmasry (part project) Acknowledgements The editors are grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters. We are especially grateful to IOM’s Director General, Ambassador William Lacy Swing, and members of IOM’s senior management team, who actively supported this work and the recalibration of the World Migration Report series, particularly Laura Thompson, Gervais Appave, Clarissa Azkoul, Jill Helke, Bruce Reed and Ovais Sarmad. We also wish to acknowledge the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation for their financial support. We wish to thank the following people for their contributions to the report: Guy Abel, Graziano Battistella and Maruja M.B. Asis (Asian and Pacific Migration Journal), Mulugeta F. Dinbabo (African Human Mobility Review), Howard Duncan (International Migration), Allan M. Findlay, Carla H. Mulder and Darren P. Smith (Population, Space and Place), Kevin Hannam, Mimi Sheller and David Tyfield (Mobilities), Khalid Koser (Journal of Refugee Studies), Paul Statham (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies), James Landale, Tarika Lall and Ceri Parker (World Economic Forum), Martyn Pearce (ANU Policy Forum), Manuel Orozco (Inter-American Dialogue), Ali Shehzad Malik (IATA), Meredith Klein (MacArthur Foundation), Chris Berg (IPA), Christine Hall (CEI), and Nicholas Hunt (Letters Outside). Professor Ruhs has contributed to this report in a personal capacity as an independent consultant. iv WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018 Contributors Chapter 1: Report overview: Making sense of migration in an increasingly interconnected world Authors: Marie McAuliffe and Martin Ruhs Research assistants: Adrian Kitimbo and Diletta Cordani Chapter 2: Migration and migrants: A global overview Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Sanjula Weerasinghe, Mark McCarthy, Marco Pedrotti and Marzia Rango Research assistants and other contributors: Guy Abel, Julia Black, Shalohm Chikono, Patrice Cluzant, Harry Cook, Kate Dearden, Eliza Galos, Jenna Iodice, Sarah Knight, Daria Mokhnacheva, Nuno Nunes, Tauhid Pasha, Etienne Quillet, Muhammad Rizki, Steffen Schillinger, Helen Seeger, Raùl Soto and Brian Guthrie Chapter 3: Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments Main contributors: Guy Abel, Marie McAuliffe, Mark McCarthy, Sanjula Weerasinghe and Adrian Kitimbo Research assistants and other contributors: Tara Brian, Alexander Doggen, Salvador Gutierrez, Julia Hill-Mlati, Geertrui Lanneau, Lucie Motuin, Alina Narusova, Charles Obila, Sofiane Ouret, Marco Pedrotti, Eva Pons, Stéphane Rostiaux, Naomi Shiferaw, Argentina Szabados, Ezequiel Texido, Irina Todorova, Mariko Tomiyama and Vassiliy Yuzhanin Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions Main contributors: Marie McAuliffe, Marco Pedrotti and Sanjula Weerasinghe Research assistants and other contributors: Eleni Alexandrou, Kerstin Lau, Graziano Battistella and Maruja M.B. Asis (Asian and Pacific Migration Journal), Mulugeta F. Dinbabo (African Human Mobility Review), Howard Duncan (International Migration), Allan M. Findlay, Carla H. Mulder and Darren P. Smith (Population, Space and Place), Kevin Hannam and Mimi Sheller (Mobilities), Khalid Koser (Journal of Refugee Studies), Paul Statham (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies), James Landale and Tarika Lall (World Economic Forum), Martyn Pearce (ANU Policy Forum), Manuel Orozco (Inter-American Dialogue) Chapter 5: Global migration governance frameworks: Existing architecture and recent developments Authors: Susan Martin and Sanjula Weerasinghe Chapter 6: Mobility, migration and transnational connectivity Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Alexandra M. Goossens and Anita Sengupta Research assistants: Marco Pedrotti Chapter 7: Understanding migration journeys from migrants’ perspectives Authors: Marie McAuliffe, Adrian Kitimbo, Alexandra M. Goossens and AKM Ahsan Ullah Other contributors: Appendix on children and migration: Tom Wong, Nadia Hartvisgen and Elizabeth Arroyo Chapter 8: Media reporting of migrants and migration Authors: William Allen, Scott Blinder and Robert McNeil Research assistants: Nahla Ahsan and Hoor Tariq Chapter 9: Migration, violent extremism and social exclusion Authors: Khalid Koser and Amy Cunningham Other contributors: Marie McAuliffe and Adrian Kitimbo Chapter 10: Migrants and cities: Stepping beyond World Migration Report 2015 Authors: Howard Duncan and Ioana Popp WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2018 v Photographs Cover Top: South Sudanese refugees enter a tent at a way station in Gimbi, Ethiopia. © IOM (Photo: Rikka Tupaz) Middle: Gyeongbokgung Palace in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The palace is a major attraction for tourists from around the world. © IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed) Bottom: People enjoy a weekend shopping in downtown in Dublin, Ireland. © IOM (Photo: Muse Mohammed) Chapter 1 Lidya immigrated to London, United Kingdom, to study International Relations and Journalism, two fields that did not have many job opportunities in her homeland of Lithuania. Today, she owns and runs a public relations firm, which mainly caters to UK clients. She feels that part of her success in London is the result of her exposure to different cultures, including the British culture, which she credits
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