REGULAR WORK SESSION TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 2011 6:00 P.M. IN THE CITY COUNCIL CHAMBERS Located in the Elks Civic Building, 107 South Cascade Avenue

CITIZEN REQUESTS

a) Public Art eXperience (PAX) Annual Update (10 minutes) (PAX Committee Co-Chair Caroline Lescroart)

b) Program Presentation (15 minutes) 2-10 (UNCO President and Founder Steven Curry)

c) Cornerstone Waste and Recycle Presentation (30 minutes) (Tom Fritz and Bill Fritz)

COUNCIL REPORTS

c) Sales, Use, and Excise Tax Report (5 minutes) 11-16 (Finance Director Shani Wittenberg)

**FUTURE TOPICS**

The following is a list of items City Council may consider in the near future. Please keep in mind these items may change and are not necessarily scheduled for the next City Council Work Session. If there is a particular item that you are interested in we recommend reviewing the City Council Work Session meeting agendas and packets on-line at the City of Montrose website, www.cityofmontrose.org.

 Montrose Pavilion Senior Center Advisory Committee Applicant Interviews  Joint Sales Tax Discussion with Montrose Recreation District

UNCO METEORITES

November 5, 2011 Montrose City Council Montrose, CO 81401

Dear Council Members,

I would like to present to the Council, an economic stimulus proposal involving an abundance of natural resources found, here, in Montrose proper, and Montrose County. These natural resources are of extraterrestrial origins, and are referred to as meteorites. A good portion of these meteorites, can clearly be authenticated as Lunar & meteorites, under all known, published, peer reviewed, and accepted scientific & historic criteria. A smaller portion of these finds are products of Supernova events, as in the Montrose Plessitic Octahedrite meteorites, found in March, 2011, on Sunset Mesa.

The current scientific and collectable market values of these meteorites, range from $200.00 per gram, for the Iron meteorites, up to $2500.00 per gram for Lunar meteorites, and up to $4850.00 per gram for Martian meteorites. Given the fact, that the Lunar meteorites, found in Montrose County, constitute the first Lunar meteorites to be recovered in North America, the historic novelty values of these finds could escalate beyond these current figures. At the same time, the Montrose Plessitic Octahedrite is historically important, as in these finds are remnants of an observed bolide of Thanksgiving Day, 2002, where over 350 individuals witnessed the event, and six “Allsky” cameras, videotaped & documented its flight over Kansas, and Colorado. Over 82lbs of the estimated 200lb “Fireball” have been recovered within the city limits of Montrose. The recovered specimens, of this Iron, amount to a current market value of $7,445,600.00!

At the same time, a single, 4.067Kg, Lunar Anorthosite meteorite, found in Montrose County, has a current market value of $10,167,500.00!

With your assistance, support, and cooperation, I would like to market Montrose, and Montrose County, as the new “Meteorite Capitol of the World,” a title now held by Tucson, AZ, and a title Montrose fully deserves. I would, also, like the City Council to entertain the idea of establishing a Meteorite Museum, dedicated to Dr. Harvey H. Nininger, and to Dr. Eugene Shoemaker; both former residents of Montrose. It will be through the curation, exhibits, and sales of a variety of local meteorites, that the City of Montrose will have the opportunity to benefit culturally, and economically, from national & international marketing of these natural resources. In addition, the tax revenues generated by the Museum, 80% of all revenues will be redistributed, by our Osirius Foundation, to our community’s charitable & “non-profit” organizations.

For your perusal & due-diligence, please see attached links and documents.

Respectfully & Sincerely yours,

Steve Curry; President & Founder

UNCO Meteorites

21250 Dave Wood Road, Montrose, CO 81403 (970) 249-8879 email: [email protected] 2 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 4

Asteroid mining From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Asteroid mining refers to the possibility of exploiting raw materials from and planetoids in space, including near- objects. Minerals and volatiles could be mined from an asteroid or spent to provide space construction material (e.g., iron, nickel, titanium), to extract water and oxygen to sustain the lives of prospector-astronauts on site, as well as hydrogen and oxygen for use as rocket fuel. In space exploration, these activities are referred to as in-situ resource utilization.

Some day, the platinum, cobalt and other valuable elements from asteroids may even be returned to Earth for profit. At 1997 prices, a relatively small metallic asteroid with a diameter of 1.6 km (0.99 mi) contains more than 20 trillion US dollars worth of industrial and precious metals.[1] In fact, all the gold, cobalt, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, osmium, palladium, platinum, is a stony asteroid in a near-Earth rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium and tungsten that we now mine from the Earth's crust, and that are orbit essential for economic and technological progress, came originally from the rain of asteroids that hit the Earth after the crust cooled.[2][3][4] This is because, while asteroids and the Earth congealed from the same starting materials, Earth's massive gravity pulled all such siderophilic (iron loving) elements into the planet's core during its molten youth more than four billion years ago[5]. Initially, this left the crust utterly depleted of such valuable elements[6]. Asteroid impacts re- infused the depleted crust with metals.

In 2004, the world production of iron ore exceeded a billion metric tons.[7] In comparison, a comparatively small M-type asteroid with a mean diameter of 1 km could contain more than two billion metric tons of iron-nickel ore,[8] or two to three times the annual production for 2004. The asteroid 16 Psyche is believed to contain 1.7 ×1019 kg of nickel-iron, which could supply the 2004 world production requirement for several million years. A small portion of the extracted material would also contain precious metals.

In 2006, the Keck Observatory announced that the binary asteroid 617 Patroclus,[9] and possibly large numbers of other Trojan asteroids, are likely extinct and consist largely of water ice. Similarly, Jupiter-family comets, and possible near-Earth asteroids which are defunct comets, might also economically provide water. The process of in-situ resource utilization (bootstrapping)—using materials native to space for propellant, tankage, radiation shielding, and other high-mass components of space infrastructure—could lead to radical reductions in its cost.

This would satisfy one of two necessary conditions to enable "human expansion into the " (the ultimate goal for human space flight proposed by the 2009 "Augustine Commission" Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee): physical sustainability and economic sustainability.

Traces of targeted asteroid mining could be utilized for SETI.[10]

Contents

■ 1 Economics ■ 2 Asteroid Selection ■ 3 Mining Considerations ■ 4 Material Extraction ■ 4.1 Strip Mining ■ 4.2 Shaft Mining ■ 4.3 Magnetic Rakes ■ 4.4 Heating ■ 5 Self-Replicating Machine for Material Near Earth Objects Map Extraction ■ 6 Applications ■ 7 See also ■ 8Notes ■ 9 References ■ 9.1 Publications ■ 10 External links ■ 10.1 Text ■ 10.2 Video

Economics

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining 11/10/2011 Asteroid mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 4

Economic analyses generally show that asteroid mining will not attract private investment at current commodity prices and space transportation costs.[11] However, based on known terrestrial reserves and growing consumption in developing countries, there is speculation that key elements needed for modern industry, including antimony, zinc, tin, silver, lead, indium, gold, and copper, could be exhausted on Earth within 50-60 years.[12] Asteroid Selection

At present, the cost of returning asteroidal materials to Earth far outweighs their market value. An important factor to consider in target selection is orbital economics, in particular the delta-v (Δv) and travel time to and from the target. More of the extracted native material must be expended as propellant in higher Δv trajectories, thus less returned as payload. Direct Hohmann trajectories are faster than Hohmann trajectories assisted by planetary and/or lunar flybys, which in turn are faster than those of the Interplanetary Transport Network, but the latter have lower Δv than the former.

Currently, the quality of the ore and the consequent cost and mass of equipment required to extract it are unknown. However, potential markets for materials can be identified and profit estimated. For example, the delivery of multiple tonnes of water to low earth orbit (LEO) in a space tourism economy could generate a significant profit.[13]

Near-Earth asteroids are considered likely candidates for early mining activity. Their low Δv location makes them suitable for use in extracting construction materials for near-Earth space-based facilities, greatly reducing the economic cost of transporting supplies into Earth orbit.

The table at right shows a comparison of Δv requirements for various missions. In terms of propulsion energy requirements, a mission to a near-earth asteroid compares favorably to Comparison of Delta-v alternative mining missions. Requirements Mission Δv An example of a potential target for an early asteroid mining expedition is . This body has a very low Δv compared to lifting materials from the surface of the Moon. However it would Earth surface to LEO 8.0 km/s require a much longer round-trip to return the material. LEO to near-earth asteroid 5.5 km/s[a] LEO to lunar surface 6.3 km/s Mining Considerations LEO to moons of . 8.0 km/s There are three options for mining:

1. Bring back raw asteroidal material. 2. Process it on-site to bring back only processed materials, and perhaps produce fuel propellant for the return trip. 3. Transport the asteroid to a safe orbit around the Moon or Earth. This can hypothetically allow for most materials to be used and not wasted[14].(Methods for asteroid retrieval or catching)

Processing in situ for the purpose of extracting high-value minerals will reduce the energy requirements for transporting the materials, although the processing facilities must first be transported to the mining site.

Mining operations require special equipment to handle the extraction and processing of ore in outer space. The machinery will need to be anchored to the body, but once in place, the ore can be moved about more readily due to the lack of gravity. Docking with an asteroid can be performed using a harpoon-like process, where a projectile penetrates the surface to serve as an anchor then an attached cable is used to winch the vehicle to the surface, if the asteroid is rigid enough for a harpoon to be effective.

Due to the distance from Earth to an asteroid selected for mining, the round-trip time for communications will be several minutes or more, except during occasional close approaches to Earth by near-Earth asteroids. Thus any mining equipment will either need to be highly automated, or a human presence will be needed nearby. Humans would also be useful for troubleshooting problems and for maintaining the equipment. On the other hand, multi-minute communications delays have not prevented the success of robotic exploration of Mars, and automated systems would be much less expensive to build and deploy.[15] Material Extraction

There are several options for material extraction:

Strip Mining

Material is successively scraped off the surface in a process comparable to strip mining. There is strong evidence that many asteroids consist of rubble piles,[16] making this approach possible .

Shaft Mining

A mine can be dug into the asteroid, and the material extracted through the shaft. This requires precise knowledge to engineer accuracy of astro

4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining 11/10/2011 Asteroid mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 4

-location under the surface regolith and a transportation system to carry the desired ore to the processing facility.

Magnetic Rakes

Asteroids with a high metal content may be covered in loose grains that can be gathered by means of a magnet.[17]

Heating

For volatile materials in extinct comets, heat can be used to melt and vaporize the matrix.[18] Self-Replicating Machine for Material Extraction

A 1980 NASA study entitled Advanced Automation for Space Missions proposed a complex automated factory on the Moon that would work over several years to build a copy of itself.[19] Exponential growth of factories over many years could refine large amounts of lunar regolith. Since 1980 we have seen several decades of technological progress in miniaturization, nanotechnology, materials science and additive manufacturing (or 3D printing).

The power of self-replication is compelling. For example, a 1 kg solar-powered self-replicating machine that takes one month to make a copy of itself would, after just two and a half years (30 doublings), refine over one billion kilograms of asteroidal material without any human intervention. Ten months later you would have one trillion kg of whatever metal(s) are used to make the devices, which could then be "harvested" at any time. No large mass of equipment need be delivered to the asteroid; in effect, only the information that went into designing the device plus the 1 kg device itself. Applications

Potential applications for the resources obtained from asteroid mining include propellant depots[20][1] and solar power satellites.[21][14] See also

■ Colonization of the asteroids ■ Colonization of ■ Space exploration ■ Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets ■ Space manufacturing ■ Space-based industry ■ In-Situ Resource Utilization ■ Asteroids in fiction ■ Shackleton Energy Company ■ Space-based solar power Notes

a. ^ This is the typical amount, however much smaller delta-v asteroids exist. References

1. ^ abLewis, John S. (1997). Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets (http://books.google.com/? id=k9hwi3ktye8C&dq=isbn=0201328194) . Perseus. ISBN 0-201-32819-4. http://books.google.com/?id=k9hwi3ktye8C&dq=isbn=0201328194. 2. ^ University of Toronto (2009, October 19).Geologists Point To Outer Space As Source Of The Earth's Mineral Riches (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091018141608.htm) . ScienceDaily 3. ^ James M. Brenan and William F. McDonough, "Core formation and metal–silicate fractionation of osmium and iridium from gold (http://www.geology.utoronto.ca/Members/brenan/Brenan%20and%20McDonough,%202009.pdf) ." Nature Geoscience (18 October 2009) 4. ^ Matthias Willbold, Tim Elliott and Stephen Moorbath, "The tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle before the terminal bombardment (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7363/full/nature10399.html) ." Nature (08 September 2011) 5. ^ "ibid" 6. ^ "ibid" 7. ^ "World Produces 1.05 Billion Tonnes of Steel in 2004 (http://www.newmaterials.com/news/833.asp) ", International Iron and Steel Institute, 2005 8. ^ Lewis 1993 9. ^ F. Marchis et al., "A low density of 0.8 g/cm-3 for the Trojan 617 Patroclus (http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7076/abs/nature04350.html) ", Nature, 439, pp. 565-567, 2 February 2006. 10. ^ Evidence of asteroid mining in our galaxy may lead to the discovery of extraterrestrial civilizations (http://smithsonianscience.org/2011/04/evidence- of-asteroid-mining-in-our-galaxy-may-lead-to-the-discovery-of-extraterrestrial-civilizations/) smithsonianscience.org; Asteroid Mining: A Marker for SETI? (http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=17357) centauri-dreams.org; Duncan Forgan, Martin Elvis:Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (http://arxiv.org/abs/1103.5369) @ arxiv.org, (Retrieved 2011-04-07)

5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining 11/10/2011 Asteroid mining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 4 of 4

11. ^ R Gertsch and L Gertsch, "Economic analysis tools for mineral projects in space (http://www.kemcom.net/EconAnal.pdfl) ", Space Resources Roundtable, 2005. 12. ^ D Cohen, "Earth's natural wealth: an audit" (http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/027ns_005.htm) , NewScientist, 23 May 2007. 13. ^ Sonter, Mark. "Mining Economics and Risk-Control in the Development of Near-Earth-Asteroid Resources" (http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/mining_economics_and_risk_control_in_the_development_of_near_earth_asteriod_resources.shtml) . Space Future. http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/mining_economics_and_risk_control_in_the_development_of_near_earth_asteriod_resources.shtml. Retrieved 2006-06-08. 14. ^ abDr. Lee Valentine (2002). "A Space Roadmap: Mine the Sky, Defend the Earth, Settle the Universe" (http://ssi.org/reading/papers/space-studies- institute-roadmap/) . Space Studies Institute. http://ssi.org/reading/papers/space-studies-institute-roadmap/. Retrieved September 19, 2011. 15. ^ Crandall W.B.C, et al. (2009). "Why Space, Recommendations to the Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee" (http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/383154main_53%20-%2020090803.7.toAugustineCommittee-2009-08-03.pdf) . NASA Document Server. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/383154main_53%20-%2020090803.7.toAugustineCommittee-2009-08-03.pdf. 16. ^ L. Wilson, K. Keil, S. J. Love (1999). "The internal structures and densities of asteroids". Meteoritics & 34 (3): 479–483. Bibcode 1999M&PS...34..479W (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999M&PS...34..479W) . doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1999.tb01355.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111% 2Fj.1945-5100.1999.tb01355.x) . 17. ^ William K. Hartmann (2000). "The Shape of (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/288/5467/820) Kleopatra". Science 288 (5467): 820– 821. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.820 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5467.820) . http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/288/5467/820. 18. ^ David L. Kuck, "Exploitation of Space Oases", Proceedings of the Twelfth SSI-Princeton Conference, 1995. 19. ^ Robert Freitas, William P. Gilbreath, ed (1982). Advanced Automation for Space Missions (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Advanced_Automation_for_Space_Missions) . NASA Conference Publication CP-2255 (N83-15348). http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Advanced_Automation_for_Space_Missions. 20. ^ Didier Massonnet , Benoît Meyssignac (2006). "A captured asteroid : Our David's stone for shielding earth and providing the cheapest extraterrestrial material" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576506001147) . Acta Astronautica. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576506001147. 21. ^ BRIAN O'LEARY, MICHAEL J. GAFFEY, DAVID J. ROSS, and ROBERT SALKELD (1979). "Retrieval of Asteroidal Materials" (http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/spaceres/IV-2.html) . SPACE RESOURCES and SPACE SETTLEMENTS,1977 Summer Study at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California. NASA. http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/spaceres/IV-2.html.

Publications

■ Space Enterprise: Beyond NASA / David Gump (1990) ISBN 0-275-93314-8. ■ Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets / John S. Lewis (1998) ISBN 0201479591 External links

Text

■ http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_technical_and_economic_feasibility_of_mining_the_near_earth_asteriods.shtml The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Mining the Near-Earth Asteroids], M. J. Sonter. ■ The Future of Space Mining (http://www.american.edu/TED/spacemin.htm) ■ http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/10/asteroid-moving/] The Plan to Bring an Asteroid to Earth

Video

■ Video Beyond Earth - NEO Destinations (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaqbhjoaIXU) - Aug 7, 2011 NewSpace 2011 Conference of the Space Frontier Foundation ■ Video Moon, Mars, Asteroids - Where to Go First for Resources? (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hA8OkfxBC4g) Space manufacturing 14 Conference of the Space Studies Institute Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_mining&oldid=458282503" Categories: Mining techniques Natural resources Space technology Asteroid mining

■ This page was last modified on 31 October 2011 at 12:04. ■ Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_mining 11/10/2011 Where does all Earth's gold come from? Precious metals the result of meteorite bombard... Page 2 of 3

more top news Where Does All Earth's Gold Come From? Precious Metals the Result of Meteorite Bombardment, Rock Analysis Finds Copyright Reuters 2008. See Restrictions. ScienceDaily (Sep. 7, 2011) — Ultra high precision enlarge analyses of some of the oldest rock samples on Free Subscriptions ... from ScienceDaily Earth by researchers at the University of Bristol Get the latest science news with our free email provides clear evidence that the planet's accessible newsletters, updated daily and weekly. Or view reserves of precious metals are the result of a hourly updated newsfeeds in your RSS reader: bombardment of meteorites more than 200 million Email Newsletters years after Earth was formed. RSS Newsfeeds The research is published in Nature. See Also: Feedback ... we want to hear from you! During the formation of Earth, molten Space & Time iron sank to its centre to make the Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we • Asteroids, Comets core. This took with it the vast welcome both positive and negative comments. and Meteors majority of the planet's precious Have any problems using the site? Questions? • Satellites metals -- such as gold and platinum. Gold. (Credit: © Martin Kreutz / Fotolia) In fact, there are enough precious Your Name: Matter & Energy metals in the core to cover the entire Ads by Google Your Email: • Chemistry surface of Earth with a four-metre • Inorganic Chemistry thick layer. Comments: K12 Elementary Education — Learn More About a Earth & Climate The removal of gold to the core K12 Education & 100% Tuition-Free Curriculum! • Geology should leave the outer portion of www.K12.com • Earth Science Earth bereft of bling. However, New Highs In Silver Price — If you think silver will precious metals are tens to stop at $50 per ounce. You're wrong... Reference thousands of times more abundant in • Crust (geology) MoneyMorning.com/silver_investor Earth's silicate mantle than Click button to submit feedback: • Metal Send It anticipated. It has previously been Flawless Man-Made Diamond — Perfect Synthetic • White gold argued that this serendipitous over- Diamonds Set in 14k Gold. Free Catalog! • Meteorite Save Email Print Share abundance results from a www.DiamondNexus.com cataclysmic meteorite shower that hit Earth after the core formed. The full Silver Prices Live Market — Leading Silver Bullion load of meteorite gold was thus added to the mantle alone and Dealer USA Discount 100oz bars - no dealers. not lost to the deep interior. www.monex.com/why-silver-why-now To test this theory, Dr Matthias Willbold and Professor Tim Sell Your Gold & Silver — We Pay Top Dollar For Elliott of the Bristol Isotope Group in the School of Earth Your Jewelry. We Buy Gold, Silver & Diamonds. Sciences analysed rocks from Greenland that are nearly four www.CashForGold.com billion years old, collected by Professor Stephen Moorbath of the University of Oxford. These ancient rocks provide a unique Related Stories window into the composition of our planet shortly after the formation of the core but before the proposed meteorite Geologists Point To Outer Space bombardment. As Source Of The Earth's Mineral The researchers determined the tungsten isotopic composition Riches (Oct. 19, 2009) — According of these rocks. Tungsten (W) is a very rare element (one gram to a new study by geologists, the of rock contains only about one ten-millionth of a gram of wealth of some minerals that lie in the rock beneath tungsten) and, like gold and other precious elements, it should the Earth's surface may be extraterrestrial in ... have entered the core when it formed. Like most elements, > read more tungsten is composed of several isotopes, atoms with the same Meteorites From Inner Solar System chemical characteristics but slightly different masses. Isotopes Match Up To Earth's Platinum provide robust fingerprints of the origin of material and the Standard (Oct. 4, 2008) — Some of the addition of meteorites to Earth would leave a diagnostic mark world's rarest and most precious metals, on its W isotope composition. including platinum and iridium, could owe their Dr Willbold observed a 15 parts per million decrease in the presence in the Earth's crust to iron and stony-iron relative abundance of the isotope 182W between the meteorites, fragments of a large number of ... Greenland and modern day rocks. This small but significant > read more change is in excellent agreement with that required to explain Geochemists Challenge Key Theory the excess of accessible gold on Earth as the fortunate by- Regarding Earth's Formation (May product of meteorite bombardment. 3, 2008) — Geologists call into Dr Willbold said: "Extracting tungsten from the rock samples question three decades of and analysing its isotopic composition to the precision required conventional wisdom regarding some of the was extremely demanding given the small amount of tungsten physical processes that helped shape the Earth as available in rocks. In fact, we are the first laboratory world-wide we know it today. New research provides a direct that has successfully made such high-quality measurements." challenge ... > read more The impacting meteorites were stirred into Earth's mantle by Life's Raw Materials May Have Come gigantic convection processes. A tantalising target for future From The Stars, Scientists Confirm work is to study how long this process took. Subsequently, (June 13, 2008) — Scientists have geological processes formed the continents and concentrated confirmed for the first time that an the precious metals (and tungsten) in ore deposits which are important component of early genetic material mined today. which has been found in meteorite fragments is extraterrestrial in origin. The finding suggests that ... Dr Willbold continued: "Our work shows that most of the > read more precious metals on which our economies and many key industrial processes are based have been added to our planet Half-Baked Asteroids Have Earth-Like by lucky coincidence when the Earth was hit by about 20 billion Crust (Jan. 8, 2009) — Asteroids are hunks billion tonnes of asteroidal material." of rock that orbit in the outer reaches of space, and scientists have generally This research was funded by the Natural Environment assumed that their small size limited the types of Research Council (NERC), the Science and Technology rock that could form in their crusts. But two ... Facilities Council (STFC) and the Deutsche > read more Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Ads by Google Recommend this story on Facebook, Twitter, and Google +1: NEW UFO LED Grow Light — NEW ALL 3w UFO 15 Tweet LED Grow Light. 200% Brighter - 90 Day This portion Guarantee! AdvancedLEDLights.com/UFOGrowLED Other bookmarking and sharing tools:

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| More BP's Work in the Gulf — BP continues their work in the Gulf. Visit BP.com to learn how. www.BP.com/GulfOfMexicoResponse Story Source: Canon Project Imagination — Go Behind The Scenes w/ Ron Howard. View Winning Photos, The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Videos & Blogs University of Bristol. www.youtube.com/imagination Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For Bird Feeders — Save on Bird Feeders. Free further information, please contact the source cited above. Shipping on Orders over $49! DrsFosterSmith.com Journal Reference: 300 Power Telescope Sale — Star and Moon 1. Matthias Willbold, Tim Elliott, Stephen Moorbath. The Watching Telescope $69.99 Free Shipping tungsten isotopic composition of the Earth’s mantle shopbarska.com/Telescopes before the terminal bombardment. Nature, 2011; 477 (7363): 195 DOI: 10.1038/nature10399

Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats: APA University of Bristol (2011, September 7). Where does all Earth's gold come from? Precious metals the result of meteorite MLA bombardment, rock analysis finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2011/09/110907132044.htm? utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed% 3A+sciencedaily%2Fspace_time+% 28ScienceDaily%3A+Space+% 26+Time+News%29 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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LINKS TO ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/lmc/lmc.cfm#breccia http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/samples/atlas/ http://www.nbc11news.com/localnews/headlines/Man_Wants_Montrose_Recogni zed_as_the_Meteorite_Capitol_of_the_World_118308919.html?storySection=co mments http://www.kjct8.com/news/25571622/detail.html

10 CITY OF MONTROSE MONTHLY SALES AND USE TAX Date:11/7/2011 Retail Construction Use Auto Sales Tax Use Tax Tax Use Tax Current Prior % of Current Prior % of Current Prior % of Current Prior % of Year Year Increase/ Year Year Increase/ Year Year Increase/ Year Year Increase/ Month 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2010 Decrease

Jan 849,621 879,710 -3.4% 6,514 12,065 -46.0% 23,350 12,021 94.2% 20,966 24,102 -13.0% Feb 863,245 843,753 2.3% 1,381 2,682 -48.5% 15,950 22,285 8.0% 25,663 26,728 -4.0% Mar 1,004,431 971,796 3.4% 10,832 27,995 -61.3% 18,265 54,801 -66.7% 27,849 29,286 -4.9% Apr 871,943 902,380 -3.4% 13,060 34,038 -61.6% 34,631 44,037 -21.4% 25,071 31,055 -19.3% May 913,998 939,318 -2.7% 21,343 9,584 122.7% 41,174 21,922 87.8% 32,891 30,433 8.1% June 1,063,273 1,102,466 -3.6% 12,831 21,864 -41.3% 53,654 55,583 -3.5% 36,413 24,878 46.4% July 1,048,458 1,070,438 -2.1% 7,031 8,611 -18.3% 20,044 36,559 -45.2% 32,476 35,660 -8.9% Aug 1,035,654 1,013,638 2.2% 2,024 9,198 -78.0% 32,395 38,352 -15.5% 32,114 38,314 -16.2% Sept 1,033,115 1,021,696 1.1% 7,512 6,486 15.8% 18,141 26,760 -32.2% 32,045 28,385 12.9% Oct 944,756 5,026 22,701 29,822 Nov 926,323 8,154 56,151 33,867 Dec 1,246,631 3,367 33,399 30,135 YTD Total 8,683,738 8,745,195 -0.7% 82,528 132,523 -37.7% 257,604 312,320 -17.5% 265,488 268,841 -1.2%

Total Collected Sales & Use Retail Enhancement Sales & Use Tax 3.0% Budget Program Current Prior % of Budget Current Prior %of Year Year Increase/ Budget Variance Year Year Increase/ Month 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2011 2011 2010 Decrease

Jan 900,451 927,898 -3.0% 904,621 -0.5% 17,425 18,072 -3.6% Feb 906,239 895,448 1.2% 866,942 4.5% 17,588 17,271 1.8% Mar 1,061,377 1,083,878 -2.1% 1,053,509 0.7% 20,309 19,641 3.4% Apr 944,705 1,011,510 -6.6% 986,712 -4.3% 17,852 18,472 -3.4% May 1,009,406 1,001,257 0.8% 972,260 3.8% 18,687 19,030 -1.8% June 1,166,171 1,204,791 -3.2% 1,170,224 -0.3% 21,768 22,418 -2.9% July 1,108,009 1,151,268 -3.8% 1,114,686 -0.6% 21,291 21,969 -3.1% Aug 1,102,187 1,099,502 0.2% 1,063,407 3.6% 20,991 20,155 4.1% Sept 1,090,813 1,083,327 0.7% 1,050,835 3.8% 21,022 20,685 1.6% Oct 1,002,305 971,593 18,774 Nov 1,024,495 987,057 18,919 Dec 1,313,532 1,273,154 25,150 YTD Total 9,289,358 9,458,879 -1.8% 9,183,196 1.2% 176,933 177,713 -0.4% 11 TOTAL CITY SALES & USE TAX

1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 2007 1,200,000 2008 1,000,000 2009 800,000 2010 600,000 2011 400,000 200,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Retail Enhancement Program

35,000 30,000 25,000 2007 2008 20,000 2009 15,000 2010 10,000 2011 5,000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

12 Total Taxable Retail Sales Downtown

6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 2010 3,000,000 2,000,000 2011 1,000,000 0

R Y G V EB IL CT EC JAN F A R A U EPT O M P M UNE ULY A S O N D A J J

AREA 1: 2010=WEST CITY LIMIT TO LOT AVE & NORTH 2ND TO SOUTH 2ND STREET 2011=DDA BOUNDARY

Total Taxable Retail Sales North Townsend

6,000,000 4,000,000 2010 2,000,000 2011 0

R Y G V EB IL CT EC JAN F A R A U EPT O M P M UNE ULY A S O N D A J J

AREA 2: *NORTH CITY LIMIT TO NORTH 2ND STREET

Total Taxable Retail Sales Mid Townsend

600,000 400,000 2010 200,000 2011 0

L T EB JAN F AR RI AY EPT M M UNE ULY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP J J

AREA 3: MID TOWNSEND SOUTH 2ND STREET TO SOUTH 12TH STREET 13 Total Taxable Retail Sales South Townsend

30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 2010 15,000,000 10,000,000 2011 5,000,000 -

T T EB IL JAN F R EP MAR MAY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP JUNE JULY

AREA 4: SOUTH TOWNSEND SOUTH 12TH STREET TO SOUTH CITY LIMIT

Total Taxable Retail Sales East Main

3,000,000 2,000,000 2010 1,000,000 2011 -

L T EB JAN F AR RI AY EPT M M UNE ULY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP J J

AREA 5: EAST MAIN LOT AVENUE TO EAST CITY LIMIT

Total Taxable Retail Sales All Other Locations Inside City Limits

2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 2010 1,000,000 2011 500,000 -

L T EB JAN F AR RI AY EPT M M UNE ULY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP J J

AREA 6: ALL OTHER LOCATIONS INSIDE CITY LIMITS OF MONTROSE 14 Total Taxable Retail Sales Other Cities Within Colorado

1,500,000 1,000,000 2010 500,000 2011 -

T T EB IL JAN F R EP MAR MAY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP JUNE JULY

AREA 7: OTHER CITIES WITHIN COLORADO

Total Taxable Retail Sales Outside Colorado

5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2010 2,000,000 2011 1,000,000 -

L T EB JAN F AR RI AY EPT M M UNE ULY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP J J

AREA 8: OUTSIDE COLORADO

Total Taxable Retail Sales Home Base Businesses

500,000 400,000 300,000 2010 200,000 100,000 2011 -

L T EB JAN F AR RI AY EPT M M UNE ULY AUG S OC NOV DEC AP J J

AREA 9: HOME BASE BUSINESSES 15 CITY OF MONTROSE TOURISM PROMOTIONAL FUND REPORT Date:11/07/11 HOTEL EXCISE TAX RESTAURANT EXCISE TAX Total Collected Hotel & Restaurant 0.90% 0.80% Hotel & Restaurant Tax Budget Current Prior % of Current Prior % of Current Prior % of Budget Year Year Increase/ Year Year Increase/ Year Year Increase/ Buget Variance Month 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2010 Decrease 2011 2011

Jan 2,964 2,835 4.6% 20,801 21,479 -3.2% 23,765 24,314 -2.3% 24,194 -1.8% Feb 3,412 3,103 10.0% 20,295 21,492 -5.6% 23,707 24,595 -3.6% 24,473 -3.1% Mar 4,967 3,862 28.6% 22,301 23,169 -3.7% 27,268 27,031 0.9% 26,899 1.4% Apr 4,857 4,079 19.1% 21,465 22,952 -6.5% 26,322 27,031 -2.6% 26,900 -2.1% May 5,990 6,041 -0.8% 24,129 24,965 -3.3% 30,119 31,006 -2.9% 30,860 -2.4% June 8,143 8,908 -8.6% 25,808 25,863 -0.2% 33,951 34,771 -2.4% 34,614 -1.9% July 10,973 11,634 -5.7% 29,242 29,322 -0.3% 40,215 40,956 -1.8% 40,775 -1.4% Aug 8,814 9,882 -10.8% 26,724 27,423 -2.5% 35,538 37,305 -4.7% 37,137 -4.3% Sept 9,265 7,879 17.6% 26,011 25,562 1.8% 35,276 33,441 5.5% 33,287 6.0% Oct 5,684 23,998 29,682 29,542 Nov 3,485 20,547 24,032 23,916 Dec 2,747 22,787 25,534 25,406 YTD Total 59,385 58,223 2.0% 216,776 222,227 -2.5% 276,161 280,450 -1.5% 279,139 -1.1%

Hotel Tax Collected Restaurant Tax Collected

14,000 40,000

12,000 35,000

30,000 10,000 2008 25,000 2008 8,000 2009 2009 20,000 2010 2010 6,000 2011 15,000 2011 4,000 10,000

2,000 5,000

0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

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