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Anemone Database Contribution Guide

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Anemone Database Contribution Guide 1 Contents Clownfish in the Maldives ............................................................................................................................. 3 Anemones in the Maldives ........................................................................................................................... 4 Clownfish and Anemone Symbiosis .............................................................................................................. 4 Climate Induced Bleaching events ................................................................................................................ 6 Monitoring Ecosystem Change ..................................................................................................................... 6 Anemone Database ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Current Insights ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Contribute to our database! ......................................................................................................................... 8 Data Needed ............................................................................................................................................. 8 What’s Provided ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Anemone ID .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Methodology for Monitoring Bleaching in Anemones ............................................................................... 10 Overview of Citizen Science Methods .................................................................................................... 10 Monitoring your Anemone ..................................................................................................................... 10 Anemone Bleaching/Recovery Protocol ................................................................................................. 11 IC-anemone app – Saving Nemo ............................................................................................................. 12 Maldives National Coral Monitoring Framework ................................................................................... 12 Send database contributions to: [email protected] By Cassie Hoepner and Zoe Tapps – Aquarium Biologists Atoll Marine Centre 2 Clownfish in the Maldives The Maldives has a vast range of unique and abundant marine life, from whale sharks and manta rays to arrays of coral and many colorful fish species. One of the most iconic reef species whose popularity has increased in recent years, through the film Finding Nemo, is the clownfish. There are 28 species of clownfish who form a symbiosis with only 10 host anemone species, despite there being around 1000 different anemone species. The Maldives is home to 2 main species out of the 28 of clownfish: Amphiprion nigripes (Maldivian Clownfish) This clownfish solely associates with the Magnificent Sea Anemone (Heteractis magnifica) and can only be found in the central Indian ocean around the Maldives and Sri Lanka. Amphiprion clarkii (Clarks Clownfish) This clownfish is a generalist and associates with 9 of the 10 host anemone species. This species also has a wide distribution and can be found from Australia to the Maldives. These fish are abundant on many reefs across all atolls in the Maldives, but their populations are threatened by their growing popularity through the aquarium trade and the threat of climate change on their symbiotic home. The Sebae Clownfish also occurs in the Maldives, however, it is not very common and rare to spot. 3 Anemones in the Maldives Anemones, like clownfish occur over a variety of reefs all throughout the Maldives and at various depths. Of the 10 species of host anemones for clownfish, 4 main anemone species occur in the Maldives. • Heteractis sp. – most commonly Heteractis Magnifica • Stichodactyla sp. • Ecantamea quadricolor • Cryptodendrum adhaesivum Heteractis sp. and Stichodactyla sp. are the most commonly found species of anemones though some reefs can have high numbers of Encantamea quadricolor; Cryptodendrum adhaesivum is the most difficult to find and the most toxic of all the host species found in the Maldives. Clownfish and Anemone Symbiosis Anemones and clownfish form an important symbiosis that is integral to both their survival. Anemones act as a toxic home for the clownfish excluding predators and offering shelter to the clownfish. In return the clownfish give extra nutrients and aeration to the anemone and will even defend their anemone from predators. 4 5 Climate induced bleaching events Climate change is a major threat to the future of this symbiosis, bleaching events impact anemones through the same mechanisms as coral. Anemones have a 3-way symbiosis with clownfish and the symbiotic algae – zooxanthellae – that lives inside their cells. During extended stress events such as increased sea surface temperature and high solar irradiance, zooxanthellae are no longer able to photosynthesis effectively. Anemones, like corals, can detect this change and subsequently expel the algae from their cells in search of a new strain better adapted to these compromised conditions. If a better adapted alga is not available, the coral and anemones have lost an essential provider of nutrients and appear white – known as bleached - due to the absence of zooxanthellae which provides them with colour. Monitoring ecosystem change In order to detect changes within the reef ecosystem, it needs to be consistently monitored for change. In order to detect this change there needs to be a baseline from which to measure any changes. 6 Anemone Database This database aims to identify the location of anemones and clownfish throughout the Maldives in order to provide the baseline from which change in both abundance and distribution as well as health can be directly monitored. This database will also be able to inform future research on both anemones and clownfish and aid in experimental design by providing easily accessible information on distribution and abundance on local reefs Current Insights Currently, the database monitors more than 60 anemones throughout Lhaviyani Atoll and is looking to expand to other atolls throughout the Maldives. All 4 main anemones species in the Maldives have been identified, with the majority Heteractis Magnifica. Through observing these anemones and clownfish the database has offered a range of unique insights: Stressed anemones at Maldivian and Clark’s Komandoo Sandbank. clownfish co-inhabiting an anemone. Large colonial anemone moved to a slightly deeper Seen on 3 different location these individuals occasions. unable to move. This feisty Clark’s Carpet anemone feeding clownfish was seen at night with its stomach defending its anemone exposed. from a Hawksbill Turtle by Naifaru Jetty swimming into its head on Kuredu House Reef. 7 Contribute to our database! In order to monitor anemones and clownfish throughout the Maldives the Atoll Marine Centre needs contributors to our database. We currently monitor our local island and neighboring reefs but are unable to reach all of Lhaviyani in particular dive sites, nor other atolls through the country. Please submit your anemone and clownfish contributions to: [email protected] Data Needed Please include the following in your submission: • Location (gps if possible) • Anemone species • Anemone health (H – Healthy, B- Bleached, S- Stressed, D- Dead) • Colonial/solitary • Depth (Deep/Shallow or m if possible) • Clownfish species • Number of adults/juveniles/babies • Photograph (multiple photos are welcome) When photographing the anemone please consider: • Lighting • Identifying markers (to help you find the anemone again) Same anemone pictured, image 2 gives a lot more information and will be able to be recognized easier. 8 What’s Provided When you contribute to our database we will provide you with a range of informational posters on anemones and clownfish, access to the findings of the database as well as methods to quantify and monitor bleaching/recovery in anemones during extended stress events. We will also send you a reminder email every 3-6 months in order to remind you to monitor your anemone. Anemone ID We will also provide an anemone ID for every individual you submit to the database. This unique ID number will enable you to regularly update us on the health of this anemone and allows for continuous monitoring overtime. This ID can be displayed in your office or marine/dive centre to remind you to monitor this individual while also showing guests that you are participating in a citizen science initiative to monitor the reef! 9 Methodology for monitoring bleaching in anemones Overview of citizen science methods Monitoring ecosystem change, while important, is subject to a range of variables that can affect its accuracy. One of the most effective ways to monitor change globally is through citizen scientists, however this data is often influenced by observer bias and can change dramatically person to person. Methodology involving citizen science and avoids this bias can ensure reliable data is consistently collected. Applying a photographic method to monitor change through image analysis removes
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