STUDIES

IN THE EPISTLE

OF

SECOND THESSALONIANS

Bob Buchanan

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RUINS OF AN ANCIENT FORUM IN MODERN THESSALONIKI

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INTRODUCTION TO SECOND THESSALONIANS

PLEASE NOTE : The following sections, Roman Numerals “I” and “II ,” concerning both the CITY of Thessalonica, as well as the beginning of the CHURCH in that City, are being copied and re-printed from the booklet on FIRST Thessalonians .

I. The CITY of THESSALONICA

A. The modern name of the city is “Thessaloniki ” or “Salonika ”

B. In 315 B. C., Cassander , who had been a general under Alexander the Great , built a new City.

C. The City was named after “Thessalonica ” the daughter of Philip II of Macedon . She was also the step-sister of Alexander the Great .

D. Thessalonica was conquered by the ROMANS in 168 B. C. and became the provincial capital . Later, it was made the CAPITAL of the entire region .

E. The City was located on the famous EGNATIAN WAY , the Roman road that crossed Macedonia from East to West . Some of the remains of this highway may still be seen in that area. Many people walked on this road on their way to the coast and then to Italy and the City of Rome . The City was a TRADE CENTER , and had a natural harbor with extensive shipping.

F. Thessalonica was conquered by the TURKS in 1430 A. D. and by the GREEKS in 1912 A. D..

G. In the days of the apostle Paul, Thessalonica was an important city , but also a wicked city . The population included GREEKS, ROMANS, and JEWS .

H. The RUINS of the ancient City of Thessalonica, known by the apostle Paul and first century Christians, are covered by the MODERN THESSALONIKI . The ruins of the ancient forum seen in the picture on the previous page of this booklet were at one time covered by a BUS TERMINAL

I. Today, “THESSALONIKI ” is the second largest city in Greece , second only to Athens , and has a population of more than 320,000 people , The general area has more than 700,000 people .

II. The BEGINNING of the CHURCH of our Lord at Thessalonica in the days of the apostle Paul

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A. Please examine Acts 17:1-9 to see the initial preaching of the gospel in Thessalonica.

B. This evangelism took place on the SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY of Paul

1. While at PHILIPPI, Paul’s companions were SILAS, TIMOTHY, and LUKE

2. Paul and Silas had been joined by TIMOTHY at LYSTRA (Acts 15:40; 16:1-5).

3. It is observed that LUKE joined the team at TROAS . This is seen in the use of the pronoun, “ WE ” in Acts 16:10-13. The author of Acts, LUKE , included himself in the group.

4. However, when Paul and his companions left Philippi and went to Thessalonica , a distance of about 160 kilometers , Luke used the pronoun “ THEY. ” This indicates that Luke was NOT WITH THEM . He evidently remained in Philippi . Examine Acts 17:1, 10, etc..

C. In Thessalonica, Paul reasoned in the Jewish SYNAGOGUE for THREE SABBATH DAYS (Acts 17:2)

1. Paul preached the RESURRECTED CHRIST (Acts 17:3, 4)

2. The jealous JEWS raised up a MOB , and opposition began (Acts 17:5-9)

3. “SOME ” of the Jews believed , as well as many “God-fearers ” among the Greeks , and a number of leading women (Acts 17:4)

4. From this we learn that GENTILES obeyed the gospel in Thessalonica. Paul stated that they had “turned to God from idols ” (I Thessalonians 1:9, 10). Read also First Thessalonians 2:14.

5. From Thessalonica, Paul went to the city of BEREA (Acts 17:10-13).

5. NOTE : It is not possible to determine exactly HOW LONG Paul remained at Thessalonica.

III. CIRCUMSTANCES existing in the CHURCH at Thessalonica at the time of writing of II Thessalonians. This epistle was probably written in the NEAR FUTURE AFTER the writing of FIRST Thessalonians . The date of writing is UNCERTAIN . (See the possible DATE below).

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A. One of the challenges facing the church was the CONTINUATION of PERSECUTION in Thessalonica.

1. Review the record in the book of Acts concerning the early persecution in that City (Acts 17:1-9). Perhaps, when Paul left the City (Acts 17:10), the persecution may have become LESS for a time, and then increased again . We cannot be certain about this.

2. Also, review Paul’s discussion of the “affliction ” experienced by the church which is seen in FIRST Thessalonians 1:6; 2:14-16.

3. However, their suffering, their “affliction ” was CONTINUING at the time of the writing of SECOND Thessalonians 1:3-7.

B. A SECOND CHALLENGE in the Thessalonian church at the time Paul wrote II Thessalonians was their MISUNDERSTANDING about the TIME of the Second Coming of the Lord Jesus (II Thessalonians 2:1-12). They thought that “the day of the Lord has come .” (II Thessalonians 2:2).

C. A THIRD CHALLENGE was the PROBLEM of “IDLENESS ” in the congregation at Thessalonica (II Thessalonica 3:6-15).

1. Observe that even in FIRST Thessalonians 4:11, 12, Paul exhorted them strongly to “WORK !”

2. Also, in I Thessalonians 5:14, the church was to ”admonish ” the “UNRULY ” (“ ataktous ”). This word is the same root word that is used for “idle ” in II Thessalonians 3:6, 11. Therefore, it seems that this problem had continued among the Thessalonian brothers.

IV. The inspired AUTHOR and DATE of writing of Second Thessalonians

A. The inspired AUTHOR

1. PAUL was the primary author , but SILVANUS and TIMOTHY were also included in the greeting (II Thessalonians 1:1).

2. Just as he did in FIRST Thessalonians, Paul used the pronouns “ WE ” (II Thessalonians 1:3, 4; 2:1, 13; 3:4, 8-11, etc.) and the word, “ US ” (2:15; 3:1). This suggests that he was including his companions , Silvanus and Timothy , in the exhortations which he gave to the Thessalonians. 5

3. However, Paul also used the pronoun “I” as he emphasized that, “while I was still with you, I was telling you these things” (II Thessalonians 2:5).

4. Note also that Paul wrote the greeting at the end of the epistle WITH HIS OWN HAND , and used the pronoun “I” again (II Thessalonians 3:17).

B. The DATE of the writing of SECOND Thessalonians

1. Because of the CONTINUING CIRCUMSTANCES at Thessalonica, it seems that SECOND Thessalonians was written NOT LONG AFTER the writing of FIRST Thessalonians.

2. II Thessalonians was probably written while Paul remained at Corinth for 18 months on the second missionary journey (Acts 18:11). If so, this would be approximately 50-52 A. D .

V. Paul’s REASONS or PURPOSES for writing the epistle of SECOND Thessalonians

A. Paul desired to express his THANKFULNESS for their FAITHFULNESS . Read II Thessalonians 1:3, 4.

B. To ENCOURAGE the Thessalonian disciples to continue in that faithfulness and obedience to the teaching Paul had given them . Read II Thessalonians 2:13-15; 3:3-15.

C. He desired to CORRECT wrong ideas concerning the SECOND COMING of Christ (II Thessalonians 2:1-12).

D. Paul urged proper DISCIPLINE of UNRULY or IDLE brothers (II Thessalonians 3:6-15) (Kelcy , pages 127, 128).

VI. IMPORTANT and RELEVANT LESSONS from II Thessalonians

A. A beautiful description of the “GODHEAD ”

1. GOD the “FATHER ”

a. He is the Christian’s heavenly “FATHER ” and He is the ONE who gives COMFORT, GRACE, PEACE, LOVE and HOPE (II Thessalonians 1:2; 2:16; 3:5).

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b. God the Father has chosen Christians for SALVATION (II Thessalonians 2:13).

c. God’s JUDGMENT will be a “ RIGHTEOUS JUDGMENT ” (II Thessalonians 1:5).

2. JESUS CHRIST the SON

a. Because the name of Christ is “united” or “coupled ” with the Father in extending “ GRACE ,” His DEITY is clearly seen. See II Thessalonians 1:1, 2; 2:12.

b. At His SECOND COMING , He will appear in “FLAMING FIRE ” to execute “vengeance ” (II Thessalonians 1:7-9).

c. He will destroy the “man of lawlessness ” (II Thessalonians 2:8).

d. JESUS IS LORD ! (II Thessalonians 1:1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 12; 2:1, 8, 14, 16; 3:6, 12)

3. The HOLY SPIRIT is involved in the “SANCTIFICATION ” of the Christian (II Thessalonians 2:13).

B. The Thessalonians were “ IN GOD ” and “ IN THE LORD JESUS CHRIST ” (II Thessalonians 1:1). This is where SALVATION IS FOUND !

1. EXAMINE HOW a person COMES “ INTO CHRIST ” (Galatians 3:26, 27; Romans 6:1-5).

2. God had “CHOSEN ” the Thessalonians FOR SALVATION (II Thessalonians 2:13).

3. God had “CALLED ” them through Paul’s gospel (II Thessalonians 2:14). Observe that TRUTH is also involved (II Thessalonians 2:10-12, 13).

C. There is an emphasis in II Thessalonians on CHRISTIAN LIVING !

1. Paul gave THANKS for the increasing FAITH and the increasing LOVE they had FOR EACH OTHER (II Thessalonians 1:3).

2. They should be STEADFAST and FAITHFUL in the midst of suffering for the Kingdom (II Thessalonians 1:5). 7

3. The Thessalonians should live in PEACE and NOT be disturbed or shaken from their “composure” (II Thessalonians 2:2).

4. They should NOT permit anyone to DECEIVE them (II Thessalonians 2:3)

5. They should be COMFORTED and STRENGTHENED in heart and should practice “EVERY GOOD WORK AND WORD ” (II Thessalonians 2:17).

6. They should be engaged in “HONEST TOIL ” (II Thessalonians 3:7-10).

7. The Thessalonians should practice CORRECTIVE DISCIPLINE against the “UNRULY ” but show love and “admonish him as a brother ” (II Thessalonians 3:6, 14, 15) (Kelcy , page 133).

D. In II Thessalonians, the Lord’s SECOND COMING is emphasized again (II Thessalonians 1:5-10).

1. God will give “REST ” to those who are “AFFLICTED ”

2. Those who are DISOBEDIENT will receive ETERNAL ”DESTRUCTION ”

3. The “APOSTASY ” or “REBELLION ” would COME FIRST (II Thessalonians 2:3, 4). ______

OUTLINE OF THE EPISTLE OF SECOND THESSALONIANS

I. The GREETING of Paul and his companions (1:1, 2)

II. ENCOURAGEMENT given to the Thessalonians (1:3-12)

A. The THANKFULNESS of the preachers for the Thessalonians (1:3, 4)

B. God will bring RIGHTEOUS JUDGMENT (1:5-10)

C. The PRAYER of the preachers for the Thessalonians (1:11, 12)

III. ADDITIONAL TEACHING concerning the SECOND COMING (2:1-17).

A. INTRODUCTORY Thoughts

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B. The Lord’s COMING had NOT YET ARRIVED (2:1, 2)

C. The “REBELLION ” and the “MAN OF LAWLESSNESS ” must come first (2:3-12)

D. More THANKFULNESS and ENCOURAGEMENT to “STAND FIRM ” (2:13-15)

E. Paul’s PRAYER for the Thessalonians (2:16, 17)

IV. Paul’s “COMMANDS ” and EXHORTATIONS (3:1-15)

A. Encouragement to PRAY for PAUL, SILAS, and TIMOTHY (3:1, 2)

B. The CONFIDENCE of the preachers in the LORD and in the THESSALONIANS (3:3-5)

C. The “COMMANDS ” of Paul and his companions concerning the “DISORDERLY ” (3:6-15)

V. CONCLUSION of the epistle (3:16-18)

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REVIEW QUESTIONS ON THE INTRODUCTION TO SECOND THESSALONIANS

1. What is the modern name of the city of THESSALONICA ?

2. Who founded the city of Thessalonica in ancient times and WHEN was it founded?

3. After WHOM was the city NAMED?

4. What famous ROMAN ROAD passed through Thessalonica?

5. When Paul preached there, which ETHNIC GROUPS inhabited the City?

6. What is the approximate POPULATION of that City TODAY ?

7. On which MISSION JOURNEY did Paul preach there, and WHO were his companions?

8. WHERE was LUKE at this time ?

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9. What do the pronouns “WE ” and “THEY ” indicate in Acts 16, 17 , etc.?

10. TO WHOM did Paul preach on three Sabbath days , and WHAT WAS HIS TOPIC ? (Acts 17:1-9)

11. WHICH GROUPS accepted the message of Paul at Thessalonica?

12. Give THREE CHALLENGES or PROBLEMS facing the congregation In Thessalonica at the time of the writing of II Thessalonians?

13. What do the pronouns, “WE ” and “US ” indicate in the book of Second Thessalonians ?

14. WHEN was Second Thessalonians written ?

15. What were Paul’s “PURPOSES ” in writing Second Thessalonians?

16. Discuss the following important LESSONS in Second Thessalonians:

a. What does this epistle say about the “Father ,” “Son ” and “Holy Spirit ?”

b. What does it really mean to be “IN CHRIST ?”

c. What does this epistle say about CHRISTIAN LIVING ?

17. What does Second Thessalonians say about the SECOND COMING ?

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STUDIES IN THE TEXT OF SECOND THESSALONIANS CHAPTER ONE

I. The GREETING from Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy (II Thessalonians 1:1, 2).

A. The epistle is addressed to “the church of the Thessalonians ” (II Thessalonians 1:1)

1. Observe that this same phrase is found in FIRST Thessalonians 1:1.

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2. Consider that God’s people are simply called “the church ” which was located in the city of Thessalonica . See also “the church ” in Colossians 1:18, 24, etc.

3. The word, “ church ” (“ ekklesia ”) meant a group of citizens such as the citizens of Ephesus who “assembled ” together (Note Acts 19:32, 39, 41).

a. Thus, in the secular world , “ ekklesia ” referred to a “regularly summoned political body” However, in the spiritual sense , it referred to the “totality of Christians living in one place ” (A. and G ., page 240). Read II Corinthians 1:1.

b. Thus, the term, “church of Christ ” is NOT a title , but, it refers to those “citizens ” in the “body ” or “kingdom ” who BELONG TO CHRIST ! Christ “purchased” them with His blood (I Peter 1:18, 19; Acts 20:28; Revelation 5:9, 10)

4. The word, “church ” (“ ekklesia ”) can refer to the Lord’s “citizens ” throughout the world , the “ UNIVERSAL ” church (Ephesians 1:22; 3:10, 21, etc.).

5. The word, “church ” is also used in Scripture for the Lord’s “citizens ” in a “provincial” sense , those Christians living in a certain geographical area (Acts 9:31). NOTE the church in “ Judea, Galilee, and Samaria ” in this Scripture.

6. Consider also that the Lord’s “citizens ” in a congregational sense are also called “churches of God ” (II Thessalonians 1:4; See also I Corinthians 1:2).

7. The phrases, “ OF GOD ” and “ OF CHRIST ” (Romans 16:16) designate OWNERSHIP !

B. The Thessalonians were “ in God OUR Father ” and “ in the Lord Jesus Christ ” (II Thessalonians 1:1).

1. Sometimes, the word “FATHER ” refers to the relationship the “Father ” has with His Son, the Lord Jesus . Read Romans 15:6; II Corinthians 1:3, etc.).

2. Here, however, Paul said “God OUR Father” which emphasizes God’s relationship with His people . Study also Romans 1:7; I Corinthians 1:3; II Corinthians 1:2 (Kelcy , page 137).

3. The phrases, “IN GOD ” and “IN CHRIST ” describe the relationship which Christians have with the Father and the Son 11

a. Those “IN CHRIST ” are “ NEW CREATURES ” (II Corinthians 5:17).

b. Examine the great “spiritual blessings ” that are “ IN CHRIST ” which are recorded in Ephesians 1:3-14.

c. Review the notes on FIRST Thessalonians 1:1 found in the booklet on that epistle.

4. Study concerning HOW one enters that “RELATIONSHIP ” with the Father and the Son (Romans 6:1-5; Galatians 3:26, 27). HOW DOES ONE GET “INTO CHRIST ?”

C. May there be GRACE and PEACE from BOTH the Father and the Lord Jesus (II Thessalonians 1:2).

1. Because “grace” and “peace ” find their origin in BOTH the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ , the DEITY of Christ is clearly seen in this statement.

2. Note that Paul often expressed his desire for his readers to have “GRACE ” and “PEACE ” (Romans 1:7; I Corinthians 1:3; II Corinthians 1:2; Galatians 1:3; Ephesians 1:2, etc.).

II. Paul ENCOURAGED the Thessalonians again as he did in the FIRST epistle (II Thessalonians 1:3-12).

A. The THANKFULNESS of Paul and his companions (II Thessalonians 1:3, 4). They are thankful for the INCREASE in the FAITH and LOVE of the Thessalonians .

1. Paul, Silas, and Timothy felt an “obligation ” (“ opheilomen ”) . Paul said, “We ought always to give thanks .” They were thankful for the growth and maturity of the Thessalonian Christians during a period of persecution .

a. This word, “OUGHT ” is translated “OWE ” in Romans 13:8. Consider that Paul also said, “We should always give thanks….” in II Thessalonians 2:13.

b. They were CONSTANTLY giving thanks for these disciples. Examine this thought also in FIRST Thessalonians 1:2.

2. BOTH the “ FAITH ” (“ pistis ”) of the Thessalonians and their “ LOVE ” (“ agape ”) for one another had been increasing .

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a. Their “FAITH ” was “greatly enlarged .” The word here, “ huperauxanei ” means to “ grow wonderfully ” (A. and G ., page 847).

b. Their LOVE for one another had also been “increasing .” Observe the use of this word in II Peter 1:8 and Philippians 4:17. Review also that Paul wanted them to “ excel still more ” in their LOVE FOR EACH OTHER ! (FIRST Thessalonians 3:12; 4:9, 10).

IS THIS A GREAT NEED IN EVERY CONGREGATION TODAY ?

3. Paul “ spoke proudly ” about the Thessalonians to other “churches of God ” (II Thessalonians 1:4).

a. Paul was “speaking proudly ,” and had “boasted ” (A. and G ., page 215) about their “ steadfastness ” or “perseverance ” (“ hupomones ”) in the middle of “persecutions and afflictions ”

b. It is Biblical to “ COMMEND” the good works of our brethren. Study this principle in Paul’s “commendation ” of many brothers and sisters in Romans 16:1-15.

c. Examine the word, “steadfastness ,” or “bearing up under ” which is found in FIRST Thessalonians 1:3; I Timothy 6:11; II Timothy 3:10, etc.

d. NOTE ESPECIALLY that “steadfastness ” in trials will come out of our “HOPE ” (I Thessalonians 1:3)

e. God will give “ REST ” to those who suffer for the gospel . See the next section below based on SECOND Thessalonians 1:5-10.

B. GOD’S JUDGMENT will be a “ RIGHTEOUS JUDGMENT ” (II Thessalonians 1:5-10).

1. The ENDURANCE of the Thessalonians under PERSECUTION indicates that God’s final JUDGMENT will be RIGHTEOUS (II Thessalonians 1:5). Suffering is a “refining ,” “testing ,” “purifying ” process. Read also I Peter 1:6, 7; 4:12, 13.

a. God is WITH His children who suffer for the sake of RIGHTEOUSNESS (Matthew 5:10-12). Note also Hebrews 13:5, 6.

b. There is great VALUE , and a great amount of GOOD that can come out of 13

PERSECUTION . “Tribulation ” brings “steadfastness ” which also brings about “proven character ” (Romans 5:3, 4).

c. Christians are to LIVE in a manner which is “worthy of the KINGDOM .” Review the phrases, “worthy of the LORD ” (Colossians 1:10), “worthy of your CALLING ” (Ephesians 4:1), and “worthy of the GOSPEL ” (Philippians 1:27). Read also the notes on “worthy of the God ” (Booklet on FIRST Thessalonians 2:12).

d. Christians suffer for the KINGDOM and look forward to entrance into the ETERNAL KINGDOM (Matthew 25:34; II Peter 1:11).

2. God is JUST or RIGHTEOUS in “afflicting ” those who PERSECUTE His people (II Thessalonians 1:6). The NIV translation says , “If indeed it is just with God to pay back trouble to those troubling you .”

a. God will “REPAY ” (“ antapodounai ”) or bring “vengeance ” on the PERSECUTORS . Note this also in Romans 12:19 and Hebrews 10:30.

b. However, God’s “JUDGMENTS ” will ALWAYS be JUST (Romans 2:5). Read also Revelation 15:3, 4; 16:5.

3. Those faithful disciples who were “ AFFLICTED ” will receive “ REST ” (“ anesin ”) or “relief ,” “relaxation ” (A. and G ., page 64) (II Thessalonians 1:7).

a. This word, “rest ” is translated, “Have some freedom ” in Acts 24:23.

b. Observe the phrase, “ WITH US ” or “TO US AS WELL ” In eternity, Paul and his companions would share with the Thessalonians in this REST .” Paul had told them while with them that ALLOF THEM together would suffer for the Lord ( FIRST Thessalonians 3:3, 4). ALL who live a “godly” life in Christ will suffer persecution (II Timothy 3:12).

c. “ REST ” will come at the “REVELATION ” (“ apokalupsei ”) of the Lord Jesus. In this verse, Paul did NOT use the word “COMING ” (“ parousia ”) to refer to the “Second Coming ” of the Lord. Note the word “REVELATION ” also in I Peter 1:13.

(1) At that “ revelation ,” the Lord’s GLORY will be seen (I Peter 4:13; 5:1; Romans 8:18).

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(2) This will be the “ JUDGMENT DAY ” (I Corinthians 3:13).

d. The Lord will return with POWERFULANGELS and “ FLAMING FIRE ”

(1) Observe the coming of the Lord with His ANGELS in Matthew 13:41, 42; 25:31.

(2) “FIRE ” is associated with PUNISHMENT (Matthew 3:10; 7:19; II Peter 3:10-12),

(3) “FIRE ” was also associated with the PRESENCE of the Lord (Genesis 15:17; Exodus 3:2, 3).

4. At the SECOND COMING , JUSTICE will be attained (II Thessalonians1:8).

a. The Lord will execute “ VEN GEANCE ” (“ ekdikesin ”) or “retribution ” (A. and G ., page 238). Read again Romans 12:19 and Hebrews 10:30. This is the same root word as “RIGHTEOUS ” and “JUST ” as seen in II Thessalonians 1:5 and 1:6.

b. There will be PUNISHMENT for those who “ KNOW NOT GOD ” and “OBEY NOT THE GOSPEL ”

(1) Come commentators affirm that those who “know NOT God” are “pagan Gentiles .” It is true that the Gentiles did NOT know God. Note Romans 1:18-23; Ephesians 4:18, 19. These writers affirm that those NOT obeying the gospel are the disobedient Jews .

(2) However , it is probable that the ones NOT KNOWING GOD are the SAME GROUP as those NOT OBEYING the GOSPEL (Read I Peter 4:17, 18) (Kelcy , page 145).

(3) CONSIDER THIS QUOTE : “….Jews, like Gentiles, have rejected the knowledge of God which they have received (Romans 2:1-29; Isa. 1:3), or the Gentiles like Jews have disobeyed. Both descriptions, therefore, apply comprehensively to all of those who oppose God and His people in Christ” (Weatherly , page 225).

5. Eternal “ DESTRUCTION ” awaits the DISOBEDIENT (II Thessalonians 1:9)

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a. The literal meaning of this phrase is “Eternal destruction ( ruin ) from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his power.”

b. NOTE CAREFULLY : “ANNIHILATION ” which means going out of existence is NOT INDICATED HERE !

c. The word, “DESTRUCTION ” (“ olethron ”) means “RUIN ” (A. and G ., page 566). Note its use also in I Thessalonians 5:3 and I Timothy 6:9. This “ RUIN ” is “AWAY FROM THE PRESENCE OF THE LORD !”

d. The faithful disciple of the Lord WILL FOREVER BE WITH THE LORD (I Thessalonians 4:17; Colossians 3:4).

e. This “ RUIN ” or “DESTRUCTION ” will be “ETERNAL !” Review Matthew 25:46 . This terrible condition is described as “where the worm does not die and the fire is not quenched” (Mark 9:42-48).

f. When the Lord’s GLORY is revealed, His POWER will be realized. See Isaiah’s picture of God’s power, majesty and the “terror of the Lord (Isaiah 2:10-12).

6. At His SECOND COMING , Jesus will be “glorified in His saints ” (II Thessalonians 1:10). Read also Colossians 3:4 and I Peter 4:13.

a. Consider this QUOTE : The glory of Christ will be seen reflected in His people --- those who have been set apart by God for His service. They are an exhibition of His power and goodness….” (Kelcy , pages 146, 147)

b. Also, Christians will participate in His GLORY (Romans 8:17; Philippians 3:20, 21; Colossians 1:27; II Thessalonians 2:14).

c. When Jesus comes, the Lord’s people will be filled with amazement and wonder, for they “ shall be like Him ” (Examine I John 3:2).

d. In this passage also (II Thessalonians 1:10), Paul emphasized that “Our testimony to you was believed .” Examine this also in FIRST Thessalonians 2:13 and II Thessalonians 2:14. They had believed the message !

C. Paul, Silas, and Timothy were PRAYING for the Thessalonians (II Thessalonians 1:11, 12). 16

1. NOTE : They were CONSTANTLY praying for the Thessalonians. This is indicated, not only by the word, “ ALWAYS ,” but also by the tense of the word, “PRAY ” which expresses a CONTINUAL PRAYING .

2. They prayed that “Our God may count you worthy of your calling.” They should NOT feel that they, by their own merit , were “WORTHY ,” but rather that God, through HIS GRACE would “count them worthy .” See II Thessalonians 1:12 below. We DO NOT “EARN” WORTHINESS ! It is by “GRACE !”

a. Paul used the plural word, “WE ” (1:11) which indicates that Silvanus and Timothy were ALSO PRAYING !

b. The LIFE of disciples of Christ must be in harmony with their CALLING by God

(1) Study also the command to “walk ” in a manner “worthy ” of their “calling ” as found in Ephesians 4:1-3.

(2) Review also the phrases, “worthy of the LORD ” (Colossians 1:10), “worthy of the GOSPEL ” (Philippians1:27), and “worthy of the GOD who calls you …..” (I Thessalonians 2:12).

2. With His POWER , God would help the Thessalonians to (1) “fulfill every desire (“ eudokian ”) for goodness ” and (2) every “work of faith ” (II Thessalonians 1:11).

a. “ GOODNESS ” is one of the qualities found in the “fruit of the Spirit ” (Galatians 5:22, 23).

b. This word, “desire ” (“eudokian ”) was also used by Paul in Romans 10:1 when he spoke of his “ desire of heart ” that his people, Israel , might be saved.

c. God will assist the disciple to “fulfill his good desires .”

d. God will also assist the disciple to ”fulfill” his ”WORK OF FAITH .”

(1) Consider that, OUT OF “FAITH COMES WORK !” Review this also in I Thessalonians 1:3; Ephesians 2:10; 4:1

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(2) Paul also spoke of “ FAITH WORKING THROUGH LOVE ” (Galatians 5:6).

3. OBSERVE the PURPOSE of Paul, Silas, and Timothy in their CONSTANT PRAYER (II Thessalonians 1:12).

a. Paul desired that the “name of our Lord Jesus ” might “be glorified ” in the Thessalonians. The righteous acts of Christians can bring glory to our Lord Jesus Christ !

b. NOTE that, when Paul was converted , the disciples “ glorified God ” (Galatians 1:23, 24). Paul said that they “were glorifying God because of me .”

c. It is also true that DISCIPLES of Jesus, by fulfilling God’s desires, will also SHARE in His Glory (Kelcy , page 149).

d. This “ GLORY ” will be completed at the Lord’s SECOND COMING . Read II Thessalonians 1:10 again.

e. ALL OF THIS was made possible by “ THE GRACE ” of GOD and the LORD JESUS CHRIST (II Thessalonians 1:12). Study Ephesians 2:8, 9; Titus 3:5; Romans 3:24-27. ______

REVIEW QUESTIONS ON SECOND THESSALONIANS CHAPTER ONE

1. Discuss HOW the word, “church” (“ ekklesia ”) is used in (1) The universal , (2) provincial , (3) and congregational or local sense . Show Scriptures for each.

2. Is the term, “church of Christ ” a TITLE ? Please discuss.

3. Discuss the phrases: “IN God our Father” and “IN the Lord Jesus Christ.” What do these mean?

4. HOW does a person get “INTO CHRIST ?”

5. FOR WHAT were Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy THANKFUL ? (1:3, 4).

6. Concerning WHAT did Paul “SPEAK PROUDLY ” to other churches (1:4).

7. Discuss in what way God’s JUDGMENT will be “JUST ” or “RIGHTEOUS ” (1:5-10). 18

8. What VALUE or GOOD can come out of SUFFERING , even PERSECUTION ?

9. Discuss how the word, “WORTHY ” is used in various Scriptures.

10. How will God “repay ” those who “afflicted ” the Thessalonians? (1:6-9).

11. What will God “give ” the faithful disciples at Thessalonica who were persecuted ? (1:7).

12. God’s JUDGMENTS will ALWAYS BE ______(1:6).

13. What is the meaning of the word, “REPAY ” in 1:6?

14. WHO will receive God’s “RETRIBUTION ” at the Second Coming ? (1:8).

15. With what is “FIRE” sometimes associated in Scripture? Give 2 answers.

16. Describe the JUST PUNISHMENT of the DISOBEDIENT at the Second Coming (1:7-9). Discuss “Eternal PUNISHMENT ” as seen in 1:7-9. Is it “annihilation ?”

17. Discuss the meaning of Christ “being glorified in His saints ” (1:10).

18. FOR WHAT did Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy PRAY in 1:11, 12?

______

NOTES ON SECOND THESSALONIANS CHAPTER TWO

III. Paul’s additional TEACHING concerning the TIME of the SECOND COMING (II Thessalonians 2:1-17).

A. Some preliminary INTRODUCTORY THOUGHTS

1. This passage, II Thessalonians 2, especially verses 1-9, is considered one of the most difficult Scriptures in the New Testament.

2. DIFFICULT QUESTIONS for consideration:

a. What is the “REBELLION ” (Apostasy) concerning which Paul speaks? (II Thessalonians 2:3).

b. Who is the “Man of Sin (“Lawlessness ”)? (II Thessalonians 2:3). 19

c. WHAT or WHO was “RESTRAINING ” the “Man of Sin ” for a time? (II Thessalonians 2:6, 7).

d. In what way was the “Mystery of Lawlessness ” ALREADY AT WORK when Paul wrote this epistle? (II Thessalonians 2:7).

B. The Lord’s SECOND COMING (“ parousia ”) was NOT ALREADY PRESENT (II Thessalonians 2:1, 2). The word, “ parousia ” means the Lord’s “Advent in glory to judge the world ” (A. and G ., page 635).

1. Paul was “ beseeching ” the Thessalonians concerning the Lord’s coming , and “our gathering together ” (“ episunagoyes ”) to Him (II Thessalonians 2:1). This same word is used concerning the church “assembling” together (Hebrews 10:25).

2. Christians will be WITH JESUS in eternity (I Thessalonians 4:17).

3. Paul, Silas, and Timothy did NOT WANT the Thessalonians to be disturbed and “shaken ” from their composure (II Thessalonians 2:2). The word for “shaken ” (“ saleuthenai ”) means to “ cause to waver or totter” (A. and G ., pages 747, 748).

a. The words, “a spirit ,” would refer to some supposed “revelation ” from someone who was considered to be a “PROPHET .” Review Paul’s statement in I Thessalonians 5:19, 20. and John in I John 4:1. They must “test” the “spirits ” whether they came from God!

b. Paul, Silas, and Timothy DID NOT speak orally , nor did they write a letter which said that the COMING of the Lord HAD ALREADY TAKEN PLACE ! They were saying, “Do NOT FOLLOW this FALSE TEACHING !”

C. The “REBELLION ,” (“Falling away ,”) (“ apostasia ”) and the “MAN of LAWLESSNESS ” MUST COME FIRST (II Thessalonians 2:3-12).

1. NOTE CAREFULLY : The Thessalonian Christians KNEW MORE DETAILS about this “FALLING AWAY ” and the “MAN OF SIN ” THAN WE DO! WHY IS THIS TRUE? Because Paul HAD DISCUSSED this WHILE HE AND HIS COMPANIONS WERE WITH THEM in Thessalonica ! ( II Thessalonians 2:5 below).

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2. The Thessalonians must NOT BE DECEIVED concerning the Second Coming (II Thessalonians 2:3).

a. The “REBELLION ” or “FALLING AWAY ” (“ apostasia ”) must FIRST take place BEFORE the Second Coming.

(1) NOTE that we obtain the word “apostasy ” from this Greek word .

(2) This word is also found in Acts 21:21 to refer to “abandoning ” or “FORSAKING Moses.” In the Greek Septuagint of Joshua 22:22, it refers to a “REBELLION.”

(3) The Scriptures warn of a “departure ” from the “faith .” Review I Timothy 4:1-5; Hebrews 3:12, etc.).

b. Again, the “MAN of SIN ” or “MAN of LAWLESSNESS ” (“ anomias ”) must appear BEFORE the Second Coming. In the Greek text, the literal translation is “Man of lawlessness .”

(1) It is true that “SIN ” is “LAWLESSNESS ” (I John 3:4). See this word also in Hebrews 1:9.

(2) The “ Man of Sin ” would be the “SON OF PERDITION “ or “DESTRUCTION ” (“ apoleias ”). Observe that this same expression is used concerning JUDAS in John 17:12. He is bound for destruction ! Examine this word, “destruction ” in I Timothy 6:9 and II Peter 3:16.

3. The “Man of Lawlessness ” would EXALT HIMSELF above every object worshiped by man (II Thessalonians 2:4).

a. Emperor CALIGULA , at one time, ordered his statue to be placed in the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. We do NOT know if Paul was thinking about this as he wrote.

b. It is true that, in Scripture, the word, “ temple ” is used for the spiritual body of Christ, the church (I Corinthians 3:17; Ephesians 2:19-22, etc.. However, this is probably NOT the meaning here. Note the QUOTE below. The “man of sin ” wa s probably NOT a part of the church of the Lord .

c. QUOTE : “It seems more satisfactory to regard the expression (“takes his 21

seat in the temple of God” --- This writer ) as meaning that he intrudes himself into the place or position which rightfully belongs to God alone” (Kelcy , page 153).

4. Then, Paul spoke for HIMSELF by using the singular pronoun , “I.” He had been telling them about this while he was in Thessalonica (II Thessalonians 2:5).

a. The expression “I was telling you these things” is in a CONTINUOUS ACTION tense . Paul must have discussed this often while he was with them.

b. WE REPEAT : The Thessalonians must have known MUCH MORE about the “man of lawlessness ” than what Paul has said in this text .

5. SOMETHING , or SOMEONE was “RESTRAINING ” the “man of lawlessness ” at the time Paul wrote (II Thessalonians 2:6, 7).

a. In 2:6, Paul said, “ What restrains him now.” In other words, “something ” “held back ” the “man of sin ” at that time (A. and G ., page 423).

b. However, in 2:7, Paul said, “ He who now restrains.” In other words, “someone ” was “restraining” (at the time of Paul’s writing).

c. Paul said, “ He who ” now “restrains,” will be “ taken out of the way .”. NOTE : Is it true that SATAN and all his forces CAN ONLY DO WHAT GOD PERMITS? Review this in the life of the righteous man , JOB (Job 1 and 2).

(SEE SECTION BELOW ON THE “MAN OF SIN ” AND THE ONE WHO “RESTRAINS ”)

6. When the Lord RETURNS , the “lawless one ” will be destroyed (II Thessalonians 2:8). The Lord will slay him with the “breath of His mouth .” See this expression in Isaiah 11:4. Examine also Revelation 19:15.

7. The coming or “presence ” of the “Man of lawlessness ” is in “accord ” with the activity of SATAN (II Thessalonians 2:9).

a. Consider how SIMILAR this statement is to that of the “SEA BEAST ” in the book of Revelation who received his POWER from the “dragon ,” SATAN (Revelation 13:2).

b. The activity of the “Lawless One ,” and SATAN , would be accompanied 22

with “SIGNS ” and “FALSE WONDERS .” Again, this reminds us of the FALSE MIRACLES of the “EARTH BEAST ” (Revelation 13:13).

(1) In the book of Revelation, the “SEA BEAST ” was the persecuting Roman Empire and the “EARTH BEAST ” was Emperor Worship . Please study Revelation 13.

(2) Note also that FALSE CHRISTS would claim to perform miracles (Matthew 24:24; Mark 13:22).

8. Those who will “PERISH ” would be deceived by “wickedness ,” and would NOT LOVE THE TRUTH so as to be SAVED (II Thessalonians 2:10).

a. A literal translation would be “every deceit of evil .”

b. Those who do NOT LOVE the TRUTH will “PERISH ” along with the “Man of Lawlessness .” Read again II Thessalonians 1:7-9.

c. Those who are “deceived” in wickedness remind us of the GENTILES who refused the KNOWLEDGE of God (Romans 1:21-28).

d. It must be emphasized that “ TRUTH ” is the only way to SALVATION . Review John 14:6 and note II Thessalonians 2:16 below. Truly, TRUTH IS ONLY IN JESUS ! (Acts 4:11, 12).

9. God will permit those who ”PERISH ” to accept a “DELUDING INFLUENCE ,” to believe WHAT IS FALSE (II Thessalonians 2:11). The literal phrase here is a “working of delusion .”

a. In Romans 11:8, Paul spoke of those who have a “SPIRIT OF STUPOR !” They have “ Eyes to see not and ears to hear not .”

b. The Scripture also says that SATAN “Blinds the minds of the unbelieving ” (II Corinthians 4:4).

10. Therefore, the JUDGMENT of God will fall on those WHO ----- (1) Did “NOT BELIEVE THE TRUTH ,” but WHO ---- (2) “ TOOK PLEASURE IN WICKEDNESS ” (II Thessalonians 2:12). Compare this to Romans 2:8 and I Corinthians 13:6. ______

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A FEW OF THE “INTERPRETATIONS ” SUGGESTED BY SCHOLARS CONCERNING THE IDENTITY OF THE “MAN OF SIN ” AND THE “ONE WHO RESTRAINS ”

I. INTRODUCTION

A. The GREAT LESSON to be emphasized is that CHRIST AND HIS CHURCH WILL BE VICTORIOUS OVER SATAN AND HIS HELPERS .

1. This is also the THEME of the book of REVELATION

2. In this passage, Paul pointed out the DESTRUCTION of the ”MAN OF SIN ,” the “ MAN OF LAWLESSNESS ” (II Thessalonians 2:8).

B. The Thessalonian disciples needed to know that the SECOND COMING of Christ had NOT YET ARRIVED (II Thessalonians 2:1, 2).

C. A “FALLING AWAY ” and the coming of the “MAN OF SIN” MUST FIRST TAKE PLACE (II Thessalonians 2:3).

D. At the time that Paul was writing this epistle, the “MAN OF SIN ” was being “RESTRAINED ” or “HELD BACK ” (II Thessalonians 2:6, 7).

E. Paul had DISCUSSED this matter PERSONALLY with the Thessalonians when he was WITH THEM (II Thessalonians 2:5).

F. AN IMPORTANT QUESTION : When the Thessalonians read this passage , WHAT DID IT MEAN TO THEM ? Because Paul had spoken to them personally about these things, we recognize that THEY KNEW MORE DETAILS THAN WE DO !

II. We suggest here a few of the INTERPRETATIONS that have been AFFIRMED though the centuries:

A. Some affirm that the “MAN OF SIN ” would be the PERSECUTING ROMAN EMPIRE and its EMPERORS , some of whom claimed to be “DEITY .”

PLEASE EXAMINE APPENDIX “A ”

1. A careful study of Revelation 13 informs us that the TWO BEASTS of John’s day represented (1) the persecuting Roman Empire and (2) Emperor worship .

2. Persecution of Christians continued periodically in the Roman Empire for 24

more than 200 years until the time of Emperor Constantine in the early part of the fourth century .

3. During this period of suffering that Christians experienced , a number of Emperors claimed to be “divine ” and demanded WORSHIP .

4. Under this “interpretation ,” the “One who RESTRAINS ” would evidently be the Roman government officials who protected Christians while they were still considered to be a part of Judaism which was a “legal” religion . The persecution at that time was “restrained .”

a. It is recalled that Paul was a Roman CITIZEN who had been wrongfully beaten and imprisoned at Philippi (Acts 16:36-40).

b. At the approximate time when II Thessalonians was written, Gallio , the Roman proconsul , dismissed the case against Paul at the time the Jews were opposing Paul (Acts 18:12-16). At this time, persecution was being “restrained .”

5. There is an OBJECTION to this “interpretation .” Paul thought of the “Man of sin ” being active in his wickedness when the LORD RETURNS (2:8), but the persecuting Roman Empire HAS BEEN GONE FOR MANY CENTURIES .

B. Another popular “interpretation ,” affirmed by a number of writers, is that the ”Man of Lawlessness ” is the PAPACY of the Roman Catholic Church which was the result of a GREAT “FALLING AWAY .” Certainly, this DID happen ! There was a departure from the “faith” in many areas which produced many sects and finally the formation and power of the PAPACY . This is historical. Examine I Timothy 4:1-5 where Paul is probably speaking of a developing Jewish GNOSTICISM .

1. It is TRUE that the great “FALLING AWAY ” came from “within ” the CHURCH , the “spiritual temple ” (Ephesians 2:19-22; II Thessalonians 2:4).

2. It is also TRUE that the Roman Catholic Church claims “signs” and “wonders,” that is, MIRACLES , during the centuries of its existence. See II Thessalonians 2:9.

3. Again, it is TRUE that the PAPACY has highly EXALTED itself . Read again II Thessalonians 2:4.

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4. Some who take this position affirm that the ”One who restrains ” was the secular government of the Roman Empire (Kelcy , page 161).

5. However, ARE THESE NOT RELEVANT QUESTIONS? (1) Would Paul discuss with the Thessalonians, both personally and also by letter , a “Man of sin ” who was still some distance in the FUTURE ? Or, (2) would Paul be MORE CONCERNED about a PROBLEM ALREADY EXISTING such as the PERSECUTION of the CHURCH taking place in Thessalonica ?

NOTE : When Paul wrote II Thessalonians, the “ MYSTERY OF LAWLESSNESS ” was “ ALREADY AT WORK .” (II Thessalonians 2:7).

C. Another “interpretation ” of this passage (II Thessalonians 2:1-12) which has been suggested, affirms that the “Man of Lawlessness ” is SATAN HIMSELF .

1. Some who take this position believe that the “One who restrains ” (2:6, 7) is the HOLY SPIRIT .

2. One OBJECTION to this is the statement of Paul that “The one who restrains ” would “ be taken out of the way ” (II Thessalonians 2:6, 7). Certainly, this would NOT apply to the Holy Spirit.

3. Another OBJECTION to this “interpretation ” would be that the coming of the “Man of sin ” was in accord with “the activity of Satan ” (2:9). SATAN and the “MAN OF LAWLESSNESS ” are TWO different “persons .”

D. Another “interpretation ” is that the “mystery of lawlessness ” at work in Paul’s day is speaking of the “ PRINCIPLE OF EVIL ” (Kelcy , page 163).

1. It suggests that, in the future , there will be a great “FALLING AWAY ” from God.

2. In this “interpretation ,” the “One who restrains ” would be orderly government or “law and order .”

3. It suggests that, in the future, an “ ANTICHRIST ” (Based on I John 2:18) will arise and make the terrible claims that Paul mentioned in II Thessalonians 2:3, 4. When Christ returns , this position says, this “man of sin ” and his disciples will be destroyed.

4. EXAMINE THIS QUOTE : “As a general summary it might be said that Paul saw the force of evil working in his day , causing great suffering for the cause 26

of Christ . The full manifestation was being held in check , likely by the force of law and order ….The attitude of disregard for law and rebellion against God has been embodied in numerous groups and in numerous individuals . Each of these might be considered an Antichrist (cf. I John 2:18)….” (Kelcy , page 164). (Underlining by this writer).

E. OBSERVATIONS by the writer of this BOOKLET :

1. It must be emphasized that the ”ANTICHRIST ” of the Scripture was the false teachers who “denied” that “Christ had come in the flesh ” (I John 2:18-23; II John 7).

2. However , there can be MANY “ANTI-CHRISTS ” through the centuries who are “against Christ ” and rebel against God . Note “many antichrists ” again in I John 2:18.

Is it not possible also that the “ Man of Lawlessness ” can appear in many different centuries , in different forms , LED BY SATAN ?

3. With respect to this, a “man of sin” and “mystery of lawlessness ” were coming in the days of Paul and the Thessalonians . Perhaps, Paul was speaking of the present and future PERSECUTION of Christians within the Roman Empire and the demand to worship the Emperor .

Please see “APPENDIX A .”

4. However , a “man of sin ,” the principle of evil , can appear throughout history in the form of institutions and individuals who have the same characteristics as described by Paul in II Thessalonians 2:1-12. This would include a “rebellion ” against God , claiming to be a “god ,” etc..

5. CONSIDER whether the following COMPARISONS are possible :

a. The “ BEAST out of the SEA ” (Revelation 13:1-10) in the days of John, who made “war” with the saints , was the persecuting Roman Empire . This was noted ABOVE .

b. However , an application can be made that, whenever God’s people are PERSECUTED , Satan is using an “institutions” or “individuals ” as he did the Roman Empire in the days of Paul! The “DRAGON ,” Satan , has his helpers! They ALL will be destroyed!

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c. The “ BEAST out of the EARTH ,” (Revelation 13:11-18) in the days of John, who forced men to make an image of the “SEA” beast , was EMPEROR WORSHIP .

d. However , an application can be made concerning any period of human history when the SAME EVIL is being imposed on people . With this in mind, It is seen that SATAN can have his SEA BEAST or “EARTH BEAST ” at any particular period of time. But, when Jesus returns , Satan and all of his helpers will meet their doom!

e. A SUMMARY : Now, we apply this principle to the “MAN OF SIN .” In the time of the apostle Paul , the “ Man of sin ” was probably the evil persecution of Christians caused by unbelieving Jews at an early time, and then, persecution caused by the Roman government which considered its emperors to be “divine .”

Satan could use the SAME EVIL in any period of human history . Thus, an application can be made. Satan and the “man of sin ” will meet their doom!

The “One who restrains ” would be the “law and order ” system and individuals who prevent such “LAWLESSNESS .”

PLEASE DISCUSS THESE OBSERVATIONS ! Because the Thessalonians knew MORE ABOUT the meaning of Paul’s teaching than we do, NO ONE should be dogmatic !

______

D. The THANKFULNESS of Paul, Silas, and Timothy is emphasized again in addition to their ENCOURAGEMENT to the Thessalonians to “STAND FIRM ” (II Thessalonians 2:13-15).

1. In this passage, Paul CONTINUED his thanksgiving which he began in 1:3. In both passages, he stated that he “ought ” (“ opheilomen ”) or “should ” “give thanks to God .”.

2. Observe that the Thessalonians were “beloved of the Lord” (II Thessalonians 2:13).

a. This word for “beloved ” is in a tense which expresses that “they had

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been loved by the Lord ,” and THEY STILL WERE LOVED ! It can be translated, “having been loved by the Lord .”

b. The word, “ LORD ” here may refer to JESUS (See Galatians 2:20), BUT , note also the LOVE that the FATHER has for His children (Romans 5:8-10, etc.).

c. God had “CHOSEN ” them “from the beginning ” Notice that this was God’s eternal plan (Ephesians 1:4, etc.).

(1) They had been “chosen for salvation ” (“ eis soterian ”).

(2) Their “calling ” was through the GOSPEL ! See the next verse , II Thessalonians 2:14

(3) NOTE : God did NOT choose them arbitrarily without their acceptance. People must OBEY , and be “IN CHRIST !” (Romans 6:1-5). See the phrase, “IN CHRIST ” and its equivalent terms found several times in Ephesians 1:3-14.

d. Their “ choosing ” was brought about through “sanctification by the Spirit and faith in the truth .”

(1) Consider Paul’s emphasis on “holiness ” and “sanctification ” also in First Thessalonians 3:13; 4:7; 5:23.

(2) Observe that the Holy Spirit accomplishes “sanctification ” or “holiness ” through the “Word ” which is His “sword ” (John 17:17; Ephesians 6:17).

(3) The Thessalonians had “faith in the truth .” They had “believed ” the “testimony ” of Paul and his companions. Review II Thessalonians 1:10.

3. The Thessalonians were “CALLED ” through the GOSPEL (II Thessalonians 2:14).

a. Review the “call of God ” that is seen in I Thessalonians 2:12; 4:7; 5:24.

b. Consider Paul’s emphasis on “our gospel ” and the “word of the Lord ” found in First Thessalonians 1:5, 8.

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c. The acceptance of the GOSPEL by the Thessalonians leads to the “glory of our Lord Jesus Christ .” Study II Corinthians 4:4, 6; I Thessalonians 2:12; Colossians 3:4).

QUESTION : Is there a sense in which Christians experience “GLORY ” in THIS LIFE ? (I Thessalonians 1:12).

4. The Thessalonians were ENCOURAGED to “STAND FIRM ” (II Thessalonians 2:15).

a. These words, “stand firm ” (“ stekete ”) mean to continue being “steadfast ” (A. and G ., page 775). Consider how it is used in I Corinthians 16:13; Galatians 5:1; Philippians 4:1; I Thessalonians 3:8.

b. “Standing firm ” demands that the Thessalonians “hold to the TRADITIONS ” (“ paradoseis ”) which they had been taught by Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy.

(1) The word, “traditions ” means that which was “handed down ” or “handed over ” (A. and G ., page 621).

(2) HUMAN “traditions ” given through uninspired men are condemned in Scripture (Colossians 2:8; Matthew 15:2; Mark 7:5, 8). There is a “ WRONG TRADITION !”

(3) In this passage, Paul is speaking of TEACHING given by Inspired men , either orally or by letter , by “word of mouth ” or “by letter from us ,” This is “DIVINE TRADITION !” This is GOD’S “TRADITION !”

(4) Paul and companions had taught the Thessalonians while present with them. By speaking of “letter ,” Paul may be referring to the epistle of First Thessalonians . Study the word, “tradition ” in II Thessalonians 3:6 and I Corinthians 11:2.

E. Paul’s “ WISH / PRAYER ” for the Thessalonians (II Thessalonians 2:16, 17).

1. The SOURCE of STRENGTH for the task of the disciple is the “Lord Jesus Christ ” and “God our Father ” (II Thessalonians 2:16). Read also First Thessalonians 3:11-13.

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2. When Paul used the word, “US ” (II Thessalonians 2:16, he included himself and his companions . GOD LOVES ALL OF US ! See again, “beloved of the Lord ” in II Thessalonians 2:13. Consider also Romans 8:37.

3. GOD , through His LOVE , has given “ETERNAL COMFORT ,” (“ paraklesin ”) NOT just temporary, EARTHLY “COMFORT !” God is the “God of all comfort ” and “encouragement ” (II Corinthians 1:3-7; Romans 15:5).

4. GOD has also given “ GOOD HOPE !” God is the “ GOD OF HOPE ” (Romans 15:13). See the “ HOPE ” of the Christian in Titus 2:13, the “living hope ” (I Peter 1:3, 4).

5. BOTH of these BLESSINGS noted above COME FROM GOD’S “GRACE ,” His “FAVOR ” which we DO NOT MERIT OR DESERVE ! (Romans 3:24-27; 6:23; Ephesians 2:8, 9, etc.).

6. May God “COMFORT ” and “STRENGTHEN ” the hearts of the Thessalonians (II Thessalonians 2:17).

a. TIMOTHY had been sent to Thessalonica to accomplish this (First Thessalonians 3:2).

b. The word, “COMFORT ” (“ parakalesai ”) here is the same Greek word as “ENCOURAGE ” in I Thessalonians 3:2. The word, “STRENGTHEN ” (“ sterixai ”) here is the same word as “STRENTHEN ” in I Thessalonians 3:2.

c. GOD would comfort and strengthen them for their “ EVERY GOOD WORK AND WORD !” See the emphasis on “good works ” in Ephesians 2:10; Colossians 1:10; Titus 2:14, etc. ______

REVIEW QUESTIONS ON SECOND THESSALONIANS CHAPTER TWO

1. What are some of the very DIFFICULT QUESTIONS concerning CHAPTER TWO ?

2. What was the incorrect teaching that had come to Thessalonica? (2:1, 2).

3. What is the meaning of the Greek word for “SHAKEN ” in 2:2?

4. Discuss the meaning of “A SPIRIT ” in 2:2?

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5. What must “COME FIRST ” BEFORE the Second Coming of Christ? (2:3).

6. Was a “departure from the faith ” approaching in the days of Paul ? If so, please give Scripture IN ADDITION to this chapter.

7. Give some characteristics of the “Man of sin ” or “Man of lawlessness ” found in 2:4.

8. The Thessalonians could understand this chapter in MORE DETAIL THAN WE CAN! How do we know this ? (2:5). Give other Scriptures which show that Paul and his companions had spoken about other matters IN PERSON while with them.

9. What is the meaning of “RESTRAINING ?” (2:6, 7).

10. When will the “lawless one ”” be destroyed ? (2:8).

11. The coming of the “lawless one ” was in accord with the activity of ______.

12. This “Man of lawlessness ” had SIMILARITIES to WHICH VISIONS in the book of Revelation?

13. Thos who will “PERISH ” do NOT LOVE ______(2:10).

14. Discuss some of the “INTERPRETATIONS ” of this passage given by various scholars, and possible “OBJECTIONS ” that are noted.

15. Discuss “OBSERVATIONS ” made in this booklet concerning these interpretations .

16. HOW does God “CHOOSE ” and “CALL ” men and women ? (2:13-15).

17. Give the “root meaning ” of the word, “TRADITIONS ” and show from Scripture which “traditions ” are Biblical and which are NOT Biblical .

18. WHO ARE the source of “STRENGTH ” for Christians? (2:16, 17).

19. According to 2:16, WHAT DOES GOD GIVE THE CHRISTIAN ?

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NOTES ON SECOND THESSALONIANS CHAPTER THREE

IV. EXHORTATIONS and “CHARGES ” from Paul and companions (II Thessalonians 3:1-15).

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A. Encouragement to the Thessalonians to continue PRAYING for Paul, Silas, and Timothy (II Thessalonians 3:1, 2).

1. Paul and his companions ASKED for their PRAYERS (II Thessalonians 3:1).

a. Paul OFTEN asked his brothers to PRAY FOR HIM (Romans 15:30-32; II Corinthians 1:11; Ephesians 6:19; Philemon 22; I Thessalonians 5:25, etc.).

b. AN INTERESTING POINT : Paul, Silas, and Timothy were PRAYING for the Thessalonians (II Thessalonians 2:16, 17; 1:3). However, NOW , they are saying to the Thessalonians, “ PRAY FOR US !”

c. SEE THE SAME IDEA in Philippians : Paul was praying for the Philippians (Philippians 1:9-11). BUT , Paul wanted the Philippians to PRAY FOR HIM ! (Philippians 1:19).

2. The Thessalonians were asked to pray that the “WORD OF THE LORD ” might “SPREAD RAPIDLY !”

a. Paul later asked the Colossians to PRAY that he would have an “OPEN DOOR ” (Colossians 4:2, 3). Paul was in PRISON at this time.

b. Paul asked the Ephesians to PRAY that he could preach with boldness concerning the “mystery of the gospel ” (Ephesians 6:19).

c. NOTE Psalm 147:15: “ His word runs very swiftly !”

QUESTION : IN OUR PRAYER LIFE , DO WE PRAY THAT THE WORD OF GOD WILL “SPREAD RAPIDLY ?”

d. It is true that the word had “spread rapidly ” in Thessalonica and beyond (Acts 17:1-4; I Thessalonians 1:8).

3. When God’s WORD is RECEIVED by people, that WORD will be “GLORIFIED ” and praised (II Thessalonians 3:1). Note that Gentiles in Pisidian Antioch were “ GLORIFYING ” the WORD OF THE LORD (Acts 13:48).

4. The Thessalonians were also asked to PRAY that Paul and companions would be “delivered from perverse and evil men ” (II Thessalonians 3:2).

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a. The word, “PERVERSE ” (“ atopos ”) means morally “evil, wrong, improper” (A. and G ., page 120). It is used for doing something “WRONG ” (Luke 23:41; Acts 25:5).

b. Paul, Silas, and Timothy had been opposed by EVIL MEN in a number of places:

(1) In Thessalonica (Acts 17:1-5) (2) In Berea (Acts 17:13) (3) In Corinth (Acts 18:12-16). Read also Romans 15:31.

c. At the time Paul wrote this epistle, the major opposition was from the UNBELIEVING JEWS (Read I Thessalonians 2:14-16).

d. Paul gave the reason for opposition : “Not all have faith .” The original language literally says, “the faith .”

B. Paul expressed his CONFIDENCE in the LORD and also his CONFIDENCE in the Thessalonian disciples (II Thessalonians 3:3-5).

1. Paul said, “THE LORD IS FAITHFUL !” (II Thessalonians 3:3). Notice several Scriptures where the “faithfulness” of God is expressed (I Corinthians 1:9; 10:13; II Corinthians 1:18; I Thessalonians 5:24, etc.).

a. The Lord would “STRENGTHEN ” the Thessalonians, Review Paul’s prayer in II Thessalonians 2:17. See also First Thessalonians 3:13.

b. The Lord would “guard ” them from the “evil ” (one) (“ apo tou ponerou ”)

(1) This may mean that the Lord would protect them from “EVIL .” (Read Matthew6:13).

(2) OR , it can mean that they would be protected from the “EVIL ” ONE , SATAN . Examine this in Matthew 13:19; Ephesians 6:16. Review the mention of Satan in I Thessalonians 2:18; 3:5.

2. Paul was also CONFIDENT that the Thessalonians would follow his COMMANDS or “CHARGES ” (II Thessalonians 3:4).

a. Paul had “confidence in the Lord .” He had a trust that the Lord would work through them. Observe this expression in Galatians 5:10 and Philippians 1:6. Note also, “trust in the Lord ” (Philippians 2:24). 34

b. They “are (were) doing ” and would “continue to do ” what Paul commanded. Perhaps, this included (1) Evangelism (2) Love of brothers , etc.. Review First Thessalonians 1:8; 4:9, 10.

c. Paul could “COMMAND ” them to do certain things , f or he was guided by the HOLY SPIRIT . Examine I Corinthians 2:11-13; 14:37; Galatians 1:11, 12.

3. Then, Paul stated his “WISH ” which was also a “PRAYER ” (II Thessalonians 3:5).

a. Paul said, “May the Lord direct your hearts ” into the “LOVE OF GOD ”

(1) This expression may mean to understand the love of God for His children . Note II Corinthians 13:14; Romans 5:5.

(2) When we understand the LOVE OF GOD for US , we will be led to a much greater LOVE FOR HIM ! (Matthew 22:36-39).

b. Paul also PRAYED that their hearts might be directed “into the steadfastness (“ hupomonen ”) of Christ.”

(1) This may refer to the patient “ENDURANCE ” of JESUS in all of His SUFFERING . Study Hebrews 12:3.

(2) Certainly, the “STEADFASTNESS ” of Christ should inspire the SAME in Christians . Observe that Paul had spoken of the “STEADFASTNESS” of the Thessalonians that came out of their “ HOPE ” (I Thessalonians 1:3).

C. Paul’s “CHARGE ” or “COMMAND ” concerning the “ DISORDERLY ” (II Thessalonians 3:6-15).

1. Paul gave this “command ” concerning the “DISORDERLY ” “in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ ” (II Thessalonians 3:6).

a. This command comes from the Lord who has “all authority ” (Matthew 28:18; Acts 3:22, 23; Hebrews 1:1-3, etc.). The “authority ” of an apostle is based on the “ authority ” of CHRIST .

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(1) The twelve apostles were guided into “all truth ” by the HOLY SPIRIT (John 14:26; 16:13, etc.).

(2) Paul himself was guided by the HOLY SPIRIT (I Corinthians 2:11-13).

(3) The phrase, “in the name of our Lord Jesus ” is also used in another instance of church DISCIPLINE (I Corinthians 5:4). BIBLICAL DISCIPLINE IS FROM THE LORD !

b. The Thessalonians were to “keep aloof ” (“ stellesthai ”) from the “UNRULY ” (“ ataktos ”).

(1) To “keep aloof ” means to “try to avoid ” (A. and G ., page 773). It is translated “avoiding ” in the ASV of II Corinthians 8:20.

(2) The word for “UNRULY ” suggests “DISORDERLY ” or “INSUBORDINATE ” (A. and G ., page 119).

(3) However, it refers to those who “WALK IN IDLENESS ” in II Thessalonians 3:11 (English Standard Version ).

c. The actions of those who lived in “IDLENESS ” were NOT according to the God-given “tradition ” taught by Paul and his co-workers . Please review the comments on II Thessalonians 2:15. Consider Paul’s teaching on “ WORKING ” with one’s hands in First Thessalonians 4:11, 12.

2. Paul and his co-workers had SET AN EXAMPLE of HARD WORK (II Thessalonians 3:7).

a. It is recalled that the Thessalonians had “IMITATED ” the LORD , and also Paul, Silas, and Timothy (First Thessalonians 1:6).

b. Following that, disciples in Macedonia and Achaia had IMITATED the Thessalonians ( First Thessalonians 1:7).

c. And so, Paul and his companions had NOT acted in an “UNDISCIPLINED,” IDLE, LAZY manner ! (“ etaktesamen ”).

(1) Review the HARD WORK of Paul, Silas, and Timothy while at Thessalonica ( First Thessalonians 2:7-9). 36

(2) Notice how Paul encouraged Christians in OTHER places to IMITATE HIM (I Corinthians 4:16; 11:1; Philippians 4:9).

3. Paul, Silas, and Timothy had “PAID THEIR OWN WAY ” at Thessalonica (II Thessalonians 3:8). They did NOT “eat anyone’s bread without paying for it .” They were NOT a burden in the life of anyone!

a. Paul and his companions did not accept anything “FOR NOTHING ” (“ dorean ”), “as a gift, without payment, gratis” (A. and G ., page 209).

b. This thought concerning “working night and day ” so that they would NOT be a burden is also found in First Thessalonians 2:9.

4. These preachers, Paul, Silas, and Timothy had the “RIGHT ” (“ exousian ”) to be supported by their converts (II Thessalonians 3:9). This word, “RIGHT ” means “authority ” or “freedom of choice,” the “right to act” (A. and G ., page 277).

a. Paul had also taught this same principle in I Corinthians 9:4-14.

b. However, Paul had NOT exercised this “RIGHT ” (I Corinthians 9:15).

c. Paul, Silas, and Timothy wanted to be a “MODEL ,” (“ tupon ”) an example to the Thessalonian disciples (See II Thessalonians 3:9 again). They wanted the Thessalonians to ”IMITATE ” them. Read I Thessalonians 1:6, 7 again.

d. We obtain the word “type ” from this Greek word, “ tupos.” Consider that Timothy was to be an example , (“tupos ”) to “those who believe ” (I Timothy 4:12). Note its use also in Philippians 3:17.

5. “If anyone will not work , neither let him eat ” (II Thessalonians 3:10).

a. Paul had taught this principle WHILE PRESENT WITH THEM . Review that Paul had taught a number of things while he was with them in Thessalonica ( First Thessalonians 3:4; II Thessalonians 2:5).

b. Is it possible that this verse is a proverbial statement based on Genesis 3:19 which says, “By the sweat of your face, you shall eat bread ?” This is uncertain .

ON THE NEXT PAGE, NOTE A QUOTATION FROM THE DIDACHE , A WRITING FROM THE END OF THE FIRST CENTURY OR THE BEGINNING OF THE SECOND CENTURY ABOUT THE ATTITUDE OF PERSONS AT THAT TIME CONCERNING “WORKING AND EATING .”

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If the person who cometh be a wayfarer, assist him so far as ye are able; but he will not remain with you more than two or three days , unless there be a necessity. But if he wish to settle with you, being a craftsman, let him work, and so eat ; but if he know not any craft, provide ye according to your own discretion, that a Christian may not live idle among you; but if he be not willing to do so, he is a trafficker in

Christ . From such keep aloof . (The Didache 12:2-5)

6. The “ UNRULY ” or the “ UNDISCIPLINED” LIFE in this passage was a LIFE OF “ IDLENESS ” (II Thessalonians 3:11).

a. Some of the members at Thessalonica were “DOING NO WORK AT ALL .” Review the need to “ admonish the unruly ” in First Thessalonians 5:14. This problem still existed in II Thessalonians.

b. Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy had HEARD THIS . They said, “For we hear ….” Later, Paul had also heard about the DIVISION at CORINTH (I Corinthians 11:18; Note also I Corinthians 1:11, 12). Paul did NOT GOSSIP , but went directly to the problem to solve it .

c. At Thessalonica , the “IDLE” brothers were concerned about the “business ” of everyone else , but NOT their own business .

(1) They were “BUSYBODIES !” This can give the church of the Lord a bad name or a bad reputation .

(2) The word here means to be “ unnecessarily concerned ” about the actions of others (A. and G ., page 652). A Christian should NOT be a “Troublesome meddler ” (I Peter 4:15, 16).

(3) Paul had said in the earlier epistle that the Thessalonians should “attend to your own business and work with your hands ” (First Thessalonians 4:11).

7. Paul wanted to “COMMAND ” and “EXHORT ” “such persons ,” the “IDLE ” (II Thessalonians 3:12). Notice BOTH the STRONG TONE of voice and the “exhorting ” or “encouraging ” tone.

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a. In First Thessalonians 4:1, Paul used the words, “REQUEST ” and “EXHORT .” Is he using “harsher” language here?

b. In this passage, Paul admonished them to ”WORK IN QUIET FASHION ” and “EAT THEIR OWN BREAD !”

(1) In First Thessalonians 4:11, he exhorted them to “LEAD A QUIET LIFE !” Christians should pray for RULERS , that we “may lead a tranquil and quiet life ” (I Timothy 2:1, 2).

(2) To “EAT THEIR OWN BREAD ” would mean to EAT THE BREAD THEY HAD EARNED themselves .

c. The Christian should WORK in order to HELP OTHERS (Ephesians 4:28).

d. These commands of Paul were really the LORD’S COMMANDS ! Consult I Corinthians 7:10, 11; 14:37.

8. Brothers, DO NOT “GROW WEARY ” of DOING GOOD (II Thessalonians 3:13).

a. Note how SIMILAR this verse is to Galatians 6:9. We will “reap ” if we do not “grow weary !”

b. The Christian should ALWAYS be “ ZEALOUS for GOOD DEEDS !” (Titus 2:14).

c. Christians should NOT NEGLECT “DOING GOOD ,” and “SHARING ,” for with such “SACRIFICES ,” God is PLEASED (Hebrews 13:16).

d. Consider Scriptural teaching on NOT GIVING UP , and NOT LOSING “HEART ” (Luke 18:1; II Corinthians 4:1, 16; Ephesians 3:13).

9. Those who DO NOT LISTEN to the inspired teaching in this epistle should be DISCIPLINED (II Thessalonians 3:14).

a. “Take special notice of that man” (“ semeiothous ”) (A. and G ., page 756).

b. “Do not associate ” with him ( sunanamignusthai ”) (A. and G ., page 792). 39

c. In First Thessalonians 5:14, Paul said, “Admonish the unruly ” In this letter, however, the command seems even stronger . Notice also Romans 16:17.

d. Study also the discipline of the immoral brother in I Corinthians 5:1-13.

e. The PURPOSE for Biblical discipline in this passage (II Thessalonians 3:14) was to “ PUT (HIM) TO SHAME !”

f. The PURPOSE for Biblical discipline of the immoral man at CORINTH was that “his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus” (I Corinthians 5:5).

BIBLICAL CHURCH DISCIPLINE IS SO VERY, VERY IMPORTANT !

10. The ATTITUDE of Christians in matters of CHURCH DISCIPLINE is also very IMPORTANT (II Thessalonians 3:15).

a. That brother is STILL a “brother .” Do NOT treat him as an “enemy !”

b. Review First Thessalonians 5:14 where Paul used the words, “Encourage ,” “Help ,” and “Be patient with all men .”

c. QUESTION : WHY is Biblical CHURCH DISCIPLINE so important with respect to “OUTSIDERS ,” people around us in the world ?

V. The CONCLUSION to the epistle of Second Thessalonians (II Thessalonians 3:16-18).

A. Another “Wish-Prayer ” from Paul and his companions (II Thessalonians 3:16).

1. May the “Lord of peace ” grant “peace ” to the Thessalonians in every situation . This would be encouraging to those brothers suffering for their faith .

a. Review the phrase, the “ GOD OF PEACE ” (I Thessalonians 5:23; Romans 15:33; 16:20; Philippians 4:9; Hebrews 13:20).

b. “PEACE ” is the GIFT which God gives , from God who is the “ GOD OF HOPE !” (Romans 15:13).

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2. Study that which MAKES PEACE POSSIBLE found in the following Scriptures:

a. PEACE because of HOPE IN CHRIST (Romans 15:13).

b. PEACE because SATAN will be OVERCOME (Romans 16:20).

c. PEACE which comes out of RIGHTEOUS LIVING (Philippians 4:9).

d. PEACE which comes out of fervent PRAYER (Philippians 4:6, 7).

e. PEACE because of GOD’S PRESENCE (Romans 15:33)

f. PEACE because of future, completed SANCTIFICATION (I Thessalonians 5:23).

B. Paul WROTE HIS GREETING “ WITH MY OWN HAND ” (II Thessalonians 3:17).

1. There are TWO MAJOR EMPHASES in II Thessalonians 3:17, 18.

a. Paul’s HANDWRITING (3:17).

b. The GRACE of the LORD JESUS (3:18).

2. Examine other instances of Paul’s “HANDWRITING ” in Galatians 6:11; Colossians 4:18 and Philemon 19.

a. Evidently, Paul had “DICTATED ” this epistle. Would Silas or Timothy be the “secretary ?” We do not know .

b. Note that TERTIUS was the “secretary ” who wrote down the book of ROMANS (Romans 16:22).

c. When Paul wrote with his own handwriting in this verse, the AUTHORSHIP of the epistle would be established.

C. May the “GRACE ” of our LORD JESUS CHRIST be with “ ALL OF YOU ” ( meta panton humon ”). (II Thessalonians 3:18). Paul LOVED these Thessalonian disciples, and prayed for the “favor” of the Lord Jesus to be with all of them.

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REVIEW QUESTIONS ON SECOND THESSALONIANS CHAPTER THREE

1. WHO asked for PRAYER in 3:1?

2. What “INTERESTING POINT ” was made concerning this REQUEST ?

3. The Thessalonians were asked to PRAY that the “Word of the Lord ” might ______(3:1).

4. They were also asked to PRAY that Paul and his co-workers might be “delivered from ______.” (3:2)

5. Name three towns where Paul, Silas, and Timothy had been opposed by “evil men .”

6. In WHOM did Paul have “CONFIDENCE ?” (3:3-5). Please give TWO answers .

7. Give TWO possible meanings of the phrase, the Lord will “protect you from the EVIL .” That is, what are two possible meanings of “The EVIL ?”

8. WHY was it possible for Paul to “COMMAND ” the Thessalonians TO OBEY CERTAIN ACTIONS ?

9. What is the meaning of the “LOVE OF GOD ” in 3:5? Is it God’s LOVE FOR US , or OUR LOVE FOR GOD ?

10. What is the meaning of the “STEADFASTNESS OF CHRIST ?” (3:5).

11. What should the Thessalonians do concerning the “DISORDERLY” members ? (3:6).

12. What was the “EXAMPLE ” that Paul and his co-workers set before the Thessalonians while with them ? (3:7-9).

13. “If anyone will not work , neither let him ______(3:10).

14. What was the “DISORDERLY” conduct of some at Thessalonica? (3:11).

15. What is the meaning of the word, “BUSYBODIES ?” (3:11).

16. What should be done to those who would NOT OBEY the instructions given in Second Thessalonians ? (3:14).

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17. What is the Lord’s PURPOSE or GOAL for Biblical DISCIPLINE ?

18. What should be the ATTITUDE and ACTION of a congregation toward an “UNRULY” MEMBER ? (3:15).

19. Discuss several circumstances which make “PEACE ” possible in the life of a disciple of the Lord (3:16, and other Scriptures).

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A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arndt, William F., and Gingrich, F. Wilbur. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament And Other Early Christian Literature . Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1963.

NOTE : The Arndt and Gingrich Lexicon is abbreviated in the text of this booklet as “A. and G. ”

Bruce, F. F.. I and II Thessalonians . Waco, Texas: Word Books, 1982.

Kelcy, Raymond C.. The Letters of Paul to the Thessalonians . Austin, Texas: R. B. Sweet Co., Inc., 1968.

New American Standard Bible . Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Publishers, 1977.

Ward, Ronald A.. Commentary on I and II Thessalonians . Waco, Texas: Word Books, 1975.

Weatherly, Jon A.. First and Second Thessalonians. Joplin, Missouri: College Press Publishing Company, 1996.

Williams, David J.. I and II Thessalonians . Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1992.

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(APPENDIX “A”)

Who is the Man of Sin ?

(II Thessalonians 2:1-12)

Anytime we look at Bible prophecy we are faced with the problems of finding a genuine fulfillment unless, of course, there is inspiration to tell us the meaning and the exact fulfillment. In the New Testament we have some inspired statements telling us the precise fulfillment of some Old Testament prophecy. For example, Acts 2:16 ff tells us of the fulfillment of Joel 2:28 ff. Luke 3:3-6 tells us the fulfillment of Isa. 40:3-5. Matt. 1:21ff shows the fulfillment of Isaiah 7:14. These are but a few of the many examples that could be given.

However, in a case where there is New Testament prophecy that would be fulfilled after the close of New Testament revelation, it becomes much more difficult to interpret since we are not inspired. I am sure that the time will come when we shall fully understand all that inspiration wrote. Until then we must continue to study earnestly and seek to understand with an open mind what the Lord teaches

One very perplexing bit of New Testament prophecy is found in 2 Thess. 2:1-12. The question, "Who is the man of lawlessness ?" is not an easy one to answer, and there are several different interpretations of this passage. There are three basic positions taken regarding this "man of sin."

The Papacy . Many early protestant commentators and several current ones take the position that this refers to the development of Catholicism and the rise of the papacy. For a full discussion of this position, see Lenski, Interpretation of Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, Philemon , pp. 432-436. I would also refer you to Clarke's notes at the end of his comments on 2 Thess. 2. Also MacKnight discusses this. I would encourage you to look at these discussions.

The "Anti Christ ." This position is that just prior to the coming of Jesus there will arise a person who is so diabolical and evil that he will be known as the "anti Christ." He will lead many people into great iniquity. He will attempt to totally overthrow Christianity, but Jesus will come and obliterate him. For a full discussion of this position, see Hendricksen, New Testament Commentary , Exposition of I and II Thessalonians , pp. 170-179.

For a lack of a better terminology, I will refer to the third position as the Roman Emperor. This position may be stated in this way: The "man of sin " is the Roman emperor(s) who brought severe persecutions against Christians as foretold by Daniel and pictured in Revelation 13ff. I should like to discuss this and ask you to carefully consider the reasoning that I shall use. Before presenting some arguments for this position, it would be in order to look at the passages under consideration.

In 2 Thess. 2:1-5 Paul is correcting a false impression that the Thessalonians had. They had come to believe that the coming of Jesus was imminent. He wrote so that they would "not be quickly shaken from your composure or be disturbed" (vs. 2). Paul did not want them to lose their heads

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over this matter but to keep their mental balance. Evidently, someone claimed that Paul or Silas or Timothy had received a prophetic revelation ("spirit") claiming that the time of the coming of Jesus was here. Perhaps someone said that there was a letter from them to that effect. Paul is denying any such revelation or letter. So, he said, "don't let anyone deceive you in any way about this matter. Remain firm."

The reason that they should not be shaken is that the coming of Jesus would not take place until there was a falling away and until there was the revealing of "the man of lawlessness, the son of destruction" (vs. 3). A time would come when "because lawlessness is increased, most people's love will grow cold" (Matt. 24:12). This would be a "falling away." Then there would also be a man of lawlessness, one who would have "contempt and violation of law" (Thayer , p. 42). This man would act with utter contempt for God and His way. He is called the "son of destruction." Apoleia : "the destruction which consists in the loss of eternal life, eternal misery, perdition ... a man doomed to eternal misery. 2 Th 2:3" (Thayer , p. 71). This man of sin would be eternally damned as a result of his godless iniquity and opposition to all that is holy. In verse 4 this man of sin "opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god (all that is called God) or object of worship so that he takes his seat in the temple of God displaying himself as being God." His lawlessness consists in opposing God and God's people and in exalting himself to a position of honor and worship that belongs only to Deity. He claims a higher position than could ever belong to man, a position in which he demands worship from man.

In verses 6-12 this lawless one is described. But at the time of Paul's writing, there was something that restrained the diabolical work of this man of sin. The Roman Empire and emperors controlled the world. The Christians were protected to some extent by the Roman authorities. Rome looked upon Christianity as an extension of Judaism, and, therefore, considered it as legal. (Any religion that existed when Rome captured a nation was accepted as legal. However, no new religion was allowed to begin). When Rome because aware that Christianity was not a part of Judaism, it was then declared to be illegal. This explains why Paul was released from his first Roman imprisonment and yet executed for spreading an illegal religion during his second imprisonment. In Acts 21 when the Jews sought to kill Paul, the Roman commander rescued him (22-29). In Acts 18 when some Jews were trying to stop Paul's preaching, it was the Roman proconsul who protected him (12-17). However, when Rome began to look on Christianity as illegal, this changed and there was no restraining power to stop persecutions against Christians.

This man of sin would be used as an instrument of Satan (vs. 9). He would come with "all power and signs and false wonders and with all the deception of wickedness for those who perish." But one thing is for sure: this man of sin will be destroyed by the power of the Lord Jesus Christ (vs. 8).

Who is This Man of Sin ? -- Daniel Seven

In order to adequately answer our question, we need to consider Daniel's vision and what it symbolizes. Let us look at Dan. 7:1-12. Daniel tells of his vision of the "four great beasts ... coming up from the sea" (vs. 3). The first was like a lion and had the wings of an eagle (4), the second resembled a bear (5), the third was like a leopard with four heads (6) and the fourth was "dreadful and terrifying and extremely strong; and it had large iron teeth ... and it had ten horns" (7). While Daniel looked, he saw "another horn, a little one, came up among them .... this horn possessed eyes like the eyes of a man, and a mouth uttering great boasts" (8-9). "Then I kept looking because of the sound of the boastful words which the horn was speaking; I kept looking until the beast was 45

slain, and its body given to the burning fire" (vs. 11). In vv. 15-28 Daniel was quite distressed about the vision and asked one standing by (an angel?) the exact meaning. "So he told me and made known to me the interpretation of these things" (vs. 16). He was told that the four beasts were four kings or kingdoms (vs. 23) which will arise. These correspond to the four kingdoms of chapter 2. Daniel was especially concerned about the fourth beast, the ten horns and the other horn which came up (vs. 20). "I kept looking, and that horn was waging war with the saints and overpowering them..." (21). "The fourth beast will be a fourth kingdom on the earth, which will be different from all the other kingdoms, and it will devour the whole earth and tread it down and crush it" (23). The horns represent kings; the little horn that came up represents a king who "will speak out against the Most High and wear down the saints of the Highest One ... and they will be given into his hand for a time, times and half a time" (25). Yet the time will come when his dominion will be taken away and the kingdom of God will prevail (26-27).

We recognize Babylon as the kingdom represented by the lion. Medo-Persia was the second followed by Greece, symbolized by the leopard. The great and terrible fourth beast represented the Roman Empire. Therefore, the horns were emperors. The number ten should be taken in the sense of a completed number rather than ten literal kings. There would arise a persecuting emperor who would severely make havoc of the people of God. He would be arrogant and boastful even against God

Revelation 13

Daniel's visions are complemented by John's visions in Rev. 13. In chapter 12 we saw the dragon (Satan) trying to destroy the man child (Jesus) but failing in his attempt. Then he turned to the people of God in an effort to overcome them. Chapter 13 tells of the agency he was using to overcome God's saints. There was a beast that came up out of the sea (remember Dan. 7:3?). This beast was an amalgam of the four beasts of Daniel. He was like a leopard with feet like a bear, and a mouth like the mouth of a lion. He is that dreadful and terrible beast that Daniel saw. He had ten horns and seven heads. One of his heads was wounded and yet his fatal wound was healed. He received worship from the people of the earth. "And there was given to him a mouth speaking arrogant words and blasphemies; and authority to act for forty-two months" (5). The forty-two months correspond to the three and one-half years of the "horn" of Dan. 7. As in Dan. 7, this beast makes war with the saints and seeks to overcome them (7), "and all who dwell on the earth will worship him" except those whose names are in the book of life.

Then we see a second beast arising. This one looks like a lamb but has the voice of a dragon. His sole activity is to persuade the people of the earth to worship the first beast whose fatal wound was healed (12). In doing so, he performed "great signs, so that he even makes fire come down out of heaven to the earth... and he deceives those who dwell on earth because of the signs." He enforces emperor worship.

We have little difficulty in seeing the persecuting emperor(s) of Rome in this chapter and the committee going through the Roman Empire seeking to enforce emperor worship. Whether this refers to Nero or Domitian ("the fatal wound healed"?) or both is not the particular point of discussion at present. We just want to see that both Daniel and John saw the diabolical evil "king" persecuting the people of God for "forty-two months" or 3 1/2 years or 1,260 days. Of course, this is not a specific, literal time frame, but incomplete time (one half of the perfect number, seven).

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The Man of Sin

Now, how does all this help us define the man of sin?

His "coming is in accord with activity of Satan" (vs. 9) just as in Rev. 13:2, 4. He is acting as an agent of the devil.

He comes "with all power and signs and false wonders, and with all the deception of wickedness for those who perish" (vv. 9-10). This is also seen in Rev. 13:14.

There is the claim of deity - "exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship displaying himself as being God" (vs. 4). We also see this in Rev. 13:4, 14

Paul predicted a "falling away" in which souls would be deceived and be lost (vv. 3, 11). Daniel told how the "little horn" would "wear down the saints of the Highest One" for 3 1/2 times. In Rev. 13 the beast would "make war with the saints and overcome them" (vs. 7). Jesus said, "And because lawlessness is increased, most people's love will grow cold" (Matt. 24:12). (I realize that Jesus is speaking of events leading up to the destruction of Jerusalem in this context. The comparison is that lawlessness causes the people to fall away.)

This "lawless one" will be slain by the Lord with the breath of His mouth and brought to an end by the brightness of His coming (vs. 8). Daniel saw the beast slain and its body destroyed and given to the burning fire (7:11, 26). In Revelation the beast was defeated, seized, and thrown into the lake of fire and brimstone (19:19-20).

Because of these similarities, it seems most logical that Paul is speaking of the same personage as was Daniel and John. In so doing, he was helping prepare them for the coming persecutions that many of them would have to face. I fail to see that advantage to these people for Paul to be speaking of some far removed event. I urge you to study this diligently and reach your conclusions carefully. In so far as it is possible, we need to allow the Bible to help us understand prophecy. We do not need speculation.

(Guardian of Truth , Feb. 18, 1988)

By Forrest D. Moyer From Expository Files 6.8; August 1999

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