Z98-07

Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Legal Notice for Standards

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Title: Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors Pagination: 144 pages (xv preliminary and 129 text), each dated November 2007

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ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE DE CANADIAN STANDARDS NORMALISATION ASSOCIATION BUREAU CENTRAL DE L’INFORMATION CONSOLIDATED MAILING LIST 5060, SPECTRUM WAY, BUREAU 100 5060 SPECTRUM WAY, SUITE 100 MISSISSAUGA ON L4W 5N6 MISSISSAUGA ON L4W 5N6 CANADA CANADA Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. CSA Standard

Z98-07 Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

Published in November 2007 by Canadian Standards Association A not-for-profit private sector organization 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6 1-800-463-6727 • 416-747-4044

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ISBN 1-55463-267-9 Technical Editor: Totaram (Jeet) Tulshi © Canadian Standards Association — 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the prior permission of the publisher. Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors Contents

Technical Committee on Passenger Ropeways and Passenger Conveyors xii

Preface xv

1Scope 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Equipment covered 1 1.3 Freight 1 1.4 Existing installations 1 1.5 Exceptions 1 1.6 Funicular railways 1 1.7 Terminology 2

2 Reference publications 2

3 Definitions 3

4 General requirements 5 4.1 Scope 5 4.2 Alterations 5 4.3 Location and alignment 5 4.3.1 Site selection 5 4.3.2 Overhead systems 6 4.3.3 Clearing 6 4.3.4 Line protection in case of icing conditions 6 4.4 General design requirements 6 4.4.1 Design considerations 6 4.4.2 Design loads 7 4.4.3 Designer 7 4.4.4 Hazards 7 4.5 Materials, manufacturing, and quality control 7 4.5.1 General 7 4.5.2 Materials 7 4.5.3 Quality assurance program 8 4.5.4 Referenced standards 8 4.6 Fatigue design 8 4.6.1 General 8 4.6.2 Critical components 8 4.7 Corrosion protection 8 4.8 Ropes and chains 8 4.9 Welding 8 4.10 Buildings and structures 9 4.10.1 General 9 4.10.2 Rigging connections 9 4.11 Station enclosures and machine rooms 9 4.12 Internal combustion engines 9 4.12.1 Fuel storage 9 4.12.2 Overspeed control 10 4.12.3 Exhaust 10 4.12.4 Engine shutdown 10

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4.13 Hydraulic systems 10 4.14 Foundations 11 4.14.1 Design criteria 11 4.14.2 Foundation specifications 12 4.14.3 Concrete and rock anchor testing 12 4.14.4 Glacier foundations 12 4.15 Speed, capacity, and spacing 13 4.16 Crossing ropeways 13 4.17 Wind gauges 13 4.18 Towers and equipment 14 4.18.1 Gauge 14 4.18.2 Access 14 4.18.3 Identification 14 4.18.4 Rope lifting frames and hold-down anchors 14 4.18.5 Work platforms 14 4.18.6 Rope height adjustment 15 4.19 Line sheaves and sheave assemblies 15 4.19.1 Haul rope deflection 15 4.19.2 Support sheaves 15 4.19.3 Load distribution 15 4.19.4 Hold-down sheaves 15 4.19.5 Ropeline calculations 15 4.19.6 Combination sheave assemblies 16 4.19.7 Retaining sheaves 16 4.19.8 Bearings 16 4.19.9 Alignment 16 4.19.10 Haul rope retention 16 4.20 Tensioning sheaves 16 4.21 Drive and return sheaves 16 4.21.1 General 16 4.21.2 Diameter 17 4.21.3 Sheave retention 17 4.21.4 Haul rope retention 17 4.21.5 Liners 17 4.21.6 Guide sheaves 17 4.21.7 Ice scrapers 17 4.22 Tensioning systems 18 4.22.1 General 18 4.22.2 Counterweight tensioning 18 4.22.3 Winches 18 4.22.4 Floating return/tensioning sheaves 18 4.22.5 Hydraulic and pneumatic tensioning systems 19 4.23 Drive systems 20 4.23.1 General 20 4.23.2 Evacuation drive 20 4.23.3 Drive train components 21 4.23.4 Bearings, clutches, couplings, and shafts 21 4.23.5 Hydraulic drives 21 4.23.6 Auxiliary drive 21 4.24 Brakes and antirollback device 21 4.24.1 General 21 4.24.2 Service brake 22 4.24.3 Emergency brake 23 4.24.4 Antirollback device 24

iv November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.25 Protection in stations 24 4.25.1 Guards 24 4.25.2 Exposed equipment 24 4.26 Loading and unloading areas 24 4.26.1 General 24 4.26.2 Handling of passengers 25 4.26.3 Unloading areas 25 4.26.4 Stations 26 4.27 Carriers 26 4.27.1 Static strength 26 4.27.2 Factors of safety 26 4.27.3 Endurance 26 4.27.4 Material 26 4.27.5 Manufacturer’s tests 27 4.27.6 Maximum load 27 4.27.7 Identification 27 4.27.8 Sway dampers 27 4.27.9 Ski racks and other carrying devices 28 4.27.10 Work and freight carriers 28 4.28 Rope grips 28 4.28.1 General 28 4.28.2 Resistance to sliding 29 4.28.3 Springs 30 4.29 Rope tension 30 4.29.1 Maximum rope tension 30 4.29.2 Minimum rope tension 30 4.30 Controls 31 4.30.1 General 31 4.30.2 Location of controls 32 4.30.3 Lockouts 32 4.30.4 Service stops 32 4.30.5 Emergency stops 32 4.30.6 Deropement switches 33 4.30.7 Tensioning system or carriage stop 33 4.30.8 Safety gate 33 4.30.9 Bypass circuits 34 4.31 Electrical 34 4.31.1 General 34 4.31.2 Drives 34 4.31.3 Grounding 35 4.31.4 Ungrounded power distribution systems 35 4.32 Communications 36 4.33 Signs 36 4.33.1 General 36 4.33.2 Additional signs for cabins 42 4.33.3 Unauthorized entry 42 4.33.4 Electrical equipment 42 4.33.5 Downhill capacity 42 4.33.6 Advertising signs 42 4.34 Fire protection 43 4.35 Night lighting 43 4.36 Emergency lighting 43 4.37 Avalanche control 43

November 2007 v Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Z98-07 © Canadian Standards Association

4.38 Manuals 43 4.38.1 Language 43 4.38.2 Technical information 44 4.38.3 Operations manual 44 4.38.4 Maintenance manual 44 4.38.5 Rope lift-off during maintenance 45 4.38.6 Rope grips 45

5 Reversible passenger ropeways 45 5.1 General 45 5.2 General cabin clearances 45 5.3 Vertical clearances 45 5.4 Horizontal clearances 46 5.5 Wind force 47 5.5.1 Wind on cabins and hangers 47 5.5.2 Wind on ropes 47 5.5.3 Operations manual 47 5.6 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains 47 5.7 Haul rope guides 48 5.8 Cabin guides to limit cabin swing 48 5.9 Drives 49 5.9.1 Main drive 49 5.9.2 Evacuation drive 49 5.10 Braking systems 49 5.10.1 General 49 5.10.2 Service brake 50 5.10.3 Emergency brake 50 5.11 Systems with track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track 50 5.12 Systems with no track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track 51 5.13 Friction of the haul rope on the drive bullwheel 52 5.14 Carriage 52 5.15 Cabin hanger 52 5.16 Cabins 52 5.17 Loading and unloading areas 53 5.17.1 Entrance guides 53 5.17.2 Cabin guides 53 5.17.3 Carrier stops 53 5.17.4 Platforms 53 5.18 Controls 53 5.18.1 General 53 5.18.2 Control room 53 5.18.3 Manual stop switches 54 5.19 Communications 54 5.20 Evacuation 54

6 Circulating passenger ropeways 55 6.1 General 55 6.2 Speed 55 6.2.1 Skiers and boarders 55 6.2.2 Foot passengers 55 6.3 Vertical clearances 55 6.4 Horizontal clearances 56 6.5 Ski tip deflectors 56 6.5.1 Lattice towers 56

vi November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

6.5.2 Tubular towers 56 6.5.3 Clearance 56 6.6 Braking systems 56 6.7 Loading and unloading areas 57 6.8 Loading conveyors 57 6.8.1 Controls 57 6.8.2 Conveyor belt 58 6.8.3 Loading gates 58 6.8.4 Loading zone 58 6.8.5 Installation 59 6.9 Bullwheel unloading 59 6.10 Intermediate stations 59 6.11 Foot passengers 59 6.12 Enclosed passenger cabins 59 6.13 Chairs 60 6.14 Detachable grip ropeways 60 6.14.1 Maximum downhill loading speed 60 6.14.2 Carriers in the stations 60 6.14.3 Grip and rope position 60 6.14.4 Prevention of collisions 61 6.14.5 Speed synchronization 61 6.14.6 Carrier spacing 61 6.14.7 Carrier security 61 6.14.8 Grip force check 61 6.14.9 Grip on splice 61 6.14.10 Rail switches 61 6.14.11 Station entrance system 62 6.15 Safety gates 62 6.16 Haul rope retention (bi-cable and tri-cable systems) 62 6.17 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains 62 6.18 Carriage 63 6.19 Haul rope guides (bi-cable and tri-cable systems) 63

7 Surface passenger ropeways 63 7.1 General 63 7.2 Tow path 64 7.3 Carrier interval 64 7.4 Location and height of towers 64 7.5 Tower clearance 64 7.6 Drive and return sheaves 65 7.6.1 Floating return sheaves 65 7.6.2 Guides 65 7.7 Brakes 65 7.7.1 Service brake 65 7.7.2 Emergency brake 65 7.8 Antirollback device 65 7.9 Safety gate 65 7.10 Loading and unloading areas 65

8Rope tows 66 8.1 General 66 8.2 Tow path 66 8.3 Capacity and speed 67 8.3.1 Capacity 67

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8.3.2 Rope speed 67 8.4 Vertical clearances 67 8.4.1 Fibre rope tows 67 8.4.2 Wire rope tows 67 8.5 Horizontal clearances 67 8.6 Clearances between uphill and downhill ropes 67 8.6.1 Fibre rope tows 67 8.6.2 Wire rope tows 67 8.7 Vertical forces 67 8.8 Towers 67 8.9 Loading sheaves 68 8.10 Control of rope rotation 68 8.10.1 Fibre rope tows 68 8.10.2 Wire rope tows 68 8.11 Guides 68 8.12 Brakes 68 8.12.1 Service brake 68 8.12.2 Emergency brake 68 8.13 Antirollback device 68 8.14 Safety gate 68 8.15 Towing outfits 69 8.15.1 Rope grippers 69 8.15.2 Wire rope tows 69 8.16 Drive controls 69

9 Ropeways for secondary carriers 69 9.1 General 69 9.2 Tow path 69 9.3 Capacity 70 9.4 Rope speed 70 9.5 Vertical clearances 71 9.6 Horizontal clearances 71 9.7 Vertical forces 71 9.8 Towers 71 9.9 Loading sheaves 71 9.10 Control of rope rotation 71 9.11 Guides 72 9.12 Brakes 72 9.12.1 Service brake 72 9.12.2 Emergency brake 72 9.12.3 Antirollback device 72 9.13 Safety gate 72 9.14 Towing attachments 72 9.15 Drive controls 73

10 Conveyors 73 10.1 General 73 10.2 Conveyor path 73 10.3 Capacity and speed 74 10.4 Clearances 74 10.4.1 Clearing 74 10.4.2 Clearance to structures 74 10.5 Line equipment 74 10.6 Brakes, antirollback devices, and automatic stopping devices 75

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10.7 Drive 76 10.7.1 General 76 10.7.2 Drive controls 76 10.8 Loading and unloading areas 76 10.9 Tensioning 76 10.10 Enclosures 76

11 Ropes and chains 76 11.1 General 76 11.2 Fibre ropes 77 11.2.1 Haul ropes of fibre rope tows 77 11.2.2 Factor of safety 77 11.3 Wire ropes 77 11.3.1 Physical properties 77 11.3.2 Factors of safety 77 11.4 Wire rope construction 78 11.4.1 Haul and counter ropes 78 11.4.2 Track ropes 78 11.4.3 Tensioning ropes 78 11.4.4 Guy ropes 78 11.5 Track ropes 78 11.6 Guy ropes 78 11.7 Testing 78 11.8 Splices 79 11.8.1 Haul ropes 79 11.8.2 Wire rope tows 79 11.8.3 Tensioning ropes 79 11.8.4 Conveyor belt splices 79 11.9 End connections 79 11.9.1 Haul ropes 79 11.9.2 Tensioning ropes 79 11.9.3 Track ropes 79 11.9.4 Sockets 80 11.9.5 Wire rope clips and thimbles 80 11.10 Non-destructive testing of ropes, sleeves, and sockets 81 11.11 Wire rope maintenance 82 11.12 Protruding broken wires 82 11.13 Replacement or repair of wire rope 82 11.13.1 General 82 11.13.2 Replacement criteria 83 11.13.3 Splices 83 11.13.4 Splicing in replacements 83 11.13.5 Damaged wires 83 11.13.6 Repairs to haul rope 84 11.14 Locked coil track rope broken wires 84 11.15 Wire rope log 85 11.16 Splice certificate 85 11.17 Chains in tensioning systems 85 11.17.1 General 85 11.17.2 Welded link chains 85 11.17.3 Roller and leaf chains 86 11.17.4 Factor of safety 86 11.17.5 Testing 86 11.17.6 Identification 86 11.18 Maintenance 86

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12 Inspection, testing, and maintenance 87 12.1 General 87 12.2 Personnel training 87 12.3 Safety procedures during maintenance 87 12.3.1 Written safety procedures 87 12.3.2 Lockout procedures 87 12.4 Operational inspection 88 12.4.1 Daily inspection 88 12.4.2 Deicing 88 12.4.3 Internal combustion engines 88 12.4.4 Evacuation and auxiliary drives 88 12.4.5 Recording of and action on abnormalities 88 12.5 Tensioning and carriage systems 89 12.5.1 General 89 12.5.2 Tensioning system adjustment 89 12.6 Grounding 89 12.7 Maintenance procedures 89 12.8 Replacement components 90 12.9 General inspection and maintenance 90 12.10 Grips and wire rope-towing outfits 90 12.11 Reversible ropeway carriage service and maintenance 91 12.12 Rope elevation adjustment 92 12.13 Brake testing 92 12.14 Inspection and maintenance checklist 92 12.15 As-built survey and ropeline calculation 92 12.16 Acceptance tests and inspection 92 12.17 Periodic load testing 93 12.18 Non-destructive tests of carriers on above-surface ropeways 93 12.18.1 General 93 12.18.2 Defects 94 12.18.3 Tests and inspections for circulating passenger ropeways 94

13 Operation of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors 94 13.1 General 94 13.2 Personnel training 95 13.3 Owner responsibility 95 13.4 Ropeway or conveyor operations manual 95 13.5 Minimum number and location of operating personnel 96 13.6 Operational procedures and rules 96 13.7 Hazardous conditions 97 13.7.1 Wind or icing 97 13.7.2 Electrical storms 98 13.8 Communication 98 13.9 Stations 98 13.10 Loading and unloading stations 98 13.10.1 Procedures 98 13.10.2 Passengers failing to load or unload 98 13.10.3 Clearance 98 13.10.4 Loading station 98 13.11 Starting and stopping of ropeways and conveyors 99 13.12 Deicing 99 13.13 Manual transmissions 99 13.14 Tensioning system 99 13.15 Evacuation with evacuation drive 99

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13.16 Manual evacuation 99 13.16.1 Evacuation plan 99 13.16.2 Personnel and equipment 100 13.16.3 Training 101 13.17 Termination of daily operations 101 13.18 Operational log 101 13.19 First aid 101 13.20 Fire protection 102

Annexes A (informative) — Approval checklist 103 B (informative) — Procedures for work carriers 105 C (informative) — Daily ropeway log 107 D (informative) — Inspection and maintenance checklist 108 E (informative) — Non-destructive rope test report 110 F (informative) — Grip carrier non-destructive test report 111 G (informative) — Wire rope splice certificate 112 H (informative) — Five-year load test report 113 I (informative) — Wire rope damage 116 J (informative) — Stopping times and distances for circulating passenger ropeways 117 K (informative) — Cast socket report 119

Index 120

Tables 1 — Hazard scenarios 7 2 — Coefficient of friction 17 3 — Required stopping devices 22 4 — Pictogram signs 38 5 — Minimum radius of the track rope saddle 48 6 — Maximum relative carrier speeds for circulating passenger ropeways using a loading conveyor, m/s 55 7 — Minimum factors of safety for ropes 77 8 — Loss in metallic area 83

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J.G. Ogilvy John G. Ogilvy Consulting Engineer Limited, Chair Jasper, Alberta

D.G. Cox Dan Cox Consultants Inc., Vice-Chair Whistler, British Columbia

J. Kepka Leitner-Poma of Canada Inc., Vice-Chair Montréal, Québec

M. Baril Régie du bâtiment du Québec, Associate Québec, Québec

M. Baumann Fatzer AG Wire Ropes, Associate Romanshorn, Switzerland

R. Bell Ski Marmot Basin, Associate Jasper, Alberta

D.W. Bennett DWB Consultants, Saint-Sauveur, Québec

L. Blampied Buller Ski Lifts Limited, Associate Mt. Buller, Australia

L. Boulanger Ski Sutton, Sutton, Québec

L. Burk Pilz Automation Safety LP, Associate Canton, Michigan, USA

A. Byram New Brunswick Department of Public Safety, Saint John, New Brunswick

J. Camirand Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail, Associate Saint-Jérôme, Québec

M. Chan Technical Standards and Safety Authority, Associate Toronto, Ontario

K. Clark Ancam Management & Engineering Consulting Ltd., Oakville, Ontario

S. Couture Mont Saint-Bruno, Saint-Bruno, Québec

P. Ehlert Doppelmayr CTEC Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

C. Foster Standards Australia, Associate Sydney, Australia

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A.N. Griffin Alberta Municipal Affairs and Housing, Edmonton, Alberta

B. Hall Murray Latta Machine Co. Ltd., Surrey, British Columbia

P. Harkins Grouse Mountain Resorts Limited, North Vancouver, British Columbia

B. Haynes Ontario Snow Resorts Association, Associate Collingwood, Ontario

G. Hofmann Garaventa AG, Associate Gwatt-Thun, Switzerland

A. Huter Mount St. Louis–Moonstone Ski Resort Limited, Coldwater, Ontario

S. Huter Doppelmayr Seilbahnen GmbH, Associate Wolfurt, Austria

S. Ilieff Montréal, Québec

G. Kanani Technical Standards and Safety Authority, Toronto, Ontario

M. Kellenberger Alpenglow Mountain Services, Golden, British Columbia

R. Kennedy Nova Scotia Environment and Labour, Halifax, Nova Scotia

M. Lingat Vallée Bleue, Associate Val-David, Québec

D. Looney British Columbia Safety Authority, Associate Kamloops, British Columbia

B. Mannsberger Resorts of the Canadian Rockies Inc., Lake Louise, Alberta

S. Mercier Régie du bâtiment du Québec, Montréal, Québec

L. Morgenthaler Greystone Engineering Ltd., Kamloops, British Columbia

D. Muirhead Inter-Mtn. Testing Ltd., Kelowna, British Columbia

P. Munier La Cie de Remonte-Pente Doppelmayr Ltée, Associate Saint-Jérôme, Québec

L. Okreglak Pol-X West Inc., Carson City, Nevada, USA

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G. Paddon British Columbia Safety Authority, New Westminster, British Columbia

C. Peloquin Association des stations de ski du Québec, Associate Anjou, Québec

M. Porter Greystone Engineering Ltd., Associate Kamloops, British Columbia

T. Rieger Manitoba Labour and Immigration, Winnipeg, Manitoba

S. Roslund National Ski Areas Association, Associate Lakewood, Colorado, USA

W.C. Skelton Blue Mountain Resorts Ltd., Collingwood, Ontario

D. Sowder Tram Support, Inc., Associate Spokane, Washington, USA

W. Sparks Doppelmayr CTEC Ltd., Kelowna, British Columbia

J. Spencer Canada West Ski Areas Association, Associate Vernon, British Columbia

W. Thomlinson Wespac Automation Ltd., Surrey, British Columbia

M. Van Zandt Snow Valley Ski Club, Associate Edmonton, Alberta

D. Warne Alberta Elevating Devices & Amusement Rides Associate Safety Association, Calgary, Alberta

T. Tulshi Canadian Standards Association, Project Manager Mississauga, Ontario

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This is the sixth edition of CSA Z98, Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors. It supersedes the previous editions published in 2001, 1996, 1991, 1978, and 1968 under the title Passenger Ropeways. This Standard specifies requirements for the design, manufacture, installation, operation, maintenance, testing, and inspection of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors. The notable changes from the previous edition are as follows: (a) the coverage of this Standard has been expanded to include conveyors; (b) new material has been added to improve the clarity of the clauses dealing with operation, maintenance, inspection, and testing; (c) the requirements for the numbers and locations of operating personnel have been revised; (d) there are new requirements for emergency evacuation of passengers; (e) the requirements for horizontal clearances and cabin swing for reversible ropeways have been revised; (f) the requirements for service and emergency brakes have been revised; and (g) the requirements for wire rope maintenance have been revised. Funding to develop and maintain this Standard was generously provided by the Canada West Ski Areas Association (CWSAA), Ontario Ski Resorts Association (OSRA), Association des stations de ski du Québec (ASSQ), and Atlantic Ski Area Association (ASAA). This Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee on Passenger Ropeways and Passenger Conveyors, under the jurisdiction of the Strategic Steering Committee on Mechanical Industrial Equipment Safety, and has been formally approved by the Technical Committee. It will be submitted to the Standards Council of Canada for approval as a National Standard of Canada.

November 2007

Notes: (1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows. (2) Although the intended primary application of this Standard is stated in its Scope, it is important to note that it remains the responsibility of the users of the Standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose. (3) This publication was developed by consensus, which is defined by CSA Policy governing standardization — Code of good practice for standardization as “substantial agreement. Consensus implies much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity”. It is consistent with this definition that a member may be included in the Technical Committee list and yet not be in full agreement with all clauses of this publication. (4) CSA Standards are subject to periodic review, and suggestions for their improvement will be referred to the appropriate committee. (5) All enquiries regarding this Standard, including requests for interpretation, should be addressed to Canadian Standards Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5N6. Requests for interpretation should (a) define the problem, making reference to the specific clause, and, where appropriate, include an illustrative sketch; (b) provide an explanation of circumstances surrounding the actual field condition; and (c) be phrased where possible to permit a specific “yes” or “no” answer. Committee interpretations are processed in accordance with the CSA Directives and guidelines governing standardization and are published in CSA’s periodical Info Update, which is available on the CSA Web site at www.csa.ca

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1Scope

1.1 General This Standard specifies requirements for the design, manufacture, construction, modification, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors. Requirements for abnormal or unusual conditions are not specifically provided for, nor are all details of engineering and construction prescribed. It is intended that all work performed within the scope of this Standard meet or exceed the safety standards expressed or implied in this Standard. This Standard does not purport to address all safety issues associated with passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors. It is the responsibility of the users of this Standard to establish appropriate safety practices and to determine the applicability of any regulatory requirements or limitations.

1.2 Equipment covered For this Standard, passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors include (a) reversible above-surface ropeways with single- or double-track ropes; (b) fixed and detachable grip circulating above-surface monocable, bi-cable, and tri-cable ropeways, including cabin ropeways, chair ropeways, and similar devices; (c) surface ropeways, including T-bar ropeways, J-bar ropeways, platter ropeways, and similar devices; (d) tows, including wire and fibre rope tows; (e) tows for secondary carriers; and (f) devices with a moving flexible element that (i) transport persons uphill for recreational or sport activities; or (ii) are used as loading conveyors.

1.3 Freight Freight may be carried on the equipment covered by this Standard, provided that allowance has been made in the design and appropriate precautions are taken.

1.4 Existing installations Existing installations are expected to meet the operation, maintenance, and testing requirements of this edition of this Standard. Note: It is possible that equipment installed in compliance with previous editions of this Standard will not comply with new design requirements of this edition of this Standard.

1.5 Exceptions For novel designs, new configurations that cannot be precisely classified, and cases of reported non-conformance, exceptions from the requirements of this Standard may be made, provided that equivalent safety is provided.

1.6 Funicular railways This Standard may be adopted for use with funicular railways and self-powered reversible above-surface ropeways.

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1.7 Terminology In CSA Standards, “shall” is used to express a requirement, i.e., a provision that the user is obliged to satisfy in order to comply with the standard; “should” is used to express a recommendation or that which is advised but not required; “may” is used to express an option or that which is permissible within the limits of the standard; and “can” is used to express possibility or capability. Notes accompanying clauses do not include requirements or alternative requirements; the purpose of a note accompanying a clause is to separate from the text explanatory or informative material. Notes to tables and figures are considered part of the table or figure and may be written as requirements. Annexes are designated normative (mandatory) or informative (non-mandatory) to define their application.

2 Reference publications This Standard refers to the following publications, and where such reference is made, it shall be to the edition listed below, including all amendments published thereto.

CSA (Canadian Standards Association) CAN/CSA-A23.1-04/CAN/CSA-A23.2-04 Concrete materials and methods of concrete construction/Methods of test and standard practices for concrete

C22.1-06 Canadian Electrical Code, Part I

CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 1-06 Overhead systems

G4-00 (R2006) Steel wire rope for general purpose and for mine hoisting and mine haulage

CAN/CSA-G12-92 (R2007) Zinc-coated steel wire strand

W47.1-03 Certification of companies for fusion welding of steel

W47.2-M1987 (R2003) Certification of companies for fusion welding of aluminum

CAN/CSA-Z431-02 (R2007) Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification — Coding principles for indication devices and actuators

ANSI/ASME (American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers) B29.100-2002 Precision Power Transmission, Double-Pitch Power Transmission, and Double-Pitch Conveyor Roller Chains, Attachments and Sprockets

CGSB (Canadian General Standards Board) 40-GP-1M (1978) Methods of Sampling and Testing Cordage

National Association of Chain Manufacturers Welded Steel Chain Specifications (2005)

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National Research Council Canada National Building Code of Canada, 2005

NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 30 (2003) Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code

ULC (Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada) CAN/ULC-S114-05 Standard Method of Test for Determination of Non-Combustibility in Building Materials

3 Definitions The following definitions apply in this Standard:

Alteration — any change to the original or current design specification of a ropeway or conveyor and its parts.

Antirollback — a device that prevents a hauling rope from moving in the reverse direction.

Attachments — the tethers, grips, hooks, and similar components that connect a secondary carrier to the haul rope.

Attendant — a person who, as all or part of his or her normal duties, (a) operates a ropeway or conveyor; or (b) supervises the loading, passage, or unloading of persons on a ropeway or conveyor.

Carrier — a complete assembly, including grip, hanger, T-bar, chair, and cabin and carriage (where applicable), used for transporting persons or material. The carrier is also referred to as a towing outfit.

Secondary carrier — a carrier on which one or more persons is carried and towed by a ropeway.

Clearance — the clear space allowed for the passing of two objects or parts. Note: Maximum width is to be used unless otherwise specified in this Standard.

Critical component — a component or system of components, the failure of which would immediately jeopardize passenger safety.

Designer — the person or company who prepares or certifies a design.

Drive — the motor or engine used to impart motion to a rope.

Auxiliary drive — a subsidiary drive capable of operating a ropeway with all safety features in compliance with this Standard.

Evacuation drive — a drive that is only to be used for a ropeway evacuation.

Main drive — the principal drive for operating a ropeway.

Emergency rope — a rope used for the evacuation carrier of a ropeway.

Engineer — a professional engineer as defined by and licensed in accordance with the applicable provincial or territorial statute.

Guard — a device that prevents contact with moving and/or hot parts.

Guide — a device that directs a moving object.

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Loss in metallic area (LMA) — a reduction in area expressed as a percentage of the nominal metallic cross-sectional area of the rope when new, taking into account the effects of broken wires, corrosion, and wear.

Magnetic rope test (MRT) — a non-destructive test for ferromagnetic wire ropes using electromagnetic or permanent magnetic equipment employing magnetic flux and/or magnetic flux leakage principles and capable of detecting discontinuities and/or changes in metallic cross-sectional area.

Manufacturer — a person or company that manufactures equipment.

Non-combustible material — a material that meets the acceptance criteria of CAN/ULC-S114.

Operator — a ropeway attendant who is at the controls and in charge of a ropeway while it is in operation.

Rope —

Counter-rope (in a reversible ropeway) — a rope attached between two carriers passing around the return sheave.

Haul rope — (a) a rope that moves carriers and, in the absence of a track rope, also supports carriers; or (b) in a reversible ropeway, a rope attached between two carriers passing around the drive sheave.

Tensioning rope — a rope that attaches a track rope or a tensioning carriage to a tensioning device.

Track rope — a stationary rope that supports moving carriers.

Rope diameter — the nominal diameter of a rope (unless otherwise specified in this Standard).

Service stop — a stop in which a drive may be involved in braking and the ropeway stops in a controlled manner.

Sheave — a pulley or wheel grooved for a rope and/or grip.

Drive sheave — a large-diameter sheave used to impart movement to a rope.

Floating return sheave — a return sheave and its supporting framework, all of which is suspended by a system of wire ropes.

Guide sheave — a sheave used to prevent misalignment of a haul rope entering and leaving the drive and return sheaves.

Idler sheave — a sheave, other than a drive sheave, that guides and/or carries a hauling rope.

Line sheave — a sheave used to guide and support a haul rope between the drive and return sheaves.

Return sheave — a large-diameter sheave that deflects a rope more than 4.5°.

Sheave diameter — the tread diameter of a sheave.

Slip — any measurable movement.

Station — a location at which loading and/or unloading may take place.

Stopping device — push buttons, switches, and sensors that initiate a stop.

Tethers — the attachments to secondary carriers for pulling such carriers.

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Throw over — a situation that occurs when a haul rope, because of the dynamics of the system, is lifted above the path of a track rope and could be entangled with the track rope(s).

Tower — a structure supporting a sheave or series of sheaves that resists the downward (positive) or upward (negative) force of a hauling rope.

Work carrier — a carrier used on a ropeway line for servicing and repairing equipment.

4 General requirements

4.1 Scope Clauses 4.2 to 4.38 cover all classes of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

4.2 Alterations

4.2.1 Alterations shall be documented, verified, and certified by the designer. Verification shall be in the form of calculations and testing specified by this Standard.

4.2.2 Only the altered component shall comply with the current standard requirements. All replacements, except those due to maintenance or repair, should be considered alterations.

4.2.3 Replacement, modification, or repair of critical components Critical components that are replaced, modified, or repaired shall comply with Clause 4.6.2.

4.3 Location and alignment

4.3.1 Site selection When selecting the location and alignment of an installation, consideration shall be given to factors that are known to affect the operational requirements of the installation. The following shall also be considered when necessary: (a) electric power lines and their supports; (b) railways; (c) highways; (d) structures; (e) rock and earth slides, erosion, washouts, etc.; (f) snow creep and avalanches; (g) wind; (h) icing; (i) ski slopes and trails; (j) rivers and gullies; (k) buried installations, including pipelines; (l) crossing of or close proximity to other passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors; (m) control of air space below, above, and adjacent to the installation; (n) carrier height above the ground or other surface; (o) ambient temperatures; (p) evacuation; and (q) fire hazards from buildings and vegetation.

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4.3.2 Overhead systems

4.3.2.1 Ropeways shall not be located in proximity to overhead electric supply and communication utility systems unless the overhead system meets the requirements of CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 1. Note: Proximity as defined in CAN/CSA-C22.3 No. 1 means that lines are located so that the failure of a conductor or any part of the overhead system (such as overturning at the ground line) would interfere with the normal use, operation, or maintenance of a ropeway by contact or encroachment on minimum clearance requirements by the conductor or structure.

4.3.2.2 Except for ropeways with two track ropes per track, tower spacing shall be such that in the event of a complete haul rope deropement under any conditions of loading and braking (i.e., the rope is not retained), there shall be no contact between any part of the ropeway and any part of the overhead system. There shall be a tower on either side of the crossing to provide support or hold-down force on a haul rope that is sufficient to maintain clearance between the ropeway and the overhead system when either tower is acting alone. Note: Complete deropement means that the rope fails to be retained.

4.3.2.3 The minimum vertical clearance between any part of a ropeway and any part of an overhead system shall be not less than (a) 1.5 m for ropeways with two track ropes per track under the most adverse dynamic conditions; and (b) 3 m for all other ropeways under the most adverse static loading conditions. Note: In this Clause, the term “most adverse dynamic conditions” includes adverse loading, temperatures, rope stretch, tolerances, acceleration, and braking and means (a) for track ropes, maximum static sag plus 10%; (b) for haul ropes, maximum static sag plus 20%; and (c) for haul rope throw over, maximum unsupported sag plus 30%.

4.3.3 Clearing Preparation of a ropeway right-of-way shall include the following: (a) interference by vegetation shall be prevented; (b) washouts shall be prevented; and (c) potentially dangerous trees shall be removed.

4.3.4 Line protection in case of icing conditions Where a hazard exists for heavy chunks of ice to fall from a ropeway onto passersby, the designer shall consider this risk and provide mitigatory measures in case of icing conditions.

4.4 General design requirements

4.4.1 Design considerations

4.4.1.1 The design of components for passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall normally include, but not be limited to, consideration of the following: (a) static and dynamic loads; (b) possible impact loads; (c) static properties; (d) fatigue endurance at a number of load cycles appropriate for the component and the installation; (e) resistance to brittle fracture; and (f) protection against corrosion.

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4.4.1.2 For each item specified in Clause 4.4.1.1, the design shall be based on the most adverse temperature condition appropriate for the installation.

4.4.2 Design loads For the purposes of design, a skier or boarder shall be considered to have a mass of 80 kg and a foot passenger shall be considered to have a mass of 75 kg.

4.4.3 Designer Where this Standard requires action by a designer or manufacturer who is no longer in business, that action shall be performed by an engineer.

4.4.4 Hazards When selecting the location and alignment of a ropeway, the designer shall consider the applicable hazard scenarios, both in operation and out of operation, specified in Table 1.

Table 1 Hazard scenarios (See Clause 4.4.4.)

Situation Hazard scenario Ropeway systems with one Haul rope throw over track rope per track Reversible passenger Haul rope failure ropeways with track rope brakes Reversible passenger Haul rope derailment at tower ropeways with one or two locations track ropes per track; bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways Overhead cable Failure of an overhead signal, communication, control, or safety circuit cable Aircraft warning balls Failure of warning ball cable

4.5 Materials, manufacturing, and quality control

4.5.1 General The selection of materials, the manufacture of components, and the quality of materials and components shall comply with the applicable requirements of this Standard.

4.5.2 Materials

4.5.2.1 The quality and testing of materials for use in passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall be in accordance with the applicable CSA Standards. Standards published by other standards development organizations may be used if their requirements meet or exceed those of the applicable CSA Standard.

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4.5.2.2 If there is no applicable CSA Standard, an appropriate Standard published by another standards development organization may be used if it is approved by the engineer.

4.5.3 Quality assurance program The quality and testing of materials, quality of work, and level of inspection of manufactured components shall be appropriate to the level of risk to passenger safety posed by the failure of such components.

4.5.4 Referenced standards The manufacturer shall state which Standards have been followed. Note: See Annex A.

4.6 Fatigue design

4.6.1 General Components that are subjected to repeated loadings shall be verified against the possibility of fatigue failure. Verification shall be in the form of calculations and/or testing as specified by this Standard.

4.6.2 Critical components

4.6.2.1 Critical components and their connections shall be designed to resist the effects of fatigue. Design calculations shall be based on generally accepted procedures.

4.6.2.2 Critical components and their connections shall be designed, detailed, and fabricated to minimize stress concentrations.

4.6.2.3 The minimum number of cycles used for design and/or testing purposes shall be based on a design life expectancy of 30 years, unless otherwise specified in this Standard. Consideration shall be given to the type of equipment and the conditions under which it is expected to operate.

4.7 Corrosion protection

4.7.1 Steelwork shall be designed taking into consideration the effects of corrosion. Corrosion protection shall be provided where necessary.

4.7.2 Localized corrosion, which can occur because of entrapped water, excessive condensation, or other factors, shall be minimized by suitable design and detailing. Positive means of drainage shall be provided where necessary.

4.8 Ropes and chains Ropes and chains used in passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall comply with Clause 11.

4.9 Welding

4.9.1 Welding shall be performed in accordance with CSA W47.1 and CSA W47.2.

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4.9.2 Shop and field welding of critical components shall be performed by qualified welders in accordance with CSA W47.1 and CSA W47.2.

4.9.3 Welding performed in accordance with a Standard other than CSA W47.1 and CSA W47.2 shall be acceptable if (a) the Standard is suitably referenced in the passenger ropeway code of the country of origin of the structure or component, and the requirements in the Standard meet or exceed the requirements of CSA W47.1 and CSA W47.2; (b) the qualifications of all welders performing the work and the welding procedures are in accordance with the class of welding being performed; and (c) welds are inspected by a qualified welding inspector and a statement confirming compliance is provided.

4.10 Buildings and structures

4.10.1 General Buildings and structures, including all stations, towers, and attendant huts, shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the Standards specified in Clause 2.

4.10.2 Rigging connections Permanent rigging connections shall be provided to facilitate haul rope splicing, tensioning rope adjustment, slipping of track ropes, and handling of equipment and carriers.

4.11 Station enclosures and machine rooms

4.11.1 If waste heat is generated in a station enclosure or machine room, ventilation shall be provided.

4.11.2 Cabinet-type power units, station enclosures, and machine rooms shall be lockable.

4.11.3 Luminaries sufficient to provide not less than 100 lx measured at floor level shall be provided in station enclosures and machine rooms.

4.12 Internal combustion engines

4.12.1 Fuel storage

4.12.1.1 Flammable liquids or gases shall be stored and handled in accordance with local fire regulations. If there are no such regulations, NFPA 30 shall apply.

4.12.1.2 Stopcocks shall be provided on fuel lines at points where the lines enter the building for underground installation or where the lines leave the tanks for above-ground installations.

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4.12.1.3 Except for installations covered by Clauses 7 to 9, integrally mounted fuel tanks shall be permitted only on evacuation engines.

4.12.1.4 The fill pipe to tanks shall be capped.

4.12.1.5 Fuel tanks shall be of a capacity sufficient to permit uninterrupted operation during the anticipated operating period.

4.12.2 Overspeed control Internal combustion engines shall be equipped with a governor to prevent engine overspeed.

4.12.3 Exhaust

4.12.3.1 Exhausts shall be designed to discharge to the atmosphere so that precipitation shall not enter the exhaust system.

4.12.3.2 Exhaust stacks located up to 2 m from floor level shall be equipped with guards or heat shields.

4.12.3.3 Exhaust pipes shall not pass within 50 mm of any wooden member or other flammable material.

4.12.4 Engine shutdown

4.12.4.1 Where an emergency brake is provided, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable.

4.12.4.2 Where a service brake is provided without an emergency brake, actuation of the service brake shall cause the engine to shutdown as quickly as practicable unless the engine power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.12.4.3 Where no brake is provided, actuation of a service stop shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable unless the engine power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.13 Hydraulic systems

4.13.1 Hydraulic components that do not have pressure ratings shall have a factor of safety based on bursting pressure of not less than 4.

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4.13.2 Overpressure protection shall be provided by pressure-relief valves. The size of the relief valve and bypass, if used, shall be sufficient to pass the maximum rated capacity of the pump without raising the pressure more than 10% above that at which the valve opens. Two or more relief valves may be used to obtain the required capacity.

4.13.3 Means shall be provided to bleed the systems.

4.13.4 The position of shut-off and directional valves shall be designed to prevent wrong positioning.

4.13.5 Weather protection shall be provided so that functioning of hydraulic devices is not impeded.

4.13.6 Separate return lines shall be provided for components that are necessary for safety.

4.13.7 Pressure-sensing devices used for regulating or measuring shall not be influenced by the velocity of the hydraulic fluid flow.

4.13.8 Lines and components of hydraulic systems shall be marked for identification.

4.13.9 Consideration shall be given to possible component failure, component overload, loss of fluid, line breakage, vibration, temperature, moisture, fatigue, security, reliability, overpressure, loss of pressure, or any predictable combination of circumstances that can cause undesirable or unsafe results.

4.13.10 Piping shall be supported to eliminate undue stress at joints and fittings, particularly at any section of the line subject to vibration.

4.13.11 Cast iron and other non-ductile materials shall not be used for any component subject to pressure.

4.13.12 Tanks shall have sufficient capacity to provide a liquid reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gas into the system.

4.13.13 The permissible minimum hydraulic fluid level shall be clearly indicated.

4.14 Foundations

4.14.1 Design criteria

4.14.1.1 Foundations shall be designed in accordance with the National Building Code of Canada to carry all of the combinations of dead load, live load, and wind, together with ice, earthquake, impact, and vibration.

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4.14.1.2 Each foundation shall be designed to resist overturning or sliding with a factor of safety of 2 with respect to the combination of deadload and live load, and 1.5 with respect to these loadings and wind acting simultaneously.

4.14.1.3 Foundations located in snow creep and/or avalanche areas shall be designed for such conditions and loads or shall be protected.

4.14.1.4 The bottoms of foundations shall be below the normal frost line unless they rest on solid rock.

4.14.1.5 The top of concrete shall be not less than 150 mm above finished grade unless instructions for the protection of the structural steel below grade are provided by the designer.

4.14.1.6 All parts of anchorage connections below ground shall be protected.

4.14.1.7 Structures bolted to foundations shall be secured with double nuts, locknuts, or equivalent means.

4.14.2 Foundation specifications The designer shall provide specifications for excavation, backfill, concrete, formwork, reinforcing steel, rock anchors, anchor bolts, grout, and placement tolerances.

4.14.3 Concrete and rock anchor testing

4.14.3.1 Concrete test cylinders shall be made, cured, and tested in accordance with CAN/CSA-A23.2.

4.14.3.2 The ropeway designer shall specify the percentage of rock anchors at each location to be given a pull test and the force to be applied. The test shall be carried out on 10% of rock anchors but at least one rock anchor per location. Test reports from a recognized certification agency shall be provided prior to the acceptance tests.

4.14.4 Glacier foundations

4.14.4.1 Where possible, stations shall be located on solid ground.

4.14.4.2 Tower bases shall be adjustable when installed on snow or ice.

4.14.4.3 A method to verify tower alignment, elevation, and position shall be provided.

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4.15 Speed, capacity, and spacing

4.15.1 The designer shall specify the maximum carrier and/or rope speed at all locations on the ropeway. This speed shall be established as functional by testing and operational performance (see Clause 12.16).

4.15.2 The maximum carrier and/or rope speed shall be such that acceleration and deceleration do not cause excessive carrier swing.

4.15.3 The designer shall specify the minimum and maximum spacing between carriers.

4.15.4 The designer shall specify the maximum speed, capacity, and loading conditions for the ropeway loaded uphill, loaded downhill, and in the reverse directions, as applicable.

4.16 Crossing ropeways

4.16.1 Where ropeways cross one another, the requirements of Clauses 4.16.2 to 4.16.5 shall be met.

4.16.2 Except for ropeways with two track ropes per track, tower spacing shall be such that in the event of a complete haul rope deropement or haul rope throw over in which the haul rope fails to be retained, under any conditions of loading and braking, there shall be no contact between the ropes and carriers of the two ropeways. There shall be a tower on either side of the crossing to provide support, or a hold-down force on a haul rope, sufficient to maintain clearance between the ropeways with either tower acting alone.

4.16.3 The minimum vertical clearance between any part of the lower ropeway and any part of the upper ropeway shall be (a) not less than 1.5 m for ropeways with two track ropes per track under the most adverse dynamic conditions; or (b) not less than 3 m for all other ropeways under the most adverse static loading conditions. Note: In this Clause, the term “most adverse dynamic conditions” includes adverse loading, temperatures, rope stretch, tolerances, acceleration, and braking and means (a) for track ropes, maximum static sag plus 10%; (b) for haul ropes, maximum static sag plus 20%; and (c) for haul rope throw over, maximum unsupported sag plus 30%.

4.16.4 Any deropement of the upper ropeway at the crossing shall cause both ropeways to stop, except where the upper ropeway has two track ropes per track.

4.16.5 A deropement of the lower ropeway that reduces the clearance between the crossing ropeways shall cause both ropeways to stop.

4.17 Wind gauges Gauges shall be provided to monitor wind conditions where necessary.

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4.18 Towers and equipment

4.18.1 Gauge If the gauge of a ropeway is varied at any point along the line, the fleet angle at any one tower shall be provided for in the design.

4.18.2 Access

4.18.2.1 Means shall be provided for unobstructed access to all tower heads for maintenance and rescue personnel.

4.18.2.2 Towers over 18 m high shall have resting platforms. The spacing between resting platforms shall not exceed 12 m.

4.18.3 Identification Towers shall be identified with successive numbers that are at least 75 mm high and visible when a viewer is looking up the ropeway line.

4.18.4 Rope lifting frames and hold-down anchors

4.18.4.1 Permanent lifting frames shall be installed on all towers and stations of above-surface ropeways for removal of the haul rope and sheave assemblies.

4.18.4.2 Lifting frames shall have the safe working load posted on each frame.

4.18.4.3 Permanent rigging connections shall be provided at all hold-down line sheave assemblies of above-surface ropeways for the removal of the haul rope.

4.18.4.4 The safe working load for the rigging connections shall be posted on towers and stations.

4.18.5 Work platforms

4.18.5.1 Tower work platforms shall be installed on all towers of above-surface ropeways to facilitate access to sheave assemblies. These platforms shall be located parallel to the tower head.

4.18.5.2 The safe working load shall be posted on each platform.

4.18.5.3 Each platform shall be equipped with a guard whose top is at least 1070 mm above the platform and which is capable of withstanding the following minimum specified loads: (a) a horizontal concentrated load of 1.0 kN applied inward or outward at any point; (b) a vertical load at the top of 1.5 kN; and (c) if the guard is used as an anchor point, the loads specified in Clause 4.18.5.4. The loads specified in Items (a) to (c) need not be considered to act simultaneously.

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4.18.5.4 Anchor points shall be provided for attaching a personal safety body harness at each tower head. Each anchor point shall have an ultimate load capacity of at least 22.2 kN in any direction to resist a fall. All anchor points shall be clearly identified.

4.18.6 Rope height adjustment

4.18.6.1 When towers and/or stations are designed to permit variations in rope height, sheave assembly supports shall be guided or attached in a manner that prevents misalignment.

4.18.6.2 When the heights of sheaves are to be varied to suit varying profiles, allowance for this shall be made in the design.

4.18.6.3 Towers and stations shall be marked to ensure that, when adjusted, the new profile conforms to the design.

4.19 Line sheaves and sheave assemblies

4.19.1 Haul rope deflection The deflection of the haul rope shall not exceed 4°30’ on any one sheave, except where the sheave diameter complies with Clause 4.21.2.

4.19.2 Support sheaves For support sheaves under design loading conditions, excluding dynamic effects, the following minimum loads shall be applied: (a) On above-surface ropeways, except for those using track ropes, the greatest of (i) 500 N per sheave; (ii) 2 kN per sheave assembly; or (iii) 10 N × the sum of the slope length of adjacent spans, in metres, per sheave assembly. (b) On surface ropeways, 350 N per sheave or 1.3 kN per assembly, whichever is greater.

4.19.3 Load distribution Sheave assemblies shall be designed to provide uniform distribution of load, except where the carrier attachment to the haul rope does not make contact with the sheaves.

4.19.4 Hold-down sheaves For hold-down line sheaves on above-surface ropeways, the minimum load on any sheave assembly shall be 500 N per sheave plus the weight of a loaded carrier. For surface ropeways, the minimum net sheave load under the most unfavourable design load conditions shall be 350 N per sheave, including the point load of a carrier under the sheave assembly.

4.19.5 Ropeline calculations Ropeline calculations shall include load cases of a 30% increase and a 30% decrease in rope tension at each tower location. If the calculations show that the rope would leave its normal running position, a combination sheave assembly shall be used.

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4.19.6 Combination sheave assemblies Combination sheave assemblies that incorporate support and hold-down sheaves shall be designed with the retaining sheaves preloaded in such a manner that the required minimum sheave loadings are maintained.

4.19.7 Retaining sheaves Where retaining sheaves are used, they shall be located to provide equal load distribution.

4.19.8 Bearings All sheaves shall be mounted on ball or roller bearings.

4.19.9 Alignment Sheave mounts or mounting frames shall be designed to be laterally and rotationally adjustable.

4.19.10 Haul rope retention

4.19.10.1 The requirements of Clauses 4.19.10.2 and 4.19.10.3 shall be met for all ropeways other than reversible or bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways.

4.19.10.2 Means shall be provided to restrict the movement of the haul rope to the inside of each sheave and sheave assembly if the rope leaves the groove.

4.19.10.3 Means shall be provided to retain the haul rope to the outside of each sheave and sheave assembly if it leaves its normal running position. Such means shall be located not more than one-half of the sheave diameter vertically from the normal position of the rope.

4.19.10.4 The design of the sheave assembly and the means provided to comply with Clauses 4.19.10.2 and 4.19.10.3 shall allow free passage of the haul rope and carriers while the rope is in or out of the normal position.

4.19.10.5 The manufacturer or designer shall test the sheave and sheave assembly to verify its compliance with Clauses 4.19.10.2 to 4.19.10.4.

4.20 Tensioning sheaves Tensioning rope sheaves and sheaves not specifically covered elsewhere in this Standard shall have a diameter of not less than 40d, where d is the nominal rope diameter.

4.21 Drive and return sheaves

4.21.1 General Where sheaves are mounted on vertical shafts, such shafts shall be equipped with bearings that will adequately resist both the horizontal and the vertical thrust.

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4.21.2 Diameter

4.21.2.1 If no rope grip passes around the drive and return sheaves, the minimum diameter for drive and return sheaves shall be 72 times the diameter of the rope or 800 times the diameter of the outer wires of the rope, whichever is greater.

4.21.2.2 If the rope grips travel around the drive and return sheaves, the minimum diameter shall be 80 times the diameter of the rope.

4.21.3 Sheave retention Provision shall be made in the station design to retain drive and return sheaves in their approximate operating positions in the event of bearing, shaft, or hub failure.

4.21.4 Haul rope retention The position of the haul rope shall be controlled to minimize departure from its normal position.

4.21.5 Liners The design coefficient of friction for a sheave liner used for driving or braking shall not exceed the values specified in Table 2.

Table 2 Coefficient of friction (See Clause 4.21.5.)

Sheave liner Coefficient of friction Aluminum 0.200 Leather 0.150 Steel or cast iron grooves 0.070 Other (including rubber or neoprene) Above-surface lifts 0.205 Surface lifts 0.220

4.21.6 Guide sheaves

4.21.6.1 Where rope grips travel around drive and return sheaves, haul rope guide sheaves or line sheaves shall be installed close to the drive and return sheaves to prevent misalignment of the rope. Guide sheaves shall not be required on rope tows.

4.21.6.2 Shoes or sheaves shall be placed on the opposite side of the rope adjacent to the guide sheaves to prevent deropement in that direction.

4.21.7 Ice scrapers Ice scrapers shall be provided for all large-diameter sheaves, e.g., drive and return sheaves.

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4.22 Tensioning systems

4.22.1 General

4.22.1.1 Counterweights or other suitable devices shall be provided to regulate rope and conveyor belt tension, except where the tension in a rope meets the requirements of this Standard.

4.22.1.2 Provision shall be made for measuring and adjusting the required tension.

4.22.1.3 Carriages and tensioning systems shall have sufficient travel to accommodate operational changes.

4.22.1.4 Carriage travel shall be limited by mechanical stops.

4.22.2 Counterweight tensioning

4.22.2.1 Enclosures shall be provided, where necessary, to prevent snow or ice from accumulating under and around the counterweights and interfering with their free movement. Such enclosures shall be designed to allow inspection of the complete counterweight.

4.22.2.2 Tensioning ropes shall have sufficient length to comply with Clause 12.5.1.6.

4.22.2.3 Tension in two or more tensioning ropes or chains shall be equalized.

4.22.3 Winches

4.22.3.1 Winches and other devices that are used for counterweight system take-up and remain a permanent part of the system shall have a factor of safety of not less than 6 against their ultimate capacity. They shall have a positive lock against release.

4.22.3.2 For periods when the winch is not in use, a safety device shall be installed on the tensioning rope ahead of the winch to keep the tensioning system intact in the event of failure or release of the winch.

4.22.3.3 Winch drums shall have the minimum diameter required for tensioning sheaves, i.e., not less than 40d, where d is the nominal diameter of the tensioning rope.

4.22.4 Floating return/tensioning sheaves

4.22.4.1 Floating return/tensioning sheave mountings shall be adjustable to ensure that the haul rope remains in the centre of the sheave groove during operation.

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4.22.4.2 The lateral tilt of the sheave shall not exceed 2° from the horizontal when it is in a stationary position and when the uphill and downhill unloaded carriers are equidistant from the sheave.

4.22.4.3 The tensioning or anchor cables shall be connected to at least two points on the mounting frame of the sheave.

4.22.4.4 The connections of the tensioning or anchor cables to the sheave frame and the support points of the cables shall be spaced a minimum of 70% of the pitch diameter of the sheave. This spacing shall be increased as necessary to limit the allowable lateral tilt of the sheave to a maximum of 6° from the static position when a carrier with full design load is passing.

4.22.4.5 The design shall incorporate provisions for adjustment to control the position of the haul rope entering the sheave.

4.22.5 Hydraulic and pneumatic tensioning systems

4.22.5.1 When hydraulic or pneumatic tensioning systems are used, the requirements of Clauses 4.22.5.2 to 4.22.5.10 shall apply.

4.22.5.2 A manually operated pump shall be provided to maintain the required operating pressure.

4.22.5.3 Tensioning cylinders shall be equipped with flow-limiting valves.

4.22.5.4 When two cylinders are used, the guide system of the carriage shall be designed for the failure of one cylinder.

4.22.5.5 The pressure in the cylinder shall be indicated by a pressure gauge.

4.22.5.6 The designer shall specify the design pressure range.

4.22.5.7 Pressure-sensing devices shall stop the ropeway if the pressure goes above or below the design pressure range.

4.22.5.8 For surface ropeways equipped with only a manually operated pump, a pressure-sensing device to stop the ropeway if the pressure goes above the design pressure range shall not be required.

4.22.5.9 Pressure-sensing devices shall be located close to the tensioning cylinder.

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4.22.5.10 It shall not be possible to isolate the pressure-sensing devices from the tensioning cylinder during operation.

4.23 Drive systems

4.23.1 General

4.23.1.1 Each drive system shall be able to start, move, and control the ropeway or conveyor under the design loading conditions.

4.23.1.2 Each drive system shall be able to accelerate and decelerate the ropeway or conveyor in a smooth and controlled manner to avoid discomfort to the passengers under all design loading conditions.

4.23.1.3 Where an overhauling design load condition exists, each drive system shall be able to maintain the design speed (see Clause 4.15.4). Service and emergency brakes and antirollback devices shall not be used for this purpose.

4.23.1.4 Except for ropeways covered by Clauses 8 and 9, one drive system shall be capable of operation at reduced speed for rope inspection and testing purposes.

4.23.1.5 When reverse capability is provided on a drive system, provision shall be made to prevent inadvertent shifting into reverse when the ropeway is operating.

4.23.1.6 The machinery arrangement shall permit maintenance.

4.23.1.7 Interlocks shall be provided to ensure that only one drive system can be connected for operation of the ropeway at any time.

4.23.1.8 Simple and quick means for changing between drive systems shall be provided.

4.23.1.9 Hour meters shall be provided on all main drive and auxiliary drive units. These meters shall record the actual operating time of the ropeway or conveyor.

4.23.2 Evacuation drive

4.23.2.1 Above-surface ropeways shall be equipped with an evacuation drive to unload the ropeway in the event of a failure of the main drive.

4.23.2.2 The evacuation drive shall not depend on the mechanical integrity of the main drive.

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4.23.2.3 The fuel tank or power supply for the evacuation drive shall be dedicated to that drive.

4.23.2.4 The emergency brake, antirollback device, tower switches, and remote stops shall be capable of operation while the evacuation drive is in operation.

4.23.2.5 The evacuation drive shall be capable of starting and moving a fully loaded line in a forward direction at not less than 0.5 m/s or at an average speed in metres per second equal to 1/3600 the slope length of the ropeway in metres, whichever is greater.

4.23.2.6 The evacuation drive shall have a battery for the sole use of the drive.

4.23.3 Drive train components Drive train components shall have the capacity for starting a ropeway or conveyor under the most adverse design loading conditions without exceeding their design rating.

4.23.4 Bearings, clutches, couplings, and shafts

4.23.4.1 Provision shall be made for adjustment and lubrication of bearings, clutches, and couplings.

4.23.4.2 Shafts shall be designed in accordance with accepted standard practices.

4.23.4.3 Shafts using universal joints shall be retained in the event of a universal joint or shaft failure.

4.23.5 Hydraulic drives Hydraulic power for operation of the auxiliary or evacuation drive shall be independent of the main drive.

4.23.6 Auxiliary drive An auxiliary drive, if provided, shall comply with Clause 4.23.1.

4.24 Brakes and antirollback device

4.24.1 General

4.24.1.1 The service brake, emergency brake, and antirollback device shall be three separate systems such that the failure of one will not impair the functioning of the others. An antirollback device shall not be required on a reversible ropeway.

4.24.1.2 Weather protection shall be provided (a) so that the functioning of the brakes and antirollback device is not impeded; and (b) with access for inspection and adjustment of the brakes and antirollback device.

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4.24.1.3 Each brake and antirollback device (when a brake) shall meet the following requirements: (a) it shall be capable of stopping the ropeway or conveyor under all applicable design load conditions; (b) it shall be capable of holding the maximum design load; (c) it shall facilitate periodic testing; (d) the braking force shall be adjustable; (e) application of any brake shall disconnect the driving power; (f) it shall be capable of stopping the ropeway or conveyor if unintended reverse rotation occurs; (g) it shall be capable of decelerating the ropeway or conveyor in a smooth and controlled manner without any jerk or excessive rope or belt bounce; and (h) it shall be applied by stored energy.

4.24.1.4 Brakes, antirollback devices, and retarding devices shall be provided as specified in Table 3.

Table 3 Required stopping devices (See Clause 4.24.1.4.)

Emergency Antirollback Retarding Ropeway category Service brake brake device device Self-braking Not required Required Not required Not required A ropeway that decelerates, stops, and remains stopped within the service brake performance requirements without a braking device

Non-overhauling Required Required Not required Not required A ropeway that will not accelerate in either direction when it is not driven, but is not self-braking

Overhauling, reverse Required Required Required Not required A ropeway that will accelerate in the reverse direction when it is not driven

Overhauling, forward Required Required Not required Required A ropeway that will accelerate in the forward direction when it is not driven

4.24.1.5 Service and emergency brakes shall act on different braking surfaces to prevent failure from potential contamination of one braking surface.

4.24.1.6 A ropeway shall be designed so that the installation will decelerate with a 15% brake pad friction loss.

4.24.2 Service brake

4.24.2.1 The service brake shall be located at such a point in the drive train that there is no belt, friction clutch, or similar friction-type device between the brake and the drive sheave.

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4.24.2.2 A convenient means to manually control the brake shall be provided.

4.24.2.3 The brake shall be actuated by (a) actuation of service stops; (b) failure of any drive except the evacuation drive; and (c) stopping of the ropeway.

4.24.2.4 The brake shall not release until the drive system has developed the ability to prevent reversal or overhauling under the worst design load condition.

4.24.2.5 For above-surface ropeways, the brake shall be actuated by a device independent of the emergency brake overspeed device if the line velocity exceeds the design maximum speed by 10%.

4.24.2.6 For electric drive operation where an emergency brake is not provided, actuation of the service brake shall cause a full load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor.

4.24.2.7 For internal combustion auxiliary or main drive operation where an emergency brake is not provided, actuation of the service brake shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable, unless the engine power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.24.3 Emergency brake

4.24.3.1 The brake shall act directly on the driving sheave.

4.24.3.2 The brake shall be actuated by (a) actuation of emergency stops; (b) unintended reversal of the drive sheave by not more than 200 mm, measured at the circumference; (c) 10% overspeed, as detected from the speed of the drive sheave or haul rope; and (d) failure of a service stop to initiate deceleration.

4.24.3.3 For electric drive operation, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor.

4.24.3.4 For internal combustion auxiliary or main drive operation, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause the engine to shut down as quickly as practicable.

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4.24.4 Antirollback device

4.24.4.1 Each antirollback device shall be capable of (a) holding the maximum design load; and (b) stopping the ropeway if unintended reverse motion occurs.

4.24.4.2 The antirollback device shall act on the drive sheave or haul rope.

4.24.4.3 The antirollback device shall be actuated by unintended reversal of the drive sheave by not more than 200 mm, measured at the circumference.

4.25 Protection in stations

4.25.1 Guards

4.25.1.1 Protection against moving or hot machine parts shall be provided.

4.25.1.2 Where a passageway is provided between machines or between machinery and walls, there shall be a minimum clearance of 450 mm.

4.25.1.3 Guards or enclosures shall be provided to prevent unauthorized persons from coming into contact with or passing under counterweights.

4.25.2 Exposed equipment Equipment exposed to the weather shall be suitable for its intended application.

4.26 Loading and unloading areas

4.26.1 General

4.26.1.1 The design of loading and unloading facilities shall take into consideration their use by skiers, boarders, foot passengers, and users with special needs.

4.26.1.2 Towers, railings, fences, and other structures shall be designed and constructed to prevent persons or equipment from becoming entangled with such structures.

4.26.1.3 Handrails, safety nets, or ramps shall be provided where necessary for the protection of passengers and operating personnel.

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4.26.1.4 Carriers that pass loading and unloading areas shall not vary in height above the platform surface by more than 100 mm under all conditions of design loads and tensions, including the loading and unloading of passengers.

4.26.1.5 Required clearance to snow and obstructions shall be maintained below carriers.

4.26.2 Handling of passengers

4.26.2.1 A marshalling area shall be provided to direct passengers to the loading location in an organized manner.

4.26.2.2 Where passengers ski or slide to the loading location, the approach shall be inclined slightly downward to permit passengers to slide into position without effort but under control. The approach path shall be such that waiting passengers have a view of the loading area.

4.26.2.3 The loading area shall have sufficient level length to permit passengers to load. The sides of the approach to the loading point from the marshalling area shall be clearly and permanently marked to indicate the direction and width. This shall also serve as a guide to establish the elevation of the loading point.

4.26.2.4 The loading point shall be clearly marked.

4.26.3 Unloading areas

4.26.3.1 The design of the unloading facility, including the length of the level platform at the unloading point (if necessary) and the slope and configuration of the unloading area, shall be commensurate with the (a) operating speed; (b) unloading interval; (c) height of the platform; and (d) type of installation.

4.26.3.2 The point where passengers unload shall be clearly marked.

4.26.3.3 The unloading ramp shall be identified by a pronounced break.

4.26.3.4 Ramps sloping downward from the unloading point shall be not steeper than 40% (21.8°).

4.26.3.5 There shall be unobstructed passage for persons who fail to unload.

4.26.3.6 Sufficient area shall be provided beyond the unloading point to accommodate the design capacity of the ropeway to ensure that passengers have sufficient time and room to clear the area.

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4.26.4 Stations Stations shall be designed to provide attendant surveillance of the loading, unloading, approaches, and departures of passengers.

4.27 Carriers

4.27.1 Static strength Carriers shall be designed for the following forces: (a) dead weight of all parts, including all accessories; (b) live load; (c) forces acting on rope grip components to develop the necessary resistance to sliding; (d) forces exerted by the evacuation device on the point of suspension (to be not less than 2.5 kN); and (e) centrifugal forces due to travel around the return sheaves.

4.27.2 Factors of safety

4.27.2.1 The factor of safety with respect to the yield strength for the forces specified in Items (a) to (c) of Clause 4.27.1, acting together, shall be not less than 3.0.

4.27.2.2 The factor of safety with respect to the yield strength for the forces specified in Items (a) to (e) of Clause 4.27.1, acting together (when applicable), shall be not less than 2.0.

4.27.3 Endurance

4.27.3.1 Components of carriers for above-surface circulating passenger ropeways shall be designed to withstand an endurance test of 5 × 106 cycles, consistent with dynamic loads applied during operation and with the design gripping force present. The test may be performed on separate component parts or subassemblies. Carriers that are not in permanent use during operation (e.g., maintenance, ambulance, freight) shall be exempt from the test.

4.27.3.2 When operating load data is unavailable, the test shall be performed with parameters generating variation of dynamic forces at the grip level not less than twice the weight of a loaded carrier.

4.27.3.3 Endurance testing shall be verified and documented.

4.27.3.4 Detachable grips for above-surface ropeways shall be tested to establish the fatigue life and wear life of the components.

4.27.3.5 Springs of grips for detachable above-surface ropeways shall be tested to 500 000 work cycles (opening and closing). Spring performance curves shall be recorded at the beginning of the test, at 50 000 cycles, at 250 000 cycles, and at the end of the test.

4.27.4 Material The materials used in the manufacture of passenger carriers shall be of suitable quality. The applicable certificates shall be made available.

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Due attention shall be given to proper selection of material, shape, and surface quality of parts with respect to endurance and resistance to brittle fracture within the range of operating temperatures. In particular, the following properties shall be specified for the material of every component part (whenever applicable): (a) static strength, yield point, and ductility at operating temperatures; (b) condition (heat treatment, etc.); (c) notch toughness and transition temperature; (d) weldability, suitability for drop-forging, etc.; (e) corrosion resistance and resistance to corrosion embrittlement; (f) surface quality and/or treatment; (g) basic fatigue limit (endurance); (h) notch sensitivity; and (i) stability of mechanical properties with time (aluminum alloys).

4.27.5 Manufacturer’s tests

4.27.5.1 The haul rope grip, connection, and critical parts of the carrier for above-surface ropeways shall, at the time of manufacture, be non-destructively tested using a method commensurate with the design and materials to ensure that they are free from flaws and cracks. Certificates to this effect specifying the serial numbers of the items tested, the tests carried out, the conclusions of the tests, and the installation on which the components are to be used shall be provided by the manufacturer.

4.27.5.2 For above-surface ropeways where the carriers pass around the drive and return sheaves, the designer and/or manufacturer shall provide calculations and/or testing that prove the carriers can pass around the drive and return sheaves without yielding. The calculations and/or testing shall require that the (a) test load be twice the design load; (b) test sheave have the same or a smaller diameter than the design sheave; (c) test rope speed be the maximum design speed or greater; (d) rim of the test sheave have the same design and fabrication as the design sheave; and (e) the test carrier have the same design and fabrication as the design carrier.

4.27.5.3 For above-surface ropeways with detachable grips, the manufacturer shall verify by testing that the grip has adequate resistance to being plucked from the rope. The test shall require that the force necessary to pluck or pry the grip from the rope is not less than the maximum design weight of a loaded carrier. The test shall be representative of the subject ropeway, taking into account allowable grip wear and rope tolerances. Certificates to this effect describing the tests carried out and the results of the tests shall be provided by the manufacturer.

4.27.6 Maximum load The designer shall specify the maximum load that can be carried on any carrier in the uphill and downhill directions.

4.27.7 Identification Each carrier hanger for above-surface ropeways shall be marked permanently with a serial number at the time of manufacture.

4.27.8 Sway dampers When used, sway dampers shall operate smoothly and without danger of deropement of the carriage or the haul rope or of prying the rope grip from the haul rope.

November 2007 27 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Z98-07 © Canadian Standards Association

4.27.9 Ski racks and other carrying devices The ropeway designer or engineer shall accept in writing the use of ski racks and other carrying devices attached to the carrier. Tests shall be conducted prior to operation for the public. Adequate clearances and non-interference with the ropeway system during operation at design limits shall be verified.

4.27.10 Work and freight carriers

4.27.10.1 A work carrier shall be provided for ropeway types covered by Clause 6. This carrier shall be separate from those used for transporting passengers. Notes: (1) A work carrier may also be provided for ropeway types covered by Clause 7. (2) See Annex B for procedures for work carriers.

4.27.10.2 The designer shall specify, in kilograms, the (a) maximum allowable combined weight of work carrier or freight carrier; and (b) load that may be suspended at any point on the rope.

4.27.10.3 The maximum load in kilograms that may be carried on a work or freight carrier shall be posted on the carrier and at each station.

4.27.10.4 The maximum line speeds for operation with the work and freight carrier shall be specified by the designer. Any other precautions to be taken when using the work and freight carrier shall be specified. The specified maximum speed shall apply to operation on the line and circulation through the stations.

4.27.10.5 Freight carriers that are to be used to transport garbage or similar flammable materials when passengers are on the ropeway shall be equipped with automatic fire extinguishing systems.

4.28 Rope grips

4.28.1 General

4.28.1.1 Rope grips and line sheaves shall be designed to avoid contact between the rope grip and sheave flanges.

4.28.1.2 Fixed rope grips shall be designed to pass smoothly around drive and return sheaves.

4.28.1.3 The rope grips shall be designed to pass smoothly over and under line sheaves.

4.28.1.4 Articulated rope grip ramps shall be designed to limit the upward deflection of the ramp to a maximum of 5°.

4.28.1.5 Rope grip ramps shall be such that leverage will not pry the grip from the rope.

28 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.28.1.6 The rope grip shall be designed to operate in a manner that does not damage the rope.

4.28.1.7 The rope grip shall be permanently marked with the rope diameter for which it has been designed.

4.28.1.8 For above-surface ropeways, each rope grip shall be permanently marked with a serial number at the time of manufacture.

4.28.1.9 Insert-type rope grips shall comply with the requirements of this Standard for rope grips, except where otherwise specified in this Standard.

4.28.1.10 Rope grip jaws shall not be loosened from the rope by relieving torsion in the haul rope and shall not cause concentration of torsion in the haul rope.

4.28.1.11 Except for insert-type grips and rope grips used with secondary carriers, the jaws of the grips at the time of manufacture shall enclose the rope in such a manner that the distance between the two ends of the jaws does not exceed 0.75 times the rope diameter.

4.28.1.12 The working range of the jaws shall extend from +10% to –6% of the nominal rope diameter for above-surface ropeways and +6% to –6% for other ropeways.

4.28.1.13 For detachable grips, the gripping force of the jaws shall not decrease by more than 25% when the rope diameter changes between +10% and –6% of the nominal diameter.

4.28.1.14 For fixed grips, the gripping force of the jaws shall not decrease by more than 25% when the rope diameter is reduced by 6% of the nominal diameter. This requirement shall be achieved without adjustment.

4.28.1.15 When the rope diameter is reduced by 6% of the nominal rope diameter, at least 1 mm of unused travel of the grip jaws shall remain.

4.28.2 Resistance to sliding

4.28.2.1 Except for insert-type grips, the minimum resistance to sliding shall be at least three times the maximum slope component of the loaded carrier weight.

4.28.2.2 For above-surface ropeways, the resistance to sliding shall originate from a force exerted by springs or torsion bars and exclusively from friction between the jaws and the rope. This requirement shall not apply to insert-type grips.

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4.28.2.3 Except for insert-type grips, the designer shall specify the minimum force below which the grip should not slip on the rope and a maximum force above which the grip shall slip on the rope.

4.28.3 Springs

4.28.3.1 When springs are used, not more than 80% of the travel shall be used. For detachable grips, travel shall include the grip opening and closing operation.

4.28.3.2 When helical springs or torsion bars are used, there shall be at least two parallel springs or torsion bars.

4.28.3.3 The spring force diagram shall be close to linear in the range of application and independent of environmental factors.

4.28.3.4 On a carrier using a single rope grip device, if a spring or torsion bar breaks, the grip force shall not be reduced by more than 50%.

4.28.3.5 Springs and operating components shall be protected against corrosion and shall not be affected by the formation of ice.

4.29 Rope tension

4.29.1 Maximum rope tension The tension on ropes shall be calculated under the most adverse conditions. Allowance shall be included for the following: (a) counterweight; (b) rope weight; (c) components of the carriers; (d) friction in the tensioning devices; (e) friction in the line sheaves and saddles; (f) friction of carriage wheels on bi-cable and tri-cable systems; (g) ice on haul, counter, and track ropes (this may be considered under reduced carrier loads, at reduced speed); and (h) temperature.

4.29.2 Minimum rope tension For ropeways where the haul rope supports the carrier, the tension in the haul rope shall be not less than 14 times the maximum vertical load on a single grip.

30 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.30 Controls

4.30.1 General

4.30.1.1 Manual switches

4.30.1.1.1 Manually actuated switches that are used to stop a ropeway or conveyor shall be of the manually reset type, shall be positively opened mechanically, and their opening shall not depend on springs.

4.30.1.1.2 Manual stop switches shall be installed at the following locations: (a) the operator’s station; (b) loading and unloading platforms; and (c) inside carriers where an attendant is required.

4.30.1.2 Stop circuits Required electrical stop circuits shall be energized circuits, so that in the case of circuit interruption, the ropeway or conveyor will stop.

4.30.1.3 Ground fault A ground fault shall cause the ropeway or conveyor to stop.

4.30.1.4 Ground path No ground shall be used for a circuit path except to detect ground fault.

4.30.1.5 Resetting of a safety circuit The resetting of a safety circuit shall not restart the ropeway or conveyor.

4.30.1.6 Markings Control switches shall be marked in accordance with Clause 4.33.1.7.

4.30.1.7 Push buttons and pull cords Manual switches that are used to stop ropeway or conveyor operation shall operate when they are pushed (except for pull cords).

4.30.1.8 Safety levels Safety circuits shall provide safety levels corresponding to the probability and consequences of failure.

4.30.1.9 Safety considerations Consideration shall be given to component failure, safety function failure, change in power quality, short-circuit, ground fault, open circuit, communication failure, data failure, and any other circumstance that could cause undesirable or unsafe results.

4.30.1.10 Environmental influences Consideration shall be given to external influences such as environmental conditions or electromagnetic fields.

4.30.1.11 Safety circuits Safety circuits shall incorporate redundancy and monitoring mechanisms to detect system failure.

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4.30.1.12 Redundancy No failure of a single contactor, relay, or magnetically operated switch shall prevent (a) motor disconnection; and (b) engine shutdown.

4.30.1.13 A contactor, relay, or magnetically operated switch specified in Clause 4.30.1.12 shall be considered to comply with Clause 4.30.1.12 if (a) equivalent safety is provided; (b) the device is certified for use in safety-related systems for persons; and (c) the device is used in accordance with its manufacturer’s instructions.

4.30.1.14 Start interlock No ropeway or conveyor shall be capable of starting unless the devices specified in Clauses 4.30.1.12 and 4.30.1.13 are not in a failed state or position prior to the start.

4.30.2 Location of controls

4.30.2.1 Loading and unloading areas shall have ropeway or conveyor stop switches located conveniently in relation to the position where attendants will be working.

4.30.2.2 The ropeway or conveyor controls shall be located in a position that will not require the operator or attendant to pass through the path of moving carriers to operate the controls.

4.30.3 Lockouts

4.30.3.1 Controls shall be lockable.

4.30.3.2 A lockable disconnect shall be provided to render the system inoperable when locked in the OFF position.

4.30.4 Service stops A manually reset service stopping device shall be located in each station enclosure, machine room, and terminal enclosure, and at all loading and unloading areas. The device shall cause the application of the service brake.

4.30.5 Emergency stops

4.30.5.1 A manually reset emergency stopping device shall be located in each station enclosure, terminal enclosure, and machine room, and at all loading and unloading areas. The device shall cause the application of the emergency brake.

4.30.5.2 The emergency stop shall take priority over all other control stops or commands.

4.30.5.3 Emergency stop switches and push buttons shall comply with CAN/CSA-Z431 and be conspicuously marked “EMERGENCY STOP”.

32 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.30.5.4 In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.5.1, detachable grip ropeways shall be provided with manually reset emergency stop red pull cords strung adjacent to each carrier conveyor.

4.30.6 Deropement switches

4.30.6.1 Deropement switches shall be provided to stop the ropeway if the haul rope leaves its normal running position in any station.

4.30.6.2 Deropement switches shall be provided to stop the ropeway if the haul rope leaves its normal running position on any line sheave assembly.

4.30.6.3 The switches shall be the manually reset type and the resetting shall not cause the ropeway to start.

4.30.6.4 The switches shall not be required on ropeways covered by Clauses 5, 8, and 9, except where secondary carriers have the T-bar type configuration specified in Clause 7.

4.30.6.5 On above-surface monocable ropeways where the carrier speed exceeds 3 m/s, at least one rope position indicator shall be installed on each sheave assembly.

4.30.7 Tensioning system or carriage stop A manually reset device shall stop the ropeway when the tensioning system (a) travels more than 150 mm beyond its normal operating range; and (b) reaches to within 150 mm of the physical limits of its travel. Note: These should be two separate systems.

4.30.8 Safety gate

4.30.8.1 Except for ropeways equipped with cabins or when carriers stop in stations for unloading, a safety gate shall be provided to stop the ropeway if a passenger fails to unload at the intended unloading point.

4.30.8.2 When a safety gate is provided, it shall meet the following requirements: (a) It shall be as close as practicable to the unloading point. (b) For above-surface ropeways, means shall be provided to unload passengers transported through the safety gate within a distance of 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance for a stop consistent with the outcome of a gate fault, past the safety gate. (c) For ropeways not designed to allow a loaded carrier to pass around a bullwheel, the safety gate shall be located at least 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance for a stop consistent with the outcome of a gate fault, from the point of tangency of the bullwheel. (d) When a current-carrying conductor is used as a safety gate, each end shall be detachable and the return line shall be separate. (e) It shall be of the manually reset type, or the safety circuit controlled by the device shall require a separate manual reset located in a position that allows attendant surveillance of the area protected by the device. (f) It shall be conspicuously marked. (g) It shall extend across the ropeway path or tow path.

November 2007 33 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Z98-07 © Canadian Standards Association

(h) It shall not impede the passenger. (i) When a photoelectric safety switch is used, it shall meet the requirements of Clause 4.30.8.3.

4.30.8.3 Photoelectric safety switches shall be (a) approved by their manufacturer for use in safety-related systems for persons; and (b) used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

4.30.9 Bypass circuits

4.30.9.1 Bypass circuits may be installed for emergency conditions.

4.30.9.2 Locks shall be provided for controls used to bypass any portion of the operating control circuitry unless the bypass is part of the normal start-up sequence. These locks shall be in addition to those required by Clause 4.30.3.2.

4.30.9.3 Operation of the bypass shall require continued physical effort by the operator to maintain the bypass condition.

4.31 Electrical

4.31.1 General

4.31.1.1 Except for control circuits, all electrical apparatus and wiring shall comply with the Canadian Electrical Code, Part I.

4.31.1.2 Safety circuits shall not exceed 48 V (nominal).

4.31.1.3 The designer shall specify conductor size, type, and insulation.

4.31.1.4 Only signal, communication, control, and safety circuits of 48 V (nominal) or less shall be carried between towers that support the ropeway.

4.31.1.5 Failure or collapse of a signal, communication, control, or safety circuit cable carried between towers shall cause the ropeway to stop.

4.31.2 Drives

4.31.2.1 Electric drives using a polyphase motor shall be provided with a means that will prevent the starting of the motor if (a) the phase rotation is in the wrong direction; or (b) there is a failure in any phase.

34 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.31.2.2 DC powered electrical motors shall stop in the event of (a) field loss; (b) speed feedback loss; (c) overspeed; (d) overcurrent; (e) SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) misfiring; (f) regeneration failure; (g) actual/reference speed deviation exceeding 15% (digital drives only); and (h) processor stall (digital drives only) (i.e., computer “watchdog’‘).

4.31.2.3 Drive control

4.31.2.3.1 Where an emergency brake is provided, actuation of the emergency brake shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor.

4.31.2.3.2 Where a service brake is provided without an emergency brake, actuation of the service brake shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor, unless the motor power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.31.2.3.3 Where no brake is provided, actuation of a service stop shall cause a full-load-rated contactor or circuit breaker to open as quickly as practicable to disconnect the power to the motor, unless the motor power is disconnected by other means of equivalent safety.

4.31.3 Grounding

4.31.3.1 All terminal and tower structures shall be grounded.

4.31.3.2 All exposed non-current-carrying metal parts of stations and line structures shall be bonded to ground. Note: The required bonding conductor may be the messenger cable used to support the signal, communication, and/or control wiring.

4.31.3.3 The electrical continuity of all metal parts of line structures shall be ensured by mechanical connection.

4.31.3.4 The electrical path to ground from all non-current-carrying metal parts of stations and line structures shall have an impedance low enough to ensure that an inadvertent ground anywhere in the control circuit shall stop the ropeway or conveyor in accordance with Clause 4.30.1.2.

4.31.3.5 Protection against static electricity shall be provided.

4.31.4 Ungrounded power distribution systems A ropeway centreline shall not be located within 18 m of an ungrounded system, unless the system is protected by a ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI).

November 2007 35 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Z98-07 © Canadian Standards Association

4.32 Communications

4.32.1 For an above-surface ropeway, two independent, dedicated, audible, two-way communication systems shall be provided between all station enclosures, machine rooms, and terminal enclosures, and all loading and unloading stations. One of these systems shall be for voice communication.

4.32.2 For surface ropeways and conveyors, an audible two-way voice communication system shall be provided between all areas equipped with operator controls, except where voice communication between the stations is possible while the ropeway or conveyor is operating.

4.32.3 An audible two-way voice communication system shall be provided for machine areas when the ropeway can be operated from those areas.

4.32.4 Ropeway and conveyor communications shall be dedicated to ropeway and conveyor operations and shall not be capable of communication to areas not equipped with operator control for each ropeway or conveyor.

4.32.5 For above-surface ropeways, the voice communication system shall be functional and audible during a main power failure or control system power failure. A voice system shall not be considered functional without an audible means to signal a call.

4.32.6 Ropeway communication systems shall be permanently mounted or installed.

4.32.7 Audio signals shall be audible over all ambient noise levels.

4.32.8 Visual signals shall be visible in bright sunlight.

4.33 Signs

4.33.1 General

4.33.1.1 The signs specified in Table 4 shall be posted where they will be visible to everyone using the ropeway or conveyor, including downhill usage where applicable. On tows for secondary carriers, signs shall be duplicated and appropriately located so that they can be read by passengers facing uphill and downhill.

4.33.1.2 Signs shall be at least 600 mm high and at least 450 mm wide. When advertising is incorporated, signs shall be at least 700 mm high and at least 500 mm wide. Sign corners shall always be rounded. Note: An advertising sign may be used if it is positioned above the applicable pictogram shown in Table 4. It may extend across the width of the sign and should not be more than 100 mm high.

36 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.33.1.3 Written instructions shall be included on each sign. Lower case letters shall be in proportion to the upper case letters as shown in the applicable pictogram in Table 4. Upper case letters shall have a minimum height of (a) 35 mm for one line; (b) 30 mm for two lines; and (c) 25 mm for three or more lines.

November 2007 37 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Z98-07 © Canadian Standards Association

Table 4 Pictogram signs (See Clauses 4.33.1.1–4.33.1.3.)

Sign Pictogram

All lifts (at loading area) If Unfamiliar With Use Of Lift Ask Attendant For Instructions (Before loading area)

If Unfamiliar With Use Of Lift Ask Attendant For Instructions

Remove Pole Straps From Wrists (Before loading area)

Remove Pole Straps From Wrists

Secure Loose Items (Before the loading area)

Secure Loose Items

Chairlifts Lower Restraining Device (On first or second tower)

Lower Restraining Device

Do Not Swing Or Bounce Chairs (On first or second tower)

Do Not Swing Or Bounce Chairs

(Continued)

38 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

Table 4 (Continued)

Sign Pictogram

Chairlifts (continued) Keep Tips Up (Ahead of any points where tips can come into contact with a platform or snow surface)

Keep Tips Up

Prepare To Unload (Distance to be indicated in metres at bottom of sign and direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow, before the unloading area)

Prepare Prepare Prepare to Unload to Unload to Unload XXX m XXX m XXX m

Raise Restraining Device (Before the unloading area)

Raise Restraining Device

Unload Here (Direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow at the unloading area)

Unload Unload Unload Here Here Here

(Continued)

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Table 4 (Continued)

Sign Pictogram

Chairlifts (continued) Safety Gate Emergency Stopping Device (Where applicable, a red flag shall be attached to the safety gate or cord, at the safety gate area)

Safety Gate Emergency Stopping Device

Surface lifts Stay In Track (Along the track)

Stay In Track

Fallen Skier Clear Track Immediately (Direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow, along the track)

Fallen Skier Fallen Skier Clear Track Clear Track Immediately Immediately

Do Not Straddle T-Bar (After the loading area)

Do Not Straddle T-Bar

(Continued)

40 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

Table 4 (Concluded)

Sign Pictogram

Surface lifts (continued) Prepare To Unload (Distance to be indicated in metres at bottom of sign and direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow, before the unloading area)

Prepare Prepare Prepare To Unload To Unload To Unload XXX m XXX m XXX m

Unload Here (Direction left/right to be indicated by an arrow at the unloading area)

Unload Unload Unload Here Here Here

Safety Gate Emergency Stopping Device (Where applicable, a red flag shall be attached to the safety gate or cord, at the safety gate area)

Safety Gate Emergency Stopping Device

Additional sign for conveyors Remain Standing At All Times

Remain Standing At All Times

4.33.1.4 All instruction signs shall be white on a blue background, except when a green background pictogram signage program has already been established and is to be consistently continued. Pictograms shall be enclosed in a white circle at least 400 mm in diameter.

4.33.1.5 Where pictograms indicate a prohibited activity, it shall be indicated by a black symbol on a white background, with a red slash through a red circle at least 400 mm in diameter.

November 2007 41 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. Z98-07 © Canadian Standards Association

4.33.1.6 Priority shall be given to signs required by this Standard. Other informational signs shall not obscure such signs.

4.33.1.7 Start, run, stop, and speed control switches shall be permanently marked with their function.

4.33.1.8 Guys and braces shall be marked for visibility.

4.33.1.9 Open carriers shall be numbered with figures at least 50 mm high. Carriers shall be installed in numerical order except where they detach in a station.

4.33.2 Additional signs for cabins

4.33.2.1 The maximum capacity of each cabin in kilograms and the maximum number of passengers shall be posted on the interior of each cabin and at each loading area.

4.33.2.2 Cabins shall be numbered with figures at least 75 mm high at each end of the cabin.

4.33.3 Unauthorized entry Entrances to all machinery, operators’, and attendants’ rooms shall be posted with a sign to exclude the entry of unauthorized persons.

4.33.4 Electrical equipment All transformer stations and other high-voltage electrical equipment shall be posted with warning signs.

4.33.5 Downhill capacity

4.33.5.1 Ropeways on which downhill traffic is limited or not permitted shall be posted with signs at loading and unloading areas.

4.33.5.2 The maximum downhill capacity and speed shall be posted at loading stations.

4.33.6 Advertising signs Advertising signs inside or outside carriers or on towers shall meet the following requirements: (a) a written statement of acceptance for use shall be provided by the designer or an engineer; (b) signs or fasteners shall not interfere with operation; (c) any increase in wind resistance shall be considered; (d) signs shall not interfere with passenger or attendant vision; (e) signs shall not resemble operational signs or divert attention from operational signs; (f) any sign deemed to contribute to an unsafe condition shall not be installed; and (g) signs shall not be installed on the first three or last three towers.

42 November 2007 Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit. © Canadian Standards Association Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

4.34 Fire protection

4.34.1 Station enclosures and machine rooms and areas shall be equipped with the fire extinguishers required and approved as suitable for the occupancy.

4.34.2 Operator stations, when enclosed, shall contain an approved fire extinguisher of at least 4.5 kg (10 lb) capacity suitable for the occupancy.

4.34.3 Station enclosures and machine rooms and overhead machine areas shall be equipped with smoke detectors that will sound an alarm at the attendant’s station. This system shall also be capable of operation during a power failure.

4.35 Night lighting

4.35.1 Lighting shall be provided when ropeways are used during hours of darkness.

4.35.2 Lamps shall be of a suitable type rated for the minimum temperatures of the locale.

4.35.3 Ropeway towers and stations may be used for supporting lights, subject to the following requirements: (a) written approval of an engineer shall be obtained; (b) service conductors shall be provided with mechanical protection or be placed in rigid conduits; (c) service wiring to towers for lighting shall be buried; (d) a separate enclosed circuit breaker disconnect shall be provided at each tower and station; (e) all metallic raceways on a tower or station shall be grounded; (f) ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) shall be provided; and (g) the lighting installation shall not conflict with the other requirements of this Standard and shall not interfere with the operation of the ropeway.

4.36 Emergency lighting

4.36.1 Permanent emergency lighting shall be installed in machine rooms for above-surface ropeways.

4.36.2 Emergency lighting shall be provided to permit the following in the event of a power failure: (a) regular unloading of the ropeway; and (b) emergency evacuation of carriers.

4.37 Avalanche control A snow safety plan shall be provided where ropeways are located in areas with avalanche potential.

4.38 Manuals

4.38.1 Language The language of all manuals, specifications, and technical data shall be English or French.

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4.38.2 Technical information The designer, manufacturer, and other appropriate person or organization shall prepare and supply the necessary technical information for each new or modified ropeway before the inspections and tests required by Clause 12 are performed. Note: A typical approval checklist is included as Annex A.

4.38.3 Operations manual

4.38.3.1 Before a ropeway or a conveyor is placed in service, an operations manual shall be supplied for use with the installation.

4.38.3.2 The operations manual shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (a) main-drive start-up and operating procedures; (b) auxiliary drive start-up and operating procedures; (c) evacuation drive start-up and operating procedures; (d) loading and unloading procedures; (e) emergency procedures for all anticipated situations; (f) evacuation procedures, including those for night operation, if applicable; and (g) downhill loading procedures, where applicable.

4.38.4 Maintenance manual

4.38.4.1 The designer of a ropeway or conveyor shall provide a maintenance manual for the installation.

4.38.4.2 The maintenance manual shall describe the manufacturer’s and designer’s recommended maintenance procedures, including, but not limited to, the following: (a) the types of lubricants required and frequency of application; (b) the definitions and measurements required to determine excessive wear and replacement criteria; (c) the recommended frequency of service to specific components, including relocation of fixed grips and testing of service and emergency brakes; (d) detailed load test procedures; (e) procedures to test and confirm the drive and control systems and the required testing schedule; (f) a procedure and schedule for the periodic testing of the stopping and holding ability of the service brake, emergency brake, and antirollback device on the basis of the design load; and (g) instructions for checking the operation of any PLC system.

4.38.4.3 The maintenance manual shall cover, but not be limited to, the following: (a) all wire ropes; (b) line sheave assemblies, sheave bearings, and liners; (c) drive and return sheaves, bearings, and liners; (d) counterweight or tensioning systems; (e) chains used in counterweight or tensioning systems; (f) drive system, including bearings and couplings; (g) braking system, including holding torque and test procedures; (h) electrical control systems; (i) communications systems; (j) carriers; (k) proper rigging procedures for splicing ropes;

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(l) corrosion protection; and (m) control of water condensation and drainage.

4.38.5 Rope lift-off during maintenance Designers and/or manufacturers shall provide maintenance manual instructions that address the possibility that the haul rope will lift off the sheave assemblies while the ropeway is being operated without carriers during maintenance.

4.38.6 Rope grips

4.38.6.1 Before the ropeway is placed in service, the designer shall supply to the owner, as part of the maintenance manual, instructions and a schedule for inspection, testing, maintenance, and replacement of rope grips.

4.38.6.2 The designer’s instructions shall provide details for the initial setting of the grip.

4.38.6.3 The designer shall specify a method to ensure that the grip is operating within its design limitations.

4.38.6.4 The designer shall specify a procedure and schedule for the periodic testing of clamp-type grips for resistance to sliding.

5 Reversible passenger ropeways

5.1 General

5.1.1 Clause 5 covers the class of passenger ropeways in which the cable-supported carriers reciprocate between the stations. The requirements of Clause 5 have been formulated for reversible ropeways in which a haul rope (or ropes) is used to move the carriers along the track rope(s).

5.1.2 For reversible passenger ropeways, the requirements of Clause 5 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where a conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 5, Clause 5 shall take precedence.

5.2 General cabin clearances The minimum clearance from the cabin in any direction when the cabin is clear of towers and station shall be 2 m.

5.3 Vertical clearances

5.3.1 Where persons are permitted under a ropeway, a minimum clearance of 4 m shall be provided between the underside of a cabin, the haul rope, and the snow profile, ground, or any obstruction.

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5.3.2 Where persons are not permitted under the ropeway, a minimum clearance of 2.4 m shall be provided between the underside of a cabin, the haul rope, and the snow profile, ground, or any obstruction, except in loading and unloading areas.

5.3.3 Where public vehicles are permitted under a ropeway, a minimum clearance of 5.5 m shall be provided between the underside of a cabin, the haul rope, and the road surface, except where means are provided to restrict and control the vehicle height.

5.3.4 Clearances shall exist under maximum dynamic conditions whether for carrier or haul rope.

5.4 Horizontal clearances

5.4.1 The minimum clearance between two passing carriers, each inclined 12° from vertical toward each other, shall be not less than the greater of (a) 1 m; or (b) 1 + 0.004 (X – 150) m

where X = the chord distance, m, from the point at which the carriers pass to the nearest tower or track-cable supporting structure For the purposes of these checks, the distance between haul ropes or track ropes shall be considered equal to the gauge of the line.

5.4.2 For spans where the carriers do not pass, or for single reversible ropeways, the separation at the middle of the span between the carrier swung 12° inward and any swinging of a sagging rope with which it can come into contact shall be at least 1.8 m for spans up to 300 m in length. For spans greater than 300 m, the separation shall be increased by 0.3 m for each additional 150 m of span.

5.4.3 When carriers have no track rope brakes and use deeper grooved carriage wheels, they may operate at higher wind speeds. The minimum clearance between two passing carriers shall be governed by Clause 5.4.1, but the carriers shall be inclined toward the tramway centreline by 14° (instead of 12°) at wind speeds up to 20 m/s. If the operating wind speed is higher than 20 m/s, such clearance shall be increased proportionally to the wind load.

5.4.4 A carrier shall have an unobstructed longitudinal swing of the greatest of the following: (a) 20°; (b) atan[(3A cos B)/9.81]; or (c) as specified in Clause 5.11.3

where A = deceleration of the system due to use of the service or emergency brake at the most critical point on the line, m/s2

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B = incline of travel direction with respect to horizontal, degrees Note: This formula should take into account a deceleration of three times the statically calculated value resulting from normal braking with the emergency brake.

5.5 Wind force

5.5.1 Wind on cabins and hangers When no test results are available for wind loads on the cabin hanger and carriage, the following shape factor, C, shall be used: (a) cabin: 1.0; and (b) hanger and carriage: 1.6.

5.5.2 Wind on ropes On spans over 400 m, wind forces due to gust speeds shall be considered as acting on a length of rope equal to 240 m plus 40% of the length of the span.

5.5.3 Operations manual The operations manual shall include a procedure for efficiently pulling out a haul rope throw over.

5.6 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains

5.6.1 Tower heights and locations shall be arranged in such a manner that the track ropes cannot lift out of their saddles under the most adverse operating conditions, including a 30% increase in track rope tension.

5.6.2 The minimum pressure on the track rope saddle shall be at least 1.5 times the pressure required to hold the rope in contact with the saddle when a wind pressure of 0.29 kPa is applied upward on the rope parallel to the reaction on the tower.

5.6.3 The track rope shall be free to slide over the saddle or roller chain to balance rope tension.

5.6.4 The coefficient of friction of a track rope sliding in a saddle or roller chain shall be taken into account.

5.6.5 Provision shall be made for lubrication of the saddles and the roller chains when specified by the manufacturer.

5.6.6 The weight of a loaded carrier passing over a tower shall be considered a static load to which 20% shall be added for impact.

5.6.7 Torsional displacement of the tower, including the saddle, shall be limited to a value such that deropement shall not occur under the most adverse design conditions.

5.6.8 The radius of the track rope saddle or roller chain shall be not less than that specified in Table 5.

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Table 5 Minimum radius of the track rope saddle (See Clauses 5.6.8 and 6.17.8.)

Minimum radius Criteria of saddle* Track rope moving and carriers passing over saddle 300 × d

Track rope moving and carriers not passing over saddle 250 × d

Track rope not moving and carriers passing over saddle 200 × d

Track rope moving over a sheave or roller chain 150 × d

Track rope not moving and carriers not passing over saddle 40 × d

*d = nominal diameter of the track rope.

5.6.9 The radial acceleration of the carrier shall be not more than 2.0 m/s2 when it is travelling over the track rope saddle.

5.6.10 A track rope saddle shall be long enough to ensure that the track rope does not make contact with the ends of the saddle.

5.6.11 Saddles shall permit free passage of the carriage when the carrier is swinging laterally within design limitations as it approaches and passes the tower.

5.6.12 Aircraft warning balls shall be provided as required by Transport Canada to alert aircraft to high cables.

5.7 Haul rope guides All line sheave assemblies shall be provided with guides to ensure the return of the rope to the sheave grooves when there are winds across the line of the rope.

5.8 Cabin guides to limit cabin swing

5.8.1 Means shall be provided to monitor wind speed on every wind-exposed tower and terminal.

5.8.2 When open windows are used on the tower side, a clearance of at least 450 mm shall be maintained at the window height when the cabin is swung inward the maximum distance permitted by the design.

5.8.3 For systems without track rope brakes, the allowable lateral swing of cabins at design wind speed with respect to towers shall be not less than the following: (a) for cabins with no cabin attendants: 14°; and (b) for cabins with cabin attendants: 12°.

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5.8.4 When cabins operate without cabin attendants, the following restrictions on cabin swing shall apply: (a) from 3 to 6°: a wind warning (visual); (b) from 6 to 8.5°: a wind alarm (audible); and (c) over 8.5°: a service brake stop.

5.8.5 For systems with track rope brakes, the allowable lateral swing of cabins with respect to towers shall be at least 6°.

5.8.6 Towers shall be equipped with cabin guides that are designed for the installation’s maximum allowable lateral swing for the cabins. No part of a cabin, cabin’s carriage, track rope brake, or suspension system shall make contact with any other part of the tower or tower saddles when passing at the design maximum lateral swing angle for the installation. The designer shall also consider track rope derailment when the rope is running in higher wind pressures.

5.9 Drives

5.9.1 Main drive The main drive shall provide for the regulation of carrier speed when the cabin enters and leaves stations and, if necessary, when it passes over towers.

5.9.2 Evacuation drive When V-belts are used for the evacuation drive, the minimum number of belts shall be four.

5.10 Braking systems

5.10.1 General

5.10.1.1 For the purposes of Clause 5.10, the term “braking systems” shall mean any motion-retarding systems or devices, together with their controls, and includes the retarding effects of friction and gravity.

5.10.1.2 Each ropeway shall be equipped with three means of braking: an emergency brake, a service brake, and another means of braking, which may be dynamic braking or a third friction brake. A track rope brake shall not be considered one of these brake systems.

5.10.1.3 When a mechanical brake system is actuated, the braking system shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.5 m/s2 and a maximum of 2.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions. This requirement shall not apply to the track rope brake and dynamic braking.

5.10.1.4 The emergency brake, acting independently, shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.5 m/s2 and a maximum of 2.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.

5.10.1.5 The service brake, acting independently, shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.5 m/s2 and a maximum of 1.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.

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5.10.1.6 The service brake and the emergency brake shall act on different braking surfaces to avoid failure due to contamination of one surface.

5.10.2 Service brake In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.24.2, the service brake shall operate (a) when a cabin fails to reduce speed at the required rate on approaching and entering stations or, where necessary, when passing towers; (b) when a cabin reaches the normal stop position; (c) when a remote stop from a cabin is actuated; (d) when any safety device is operated; (e) when an insulated haul or counter rope is electrically grounded; (f) at 10% overspeed, as sensed by a tachometer; (g) in the event of a power failure; (h) when there is a motor field loss; (i) on application of a track rope brake; (j) after the longest braking time of the emergency brake has elapsed (to ensure that two brakes do not apply at the same time); (k) when there is any failure of or contact with an overhead rope with grounded components (telephone rope, supervision rope, airplane warning balls carrying rope, or rescue rope); (l) when there is contact between any of the ropes specified in Item (k) or with the haul rope; and (m) when there is a track rope derailment.

5.10.3 Emergency brake In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.24.3, the emergency brake shall operate (a) when a cabin overruns a normal stop position; and (b) at 15% overspeed.

5.11 Systems with track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track

5.11.1 The carriage shall be equipped with a brake that will grip the track rope. The brake shall be capable of stopping and holding a fully loaded carrier from maximum speed at the point of maximum gradient of the track ropes. The brake shall function in the event of (a) a haul rope, counter rope, or connection failure; (b) a reduction of tension in either the haul rope or the counter rope below a minimum set by the designer; and (c) application by the cabin attendant.

5.11.2 It shall be possible to release the track rope brake from the cabin at any location on the line.

5.11.3 The track rope brake shall be designed to stop a carrier under all design conditions while reducing the risk of hazards to passengers and damage to the track rope, carrier, or structures.

5.11.4 Application of the track rope brake shall cause the drive to stop.

5.11.5 A procedure shall be provided to test the track rope brake and its application in the case of loss of haul rope tension, and its ability to hold the load.

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5.11.6 Voice communication between cabins and terminals shall be provided.

5.12 Systems with no track rope brakes on twin track ropes per track

5.12.1 Track rope brakes may be eliminated if the requirements of Clauses 5.12.2 to 5.12.13 are met.

5.12.2 The haul rope shall be a continuous rope of uniform diameter throughout that uses long splices.

5.12.3 The haul rope diameter shall be not less than 20 mm.

5.12.4 The connection of the carriage with the haul rope shall be not less than two independent rope grips.

5.12.5 Carriage rope grips shall have a minimum factor of safety against sliding equal to three times the maximum downward component (static) of the carrier, using the nominal haul rope diameter.

5.12.6 Only steel may be used in the manufacture of the rope grips.

5.12.7 Any slipping of the rope within the rope grips shall be detectable by simple means, e.g., inspection of the distance between a permanent lasting mark on the rope and the rope grips.

5.12.8 The coefficient of friction to be used between a rope grip and haul rope in calculations shall be u (steel) = 0.16. The actual slipping force shall be established by on-site tests.

5.12.9 The exit and entry of the haul rope from the rope grip shall be such that any rope bending radius is large enough not to affect the fatigue life of the haul rope.

5.12.10 Provision shall be made for safe relocation of the haul rope grips on the haul rope.

5.12.11 A 10% change of the haul rope diameter (with respect to the nominal haul rope diameter) shall not affect a change of the clamping force by more than 25%.

5.12.12 The clamping force on the haul rope shall be maintained with a 20% reduction of the haul rope diameter and shall be not less than 50% of the required force based on the nominal haul rope diameter. The same requirement shall apply if the haul rope is pulled through the rope grips a distance equal to the maximum tramway stopping distance (taking into account wear on the rope grips). There shall be a safety factor of 2 against pulling a rope length of 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance through the grips, after taking into account grip wear.

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5.12.13 When the maximum slippage force on the haul rope in the rope grips is applied, the calculated factor of safety of the haul rope shall be not less than 2.5 using a coefficient of friction of 0.16, and not less than 2.0 at the actual pull test.

5.13 Friction of the haul rope on the drive bullwheel The coefficient of friction of the haul rope on the drive bullwheel shall not exceed 0.22 under dynamic or 0.2 under static (uniform speed) conditions.

5.14 Carriage

5.14.1 The weight of the loaded carrier and the haul rope reactions shall be distributed to carriage wheels so that the load on any wheel shall not exceed that recommended for the track rope or the wheel liner material for the wheel diameter selected. The load per wheel shall not exceed 1/80 of the minimum design tension in the track rope when a locked coil rope is used with unlined wheels, or 1/60 with resilient liner material. If rope other than locked coil rope is used as a track rope, the load per wheel shall not exceed 1/40 of the minimum design tension in the track rope.

5.14.2 The carriage shall be equipped with a device that will hold it on the track rope if the carriage wheels derail.

5.14.3 Where icing conditions exist, the carriage shall be equipped with ice-removal devices that shall not make contact with the track rope.

5.14.4 A carriage shall be capable of travel on track ropes without interference if such ropes are deflected by wind to the point of theoretical derailment.

5.14.5 The design of the carriage, track rope brake, and hanger shall be such that, in the event of a haul rope failure and application of the track rope brake, the track rope brake cannot be lifted off the track rope.

5.15 Cabin hanger The cabin hanger shall be equipped with a platform for inspecting the carriage and ropes.

5.16 Cabins

5.16.1 Cabin doors shall be equipped with locks. Door interlocks shall prevent the ropeway from starting with open doors.

5.16.2 Each cabin shall carry evacuation equipment.

5.16.3 Floor space for passengers shall be not less than 0.25 m2 per person for the first 15 passengers, and 0.18 m2 per person thereafter.

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5.16.4 The windows on the tower side shall be kept closed or screened where the cabins are unattended.

5.16.5 Cabin windows shall be made of shatter-resistant material.

5.16.6 Materials used in the structural members of cabins shall be non-combustible.

5.17 Loading and unloading areas

5.17.1 Entrance guides Entrance guides shall be provided at the entrance to each station to guide a cabin swinging in any combination of 12° longitudinally and 12° laterally into the cabin guide.

5.17.2 Cabin guides Guides shall be provided within the stations to prevent lateral swing of the cabins during loading or unloading.

5.17.3 Carrier stops Devices shall be provided to stop the carriers at the correct locations in the stations.

5.17.4 Platforms Platforms shall be provided with sufficient space to accommodate passengers waiting to embark and passengers disembarking from the cabins. Provision shall be made for separating embarking and disembarking passengers.

5.18 Controls

5.18.1 General The following controls and/or devices shall be provided: (a) automatic deceleration to prevent a carrier from entering the stations at speeds exceeding 0.8 m/s. This requirement shall not override the requirements of Item (c); (b) automatic stop of a carrier should it fail to decelerate as required by Item (a); (c) automatic stop of the drive system in the event of loss of the supervisory control system, excessive torque in the drive system, speed in excess of predetermined safe speeds at the zone checkpoints, or application of any brake; (d) automatic indexing of the zone programmer that controls acceleration, deceleration, starting, crawling, and stopping at each station; (e) a minimum of three independent checks of carrier speed that will cause the ropeway to stop if the predetermined speeds are exceeded; (f) a minimum of two independent checks of overspeed conditions, each of which can initiate stopping of the ropeway; and (g) an independent system to check the zone speed system to ensure compliance with Items (e) and (f).

5.18.2 Control room At a minimum, the following equipment shall be installed in the control room: (a) a carrier speed indicator; (b) a carrier position on the line indicator; (c) a manually operated carrier speed control; (d) a wind speed indicator; (e) an indication of failure of the carrier supervisory control system;

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(f) a torque overload indicator; and (g) an indication of overspeed in the slow station and tower zones.

5.18.3 Manual stop switches Manual stop switches shall be installed at the following locations: (a) the operator’s station; (b) loading and unloading platforms; and (c) inside carriers where an attendant is required.

5.19 Communications

5.19.1 A dedicated, audible, two-way voice communication system shall be provided between the terminals and the cabins.

5.19.2 A dedicated radio system shall be provided between the terminals and the cabins as a backup to the requirements of Clause 5.19.1.

5.19.3 For cabins without attendants, the following shall be provided: (a) one-way communication to the cabins; (b) video supervision; and (c) automatic cabin doors and platform gates.

5.20 Evacuation

5.20.1 Reversible ropeway installations shall be provided with a means to evacuate passengers from stranded carriers at any point along the line of travel of the carrier.

5.20.2 Where the ropeway passes over terrain where access by foot is difficult or where cabin height makes descent by escape rope impractical, an independently driven rescue system shall be installed.

5.20.3 Where the ropeway passes over terrain that is easily accessible by foot, evacuation by rope directly from the cabin shall be permitted. The evacuation equipment and method shall be taken into account in the cabin design.

5.20.4 Each cabin shall be equipped with a first-aid kit and emergency lighting.

5.20.5 Provision shall be made to ensure that a cabin without an attendant can be accessed within less than 1 h if it is to be operated in winter and less than 2 h if it is for summer operation only.

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6 Circulating passenger ropeways

6.1 General

6.1.1 Clause 6 covers the class of passenger ropeways in which fixed or detachable carriers circulate in one direction and are fully suspended.

6.1.2 The ropeways covered by Clause 6 may be of the monocable, bi-cable, or tri-cable type.

6.1.3 The carriers may be chairs or cabins.

6.1.4 The requirements of Clause 6 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where a conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 6, Clause 6 shall take precedence.

6.2 Speed

6.2.1 Skiers and boarders The maximum carrier speed, relative to the surface of loading platforms during skier and boarder loading, shall be not more than the values specified in Table 6.

6.2.2 Foot passengers The maximum carrier speed relative to the surface of loading and unloading platforms during foot passenger loading and unloading shall be not more than the values specified in Table 6.

Table 6 Maximum relative carrier speeds for circulating passenger ropeways using a loading conveyor, m/s (See Clauses 6.2 and 6.8.1.2.)

Passenger Single Double Triple Quadruple or more Skier 3 2.8 2.5 2.3 Skier with loading conveyor 3 2.8 2.6 2.6 Foot passenger 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.3

6.3 Vertical clearances

6.3.1 Where persons are permitted under a ropeway, a minimum clearance of 4 m shall be provided between the underside of a carrier and the snow profile, ground, and any obstruction.

6.3.2 Where persons are not permitted under the ropeway, a minimum clearance of 2.4 m shall be provided between the underside of a carrier and the snow profile, ground, and any obstruction, except in loading and unloading areas.

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6.3.3 Where public vehicles are permitted under the ropeway, a minimum clearance of 5.5 m shall be provided between the underside of a carrier and the road surface, except where means are provided to restrict and control the vehicle height.

6.4 Horizontal clearances

6.4.1 When clearances are evaluated, the carrier shall be treated as a rigid unit from the grip to the lowest point of the carrier.

6.4.2 With any 15° longitudinal swing, 15° lateral swing, or a combination of the two, no contact shall be permitted between any part of the carrier and any part of the supporting structure, sheave assemblies, or rope. Alternatively, where these clearances are not met, guides shall be provided.

6.4.3 Guides shall permit free passage of the carrier.

6.4.4 The minimum distance between passing carriers, each swung 10° inward, shall be not less than 1 m at any point on the line.

6.4.5 With 115 kg in the most adverse position on the seat, there shall be a minimum of 200 mm clearance from any tower or structure.

6.5 Ski tip deflectors

6.5.1 Lattice towers With a chair swinging laterally 10° from the vertical position, or to the limit permitted by guides, if any, and when clearance is less than 600 mm from any lattice tower, ski tip deflectors shall be provided on each side of a tower where passengers wearing skis are permitted.

6.5.2 Tubular towers With a chair swinging laterally 10° from the vertical position, or to the limit permitted by guides, if any, and when clearance is less than 600 mm from any tubular tower, ski tip deflectors shall be provided on the side of the tower where passengers wearing skis are permitted.

6.5.3 Clearance The required 600 mm clearance specified in Clause 6.5.2 shall be reduced to 450 mm where it can be demonstrated that ski tips cannot be caught in the ladder.

6.6 Braking systems

6.6.1 When a stop function is initiated, its braking system(s) shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.45 m/s2 and a maximum of 1.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions. Note: See Annex J.

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6.6.2 The emergency brake and the service brake, acting independently, shall decelerate the rope between a minimum of 0.45 m/s2 and a maximum of 1.5 m/s2 for the ropeway’s range of design loads, speeds, and loading directions.

6.6.3 The maximum stopping distance shall be not greater than the distance between carriers.

6.6.4 Where a loss of power or control malfunction would result in the application of one or more braking systems, the rate of haul rope deceleration shall be not greater than 2.0 m/s2 and the rope bounce shall not be excessive.

6.7 Loading and unloading areas

6.7.1 At chairlift loading and unloading locations where passengers could face hazardous conditions on falling out of the carrier immediately after leaving or approaching the location, a safety net shall be installed at the end of the platform.

6.7.2 The leading edges of all platforms shall be fitted with inclined guards to prevent equipment from being caught under the platform.

6.7.3 The width of the unloading path and unloading ramp shall be greater than the width of the carrier path.

6.8 Loading conveyors Notes: (1) Loading conveyors for fixed grip lifts are used to simplify loading of passengers onto moving carriers by reducing the differential speed between the passenger and a moving carrier. (2) Loading conveyors for detachable grip lifts are used to simplify loading of passengers by moving passengers to a permanently marked loading point.

6.8.1 Controls

6.8.1.1 The starting and stopping of the loading conveyor shall be synchronized with the haul rope. The speed of the conveyor shall be scaled to the speed of the haul rope and the following requirements shall apply: (a) A conveyor stoppage shall cause the ropeway to stop. (b) A variation of the differential speed between the loading conveyor and the ropeway of more than ± 15% shall cause the ropeway to stop. (c) A ropeway rollback, reversal, or stop shall cause the conveyor to stop.

6.8.1.2 When a loading conveyor is not in operation, the controls shall ensure that the ropeway speed shall be not greater than the applicable speed specified in Table 6.

6.8.1.3 Belt speed shall be not more than 1.0 m/s.

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6.8.1.4 Belt acceleration and deceleration shall be smooth over the full range of design loads and operating conditions.

6.8.1.5 A manually reset emergency stopping device controlling the conveyor shall be located at the loading area. This device shall cause an emergency stop of the conveyor and the ropeway emergency brake to be applied and need not meet the requirements of Clauses 6.8.1.1 to 6.8.1.4.

6.8.2 Conveyor belt

6.8.2.1 Belt width The belt shall be not less than 150 mm wider than the carrier seat on each side.

6.8.2.2 Belt markings

6.8.2.2.1 The width of the carrier path shall be clearly and permanently marked on the surface of the loading conveyor.

6.8.2.2.2 The surface of the belt shall be made of a material that allows skiers and boarders to easily slide forward or backward.

6.8.2.2.3 Where external belt guides are used, (a) guides shall be continuous, with their joints and ends of sections designed, fitted, and secured in a manner that does not create pinching or catching hazards; and (b) the clearance between the top surface of the belt and the underside of an external belt guide shall not exceed 5 mm.

6.8.2.2.4 The belt and splices shall be designed for the most adverse loading conditions.

6.8.3 Loading gates

6.8.3.1 Loading gates to control passenger access onto the loading conveyor shall be provided.

6.8.3.2 Loading gate operation shall be synchronized with the carrier to be loaded.

6.8.3.3 There shall be a minimum of 800 mm between the loading gate and the start of the loading conveyor when the gate is in the closed position.

6.8.4 Loading zone Passengers shall load between the following: (a) the tangent point of the bullwheel or chair turnaround path; and (b) 1 m before the point where the passenger parts from the loading conveyor.

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6.8.5 Installation

6.8.5.1 The conveyor structure shall be level across, built into, and level with the general deck of the loading terminal.

6.8.5.2 An 11.3 kg load, applied on a surface of 25 x 50 mm at any point on the belt, shall not deflect the surface by more than 2.4 mm.

6.9 Bullwheel unloading When a ropeway and unloading area is designed for passengers to disembark in close proximity to a station drive or return sheave (commonly called “bullwheel unloading”), the entrance to the exit ramp shall be situated in such a manner that the combination of the ramp slope and the distance from the point of tangency of the drive or return sheave to the bottom of the ramp shall be such that the passengers shall be clear of the carrier under all conditions.

6.10 Intermediate stations

6.10.1 Intermediate unloading and loading stations, when located in tandem to permit simultaneous unloading and loading at an intermediate station, shall be separated by an adequate distance that will permit the exit of the unloading passenger and reloading of the vacated carrier.

6.10.2 The distance in metres from the unloading point to the loading point shall be at least eight times the maximum rope speed in metres per second.

6.11 Foot passengers The following requirements shall apply to the loading and unloading of foot passengers: (a) loading and unloading locations shall be level; and (b) the length of the platform shall be commensurate with the speed of the ropeway and there shall be sufficient length of platform to allow attendants to stop the ropeway and assist the passengers.

6.12 Enclosed passenger cabins

6.12.1 Enclosed passenger cabins shall have the following: (a) ventilation; (b) doors that fill the entire entrance opening; (c) door locks that can be unlocked only by authorized persons or automatic means; (d) a means of unlocking the door during emergency evacuation; and (e) where an automatic locking system is used, a method to check the function of the mechanism after each loading station.

6.12.2 Floor space for passengers shall be not less than 0.25 m2 per person for the first 15 passengers and 0.18 m2 per person thereafter.

6.12.3 All cabin windows shall be of shatter-resistant material.

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6.12.4 Materials used in the structural members of cabins shall be non-combustible.

6.13 Chairs

6.13.1 Each chair shall be equipped with a railing at each side to a height of at least 100 mm above the seat and extending a distance of at least 300 mm from the back of the seat.

6.13.2 Each chair shall be equipped with a restraining device that will not open under forward pressure.

6.14 Detachable grip ropeways

6.14.1 Maximum downhill loading speed If the haul rope slopes downward from a detachable station, the designer shall specify the maximum haul rope speed at which detachable carriers with passengers and a following empty carrier may depart from the station. To prevent open grips from sliding down the haul rope, the maximum stopping distance at this maximum loading speed, measured from the last grip check switch, shall not be more than two-thirds the length of horizontal rope at the station exit. The type of stop shall be consistent with the outcome of a grip fault.

6.14.2 Carriers in the stations

6.14.2.1 Smooth acceleration and deceleration of the carrier to and from haul rope speed shall be provided.

6.14.2.2 Provision shall be made to ensure that the carrier spacing shall never be less than the distance specified in the design.

6.14.2.3 The carrier shall be at haul rope speed before attachment.

6.14.2.4 The rate of the carrier’s acceleration to and deceleration from the design haul rope speed shall not exceed 2.4 m/s2 under the most adverse braking conditions.

6.14.2.5 Guides shall be provided to ensure that the grip shall be held in its proper position during transportation, loading and unloading, acceleration, deceleration, attaching, and detaching.

6.14.3 Grip and rope position Switches shall be provided to stop the ropeway under the following conditions: (a) before each coupling when the (i) grip and jaw are not in the proper position for coupling; and (ii) haul rope is not in the proper position for coupling; (b) following each coupling when the (i) haul rope is not in the correct position; and (ii) grip has not closed upon the haul rope in the correct position; (c) before each uncoupling when the haul rope is not in the correct position; and

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(d) following each uncoupling when the (i) grip has not been properly uncoupled from the haul rope and the jaws are not in the correct position; and (ii) haul rope is not in the correct position.

6.14.4 Prevention of collisions A system shall be provided to ensure the correct passage and speed of the grip to prevent contact between adjacent enclosed cabins with a speed differential greater than 1.0 m/s or contact between adjacent chairs. A failure of this system shall cause the ropeway to stop. This system shall include, but not be limited to, the following locations: (a) through each coupling and uncoupling area; (b) through each acceleration and deceleration area; and (c) through each turning area.

6.14.5 Speed synchronization A system shall be provided to ensure that the accelerator and decelerator systems and the carrier transportation system are synchronized with all haul rope speeds. The failure of this system shall cause the ropeway to stop.

6.14.6 Carrier spacing A system shall be provided to ensure that at all haul rope speeds, carriers are properly spaced at least once per trip around the ropeway in accordance with design specifications. A failure of this system shall cause the ropeway to stop.

6.14.7 Carrier security Where chairs are equipped with covers such as bubbles, a method shall be provided to ensure that the covers are closed when a chair is leaving a station unoccupied and are open when approaching a loading location. Failure to pass this check shall sound an alarm.

6.14.8 Grip force check The ability of each grip to produce the required grip force shall be checked before each coupling. The ropeway shall stop if the grip force drops below a value equivalent to two-thirds of the minimum resistance to sliding.

6.14.9 Grip on splice Provision shall be made to prevent a grip attaching to the haul rope at the splice unless the grip will function normally. The maximum and minimum permissible rope diameter variations through the splice length, including the point of strand tucks, shall be specified.

6.14.10 Rail switches

6.14.10.1 Rail switching devices used to add carriers to or remove carriers from the system shall be designed so that carriers cannot pass through open sections of rail and can move only in the intended path of travel.

6.14.10.2 A system shall be provided to prevent operation of the ropeway until the rail-switching devices are properly closed.

6.14.10.3 When a remotely controlled automatic rail-switching system is used, it shall be equipped with devices that will prevent a rail switch from changing positions until the carriers are in the proper locations for switching.

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6.14.11 Station entrance system Provision shall be made to guide carriers into the station.

6.15 Safety gates A safety gate shall be provided to detect a footrest in the down position before it reaches a loading point or obstruction. Note: See Clause 4.30.8 for safety gate requirements.

6.16 Haul rope retention (bi-cable and tri-cable systems) Where the carrier is supported or depressed by tracks or other means, and the haul rope is not in contact with sheaves, the following design requirements shall apply: (a) Under the most adverse loading conditions, the load of the carrier onto the track shall not be less than the greatest of the following values: (i) 2.5 kN; (ii) the design gross mass of the carrier; or (iii) a value in newtons times ten equal to the sum of the adjacent span lengths expressed in metres of slope length. (b) The carriage shall not leave the track if the design haul rope tension is increased by 50% or decreased by 33%.

6.17 Towers, track rope saddles, and roller chains

6.17.1 Tower heights and locations shall be arranged in such a manner that the track ropes cannot lift out of their saddles under the most adverse operating conditions, including a 30% increase in track rope tension.

6.17.2 The minimum pressure on the track rope saddle shall be not less than 1.5 times the pressure required to hold the rope in contact with the saddle when a wind pressure of 0.29 kPa is applied upward on the rope parallel to the reaction on the tower.

6.17.3 The track rope shall be free to slide over the saddle or roller chain to balance rope tension.

6.17.4 The coefficient of friction of a track rope sliding in a saddle or roller chain shall be taken into account.

6.17.5 Provision shall be made for lubrication of a saddle and roller chain when specified by the manufacturer.

6.17.6 The weight of a loaded carrier passing over a tower shall be considered a static load, to which 20% shall be added for impact.

6.17.7 Torsional displacement of the tower, including the saddle, shall be limited to a value such that deropement shall not occur under the most adverse design conditions.

6.17.8 The radius of the track rope saddle or roller chain shall be not less than that specified in Table 5.

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6.17.9 The radial acceleration of the carrier shall be not more than 2.0 m/s2 when it is travelling over the track rope saddle.

6.17.10 A track rope saddle shall be long enough to ensure that the track rope does not make contact with the ends of the saddle.

6.17.11 Saddles shall permit free passage of the carriage when the carrier is swinging laterally within design limitations as it approaches and passes the tower.

6.17.12 Aircraft warning balls shall be provided as required by Transport Canada to alert aircraft to high cables.

6.18 Carriage

6.18.1 On bi-cable and tri-cable systems, the weight of the loaded carrier and haul rope reaction shall be distributed to carriage wheels so that the load on any wheel shall not exceed that recommended for the track rope or the wheel liner material for the selected wheel diameter. The load per wheel shall not exceed 1/80 of the minimum design tension in the track rope.

6.18.2 The carriage shall be equipped with a device that will hold it on the track rope if the carriage wheels derail.

6.18.3 Where icing conditions can exist, the carriage shall be equipped with ice-removal devices that shall not contact the track rope.

6.19 Haul rope guides (bi-cable and tri-cable systems) Line sheave assemblies shall be provided with haul rope guides. These guides shall be installed to (a) permit the unobstructed passage of a carrier gripped to the haul rope; (b) return the haul rope to the sheave groove when it has been lifted; and (c) provide rope guidance, as necessary, under sheave assemblies and structures.

7 Surface passenger ropeways

7.1 General

7.1.1 Clause 7 covers the class of ropeways in which passengers are transported uphill on the surface by carriers propelled by an overhead rope. These ropeways are normally of the monocable type and the rope is usually supported on intermediate towers on both the uphill and the downhill sides. Either fixed or detachable grips may be used.

7.1.2 The requirements of Clause 7 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where a conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 7, Clause 7 shall take precedence.

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7.2 Tow path

7.2.1 The tow path shall have a level or upward slope. The maximum slope shall be 60% (31°) for single passengers and 50% (27°) for two passengers.

7.2.2 The tow path shall intersect the contour lines at right angles.

7.2.3 The minimum tow path width shall be 1.8 m.

7.2.4 The tow path shall extend to a point not less than 1.5 times the stopping distance beyond the safety gate, with the passenger supported by the tow path.

7.3 Carrier interval

7.3.1 For single-passenger carriers, the carrier interval shall be not less than 4.5 s.

7.3.2 For multiple-passenger carriers, the carrier interval shall be not less than 6.0 s.

7.3.3 The carrier interval shall be long enough to ensure that all passengers are clear of the loading point before the following carrier arrives at the loading point.

7.4 Location and height of towers

7.4.1 Towers shall be located in such a manner that the towing carriers cannot lift any passenger off the tow path. A minimum clearance of 2.5 m shall be provided between the haul rope and the snow surface.

7.4.2 The down-coming carriers shall be above the surface and any obstructions.

7.4.3 Towers shall be of such a height and located in such a manner that if the uphill haul rope comes off the supporting sheaves of one tower, the towers or stations on either side will support the rope clear of the snow surface by not less than 0.6 m. Note: The snow surface should be the same as the design ski track.

7.5 Tower clearance

7.5.1 A minimum distance of 900 mm shall be provided between the base of the tower and the vertical plane of the upward-travelling haul rope.

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7.5.2 A minimum distance of 600 mm shall be provided between the tower and the nearest point of the carrier in its normal position.

7.6 Drive and return sheaves

7.6.1 Floating return sheaves Where a floating return sheave is used, provision shall be made to prevent passengers from passing around the sheave.

7.6.2 Guides Guides shall be installed, if necessary, to lead carriers into, out of, and around the stations.

7.7 Brakes

7.7.1 Service brake

7.7.1.1 One or more brakes shall be provided where necessary. Each brake shall be applied when the ropeway is stopped.

7.7.1.2 The maximum stopping distance shall not exceed (a) 8 m; or (b) d = 1.2V2

where d = stopping distance, m V = rope speed, m/s

7.7.2 Emergency brake An emergency brake shall not be required.

7.8 Antirollback device An antirollback device shall be provided. However, it need not apply directly to the drive sheave or haul rope.

7.9 Safety gate In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.8, the safety gate shall (a) be the current-carrying type; and (b) extend across the tow path so that a carrier failing to retract or a passenger failing to unload shall actuate it.

7.10 Loading and unloading areas

7.10.1 Loading areas shall provide a smooth transition from standing to the carrier pulling the passengers at maximum rope speed.

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7.10.2 Unloading points shall be a sufficient distance from any safety gate to permit satisfactory unloading. They shall be inclined to assist passengers in moving away from the towing carriers.

7.10.3 Except where carriers are designed to unload in the station, the distance between the unloading area and upper station guides shall allow the carriers to fully retract and shall permit oscillation to diminish.

7.10.4 Where the ropeway is designed for unloading in the station area, the carrier shall fully retract and stabilize before reaching the first downhill sheave assembly.

7.10.5 At intermediate unloading stations, the minimum distance from the unloading point to the next tower shall be 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance.

8Rope tows

8.1 General

8.1.1 Clause 8 covers the class of passenger ropeways in which passengers grasp a circulating natural or synthetic fibre haul rope or a device attached to the circulating wire haul rope. The uphill rope travels without intermediate support from the loading to the unloading area. The downhill rope can have intermediate supports.

8.1.2 The requirements of Clause 8 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 8, Clause 8 shall take precedence.

8.2 Tow path

8.2.1 The tow path shall have a level or upward slope.

8.2.2 The tow path shall intersect the contour lines at right angles.

8.2.3 The tow path shall be not less than 1.8 m wide.

8.2.4 There shall be no cross slope of the tow path except at the unloading area, where the slope shall be away from the ropeway.

8.2.5 The tow path shall extend to a point not less than 1.5 times the stopping distance of the ropeway beyond the safety gate, with the passenger supported by the tow path.

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8.3 Capacity and speed

8.3.1 Capacity The loading interval and capacity shall be regulated to suit the design limitations of the equipment and the slope gradient.

8.3.2 Rope speed

8.3.2.1 Fibre rope tows The maximum rope speed shall be 3.0 m/s.

8.3.2.2 Wire rope tows The maximum rope speed shall be 2.0 m/s.

8.4 Vertical clearances

8.4.1 Fibre rope tows When the downhill rope is less than 2.1 m above the surface, fencing or other means shall be provided to prevent contact with this rope.

8.4.2 Wire rope tows Towing devices shall not make contact with the surface at any point along the tow path.

8.5 Horizontal clearances There shall be a minimum distance of 0.9 m between the uphill rope and any obstruction between the loading and unloading areas.

8.6 Clearances between uphill and downhill ropes

8.6.1 Fibre rope tows The distance between uphill and downhill ropes shall be not less than 1.4 m.

8.6.2 Wire rope tows

8.6.2.1 The horizontal distance between uphill and downhill ropes shall exceed twice the projection of any carrier attached to the haul rope. This distance shall be not less than 1.0 m for tows up to 100 m in slope length and 1.4 m for tows over 100 m in slope length.

8.6.2.2 The downhill rope shall be located in such a manner that a passenger cannot be struck by a downhill carrier.

8.7 Vertical forces At no point between the loading and unloading areas shall the rope exert a downward force greater than 137 N, or an upward force greater than 157 N, when held at a height 0.6 m above the surface.

8.8 Towers There shall be no spikes, hooks, or other projections on a tower at less than 2.1 m above the surface.

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8.9 Loading sheaves A grooved sheave or sheaves may be installed to hold the uphill rope above the surface at the loading position. Where used, these sheaves shall be arranged to prevent the rope from being pulled out of the groove by the passenger.

8.10 Control of rope rotation

8.10.1 Fibre rope tows Sheave adjustment or other means shall be provided to limit the rotation of the up-going rope to not more than one complete revolution in 60 m of travel and not more than three revolutions in the total uphill length.

8.10.2 Wire rope tows Provision shall be made to align drive and return sheaves to control rotation of the haul rope.

8.11 Guides Means shall be provided to guide carriers into, around, and out of drive and return sheaves and to prevent carriers from swinging excessively while passing around a sheave.

8.12 Brakes

8.12.1 Service brake

8.12.1.1 A brake shall be provided where necessary.

8.12.1.2 The maximum stopping distance shall not exceed (a) 8 m; or (b) d = 1.2 V2

where d = stopping distance, m V =rope speed, m/s

8.12.2 Emergency brake An emergency brake shall not be required.

8.13 Antirollback device When any combination of passengers can pull the rope backward, an antirollback device shall be provided. This device need not apply directly to the drive sheave or haul rope.

8.14 Safety gate In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.8, the safety gate shall (a) be the current-carrying type; and (b) encircle the uphill rope in such a manner that a passenger failing to unload shall actuate the safety gate.

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8.15 Towing outfits

8.15.1 Rope grippers Rope grippers shall not be permitted on fibre rope tows.

8.15.2 Wire rope tows

8.15.2.1 Carriers shall be designed to prevent sliding along the haul rope when subjected to twice the pull required to move a passenger along the tow path at the steepest point.

8.15.2.2 Carriers shall be designed to prevent fingers, gloves, or clothing from being caught between the carrier and the haul rope.

8.15.2.3 The attachment of the carrier to the haul rope shall not impair the strength of the haul rope.

8.16 Drive controls All controls shall be located in such a manner that attendants remain clear of moving equipment. Neither the attendant nor the controls shall be located between the uphill and downhill ropes.

9 Ropeways for secondary carriers

9.1 General

9.1.1 Clause 9 covers the class of passenger ropeways used to transport passengers on secondary carriers that are (a) connected by an attendant or by self-service hooking equipment to attachments on the circulating wire haul rope; and (b) detached at a predetermined unloading point.

9.1.2 Ropeways designed for use of secondary carriers are not used for transporting skiers or boarders. Conversion of a ropeway from skier/boarder to secondary carrier use or vice-versa shall be deemed an alteration (see Clause 4.2).

9.1.3 The requirements of Clause 9 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 9, Clause 9 shall take precedence.

9.2 Tow path

9.2.1 The tow path shall have an upward slope only, except for the unloading area.

9.2.2 The tow path shall be protected to prevent access from adjacent slopes.

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9.2.3 The tow path shall be designed and maintained to guide secondary carriers so that no part of a secondary carrier is beneath any obstructions under any loading condition unless a minimum vertical clearance of 2 m is maintained.

9.2.4 The tow path shall have a crossfall and sufficient width to ensure, if a secondary carrier inadvertently detaches, that the detached carrier will slide clear of the uphill path of any following secondary carriers.

9.2.5 Containment barriers shall be in place along the crossfall of the tow path to stop and control any detached secondary carrier.

9.2.6 The tow path shall extend to a point beyond the safety gate to provide sufficient stopping distance to stop the ropeway with the secondary carrier supported by the tow path.

9.2.7 Secondary carriers shall be disengaged from attachments at the designated unloading area.

9.2.8 The disengaging location shall be designed and maintained to allow for the release of a secondary carrier from the haul rope by providing a downhill slope along the path of the rope with the passenger still riding on the secondary carrier.

9.3 Capacity

9.3.1 The maximum number of passengers to be loaded on a secondary carrier shall not exceed the manufacturer’s design. The capacity shall be posted at the loading area.

9.3.2 The loading interval shall be regulated to suit the design limitations of the equipment and the slope gradient, with a minimum loading interval as follows: (a) 5 s for speeds of 1.2 m/s or less; and (b) 6 s for speeds greater than 1.2 m/s.

9.4 Rope speed

9.4.1 The maximum rope speed shall not exceed 1.6 m/s.

9.4.2 Smooth acceleration and deceleration shall be required over the full range of design loads and operating conditions so that secondary carriers do not become detached or are jerked because of a change in the rate of acceleration or deceleration.

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9.5 Vertical clearances

9.5.1 A means shall be provided to prevent contact with the downhill rope and any attachments, including, but not limited to, the following: (a) the haul rope and any attachments not less than 2.1 m above the surface of the tow path; or (b) fencing.

9.5.2 The designer/manufacturer shall specify the following: (a) the acceptable orientation of attachments while they are being unloaded and loaded from a specific reference point; (b) for the haul rope and/or attachments, the minimum and maximum clearance measured from the snow surface; (c) user size; and (d) loading and unloading requirements.

9.6 Horizontal clearances The horizontal distance between uphill and downhill ropes shall exceed twice the length of any attachments to the haul rope on the downhill side. This distance shall not be less than 1.0 m for tows up to 100 m in slope length and 1.4 m for tows over 100 m in slope length.

9.7 Vertical forces Secondary carriers shall remain in contact with the tow path at all times.

9.8 Towers

9.8.1 When towers are used, a minimum of 2.5 m shall be provided between the haul rope and the snow surface.

9.8.2 The downhill attachments shall be above any obstructions.

9.8.3 The towers shall be of such a height and located in such a manner that if the uphill haul rope comes off the supporting sheaves of one tower, the towers or stations on either side will support the rope clear of the snow surface of the tow path by at least 0.6 m.

9.9 Loading sheaves A sheave or sheaves may be installed to hold the uphill rope above the surface at the loading position. Where used, these sheaves shall be arranged in a manner that prevents the rope from being pulled out of line by a loaded secondary carrier.

9.10 Control of rope rotation Provision shall be made to align drive and return sheaves to control rotation of the haul rope.

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9.11 Guides When secondary carrier attachments are permanently connected to the haul rope, means shall be provided to guide such devices into, around, and out of drive and return sheaves and to prevent these devices from swinging excessively while passing around these sheaves. In addition, means shall be provided to guide secondary carrier attachments past tower line sheave assemblies.

9.12 Brakes

9.12.1 Service brake

9.12.1.1 A brake shall be provided unless an unloaded ropeway operating at maximum speed will stop within 8 m.

9.12.1.2 Decelerating the ropeway over the full range shall not cause any secondary carrier to become detached.

9.12.2 Emergency brake An emergency brake shall not be required.

9.12.3 Antirollback device When any combination of uphill loaded secondary carriers can pull a rope backward, an antirollback device shall be provided. The device need not apply directly to the drive sheave or haul rope.

9.13 Safety gate In addition to meeting the requirements of Clause 4.30.8, the safety gate shall (a) be the current-carrying type; and (b) encircle the uphill rope, or where the type of ropeway used makes this impractical, extend across the tow path in such a manner that when a secondary carrier fails to be detached from the haul rope the safety gate is actuated.

9.14 Towing attachments

9.14.1 Attachments shall be designed to prevent sliding along the haul rope when (a) subjected to twice the pull required to move a loaded secondary carrier along the tow path at the steepest point: and (b) a secondary carrier is empty.

9.14.2 Attachments shall be designed to prevent fingers, gloves, or clothing from being caught between the attachment and the haul rope.

9.14.3 Fastening of the attachments to the haul rope shall not impair the strength of the rope.

9.14.4 All attachments to the haul rope and components for pulling secondary carriers shall have a factor of safety of not less than 5, based on the ultimate strength of the unit and the maximum force that would be applied when hauling a fully loaded secondary carrier up the steepest point on the tow path.

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9.14.5 Attachments shall be repositioned in accordance with the designer’s instructions.

9.15 Drive controls

9.15.1 Controls for starting, stopping, and accelerating shall be provided. All controls shall be located in such a manner that attendants remain clear of moving equipment.

9.15.2 Except for ropeways where the uphill and downhill ropes are not less than 2.1 m above the snow surface, neither the operator nor the controls shall be located between the uphill and downhill ropes.

10 Conveyors Note: See also Clause 6.8 for requirements on loading conveyors.

10.1 General

10.1.1 Clause 10 covers the class of passenger conveyors in which skiers, riders, or foot passengers are transported uphill for recreational purposes while standing on a flexible moving element.

10.1.2 Clause 10 does not cover moving platforms used to move skiers into the loading position on circulating passenger ropeways.

10.1.3 The requirements of Clause 10 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4. Where a conflict exists between Clauses 4 and 10, Clause 10 shall take precedence.

10.2 Conveyor path

10.2.1 The maximum grade of the conveyor shall be regulated for the intended use. The grade of the belt shall not exceed 40% (21.8°).

10.2.2 The maximum cross-slope of the conveyor structure shall not exceed 5% (3°).

10.2.3 Where a conveyor is elevated above the surrounding grade, an integral unobstructed walking surface shall be located along at least one side of the belt. The unobstructed surface shall be within 30 mm above or below the surface of the loaded belt and at least 300 mm wide. Where a conveyor is on grade, the adjacent surfaces (both sides) shall be within 30 mm above or below the belt surface and maintained for a minimum width of 300 mm.

10.2.4 The surface beyond the walking surface shall have, for a width of at least 1850 mm, a slope of not more than 1:2 away from the conveyor. A fence or other structure may be used in lieu of grading on one or both sides of the walking surface.

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10.2.5 Skirting The following requirements shall apply: (a) Rigid skirting shall be provided along the full length of all conveyors. (b) Skirting shall be removable for maintenance and inspection. (c) Skirting shall extend from immediately below the level of the walking surface for 1000 mm or to within 150 mm of ground level. Note: The purpose of this Item is to prevent a hazard from developing where snowmelt could create a cavern beneath the surface along the edges of the belt surface or walking surface.

10.3 Capacity and speed

10.3.1 The capacity and loading interval shall be specified by the manufacturer to suit the design limitations of the equipment, the slope gradient, and the ability of passengers to load and leave the conveyor. Information on the capacity, loading interval, and design limitations of the equipment shall be provided by the manufacturer.

10.3.2 The maximum belt speed shall be 0.8 m/s.

10.3.3 Belt acceleration and deceleration shall be smooth over the full range of design loads and operating conditions.

10.4 Clearances

10.4.1 Clearing No trees or shrubs shall be permitted closer than 2 m horizontally and 3 m vertically from the belt surface.

10.4.2 Clearance to structures The minimum vertical clearance from the belt surface shall be 2.2 m. There shall be a minimum horizontal clearance of 300 mm between each exposed edge of the belt and any obstruction for the full length of the belt between the loading and unloading zones.

10.5 Line equipment

10.5.1 The belt and splices shall be designed for the most adverse loading conditions.

10.5.2 An 11.3 kg load, applied on a flexible surface of 25 × 50 mm at any point on the surface, shall not deflect it by more than 2.4 mm.

10.5.3 Permanent or temporary structural supports for conveyor trusses and machinery components shall be provided. They shall be designed to withstand static and dynamic loads imposed under the most adverse design operating conditions without shifting or settling.

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10.5.4 Where external belt guides are used, (a) they shall be continuous, with their joints and ends of sections designed, fitted, and secured so as not to create any pinching or catching hazards; and (b) the clearance between the top surface of the belt and the underside of an external belt guide shall not exceed 5 mm.

10.5.5 Conveyors shall be designed and installed to prevent the belt from lifting off its running surface under all load conditions.

10.6 Brakes, antirollback devices, and automatic stopping devices

10.6.1 An antirollback device shall not be required on a conveyor that will not run in the down direction by gravity under any load condition when the power supply is interrupted. Note: A service brake is not considered an antirollback device.

10.6.2 If an antirollback device is provided, it need not apply directly to the drive drum.

10.6.3 Emergency stop unloading

10.6.3.1 The conveyor shall be equipped with an automatic stopping device of the manual reset type located at the unloading end. The device, if triggered, shall actuate an emergency shutdown of the conveyor.

10.6.3.2 The stopping device shall be located (a) downhill from the belt transition area at 1.5 m plus 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance of the belt operating at full speed; or (b) at the belt transition area.

10.6.3.3 Stopping device located at belt transition area

10.6.3.3.1 The maximum stopping distance of a conveyor operating at full speed shall be not more than 25% of the circumference of the drive drum. The maximum opening at the belt transition area shall be 85 mm and there shall be no obstructions from the belt transition area for a distance of 1.5 times the maximum stopping distance.

10.6.3.3.2 Where the automatic stopping device has less than 75 mm of movement, the maximum stopping distance shall be not more than 75% of the movement of the stopping device.

10.6.3.3.3 The stop shall be actuated when the automatic stopping device has moved not more than 10 mm from its normal operating position.

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10.7 Drive

10.7.1 General An internal combustion engine shall not be used as a directly coupled drive.

10.7.2 Drive controls Stop buttons shall be provided at all attendant and operator stations and at the entrances to electrical control spaces, drive system spaces, tensioning system spaces, and loading and unloading areas.

10.8 Loading and unloading areas

10.8.1 The loading area shall be approximately level and constructed in a manner that guides passengers to a marked loading point.

10.8.2 The unload area shall be inclined downward in the direction of travel and outward from the line of the uphill belt path to provide passenger movement away from the belt.

10.9 Tensioning

10.9.1 A belt-tensioning system shall be provided to ensure constant specified tension under all anticipated operating temperatures and to allow for belt stretch and shrinkage.

10.9.2 The available travel of tensioning drums or rollers shall be adequate to properly tension the belt during normal operations.

10.10 Enclosures Permanent and temporary enclosures shall not obscure the operator’s and/or the attendants’ view of the conveyor. Permanent and temporary enclosures shall not impede passengers using the conveyor and shall meet the clearance requirements of Clause 10.4.

11 Ropes and chains

11.1 General Clause 11 applies to all ropes, cables, and chains used in passenger ropeways, including (a) track ropes for reversibles and bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways; (b) haul ropes for reversibles, bi-cable and tri-cable ropeways, above-surface ropeways, surface ropeways, and wire rope tows; (c) counter-ropes; (d) tensioning ropes; (e) signal cables; (f) guy ropes; and (g) fibre ropes.

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11.2 Fibre ropes

11.2.1 Haul ropes of fibre rope tows Haul ropes shall be natural or synthetic fibre ropes having a special lay or braid to minimize twist.

11.2.2 Factor of safety The minimum factor of safety shall be 5, based on the breaking strength of the rope specified in the manufacturer’s catalogue divided by the maximum static tension in the haul rope.

11.3 Wire ropes

11.3.1 Physical properties Wire rope complying with CSA G4 or an equivalent Standard shall be used in passenger ropeways, with the exception of galvanized signal carrier cables and guy ropes, which shall comply with CAN/CSA-G12.

11.3.2 Factors of safety

11.3.2.1 The minimum factors of safety shall be based on ultimate strength and maximum static tension and be as specified in Table 7.

Table 7 Minimum factors of safety for ropes (See Clause 11.3.2.1.)

Ropeway Ropeway not Rope operating operating Rescue rope in a closed loop when main ropeway operating 2.75 2.75 Rescue rope in a closed loop when rescue rope is being used 3.0 — Winch rescue rope 5.0 — Guy rope 3.5 3.5 Haul rope 4.5 3.0 Rope used to support floating sheaves 6.0 3.5 Telephone and signal cable 3.0 2.0 Tensioning rope 6.0 3.5 Track rope 3.0 2.0

11.3.2.2 For ropeways with track ropes, the factor of safety of a haul rope without splice shall be not greater than 25, based on ultimate strength and maximum static tension. For spliced haul ropes, the factor of safety shall be not greater than 20.

11.3.3 The diameter of a rescue rope in a closed loop shall be not less than 15 mm.

11.3.4 The diameter of a winch rescue rope shall be not less than 10 mm.

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11.3.5 With the rescue system not in operation, a telephone, signal, or rescue rope shall not contact a carrier, track rope, or moving rope under normal or adverse wind pressure and ice conditions.

11.4 Wire rope construction

11.4.1 Haul and counter ropes Haul and counter ropes shall be stranded ropes with regular or Lang’s lay.

11.4.2 Track ropes

11.4.2.1 Single spiral strands shall not be used.

11.4.2.2 Track ropes shall be made entirely of steel.

11.4.2.3 Every track rope shall be made as a single continuous length over the travelled section.

11.4.3 Tensioning ropes Only flexible 6 x 36 WS, 6 x 41 WS, and 8 x 36 WS regular lay rope shall be used for tensioning ropes.

11.4.4 Guy ropes Guy ropes shall be galvanized.

11.5 Track ropes

11.5.1 Single spiral strands shall not be used in track ropes.

11.5.2 Track ropes shall be made entirely of steel.

11.5.3 Each track rope shall be made as a single continuous length over the travelled section.

11.6 Guy ropes All guy ropes shall be galvanized.

11.7 Testing

11.7.1 The rope manufacturer shall supply a certificate or certificates stating the diameter, rope length, grade of rope, construction, manufactured lay length, wire diameters, metallic cross-sectional area, unit weight, type of core, lubrication, and, in the case of track ropes, haul ropes, counter-ropes and tensioning ropes, the actual breaking strength, as determined by a test to destruction of a length from each rope. The manner and location of break shall be stated on the certificate. Torsion test and break test results shall also be supplied for track, haul, and counter-rope wires.

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11.7.2 Testing shall be completed in accordance with CSA G4.

11.8 Splices

11.8.1 Haul ropes Note: This Clause need not apply to fibre ropes.

11.8.1.1 Splicing shall be performed by an experienced splicer. The minimum length of the splice shall be 1200 times the nominal rope diameter. The tails, or lengths of the rope strands tucked into the core of the rope on splicing, shall be a minimum of 50 times the nominal rope diameter in length.

11.8.1.2 When two or more contiguous long splices occur in a rope, they shall be separated by an undisturbed length of rope that shall be a minimum of 2400 times the nominal rope diameter.

11.8.1.3 Only conventional long splices shall be used in haul ropes.

11.8.2 Wire rope tows Sleeve-type splices or wedge-splice handles, when used, shall be installed in accordance with the ropeway manufacturer’s instructions and replaced annually.

11.8.3 Tensioning ropes Splices shall not be permitted in tensioning ropes.

11.8.4 Conveyor belt splices Splices in conveyor belts shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and use approved belt-lacing material.

11.9 End connections

11.9.1 Haul ropes End connections shall be capable of developing the full strength of the rope to which they are attached.

11.9.2 Tensioning ropes

11.9.2.1 End connections shall be designed against failure or slippage under a tension equal to 80% of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

11.9.2.2 Torsion of a tensioning rope shall not be transferred to a track rope.

11.9.3 Track ropes

11.9.3.1 A lined track rope bollard (anchor) shall have a diameter of not less than 65 times the rope diameter or 600 times the largest diameter or height of the outer wires. For an unlined bollard or wheel, the diameter shall be increased by 25%.

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11.9.3.2 One end of a track rope shall be anchored by wrapping it around a bollard a minimum of two wraps. The residual tension shall be secured by no fewer than two identical clamps, one carrying the load and another acting as a check against slippage. The number of turns and number of clamps shall be specified by the ropeway manufacturer or designer.

11.9.3.3 At the time of installation, the length of the track rope shall allow for slipping a minimum of three times. The allowance for each slip shall be not less than the length of the longest saddle or roller chain, plus 5 m.

11.9.3.4 A track rope bollard and stored rope shall be covered for protection from the weather.

11.9.4 Sockets

11.9.4.1 A rope socket shall be designed so that it will not be stressed beyond the yield point of the material used when the rope it anchors and connects is under tension equal to its nominal breaking strength.

11.9.4.2 The method of socketing shall be one currently in practice or established by tests, and shall develop the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

11.9.4.3 Socketing shall be performed by a qualified person.

11.9.4.4 A sleeve socket and cone shall be secured against turning.

11.9.4.5 A report shall be provided by the person performing the socketing procedure. At a minimum, the following shall be included in the report: (a) chemical analysis of material used; (b) temperatures of pouring material and preheated socket body (zinc sockets); (c) details of cleaning process (resin sockets); (d) type of rope lubricant applied after socketing; and (e) name and signature of person pouring the socket. Note: A sample of a cast socket report is included as Annex K.

11.9.5 Wire rope clips and thimbles

11.9.5.1 Use of wire rope clips and thimbles shall be limited to tensioning ropes and guys.

11.9.5.2 Wire rope clips shall be of forged steel.

11.9.5.3 Wire rope clips and thimbles shall be used in the quantity and with the spacings specified by the wire rope clip manufacturer.

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11.9.5.4 A wire rope clip of the single-saddle type shall be installed with the U-bolt against the “dead end” and the saddle against the “live end”.

11.9.5.5 Torque values and retightening procedures shall conform to the instructions of the wire rope clip manufacturer.

11.9.5.6 The clip shall be such that the strength of the rope, when attached, shall be not less than 80% of the nominal breaking strength of the rope.

11.10 Non-destructive testing of ropes, sleeves, and sockets

11.10.1 After installation of a track rope on new or existing ropeways and before operation for the public, an MRT of the rope shall be performed.

11.10.2 After installation of a haul rope on new or existing above-surface ropeways and before operation for the public, an MRT of the rope shall be performed.

11.10.3 The requirements for non-destructive testing of ropes shall be as follows: (a) All MRTs shall be performed by a qualified person. (b) On above-surface ropeways, MRT examinations shall be performed at intervals not exceeding 4000 h of operation, according to an operating hour meter, or 36 months, whichever occurs first. When it is anticipated that the date for the test will occur during an operating period, the test shall be performed before that period. (c) When the condition of the rope on above-surface ropeways warrants, or if the rope shows signs of neglect, more frequent MRT examinations shall be carried out. (d) A copy of an interpretive report on the tests specified in Items (b) and (c) shall be kept in a rope log. This report shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (i) diameter measurements; (ii) broken wire locations; (iii) broken wire locations visually confirmed; (iv) condition of splices and repairs; (v) locations of mechanical damage; (vi) hours of operation since the last inspection; (vii) general rope condition, lubrication, cleanliness, and surface corrosion; (viii) locations requiring special inspection; (ix) estimate of loss of metallic cross-sectional area (LMA); (x) a statement that the rope meets the requirements of this Standard; and (xi) the signature of the test interpreter and the date. Note: A sample of a non-destructive rope test report is included as Annex E.

11.10.4 The whole length of each rope (including tensioning ropes and guys) and all connections shall be visually examined at established intervals not exceeding one year or 2000 h of operation, whichever comes first, or immediately after any incident that can affect the condition of the rope.

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11.10.5 A sleeve and socket that is to be used or reused shall be non-destructively tested to establish its usability. This testing shall be documented.

11.10.6 The socket replacement interval shall be specified by the manufacturer or an engineer.

11.10.7 For reversible ropeways with spliced haul ropes, an MRT of the haul rope shall take place at yearly intervals unless experience justifies a different interval, which shall be specified by the manufacturer or designer of the system.

11.11 Wire rope maintenance

11.11.1 Maintenance shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (a) The type of lubricant and the frequency of lubrication shall be as recommended by the rope manufacturer or designer. A rope that has little or no motion, e.g., a tensioning rope or guy rope, shall be given special consideration for protection against corrosion. (b) Ropes shall be kept clean. (c) Rope connections shall be protected against corrosion. (d) Saddles and roller chains shall be liberally lubricated.

11.11.2 During the operating season, recorded monthly visual inspections of all exposed areas shall be performed on the following: (a) areas of multiple broken wires or other external defects on haul ropes, track ropes, and tensioning ropes; (b) track ropes and tensioning ropes where they pass over saddles, roller chains, and counterweight sheaves; and (c) all rope connections (splices) and end attachments.

11.11.3 At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, each tensioning rope (excluding track tensioning ropes) shall be completely detensioned and/or removed so that a visual inspection of its entire length, circumference, and end fixings can be performed.

11.12 Protruding broken wires

11.12.1 Broken wires protruding from a rope shall be bent back and forth until they fracture at the surface of the rope.

11.12.2 A wire rope tow shall not be operated when the ends of a broken wire protrude above the surface of the rope.

11.13 Replacement or repair of wire rope

11.13.1 General If a rope is damaged in a manner that makes it unsafe, it shall be repaired or replaced.

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11.13.2 Replacement criteria The following criteria shall be used in addition to Clause 11.10 to evaluate the necessity for rope replacement: (a) abrasion, scrubbing, or peening causing loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the outside wires; (b) evidence of rope deterioration from corrosion, heat, or electrical discharges; (c) kinking, crushing, or other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure; (d) diameter reduction to below 94% of the actual diameter measured after 50 h of operation; (e) evidence of pitting from corrosion or broken wires in the vicinity of attached fittings; (f) a significant increase in the lay length; (g) a significant change in the rate of rope stretch; and (h) the condition of the main haul rope splices.

11.13.3 Splices All tucks of splices shall be marked and a splice shall be repaired or replaced if (a) more than the allowable number of broken wires are found at the tucks; (b) there is any sign of slipping; or (c) significant distortion of the rope at any tuck or splice location has occurred.

11.13.4 Splicing in replacements If the haul rope damage is local, a section of rope of the same size and construction may be spliced in.

11.13.5 Damaged wires

11.13.5.1 If a reduction in metallic cross-sectional area exceeds the applicable value specified in Table 8 because of broken wires, wear, corrosion, wire slackening, or other damage, the rope shall be replaced or repaired.

Table 8 Loss in metallic area (See Clauses 11.13.5.1–11.13.5.3 and Table I.1.)

Maximum permissible % loss Class of rope in metallic area Reference length* Locked coil rope 10 200 x d 8 30 x d 5 6 x d Stranded rope 25 500 x d 10 30 x d 6 6 x d *d = nominal diameter of the track rope. Note: Table I.1 provides a means for estimating the number of wire breaks on various rope constructions that this Table represents. It should be noted that Annex I is not a mandatory part of this Standard, and that the actual allowable number of broken wires can differ slightly from those specified in Table I.1. The actual LMA should be determined by a qualified person based on the actual wire sizes.

11.13.5.2 For recovery and evacuation ropes, the maximum loss in metallic area shall be 50% of the applicable value specified in Table 8.

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11.13.5.3 For tension ropes, the maximum loss in metallic area due to visible wire breaks shall be 50% of the applicable value specified in Table 8.

11.13.5.4 If there is any doubt about the size of a broken wire indicated by an MRT when loss in metallic area is calculated, it shall be assumed to be a larger cross-section wire in the rope.

11.13.5.5 A haul rope shall not remain in service if more than 50% of the outer wires of one strand are broken within one lay length.

11.13.5.6 Loose wires and wires repaired by welding, brazing, or gluing shall be regarded as broken wires.

11.13.5.7 The same wire broken in several places over the stated reference length shall be regarded as a single broken wire.

11.13.5.8 At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, each tensioning rope (excluding track tensioning ropes) shall be detensioned and/or removed so that a visual inspection of its entire circumference and end fixings can be performed.

11.13.6 Repairs to haul rope If the haul rope is damaged but the damage is confined to only one or two strands, the damaged strand or strands may be replaced and the rope may continue in service if the following requirements are met: (a) A competent wire rope splicer shall advise in writing before rope operation resumes that a suitable replacement strand(s) was used and the rope was properly repaired. (b) The minimum length of each new strand shall be at least 360 times the nominal rope diameter between end tucks The length of tail tucked into the core at each end shall be at least 50 times the nominal rope diameter. (c) The repaired area shall be outside of an existing splice and the closest tuck shall be a distance of at least 100 times the nominal rope diameter from the nearest tuck in an existing splice. When the repair involves laying-in two strands, the tuck position for one strand shall be a distance of at least 100 times the nominal rope diameter from the tuck position of the second strand. If the calculated distance from the closest tuck of a laid-in strand or strands is less than 100 times the nominal rope diameter from the closest tuck in an existing splice, the laid-in strand or strands shall be run into the splice. The tuck(s) shall be at the normal point(s) of tuck in the existing splice. (d) The repaired area shall be inspected on completion of the repair and once a week during six weeks of operation to ensure that there is no interference with the grips and the newly laid-in strand(s) during grip migration. Thereafter, the repair shall be subject to routine wire rope inspection. The wire rope shall be removed from operation immediately if core collapse, pulling, high stranding, or other significant distortions occur. (e) Splice diagrams and diagrams of laid-in strand(s) shall be prepared for the owner by the splicer. A copy of the document containing the diagrams shall be placed in the wire rope log (see Clause 11.15).

11.14 Locked coil track rope broken wires

11.14.1 Where an outer wire in a track rope is broken in the travelled section, an engineer shall be contacted immediately and an opinion obtained on repair or other necessary corrective action.

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11.14.2 When two adjacent outer wires within one lay length are broken in the travelled section, the ropeway shall be shut down and the rope shall be replaced or repaired to the satisfaction of an engineer.

11.14.3 When more than two broken outer wires occur within one lay length, the ropeway shall be shut down and the track rope shall be repaired or replaced.

11.14.4 Track ropes shall be repaired or replaced when there is any indication that an outer wire can come out of lock.

11.14.5 All repairs shall be in accordance with explicit instructions from an engineer.

11.15 Wire rope log A logbook shall be maintained for each ropeway and provide the following information and documentation for each rope: (a) approved specification; (b) copy of certified destructive test; (c) date installed; (d) splice certificate for each splice or repair strand (see Clause 11.16); (e) record of lubrication, including type of lubricant and date applied; (f) record of maintenance inspection; (g) report of wire rope inspection; (h) report of accidents or injury to rope; and (i) documentation of end attachment.

11.16 Splice certificate The splice certificate shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (a) reason for splice or repair; (b) dimensions of the completed splice; (c) rope diameter measurements at tuck locations; (d) amount of rope removed (if applicable); (e) type of tail wrapping; (f) material used as core; (g) condition of rope in the splice area; and (h) splicer’s signature and date. Note: A sample of a wire rope splice certificate is included as Annex G.

11.17 Chains in tensioning systems

11.17.1 General Only chains rated for overhead lifting shall be used in tension linkage applications.

11.17.2 Welded link chains Welded link chains shall comply with the requirements for Grade 80 Alloy Steel Chain specified by the National Association of Chain Manufacturers’ Welded Steel Chain Specifications.

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11.17.3 Roller and leaf chains Roller and leaf chains, attachments, and sprockets used in tension linkage applications shall be designed, built, and maintained in accordance with ANSI/ASME B29.100. Only chains rated for suspending overhead loads shall be used.

11.17.4 Factor of safety The minimum factor of safety for chains shall be not less than 6, based on the actual breaking load and the maximum static tension.

11.17.5 Testing The chain manufacturer shall supply a certificate stating the specifications, dimensions, strength grade, and nominal breaking strength of the chains supplied. A sample section of chain from the same manufactured lot as that intended for use shall be tested. For testing purposes, a lot shall consist of 300 m or less. The test report shall include, but not be limited to, the following: (a) the dimensions of the chain sample tested; (b) the grade of the chain; (c) the nominal breaking strength; (d) the actual breaking strength; and (e) the actual elongation at fracture.

11.17.6 Identification A mark identifying the grade of chain shall be placed along the chain at regular intervals.

11.18 Maintenance

11.18.1 Chains shall be kept clean and free from any coating or deposits that could change the dimensions or reduce flexibility. Cleaning shall not damage the chain. Solutions used for cleaning shall be acid free.

11.18.2 Chains shall be inspected visually at regular time intervals for wear, distortion, imperfections such as cracks, notches, deformed links, gouges, and weld spatter, and other damage specified by the manufacturer. Chains found to be damaged shall be removed from service.

11.18.3 Chains and their end connections shall be checked annually or after 2000 h of operation, whichever comes first, and immediately after any incident that could affect the integrity of the chain. Chains shall be checked for elongation and wear as specified by the manufacturer. Chains shall be checked by comparing the nominal pitch length of unused chain with sections that are in service. If elongation exceeds 1.5%, the chain shall be removed from service.

11.18.4 At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, welded link chains shall be detensioned and their wear surfaces inspected. Permission shall not be given to anyone except the chain manufacturer to repair welded link chains by heating or welding.

11.18.5 At regular intervals, not to exceed five years, roller and leaf chains shall be detensioned and checked for twist and bow. Sections of chain exhibiting twist of more than 15° in any 1.5 m section or side bow exceeding 60 mm in any 1.5 m section shall be replaced. Repair of roller and leaf chains by welding and heating shall not be permitted.

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12 Inspection, testing, and maintenance

12.1 General

12.1.1 Clause 12 covers the inspection, testing, and maintenance of all classes of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

12.1.2 The requirements of Clause 12 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4 and other clauses applying to the specific ropeway and conveyor type.

12.2 Personnel training

12.2.1 Management personnel and personnel responsible for inspection, testing, and maintenance shall be familiar with the applicable provisions of this Standard.

12.2.2 Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall be maintained by trained and competent persons.

12.2.3 The owner or the owner’s representative shall be responsible for supervising and training maintenance personnel.

12.2.4 The training specified in Clause 12.2.3 shall include instructions on the use of the manufacturer’s maintenance manuals, observation of potentially dangerous operational or mechanical developments within view, and the appropriate action to take if a condition develops in which continued normal operation might endanger persons.

12.3 Safety procedures during maintenance

12.3.1 Written safety procedures Management shall prepare and place in or at each ropeway and conveyor attendant station written safety procedures to be used during maintenance. These procedures shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, main power lockout, safe rigging, use of work carriers, and public safety.

12.3.2 Lockout procedures

12.3.2.1 All operational and maintenance staff shall be made aware of the maintenance, safety, and lockout procedures for each ropeway and conveyor.

12.3.2.2 Each maintenance staff member shall have and use his or her own sign reading “Work in Progress”, or similar wording, and a personal padlock, when applicable.

12.3.2.3 When personnel are working on the drive or engine, the main disconnect shall be padlocked OFF.

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12.3.2.4 When personnel are working on the line, maintenance staff signs (see Clause 12.3.2.2) shall be hung on the control panel or disconnect. An operator shall be in attendance at the drive and shall be in communication with the crew on the line.

12.4 Operational inspection

12.4.1 Daily inspection A daily inspection shall be conducted before passengers are transported. At a minimum, the inspection shall consist of the following: (a) a visual inspection of each terminal and station and of the entire length of the ropeway or conveyor; (b) an inspection to check that the tensioning carriage, counterweights, or other tensioning devices are functional and have adequate travel, with clearance at both ends of travel; (c) operation of manual and automatic switches in stations and loading and unloading areas; (d) operation of braking systems (with the exception of track rope brakes, which should be tested at least once a year); (e) operation of communication systems; (f) operation of the ropeway or conveyor, including a visual inspection of all ropes and carriers and of the complete length of the belt; (g) an inspection to check that loading and unloading areas are clear of obstructions and correct clearances are maintained; (h) an inspection to check that required clearance to snow and obstructions exists below carriers; (i) an inspection to check that signs are in place and clearly visible; and (j) an inspection of attachments for secondary carriers.

12.4.2 Deicing Carriers and line equipment shall be cleared of ice and snow before operation, except where other procedures have been established.

12.4.3 Internal combustion engines

12.4.3.1 Fuel supplies shall be checked daily to ensure that there is sufficient fuel to operate during the anticipated period without refuelling.

12.4.3.2 Power units shall be stopped during refuelling.

12.4.4 Evacuation and auxiliary drives Evacuation and auxiliary drives shall meet the following requirements: (a) The evacuation drive and any auxiliary drive shall be inspected and operated at least once each week while disengaged, and at least once each month while engaged. (b) Evacuation and auxiliary drive tests and operation shall be performed with the main power disconnected.

12.4.5 Recording of and action on abnormalities All abnormalities discovered during the daily inspection shall be recorded in the logbook and the appropriate action taken.

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12.5 Tensioning and carriage systems

12.5.1 General

12.5.1.1 A tensioning and/or carriage system shall be in full operation before a ropeway or conveyor is permitted to operate.

12.5.1.2 Counterweights shall be in full suspension at all times during operation.

12.5.1.3 Tensioning and carriage systems shall have sufficient travel to allow for operating changes in loading and temperature.

12.5.1.4 Sections of tensioning ropes that have been damaged or corroded shall not be used.

12.5.1.5 The tensioning system setting or range shall be as designed for the number of carriers or the loading conditions. Note: A change in the number of carriers or the loading conditions can necessitate a change in the tensioning system or range.

12.5.1.6 Tensioning ropes shall be adjusted to provide at least 150 mm of remaining carriage travel when the counterweight reaches its (a) lower limit of travel; and (b) upper limit of travel.

12.5.2 Tensioning system adjustment

12.5.2.1 The weight of a counterweight or any other tensioning system shall not be altered without the appropriate design documentation.

12.5.2.2 Adjusting devices shall be removed or suitably backed up and secured during operation.

12.5.2.3 Counterweights or tensioning devices shall not be repositioned while passengers are on the line.

12.6 Grounding Travelling ropes shall be grounded after daily operations are terminated. This requirement need not apply when travelling ropes are used for communication or control.

12.7 Maintenance procedures The manufacturer’s maintenance procedures shall be followed.

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12.8 Replacement components

12.8.1 Replacement components that affect safety shall be those specified by the ropeway manufacturer and/or designer.

12.8.2 Critical components that are replaced, modified, or repaired shall comply with Clause 4.6.

12.8.3 Critical component failure

12.8.3.1 If a critical component is found to have failed, it shall be immediately removed from service, provided that such removal does not create a further hazard.

12.8.3.2 If a failed critical component cannot be removed from service, the ropeway or conveyor shall be evacuated and operation shall be discontinued.

12.8.3.3 The failure of the component shall be investigated by a qualified person to determine the cause. At a minimum, the investigation should consider (a) design; (b) material; (c) processing and manufacturing; (d) assembly; (e) service conditions; (f) maintenance; and (g) operation.

12.8.3.4 If the cause of failure cannot be established as being unique to the individual failed component, all similar components shall be subjected to a non-destructive examination or replaced before operation is resumed. Clause 12.18 shall be applied to the fullest extent possible.

12.8.3.5 If the investigation and subsequent inspection reveal that the deficiency is not an isolated incident, the manufacturer shall be notified.

12.9 General inspection and maintenance Foundations and all structural, mechanical, and electrical components shall be inspected annually and maintained in a state of good repair.

12.10 Grips and wire rope-towing outfits

12.10.1 The initial installation and each relocation of a clamp-type fixed grip on an above-surface ropeway shall be proof tested using a method established by the manufacturer.

12.10.2 Detachable grips shall be bench tested or pull tested using a method specified by the manufacturer before their initial installation, after they are serviced, and before they are put back into operation.

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12.10.3 Rope grips, wire rope-towing outfits, and attachments for secondary carriers shall be moved in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

12.10.4 A fixed grip shall not be installed or allowed to migrate closer than a distance of 20 haul rope diameters to a splice tuck or rope-repair tuck.

12.10.5 For fixed-grip installations, grip relocations and the direction of relocation shall be recorded in the maintenance records.

12.10.6 As each grip is relocated, the haul rope shall be examined for deterioration at and near the grip location.

12.10.7 Each grip location shall be marked by a suitable means to identify the amount of migration.

12.10.8 The manufacturer’s information shall be used to identify excessive migration.

12.10.9 Rope grips on a reversible ropeway

12.10.9.1 When the rope grips in the terminal are opened for relocation of the grips, reliable safety measures shall be provided to retain the carriers.

12.10.9.2 Rope grips on the haul rope shall be relocated at intervals not exceeding three months or 200 h of operation, whichever occurs first. Relocation shall take place in the same direction each time. Note: The experience gained with this type of rope connection on carriers should be reviewed and can be subject to change.

12.10.9.3 Rope grips shall be moved a minimum of two rope lay-lengths plus the rope length in contact with rope grips and guides. In addition, the relocation shall provide adequate access for non-destructive testing of the rope section that was exposed to the rope grips and bending.

12.10.9.4 An inspection trip shall take place immediately after the rope grips are relocated to ensure that the docking, pulling-in distance, and approach are correct.

12.10.9.5 Clamping on a splice shall not be allowed. Rope grips shall be placed at least 1.5 times the tramway stopping distance away from a splice to ensure that the splice cannot be pulled through the rope grip.

12.11 Reversible ropeway carriage service and maintenance When a carriage is attached to the haul rope with rope grips, the carriage shall be overhauled every six years (at a minimum), and at that time the slip force test of the haul rope in the rope grips shall be verified by shop testing. When the carriage is reinstalled in the field after overhauling, the same slip force test of the haul rope shall be repeated on site.

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12.12 Rope elevation adjustment When a ropeway design includes provision for adjustment of the elevation of the rope or track supports on towers and/or in stations to meet changes in normal operational requirements, such adjustment shall be made only in accordance with the designer’s or manufacturer’s instructions. The operations manual shall specify the proper procedures and sequences for making adjustments.

12.13 Brake testing The manufacturer’s test procedure and the holding torque value for brakes shall be posted in the machine room.

12.14 Inspection and maintenance checklist

12.14.1 A signed inspection and maintenance checklist in which the actual execution of maintenance work is recorded daily shall be maintained for each ropeway and conveyor.

12.14.2 The inspection and maintenance checklist shall include the date, components serviced, and condition of the components. A record shall be kept of replacement of components. Note: A sample of an inspection and maintenance checklist is included as Annex D.

12.15 As-built survey and ropeline calculation Rope elevations in stations and on towers with chainages shall be documented by an as-built survey. Any variation from the design drawings shall be evaluated by the engineer responsible for the design. The profile and ropeline calculation shall be revised to record the as-built measurements.

12.16 Acceptance tests and inspection

12.16.1 Before a new ropeway or conveyor, or one that has undergone an alteration, is placed in operation, it shall be inspected and tested to confirm that it meets the requirements of this Standard and the requirements of the manufacturer’s and designer’s specifications.

12.16.2 All test results shall be recorded.

12.16.3 The owner shall obtain from the manufacturer or designer a complete schedule and description of all proposed acceptance tests before such tests are performed.

12.16.4 It shall be the responsibility of the owner to ensure that the following conditions have been met: (a) installation of towers and terminals in accordance with the plans and specifications; (b) tightness of all structural connections; (c) installation, alignment, and clearances of all components; (d) correct haul rope alignment at entrance to bullwheels and on all towers; (e) correct position and freedom of movement of carriages and counterweights or other tensioning means; (f) lubrication of all moving parts; and (g) proper operation of all electrical components, including circuit protection and grounding.

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12.16.5 Ropeway inspection shall cover the following in addition to the items specified in Clause 12.16.4: (a) haul rope sags under the most adverse static loadings; (b) alignment of haul rope sheave assemblies; (c) using main and auxiliary power (if any) and evacuation power, operating tests under full load and any partial load that can provide the most adverse operating conditions; (d) loss of control or control malfunction; and (e) evacuation equipment and procedures, including an actual demonstration under the most adverse operating conditions, which shall be conducted using main and auxiliary power (if any) and evacuation power.

12.16.6 The test load for each carrier shall be the design live load.

12.16.7 The functioning of all controls, safety circuits, alarms, limit switches, deropement switches, communications, lighting, lockouts, and grounding shall be checked.

12.16.8 Drives, brakes, and antirollback devices shall be proved adequate under the most adverse design conditions.

12.16.9 The capability of any auxiliary and/or evacuation power unit shall be demonstrated.

12.16.10 The tests specified in Clause 12.16 shall be preceded by at least 12 h of continuous operation with empty carriers. The proper function of all systems shall be ascertained and necessary adjustments made during that time.

12.16.11 For above-surface ropeways using detachable grips operating at speeds exceeding 3.0 m/s, a data-acquisition system shall be used to record data and print comparative graphs for each trial. At a minimum, graphs shall be created for rope speed versus time and, for electrical drives, main drive motor current versus time.

12.17 Periodic load testing At intervals not exceeding five years, above-surface ropeways shall be load tested in accordance with procedures established by the manufacturer. For above-surface ropeways with detachable grips, load testing shall include the requirements of Clause 12.16.11. Note: A sample of a five-year load test report is included as Annex H.

12.18 Non-destructive tests of carriers on above-surface ropeways

12.18.1 General

12.18.1.1 Carriers shall be tested and/or inspected in accordance with criteria established by the manufacturer.

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12.18.1.2 The test and/or inspection method shall take the following into account: (a) the type of material; (b) the test location; and (c) the type of flaw for which the test is being conducted.

12.18.1.3 The test and/or inspection shall be carried out by qualified persons.

12.18.1.4 The test and/or inspection and any subsequent repairs shall be documented and the records shall be kept.

12.18.2 Defects

12.18.2.1 As a result of a visual inspection, any suspected defect discovered shall be non-destructively tested as specified in Clause 12.18.

12.18.2.2 When a defect or flaw is discovered, the designer, the manufacturer, or an engineer shall (a) provide the details of any modification, repair, or replacement required; (b) determine the frequency, method, and details of any further action required to show that other similar components are satisfactory for further use; and (c) verify that the repair, modification, or replacement has corrected the problem.

12.18.3 Tests and inspections for circulating passenger ropeways

12.18.3.1 The tests and inspections specified in Clause 12.18.3.2 shall be conducted at intervals established by the designer, manufacturer, or engineer based on experience of the performance of the components.

12.18.3.2 Tests and inspections shall be conducted as follows: (a) All grips or inserts and hanger connections shall be disassembled, cleaned, and visually inspected in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements. (b) All grips or inserts, hangers, and carriers shall be visually inspected at least once every 500 h of operation. (c) At yearly intervals, a minimum of 20%, or a total of ten, whichever is greater, of grips or inserts, hangers, and critical carrier locations shall be non-destructively tested on a rotational basis, such that none of these components shall be in service for more than five years without being tested. Note: A sample of a grip carrier non-destructive test report is included as Annex F.

13 Operation of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors

13.1 General

13.1.1 Clause 13 covers the operation of all classes of passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors.

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13.1.2 The requirements of Clause 13 shall apply in addition to those of Clause 4 and other clauses applying to the specific ropeway and conveyor type.

13.2 Personnel training

13.2.1 Management and other personnel responsible for operation shall be familiar with the applicable provisions of this Standard.

13.2.2 Passenger ropeways and passenger conveyors shall be operated by trained and competent persons.

13.2.3 The owner or the owner’s representative shall be responsible for supervising and training all personnel.

13.2.4 The general training of operators and attendants shall include instructions on the observation of potentially dangerous operational or mechanical developments within view and the appropriate action to take in the event that a condition develops in which continued normal operation could endanger persons.

13.2.5 Operators and attendants shall be trained in the use of the manufacturer’s operations manual for the installation on which they are to be working.

13.3 Owner responsibility

13.3.1 The owner of each ropeway and conveyor (or owner’s representative) shall review the requirements of this Standard to ensure that original design and installation conditions have not been altered to violate the requirements of the Standard.

13.3.2 The owner or owner’s representative shall ensure that all required signs are in place.

13.3.3 Only persons authorized by the owner or the owner’s representative shall start a ropeway or conveyor.

13.4 Ropeway or conveyor operations manual

13.4.1 Each installation shall have its own operations manual.

13.4.2 The operations manual shall describe the function and operation of the components and provide instructions on the correct usage of the installation. The manual shall include a chapter on the technical parameters of the system, e.g., environmental conditions (wind, ice, snow, temperature, seismic activity, avalanches, snow creep, etc.), technical limits, and redundancies. The operations manual shall be updated as necessary to reflect modifications and the manufacturer’s recommendations.

13.4.3 The evacuation procedure shall be included in the operations manual.

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13.4.4 The operations manual shall include procedures for transporting hazardous objects and materials.

13.4.5 One copy of the operations manual shall be readily available to operating personnel.

13.5 Minimum number and location of operating personnel

13.5.1 During carriage of passengers, the following personnel shall be the minimum provided: (a) for each ropeway and conveyor, one operator shall be in charge; (b) for ropeways, one attendant shall be at each loading station; (c) for ropeways using secondary carriers, one attendant shall be at each station; (d) for above-surface ropeways, one attendant shall be at each unloading station; (e) for ropeways equipped with a track rope brake and/or cabin controls, one attendant shall be in each cabin; and (f) for conveyors, the operator shall be at the unloading station. Notes: (1) An operator may serve concurrently as an attendant at a loading or unloading station that is adjacent to the operator’s station unless the duties of that position preclude maintaining surveillance. (2) A station used for both loading and unloading may be staffed by a single attendant when both the loading and unloading can be kept under surveillance and supervision by that attendant. (3) For conveyors and for ropeways using secondary carriers, one attendant may concurrently monitor two unloading stations if the duties on one ropeway or one conveyor do not preclude maintaining proper surveillance on the second ropeway or conveyor. The ropeway or conveyor should be shut down if the attendant moves away from the conveyor or ropeway.

13.5.2 Attendants shall be located where they can observe the ropeway and/or conveyor operation.

13.5.3 Stopping devices, communication devices, and written operational and safety procedures shall be immediately available to the attendant at each loading and unloading station.

13.5.4 When a ropeway or conveyor is being operated for maintenance purposes only, one operator shall be required.

13.5.5 Cabin attendants — Reversible ropeways All carriers that use track rope brakes shall have attendants in the cabins when carrying passengers.

13.6 Operational procedures and rules

13.6.1 After any stop of a ropeway or conveyor, the operator shall determine the cause of the stop. The operator shall not restart the ropeway or conveyor until the origin of the stop has been located and clearance from each attended station has been obtained.

13.6.2 One or more persons familiar with emergency and first aid procedures shall be on site at all times when a ropeway or conveyor is in operation.

13.6.3 All personnel shall practise good housekeeping.

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13.6.4 Personnel shall comply with the operational rules and safety requirements of the specific ropeway or conveyor.

13.6.5 Bypass circuit controls provided for emergency conditions shall be locked when not in use.

13.6.6 When a bypass circuit is used for emergency conditions, the following requirements shall be met: (a) The person(s) responsible for ordering the bypass shall first determine whether the indicated physical fault condition exists. (b) The bypass shall be ordered only by the person(s) authorized to order a bypass. (c) When a bypass is in operation, the physical fault condition bypassed shall be under constant and close visual observation.

13.6.7 An above-surface ropeway shall be operated only when two drives are operable, except when passengers are being evacuated from the line or for maintenance purposes.

13.6.8 When a grip force check indicates a value below the minimum required, no passengers shall be transported on the carrier until verification that the grip is producing the minimum required force is obtained.

13.6.9 The ropeway shall not be used to transport (a) objects or materials that violate capacity limits or design clearances; or (b) hazardous materials, except those listed and handled in accordance with procedures specified in the operations manual.

13.6.10 The following materials shall not be transported when passengers are on the ropeway: (a) garbage or similar combustible materials, except in carriers that meet the requirements of Clause 4.27.10.5; and (b) explosives.

13.6.11 Where the haul rope slopes downward and away from a detachable station, no persons shall be loaded at a haul rope speed that exceeds the maximum specified in Clause 6.14.1. This maximum speed shall be posted on the control panel.

13.7 Hazardous conditions

13.7.1 Wind or icing

13.7.1.1 The operator shall be kept advised of adverse changes in weather conditions.

13.7.1.2 When wind or icing conditions are such that continued operation could become hazardous to passengers or equipment, the ropeway shall be unloaded and operation discontinued.

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13.7.2 Electrical storms

13.7.2.1 No ropeways shall operate when there is an electrical storm in the immediate vicinity.

13.7.2.2 If electrical storm conditions develop while the ropeway is in operation, loading of passengers shall be terminated. Operation shall be continued only as long as necessary to unload all passengers.

13.8 Communication No ropeway or conveyor shall be operated without a functioning dedicated communication system.

13.9 Stations

13.9.1 Station enclosures and machine rooms shall be locked to prevent unauthorized entry when not in use.

13.9.2 Cabinet-type power units and controls shall be suitably locked when not in use.

13.10 Loading and unloading stations

13.10.1 Procedures Management shall provide and maintain, at the attendant stations of each ropeway and conveyor, written instructions and procedures to be used in case of unusual occurrences, including but not limited to the following: (a) rollback; (b) overspeed; (c) tensioning limits reached; (d) tower deropement switch tripped; (e) stopping device actuated inside a cabin; (f) communication system failure; (g) downhill transportation; and (h) operating on bypass.

13.10.2 Passengers failing to load or unload At loading and unloading stations, provision shall be made to readily load or unload or assist passengers who have failed to load or unload. The applicable manoeuvres shall be demonstrated and practised to ensure that all ropeway personnel are familiar with and proficient in such manoeuvres.

13.10.3 Clearance The required clearance to snow and obstructions shall be maintained below carriers.

13.10.4 Loading station

13.10.4.1 When loading is not permitted, loading stations shall be closed and so marked.

13.10.4.2 For surface ropeways with detachable grips, no passenger shall be loaded until the passengers ahead have travelled the minimum required distance from the loading point.

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13.11 Starting and stopping of ropeways and conveyors

13.11.1 No ropeway or conveyor shall be started except at the direction of the designated operator.

13.11.2 While operating for the public, ropeways and conveyors shall be started only at the operator’s station. However, starting from other stations for maintenance or emergency operations shall be permitted.

13.12 Deicing Carriers and line equipment shall be cleared of ice and snow before operation, except when other procedures have been established.

13.13 Manual transmissions Where a manual multi-speed transmission is used, gears shall not be shifted when a ropeway is moving.

13.14 Tensioning system The following checks shall be performed: (a) that the tensioning system is in full operation before a ropeway or conveyor operates; (b) that the counterweight is in full suspension at all times during operation; (c) that the tensioning system has sufficient travel to allow for operating changes in loading and temperature; and (d) that the tensioning system setting or range is as specified by the manufacturer for the number of carriers or loading conditions. Note: A change in the number of carriers or the loading conditions can necessitate a change in the tension system or range.

13.15 Evacuation with evacuation drive

13.15.1 Tower switches and remote stops shall be operable while operating with the evacuation drive.

13.15.2 If tower switches and remote stops are not operational due to a malfunction, the ropeway may be evacuated with the evacuation drive if the (a) full length of the ropeway is kept under surveillance; and (b) observers are in communication with the operator throughout the evacuation.

13.16 Manual evacuation

13.16.1 Evacuation plan For above-surface ropeways, a written plan for evacuating passengers in a reasonable length of time shall be provided (see Clause 13.4.3). The plan shall include (a) the definition of the line of authority in the event of an evacuation, including the (i) person(s) responsible for ordering an evacuation; (ii) person(s) responsible for performing the evacuation, first aid, and ground care of evacuated passengers; and (iii) minimum number of trained personnel required during operating hours for each task related to the evacuation procedure identified in the evacuation plan; (b) a description of the equipment necessary for evacuation and where it is stored; (c) an estimate of the time necessary for complete evacuation of the ropeway;

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(d) a description of unusual terrain conditions and how each condition shall be dealt with during an evacuation; (e) an estimate of when an evacuation should begin in the event that the ropeway becomes inoperable; (f) provision for communication with passengers of an inoperable ropeway, including (i) when communication shall start; and (ii) how often subsequent communication shall be repeated; (g) the method of evacuation to be used for a typical passenger and the method to be used for an incapacitated passenger; (h) provision for communication with the evacuation teams; (i) provision for control and assistance of evacuated persons until released; (j) provision for suspending the evacuation if the ropeway is made operable during the evacuation; and (k) provision for a post-evacuation report.

13.16.2 Personnel and equipment

13.16.2.1 During all operations, the equipment and trained personnel required by Clause 13.16.1 shall be available.

13.16.2.2 Devices shall be capable of lowering passengers to the ground or rescuing passengers from the locations at which the devices are to be used.

13.16.2.3 The following shall be taken into account to determine the equipment required: (a) probable operating and evacuation conditions; (b) storage locations; (c) number of ropeways at a specific location; and (d) periods of operation that can influence evacuation (day, night, or dusk).

13.16.2.4 The following shall apply to the equipment that is provided and maintained for emergency evacuations using non-metallic rope: (a) When not in use, the equipment shall be carefully stored where it is readily available for use on a specific ropeway or ropeways. (b) Before each season’s operation and after each completed ropeway evacuation or training session, each device and all ropes and attachments shall be thoroughly inspected, and any worn or damaged components shall be replaced or repaired in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. (c) A logbook shall be maintained for all evacuation ropes and equipment. It shall contain details of all component specifications, the manufacturer’s catalogue breaking strength, date of manufacture, service life, and replacement (and/or retirement) criteria. All periodic inspections shall be recorded. (d) Evacuation seats shall have an ultimate strength of not less than 3.8 kN per person. (e) All non-metallic rope used for manual evacuation shall be made of synthetic polyester fibre, nylon, or both, with a minimum diameter of 11 mm and a minimum breaking strength, when new, of 22.2 kN for a single-person rope or 45 kN for a two-person rope when tested in accordance with CGSB 40-GP-1M. In addition, (i) static rope shall have not more than 3% elongation at 30% of the breaking strength; (ii) only double-braided or kernmantle-type rope shall be used (natural fibre, polypropylene, or twisted rope shall not be used as non-metallic evacuation rope); and (iii) all end connections shall be formed or constructed in a manner that does not decrease the safety factor of an evacuation rope. (f) All carabiners shall be of steel construction and of the locking type, rated at not less than 22.2 kN for a single-person rope or 45 kN for a two-person rope. (g) The equipment shall be designated for evacuation use only.

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(h) Evacuation rope shall be suitably protected against abrasion, sharp edges, and other destructive conditions. (i) Fibre rope and evacuation system components shall be clearly identified for inspection with permanent markings. (j) Evacuation equipment dedicated to specific locations along the ropeway shall be so marked and referenced in the evacuation plan. (k) Pre-engineered or specialized evacuation systems using rope diameters less than 11 mm shall be acceptable as long as strength greater than or equal to the applicable strength specified in Items (d), (e), and (f) can be demonstrated.

13.16.3 Training Evacuation drills shall be conducted at established intervals not exceeding 12 months, at the start of each new season, and with new staff. Drills shall be recorded in the operational log (see Clause 13.18).

13.17 Termination of daily operations Procedures shall be established for terminating daily operations to ensure that no passenger is left on a ropeway after it has been shut down.

13.18 Operational log

13.18.1 A daily operational log shall be maintained for each ropeway and conveyor. Note: A sample of a daily ropeway log is included as Annex C.

13.18.2 The daily operational log shall include at least the following: (a) date; (b) names and duty stations of operating personnel; (c) operating hours and purpose of operations; (d) temperature, wind, and weather conditions and changes, with times of changes noted; (e) record of compliance with daily operational inspection; (f) position and condition of the tensioning carriage and of the counterweight or other tensioning devices; (g) accidents, malfunctions, or abnormal occurrences during operation; and (h) signature of the operator.

13.19 First aid

13.19.1 One or more persons trained to administer first aid shall be available at all times when a ropeway or conveyor is operating and transporting passengers.

13.19.2 There shall be ready access to first aid equipment and supplies.

13.19.3 Provision for transporting an injured person to an enclosed and, if necessary, heated shelter shall be provided.

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13.20 Fire protection

13.20.1 Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the occupancy shall be installed and maintained in all operator stations, attendant buildings, station enclosures, and machine rooms.

13.20.2 Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the occupancy shall have a capacity of at least 4.5 kg (10 lb).

13.20.3 Approved fire extinguishers suitable for the occupancy shall be inspected at least annually.

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Annex A (informative) Approval checklist

Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

A.1 General The following is a typical approval checklist:

Plan and profile

Preliminary rope line calculation

Referenced standards

As-built profile

As-built rope line calculation

Factors of safety of (a) ropes; (b) rope grips and sockets; (c) hangers; (d) foundations; (e) tensioning; (f) telephone and signal cables; (g) brakes; (h) cabins; (i) towing members; and (j) chains.

Destructive test results of (a) haul rope; (b) track rope; and (c) tensioning rope.

Drawings of (a) towers; (b) upper and lower stations; (c) sheaves and sheave assemblies; (d) tensioning sheaves; (e) deropement equipment and switches; (f) main drive; (g) rope grips; (h) hangers and spring boxes; (i) hangers and chairs, cars, or cabins; (j) brakes and backstops; (k) tensioning system and details; (l) foundations of all structures; (m) electric power and lightning protection; (n) electric controls; (o) communication schematics;

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(p) hydraulic schematics; (q) haul and tensioning rope details; (r) structures or buildings; (s) safety circuit; (t) evacuation equipment (seats, ropes); (u) service and inspection platform; and (v) ramps.

Haul rope splice certificate

List of new and used parts

Operations manual

Maintenance manual

Non-destructive test of haul rope

Non-destructive test of track rope

Acceptance test procedure

As-built foundation drawings

Bearing strengths of soil (assumed or tested)

Concrete tests

Statement for foundation construction

Rock anchor pull test

Calculations for snow creep

CWB welding or alternative

Non-destructive test of rope grips and numbering

Non-destructive test of hangers

Fatigue or strength test data (a) rope grip; (b) chair; and (c) cabin hanger.

Names of component manufacturers

Electrical inspection

Canadian equivalent of materials

Fire marshal’s inspection report

Evacuation plan

Avalanche control plan

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Annex B (informative) Procedures for work carriers

Note: This informative (non-mandatory) Annex has been written in normative (mandatory) language to facilitate adoption where users of the Standard or regulatory authorities wish to adopt it formally as additional requirements to this Standard.

B.1 Radio communication Communication between maintenance personnel on the work carrier and maintenance personnel at the ropeway operating station is important. The following requirements shall apply: (a) Radio communication other than that required between the work carrier and operating station shall cease when the work carrier is being moved. (b) Persons at the operating station shall, at all times, be able to hear their radios. Operating station personnel shall check the audibility of their radios before moving the work carrier. (c) Personnel at operating stations shall stay at their designated positions at all times during work carrier operation. If for any reason the operator needs to leave, a full lockout ropeway procedure shall be actuated. The operator shall also inform work carrier personnel that he or she is leaving the operating position. (d) When there are any suspected or actual disruptions of normal radio communications, the ropeway shall be stopped immediately and remain stopped until fully confirmed communication with the work carrier has been restored. Disruptions shall be deemed to include interference with transmissions, static, and inaudible or unclear communications. Note: Operating station refers to the controls.

B.2 Request for movement Before any movement of the ropeway occurs while a work carrier is being installed on the haul cable, a request for movement shall first come from the work carrier personnel. The approximate distance of movement shall be communicated to operating station personnel, e.g., “move to next tower approximately eight carrier spaces”. When communicating, persons shall identify themselves and their location.

B.3 Moving the ropeway

B.3.1 Personnel at the operating station shall check with personnel on the work carrier that all workers and equipment are clear of the path of moving machinery before the ropeway is moved. An “all clear” response shall be obtained from the work carrier before moving the ropeway. If there are two or more passengers in the work carrier, the “all clear” response shall not be given until each passenger has checked the others for clear passage.

B.3.2 After the requirements specified in Clause B.3.1 have been satisfied, the ropeway may be moved by personnel at the operating station, who shall listen at all times to the radio. The operator shall be prepared to stop the ropeway immediately if an abnormality occurs.

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B.4 Speed of travel The speed of travel for the work carrier shall be established by those riding the carrier and shall be based on the designer’s instructions. Work carrier personnel shall keep the operator informed regarding the work carrier’s position relative to the position at which it is to be stopped. The operator shall slow the ropeway to a creep speed well in advance of the intended stop location. When the work carrier is within 3.0 m of the stopping position, personnel at the operating station shall be informed. The last warning before stopping the ropeway shall be transmitted to the operating station 1.5 m before the stop.

B.5 Ropeway stop and shutdown

B.5.1 The ropeway shall be stopped immediately upon issuance of the “stop” command. Work carrier personnel shall inform operating personnel that the ropeway is to be shut down and is not to be started up again until a request from the work carrier personnel. Work carrier personnel shall remain clear of all equipment until the operating personnel have confirmed that the ropeway is shut down.

B.5.2 The following shall be performed before the ropeway is considered shut down: (a) for a ropeway powered by electric drive units: (i) the main fuse disconnect panel shall be shut off and locked off; and (ii) the service brake shall be applied and remain applied for the duration of the shutdown period; and (b) for a ropeway powered by engines: (i) the power transmission from the engine to the ropeway drive bullwheel shall be disconnected; (ii) the service brake shall be applied and remain applied for the duration of the shutdown period; and (iii) where the drive power cannot be disconnected, the engine shall be shut down. A sign reading “People Working on Ropeway” shall be posted at the point of the power disconnection.

B.5.3 Having shut down the ropeway, the operating station personnel shall inform the work carrier personnel that the ropeway is now shut down and will not move again until movement is requested by the work carrier personnel.

B.5.4 Operating station personnel shall be ready at all times to respond to work carrier personnel during the shutdown period. Operating personnel shall be responsible for preventing ropeway start-up by anyone during the shutdown period.

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Annex C (informative) Daily ropeway log

Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

Y M D Company name Ropeway name Reg. #

Type of ropeway:

Pre-operation daily check to signify safe operating condition

Mechanical checks S. Brake E. brake Drive back stop E. brake rollback Overspeed Haul rope & splice Tensioning system Grip movement Safety gate Main drive fuel Manual switches Auto switches Fire suppression equip. Lighting Communications Aux. drive & fuel Lift line inspection Mid. station Rope twist (R. tow)

Operational checks Loading area Seat height loading Signs Fences Passenger marshalling Procedures posted Evac. equip. First aid Unloading area Seat high loading

Attendant in charge Mid station attendant Return station attendant

Visibility Wind speed Wind direction Top temp. Bottom temp.

Precipitation Start time Finish time

Drive hours start Drive hours finish Total drive hours

Drive shutdowns (exceeding 5 minutes) From To Describe

Ropeway maintenance required

Name Signature Position

Figure C.1 Daily ropeway log

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Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

Reg. # Date: Y M D Inspector’s name: Inspection type: Design speed: Number of carriers: Spacing: Actual speed: Number of carriers: Spacing: Hours — last inspection Present: Operating: Brakes — service Emergency: Both: All reports submitted? Yes No General: Certificate posted Evacuation equipment First aid Lighting Log books Attendants’ exams Drive equipment: Prime mover & related equipment Auxiliary motor & related equipment Service brake Emergency brake Rollback Overspeed Controls Guards Grounds Instruments Fuel Grips & carriers: Date last grip N.D.T. Date last carrier N.D.T. Condition of grip Condition of carrier Spacing General maintenance Note any slip tests Towers & line: Numbers Grounds Footings & anchors Switches Alignment Sheaves & liners Connections Bearings & shafts Clearances Signs Path (Continued)

Figure D.1 Inspection and maintenance checklist

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Stations: Bottom Intermediate Top Bullwheel Alignment Connections Bearings/shafts Stops Buildings/structures Grounds Footings/anchors Procedures Housekeeping Safety gate Fences Load/unload Signs Clearances Marsh area Communications Fire protection Ropes/chains: Haul Counterweight Guy Date last N.D.T. Splice Connections Ground Length Lubrication Twist

Tensioning system: Alignment Connections Bearings & shafts Sheaves/sprockets Wheels Buildings/structures Switches Grounds Footings & anchors Clearances Fencing

Notes

Figure D.1 (Concluded)

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Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

Ropeway reg. # Ropeway name: Test date:Y M D Testing company: Rope type (Check one) Haul Track Counter Tail Brake Counterweight Tail Anchor Rope # Actual dia. in mm Strength reduction % Describe location test started Number of splices (Splice, lower end, socket, etc.) Condition of splices

Broken wire locations (distance from start location)

Location of broken wires visually confirmed

Location of nicks & abrasions, etc.

Locations for attention (distance from start location). Describe:

Rope condition: Rope cleanliness: Core condition (locations inspected): 1. 2. 3. 4.

CSA Z98 met:YesNo Next test date: Signature of tester: Date: Signature of interpreter: Date:

Figure E.1 Non-destructive rope test report

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Annex F (informative) Grip carrier non-destructive test report

Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

Company reg. # Company name:

Ropeway reg. # Ropeway name: Ropeway manufacturer: Report date: Y M D

Date grip installed Y M D Date carrier installed Y M D Grip test date Carrier test date Test method grip Test method carrier Number of grips tested Number of carriers tested Number of carriers on line Number of carriers designed Number of grips rejected Number of carriers rejected Number of grips repaired Number of carriers repaired Number of grips replaced Number of carriers replaced Next test date grips Y M D Next test date carriers Y M D Tester’s name Tester’s signature

Details of tests (refer to attached sketches for flaw locations) Identify sketch number and flaw area section

Flaw Flaw Grip # Description Carrier # Description location location

Figure F.1 Grip carrier non-destructive test report

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Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

Ropeway company: Date:Y M D Ropeway name: Ropeway type: Reg. # Date of splice: Y M D Splicer’s name: Splicing company name: No. of splices: Dia. rope: Rope construction: Lay & direction: Core type: Lubricant: Rope condition: Length of undisturbed rope to nearest splice: Reason for splice: Amount of rope removed if shortening: Actual length of splice: Length required: Actual length of tails: Length required: Type of tucks: Size & type of plug material: Dia. finished tail: Type of tail wrapping:

Splicer’s comments:

Note to splicer: All crossover points & tail end locations are to be clearly marked for inspection purposes.

THIS SPLICE WAS CONSTRUCTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH CSA Z98. Splicer’s name: Signature: Date:Y M D Splice inspected by: Date: Y MD Splice length: Tail length: Dia. rope: Dia. carriage: Crossover measurements (number in direction of ropeway rotation)

T1T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Inspector’s comments:

Inspector’s signature: Date: Y M D

Figure G.1 Wire rope splice certificate

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Annex H (informative) Five-year load test report

Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

Company reporting: Test date: Y M D

Company reporting:Y M D Ropeway reg. #: Ropeway name:

Type of drive: Electrical Diesel Other?

Ropeway hours: Number of carriers:

Carrier capacity: Double Triple Quad Other? EMPTY TEST RESULTS

Main drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Main drive: service brake stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: service brake stopping time

Main drive: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: emergency brake only — stopping time

Main drive: both brakes stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: both brakes stopping time

Main drive: electrical deceleration to stop distance (metres)

Main drive: electrical deceleration to stop time

Auxiliary drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Auxiliary drive: service brake stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: service brake stopping time

Auxiliary drive: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: emergency brake only — stopping time

Auxiliary drive: both brakes stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: both brakes stopping time

Evacuation drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

UPHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS

Number of carriers loaded: Load on each carrier (N):

Required load on ropeway (N): Actual load on ropeway (N):

Type of load used: Bags Water containers Other?

(Continued) Figure H.1 Five-year load test report

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UPHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS (CONTINUED)

Main drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Main drive: service brake stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: service brake stopping time

Main drive: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: emergency brake only — stopping time

Main drive: both brakes stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: both brakes stopping time

Main drive: electrical deceleration to stop distance (metres)

Main drive: electrical deceleration to stop time

Auxiliary drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Auxiliary drive: service brake stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: service brake stopping time

Auxiliary drive: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: emergency brake only — stopping time

Auxiliary drive: both brakes stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: both brakes stopping time

Evacuation drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Lift all brakes and hold load on antirollback device Yes No

Lift all brakes and roll back to stop in 200 mm Yes No

DOWNHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS

Number of carriers loaded: Load on each carrier (N):

Number of carriers empty: Total load on ropeway (N):

Main drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Main drive: service brake stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: service brake stopping time

Main drive: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: emergency brake only — stopping time

Main drive: both brakes stopping distance (metres)

Main drive: both brakes stopping time

Main drive: electrical deceleration to stop distance (metres)

(Continued) Figure H.1 (Continued)

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DOWNHILL LOAD TEST RESULTS (CONTINUED)

Main drive: electrical deceleration to stop time

Auxiliary drive: service brake stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: service brake stopping time

Auxiliary drive: emergency brake only — stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: emergency brake only — stopping time

Auxiliary drive: both brakes stopping distance (metres)

Auxiliary drive: both brakes stopping time

Evacuation drive: haul rope speed in metres per second

Drive sheave overspeed mechanism tripped at 110%?: Yes No

BRAKE TORQUE TESTS (EMPTY ROPEWAY)

Service brake only: Emergency brake only:

Other tests — describe:

Comments:

Figure H.1 (Concluded)

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Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

I.1 General The allowable number of broken wires may differ slightly from the applicable number specified in Table I.1. The actual LMA should be determined by a qualified person based on actual wire sizes.

Table I.1 Wire rope damage — Reduction in metallic area in relation to number of wire breaks (See Clause I.1 and Table 8.)

Maximum allowable visible % reduction of metallic wire breaks in accordance area with n outer wire with Table 8 (within breaks reference length)* Number Stranded rope Stranding of outer 6% in 10% in 25% in construction formula wires 1234 6 × d 30 × d 500 × d

6 × 7 (1 + 6) 6 2.34 4.68 7.02 9.36 2 4 10

6 × 17 seale (1 + 8 + 8) 8 1.53 3.06 4.59 6.12 3 6 16

6 × 19 seale (1 + 9 + 9) 9 1.27 2.54 3.81 5.08 4 7 19

6 × 25 filler (1 + 6 + 6F + 12) 12 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 7 12 31

6 × 31 warr.-seale (1 + 6 + 6/6 + 12) 12 0.80 1.60 2.40 3.20 7 12 31

6 × 36 warr.-seale (1 + 7 + 7/7 + 14) 14 0.61 1.22 1.83 2.44 9 16 40

6 × 41 warr.-seale (1 + 8 + 8/8 + 16) 16 0.49 0.97 1.46 1.94 12 20 51

*d = nominal diameter of the track rope. Note: The values in this Table apply to both conventional and compacted wire rope. The actual metallic area of the rope can be determined by consulting the rope test certificate.

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Annex J (informative) Stopping times and distances for circulating passenger ropeways

Notes: (1) This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard. (2) See Clause 6.6.

J.1 General The following formulas apply: (a) t = v/a

where t =stopping time, s v =velocity, m/s a = rate of deceleration, m/s2

(b) s = v2/2a

where s = stopping distance, m v =velocity, m/s a = rate of deceleration, m/s2

Table J.1 specifies allowable stopping times and distances for the maximum allowable rate of deceleration of 1.5 m/s2 and the minimum rate of 0.45 m/s2. Clause 6.6.3 specifies that the braking distance shall not be greater than the distance between carriers.

Table J.1 Minimum and maximum stopping times and distances (See Clause J.1.)

Time, s Distance, m Time, s Distance, m Speed, Speed, m/s Max. Min. Max. Min. m/s Max. Min. Max. Min. 5.5 12.22 3.67 33.61 10.08 4.5 10.0 3 22.5 6.75 5.4 12 3.6 32.4 9.72 4.4 9.78 2.93 21.51 6.45 5.3 11.78 3.53 31.21 9.36 4.3 9.56 2.87 20.54 6.16 5.2 11.56 3.47 30.04 9.01 4.2 9.33 2.8 19.6 5.88 5.1 11.33 3.4 28.9 8.67 4.1 9.11 2.73 18.68 5.6 5.0 11.11 3.33 27.78 8.33 4.0 8.89 2.67 17.78 5.33 4.9 10.89 3.27 26.68 8 3.9 8.67 2.6 16.9 5.07 4.8 10.67 3.2 25.6 7.68 3.8 8.44 2.53 16.04 4.81 4.7 10.44 3.13 24.54 7.36 3.7 8.22 2.47 15.21 4.56 4.6 10.22 3.07 23.51 7.05 3.6 8 2.4 14.4 4.32 (Continued)

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Table J.1 (Concluded) Time, s Distance, m Time, s Distance, m Speed, Speed, m/s Max. Min. Max. Min. m/s Max. Min. Max. Min. 3.5 7.78 2.33 13.61 4.08 2.3 5.11 1.53 5.88 1.76 3.4 7.56 2.27 12.84 3.85 2.2 4.89 1.47 5.38 1.61 3.3 7.33 2.2 12.1 3.63 2.1 4.67 1.4 4.9 1.47 3.2 7.11 2.13 11.38 3.41 2.0 4.44 1.3 4.4 1.33 3.1 6.89 2.07 10.68 3.2 1.9 4.22 1.27 4.01 1.2 3.0 6.67 2 10.0 3 1.8 4 1.2 3.6 1.08 2.9 6.44 1.93 9.34 2.8 1.7 3.78 1.13 3.21 0.96 2.8 6.22 1.87 8.71 2.61 1.6 3.56 1.07 2.84 0.85 2.7 6 1.8 8.1 2.43 1.5 3.33 1 2.5 0.75 2.6 5.78 1.73 7.51 2.25 1.4 3.11 0.93 2.18 0.65 2.5 5.56 1.67 6.94 2.08 1.3 2.89 0.87 1.88 0.58 2.4 5.33 1.6 6.4 1.92 1.2 2.67 0.8 1.6 0.48

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Annex K (informative) Cast socket report

Note: This Annex is not a mandatory part of this Standard.

CAST SOCKET REPORT

Ropeway: Name: ropeway reg. no.

Type: Manufacturer:

Owner:

SOCKET INSTALLER/FABRICATOR Company: Name of installer:

Installer logo used:

ROPE TYPE/SOCKET LOCATION

Track rope AB C D Haul rope Upper Lower

Tail/counter rope Upper Lower

Counterweight rope ABCounterweight location Rigging rope location

Counterweight tag line Other

INSTALLATION DATA Measured temperatures: ambient socket metal (zinc) ˚C ˚C ˚C Type of material used in socket:

Type of rope lubrication applied after socketing:

Information regarding procedures used:

Remarks:

Date: Location: Signature of installer

Figure K.1 Cast socket report

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A Acceleration area 6.14.4 belt 6.8.1.4, 10.3.3 of carriers 4.15.2, 5.18.1, 6.14.2.1, 6.14.2.4, 9.4.2 radial 5.6.9, 6.17.9 Aircraft warning 5.6.12 Alterations 4.2 Anchors 4.14.3, 4.18.4, 4.18.5.4 Anticollision 6.14.4 Antirollback 4.24.4, 4.23.2.4, 4.38.4.2, 7.8, 8.13, 9.12.3, 10.6, 12.16.8 Auxiliary drives 4.23.1.9, 4.23.5, 4.23.6, 4.24.2.7, 4.24.3.4, 12.4.4 Avalanche control 4.14.1.3, 4.37

B Bearings 4.19.8, 4.23.4 Belt guides: see Guides Bi-cable 6.1.2, 6.16, 6.19 Brakes 4.24, 5.10, 6.6, 7.7, 8.12, 9.12, 10.6 see also Emergency brake, Service brake, Track ropes, brakes for maximum stopping distance 6.6.3 requirement for 4.24.1.4, 4.24.2.2, 5.11.1, 6.6, 8.12, 9.12 testing of 4.38.4.2, 12.13 Bubbles for carrier security 6.14.7 Buildings 4.10 Bullwheel 4.21.3, 5.13, 6.9 Bypass circuits 4.30.9, 13.6.5, 13.6.6 Bypass locks 4.30.9.2, 13.6.5

C Cabin attendants 4.33.3, 13.5.5 Cabins 4.33.2, 5.15, 5.16, 5.17 clearances from 5.2 to 5.4 guides for 5.8, 5.17.2 hangers in 5.15 numbers on 4.33.2.2 for passengers 6.12 signs on 4.33.2, 4.33.6 Cabin swing 4.15.2, 5.8, 5.17.1, 5.17.2 Capacity/speed/spacing: see Speed/capacity/spacing Carriage load distribution 5.14, 6.18 mechanical stops 4.22.1.4, 4.30.7 movement 4.22.1.3, 12.5.1.3 service/maintenance 12.5, 12.11 system 12.5 Carrier interval 7.3 Carriers 4.27 attachment of 8.15.2.3 clearances 4.26.1.5, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.3, 6.4.5, 7.5 endurance testing of 4.4.1.1, 4.27.3, 4.27.4

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evacuation from 5.20 and haul ropes 8.15.2 height of 4.26.1.4 material in 4.27.4 numbers on 4.33.1.9 security of 6.14.7 serial numbers on 4.27.5.1 spacing 6.14.6 speed of 4.15, 5.4.3, 5.9.1, 6.2.2, 6.8.1.2 in stations 6.14.2, 6.14.11, 7.6.2 testing 4.27.3, 4.27.5, 12.18 work and freight 4.27.10 Carrier stops 5.17.3 Carrier swing 5.4.4 Chains 4.8, 11.17 maintenance/inspection of 11.18 marking on 11.17.6 testing of 11.17.5 Chairs 6.13 Clearance from snow/hazards 4.3.3, 4.26.1.5, 9.8.1, 13.10.3 Clearances for circulating passenger ropeways 5.2 to 5.4 for conveyors 10.4 for reversible passenger ropeways 6.3, 6.4 for rope tows 8.4 to 8.6 for secondary carriers 9.5, 9.6, 9.8 for surface passenger ropeways 7.5 from towers 6.4.5, 7.5, 7.10.5, 9.8 Collision prevention 6.14.4 Communications 4.32, 5.19, 12.16.7, 13.8 Component failure 4.30.1.9, 12.8.3 See also Critical components Concrete testing 4.14.3 Control room 5.18.2 Controls 4.30, 5.18 drive control 4.31.2.3, 9.15, 10.7.2 location of controls 4.30.2 locks for 4.30.3, 4.30.9.2 marking of 4.30.1.6 safety considerations 4.30.1.9 Conveyor belt 6.8.2 Conveyors 1.2, 10 loading 6.8 operations manual for 13.4 path of 10.2 Corrosion protection 4.7 Counterweight fence 4.22.2.1, 4.25.1.3 tensioning 4.22.2 Couplings 4.38.4.3, 6.14.3, 6.14.4, 6.14.8 Critical components 4.2.3, 4.6.2, 12.8.3 Crossing ropeways 4.16

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D Daily inspections: see Inspections Deceleration rates 6.6.4, 6.14.2.4 See also Acceleration Deicing 4.3.4, 12.4.2, 13.12 See also Snow Deropement switches 4.30.6 Design 4.4, 4.6, 4.14.1 Detachable grip ropeways 6.14 Doors 6.12.1 Double nut footing bolts 4.14.1.7 Downhill ropes 8.6 Drive bullwheel 5.13 Drive controls 9.15, 10.7.2 Drive/return sheaves 4.21, 7.6 Drives 4.31.2, 5.9 See also Auxiliary drives, Electrical drives, Evacuation drives, Hydraulic drives Drive systems 4.23 reduced speed drive required 4.23.1.4

E Electrical drives 4.31.2 Electrical equipment 4.31.1 signs on 4.33.4 Electrical storms 13.7.2 Emergency brake 4.12.2, 4.24.1.5, 4.24.3, 4.30.5.1, 4.31.2.3, 5.10.3, 7.7.2, 8.12.2, 9.12.2 Emergency lighting 4.36 Emergency stop 4.30.5 Emergency stop unloading 10.6.3 Enclosures 4.22.2.1, 4.25.1.3, 10.10 End connections 11.9 Engine shutdown 4.12.4 Engines: see Internal combustion engines Entrances 4.33.3, 5.17.1, 6.9, 6.14.11, 10.7.2 Evacuation 4.36.2, 5.20 with evacuation drives 13.15 manual 13.16 training for 13.16.3 Evacuation drives 4.23.2, 4.23.5, 4.24.2.3, 5.9.2, 12.4.4, 13.15 Evacuation equipment 5.16.2, 13.16.2.4 Exhaust 4.12.3 Exposed machinery 4.25.2

F Factors of safety 11.3.2.1, 11.17.4 Fatigue design 4.6 Fencing, counterweight 4.22.2.1, 4.26.1.3 Fibre ropes 11.2 Fire protection 4.34, 13.20 for freight carriers 4.27.10.5 First aid 5.20.4, 13.6.2, 13.16.1, 13.19 Floating return/tensioning sheaves 4.22.4, 7.6.1 Foot passengers: see Passengers Foundations 4.14

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Freight 1.3 Freight carriers 4.27.10 Friction 4.21.5, 4.29.1, 5.13 Fuel storage 4.12.1 adequate supply required 12.4.3.1 refuelling 12.4.3.2 separate supply required 4.23.2.3 Funicular railways 1.6

G Glacier foundations 4.14.4 Grip force check 6.14.8, 13.6.8 Grip ramps — maximum upward deflection 4.28.1.4 Grips: see Rope grips Grips on splice 6.14.9 Grounding 4.30.1.3, 4.30.1.4, 4.31.3, 4.31.4, 4.35.3, 12.6 Guards 4.25.1 Guides belt guides 6.8.2.2.3, 10.5.4 cabin 5.8, 5.17.2 for circulating passenger ropeways 6.4.2, 6.4.3, 6.14.2.5 entrance 5.17.1 haul rope 5.7, 6.19 for reversible passenger ropeways 12.10.9.3 for rope tows 8.11 for secondary carriers 9.11 for surface passenger ropeways 7.6.2, 7.10.3 for towers 6.5 Guide sheaves 4.21.6 Guy ropes 11.4.4, 11.6

H Hangers 5.15 serial numbers of 4.27.7 Haul rope: see also Wire ropes Haul rope deflection 4.19.1 Haul rope guides 5.7, 6.19 Haul rope repairs 11.13.6 Haul rope retention 4.19.10, 4.21.4, 6.16 Hazards 4.3.3, 4.4.4, 4.38.5, 13.7 Height adjustment 4.18.6 Hydraulic drives 4.23.5 Hydraulic systems 4.13 Hydraulic tensioning 4.22.5

I Ice scrapers 4.21.7 Icing conditions 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 4.14.1.1, 13.4.2, 13.7.1 See also Deicing Inclined guards on stations 6.7.2 Inspections acceptance 12.16 annual 11.18.3, 12.9, 13.20.3 checklist for 12.14

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for circulating passenger ropeways 12.18.3 daily 12.4.1, 12.18.2.1, 12.18.3.2 general 12.1, 12.9 grips/carriage 12.10.9, 12.11 personnel training for 12.2 records of 12.4.5, 12.16.2 ropeway 12.16.1, 12.16.4, 12.16.5 schedule for rope grips 4.38.6.1 visual, of chain 11.18.2 visual, of rope 11.11.2, 11.11.3, 11.13.5.8 of wire rope 11.13.6 Interlock of drives 4.23.1.7 Internal combustion engines 4.12, 10.7.1, 12.4.3

L Ladders 4.18.2, 6.5.3 Lifting frames 4.18.4 Lighting emergency 4.36 for evacuation 5.20.4 night 4.35 Line equipment 10.5 Line protection 4.3.4 Line sheaves/assemblies 4.19 Load distribution 4.19.3 Load point marking 4.26.2.3 Load station closure 13.10.4.1 Load test required 12.17 Loading conveyors 6.8 Loading gates 6.8.3 Loading impact 4.26.1.4 Loading sheaves 8.9, 9.9 Loading speed, maximum downhill 6.14.1 Loading/unloading areas 4.26, 5.17, 6.7, 7.10 Loading/unloading stations 13.10 Loading zone 6.8.4 Loads, design 4.4.2 Location/alignment 4.3 Lockout procedures 12.3.2 Lockouts 4.30.3 Locks 4.30.9.2, 5.16.1, 6.12.1, 13.6.5 Logs: see also Records of evacuation drills 13.16.3 of evacuation equipment 13.16.2.4 operational 13.18 rope 11.10.3 wire rope 11.13.6, 11.15

M Machine rooms 4.11 Maintenance 12.3, 12.9 checklist 12.14 manuals 4.38.4, 12.2.4 procedures 12.7

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records 12.14.2, 12.16.2 of reversible ropeway carriage 12.11 rope lift-off during 4.38.5 safety during 12.3 Manual evacuation: see Evacuation Manuals 4.38, 5.5.3, 12.12, 13.4, 13.6.9 manufacturer’s 12.2.4, 13.2.5 Manual switches 4.30.1.1, 5.18.3 Manual transmissions 13.13 Materials manufacturing 4.5 Maximum rope speed 4.15, 8.3.2.2, 9.4.1, 13.6.11 with work/freight carriers 4.27.10.4 Misload: see Passengers failing to load/unload Modifications 4.2 Monocable 6.1.2

N Night lighting 4.35 Non-destructive testing 4.27.5.1 of carriers 12.18 of ropes/sockets/sleeves 11.10 Numbers: see also Serial numbers on cabins 4.33.2.2 on carriers 4.33.1.9 on towers 4.18.3

O Operational inspections 12.4 Operational log 13.16.3, 13.18 Operational procedures 13.6 Operations manuals 4.38.3, 5.5.3, 12.12, 13.4, 13.6.9 manufacturer’s 13.2.5 Operators required 13.5 Overhead system 4.3.2 Overspeed control 4.12.2, 4.24.3.2 Owner responsibility 12.16.4, 13.3

P Passengers 4.26, 6.8.4 failing to load/unload 13.10.2 foot passengers 4.4.2, 6.2.2, 6.11 platforms for 5.17.4 Personnel for evacuation plan 13.16.2 minimum number of 13.5 training of 12.2, 13.2, 13.16.3 Pictograms 4.33.1.1 to 4.33.1.5 Platforms 4.18.5, 5.17.4 Pneumatic tensioning 4.22.5 Procedures: see also Manuals for design calculations 4.6.2.1 for grips 4.38.6 in loading/unloading stations 13.10 lockout 12.3.2

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maintenance 4.38.4.2, 12.3 operational 13.6 for terminating daily operations 13.17 safety 12.3 welding 4.9.3 written 4.38, 12.3.1, 12.12, 13.4.4, 13.5.3

Q Quality assurance program 4.5.3 Quality control 4.5

R Racks 4.27.9 Rail switches 6.14.10 Records: see also Logs of abnormalities 12.4.5 comparative graphs 12.16.11 inspection/maintenance 12.14.2, 12.16.2 Referencing standards 4.5.4 Replacement components 12.8 Rigging connections 4.10.2 Rock anchor testing 4.14.3 Rollback, ropeway 6.8.1.1 Roller chains 5.6, 6.17, 11.17.3 Rope clearances: see Clearances Rope elevation 12.12, 12.15 Rope gripper 8.15.1 Rope grips 4.28, 4.38.6, 12.10 detachable grip on splice 6.14.9 endurance testing of 4.27.3.4 fixed grip near splice tuck 12.10.4 manufacturer’s testing of 4.27.5.1 marking of grip locations 12.10.7 minimum/maximum slip 4.28.2.3 pull testing/relocation of 12.10.2 resistance to sliding 4.28.2 on reversible passenger ropeway 12.10.9 serial numbers on 4.28.1.8 Rope lifting frames 4.18.4 Rope lift-off hazard 4.38.5 Rope rotation 8.10, 9.10 Rope speed: see Maximum rope speed, Speed/capacity/spacing, Speed synchronization Rope tension 4.29 Ropeline calculation 12.15 Rules: see Operational procedures

S Safety circuits 4.4.4, 4.30.1, 4.30.8.2, 4.31.1, 12.16.7 Safety during maintenance 12.3 Safety gates 4.30.8, 6.15, 7.9, 8.14, 9.13 Safety nets 4.26.1.3, 6.7.1 Serial numbers 4.27.5.1, 4.27.7, 4.28.1.8 Service brake 4.31.2.3, 4.24.1.5, 4.24.2, 4.31.2.3, 5.10.2, 7.7.1, 8.12.1, 9.12.1 Service stops 4.30.4

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Shafts 4.21.1, 4.21.3, 4.23.4 Sheave loading 4.19 Sheave retention 4.21.3 Signals 4.32.7, 4.32.8, 5.8.5 Signs 4.33, 12.3.2, 12.4.1, 13.3.2 Site selection 4.3.1 Ski racks 4.27.9 Ski tip deflectors 6.5 Skiers and boarders 4.4.2, 4.26.1.1, 4.26.2.2, 6.2.1, 9.1.2, 10.1 Skirting 10.2.5 Smoke detectors 4.34.3 Snow: see also Deicing avalanche control 4.37 clearances to 4.26.1.5 removal of 13.10.3 technical data on 13.4.2 Sockets 11.9.4 non-destructive testing of 11.10 report on 11.9.4.5 Spacing of carriers 6.14.6 Speed/capacity/spacing 4.15, 6.2, 6.14.6, 8.3, 9.3, 9.4, 10.3 Speed synchronization 6.14.5 Splice handles 11.8.2 Splices certificate 11.16 construction of 11.8 in conveyor belts 11.8.4 marking of splice tucks 11.13.3 repair/replacement of 11.13.3 in tensioning ropes 11.8.3 Starting/stopping of ropeways and conveyors 13.11 Stations 4.25, 4.26.4, 13.9 enclosures/machine rooms in 4.11 entrance system for 6.14.11 intermediate 6.10 loading/unloading stations 13.10 Stopping devices 4.24.1.4, 10.6 see also Brakes, Switches Structures 4.10 Support sheaves 4.19.2 Sway dampers 4.27.8 Switches deropement 4.30.6 for detachable grip ropeways 6.14.3 emergency stop 4.30.5 manual 4.30.1.1, 5.18.3 rail 6.14.10 service stop 4.30.4 stop button 10.7.2 tension system 4.30.7 tower 13.15.1, 13.15.2

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T Technical information 4.38.2, 13.4.2 Tensioning ropes 11.4.3, 11.8.3 Tensioning sheaves 4.20, 4.22.4 Tensioning systems 4.22, 10.9, 12.5 adjustments 12.5.2 chains in 11.17 checks 13.14 controls 4.30.7 Termination of daily operations 13.17 Testing: see also entries for specific types of equipment acceptance 12.16 for circulating passenger ropeways 12.18.3 endurance 4.27.3 of grips/rope towing outfits 12.10 load 12.17 manufacturer’s 4.27.5, 11.7 non-destructive 4.27.5.1, 11.10, 12.18 rock anchor 4.14.3 Tow paths 7.2 Towers access to 4.18.2 cabin guides for 5.8.6 clearances from 6.4.5, 7.5, 7.10.5, 9.8 construction of 4.10.1 equipment for 4.18 identification of 4.18.3 inspection/testing of 12.16.4 lattice 6.5.1 location and height of 5.6, 6.17, 7.4, 9.8 numbers on 4.18.3 platforms on 4.18.5 projections on 8.8 spacing of 4.3.2.2, 4.16.2 testing of 12.16.4 tubular 6.5.2 wiring for 4.35.3 Towing attachments 9.14 Towing outfits 8.15 Tows, wire rope 11.8.2 Track ropes 11.4.2, 11.5, 11.9.3 brakes for 5.11, 5.12 Track rope saddles 5.6, 6.17 Training 12.2, 13.2 for evacuation drills 13.16.3 Transmissions, manual 13.13 Tri-cable 6.1.2, 6.16, 6.19

U Unauthorized entry 4.33.3 Unloading areas 4.26.3, 5.17, 6.7, 7.10 Unloading stations 13.10 Uphill ropes 8.6

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V Vertical forces 8.7

W Welded link chains 11.17.2 Welding 4.9 Winches 4.22.3, 11.3.2.1, 11.3.4 Wind on cabins/hangers 5.5.1 as design factor 4.14.1 force 5.5 pressure 5.6.2, 5.8.6, 6.17.2, 11.3.5 on ropes 5.5.2, 5.7, 5.14.4, 13.7.1 on signs 4.33.6 and site selection 4.3.1, 4.14.1.1 speed 5.4.3, 5.8.1, 5.8.3, 5.18.2 technical data on 13.4.2, 13.18.2 warnings 5.8.4 Wind gauges 4.17 Windows, cabin 5.8.2, 5.16.4, 5.16.5, 6.12.3 Wire ropes 4.8, 8.10.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.11 clips/thimbles 11.9.5 damaged 11.13.5 inspection/testing of 11.13.6 log for 11.13.6, 11.15 maintenance of 11.11 replacement/repair of 11.13 Wire rope tows 11.8.2 Wires, broken 11.12, 11.14 Work carriers 4.27.10 Work platforms 4.18.5

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IM P R A IM AD E AU CAN ISBN 1-55463-267-9 100% Licensed for/Autorisé à Sonia Mellish, Sold by/vendu par CSA on/le 6/17/2009. Single user license only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited./Permis d'utilisateur simple seulement. Le stockage, la ou l'utilisation sur le réseau est interdit.