Einaudi, Luigi R. “Informal Remarks on Latin America and the Caribbean.” Organization of American States, May 22, 1980
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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR LUIGI R. EINAUDI Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy and Robin Matthewman Initial interview date: May 17, 2013 Copyright 2021 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Family Background 6 Born in Cambridge, Massachusetts 1936 The Einaudis Grandfather’s lessons The Michels Schooling 11 Phillips Exeter Academy 1950–1953 BA in Government, Harvard University 1953–1957 National Student Association Carol Peacock The Urbans and Peacocks U.S. Army Draftee 27 Fort Knox 1957 U.S. Army Europe HQ (USAREUR) in Heidelberg, Germany 1958–1959 Graduate School 33 PhD at Harvard University 1959–1961 Teaching Fellow The student movement and Cuba McGeorge Bundy Instructor in Government—Wesleyan University 1961–1962 RAND 37 Researcher—RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California 1962–1973 Research on the third world—Africa, Asia, and Latin America Taught political science at UCLA Research on Peruvian military in Lima, Peru 1964–1965 Head of Social Science research on Latin America Worked with Pentagon, Air Force, and NSC Identifying development trends 1 “The ‘System’ does not work” Negotiated RAND’s first contract with State Department U.S.-Peruvian relations during 1968 military overthrow State Policy Planning 44 Washington, D.C.—Foreign Service Reserve Officer on the Secretary’s Policy Planning Staff 1974–1977 Winston Lord, director of S/P Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State Rise and fall of Chilean President Allende Pinochet Coup Launch of Global Outlook Program (GLOP) U.S.-Latin America relations Speech writing for Kissinger Political atmosphere in Chile pre- and post-coup Marcona expropriation in Peru Latin American travels with Kissinger Starting Panama Canal review First Country Report on Human Rights Practices ARA/PPC 62 Washington, D.C.—Director of the Inter-American Bureau’s Office of Policy Planning and Coordination 1977–1989 Tour of Caribbean Basin with Ambassador to UN, Andrew Young Terence Todman and human rights Argentine Dirty War Viron Peter Vaky and interagency coordination Presidential Policy Review Memorandum 32 on Mexico Revolution and counterrevolution in Central America Partisan politics at home Attempted synthesis (Appendix One) Tom Enders and El Salvador policy Role of Roman Catholic Church Building the Center in El Salvador Escape to Woodrow Wilson Center The RIG replaces the IG Guatemalan elections of 1985 Military relations, the School of the Americas, and Vernon Walters U.S. suppor for democracy, German stiftungen and the NED Speechwriting and publications Intervention in Grenada Bombs and bullets USOAS Washington D.C.— Ambassador to Organization of 116 American States (OAS) 1989 –1993 2 Venezuelan inauguration with Dan Quayle Jesse Helms Headquarters agreement for OAS Multilateralism supplements bilateralism Operation Just Cause in Panama Demobilization the Contras in Nicaragua Carlos Andrés Pérez and Resolution 1080 Larry Eagleburger decides Lessons in diplomacy from the OAS Secretaries Baker and Schultz compared Policy Planning, Again 150 Washington D.C.—State Department Office of Policy Planning 1993– 1997 Relationship between S/P and Secretary of State Sam Lewis, Jim Steinberg and Warren Christopher Restoring Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide Summit of the Americas in Miami, Florida Samuel Huntington, Harvard professor Peru-Ecuador 159 Washington D.C.—Special Envoy for Ecuador-Peru Negotiations 1995– 1999 Origins of Peru-Ecuador conflict The Cenepa War and the Rio Protocol Organizing for peace: The Guarantors and Barry McCaffrey Military Observer Mission, Ecuador/Peru (MOMEP) Deal breakers and makers Fujimori, Durán Ballén, and Mahuad Bill Clinton agrees Orphan Agreements Lessons in conflict resolution OAS Assistant Secretary General 200 Washington D.C.—Assistant Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) 2000–2005 Candidacy and election to OAS The Peace Fund and border conflicts: Honduras-El Salvador Honduras-Nicaragua Belize-Guatemala Inter-American Democratic Charter Hugo Chavez in Venezuela Third election of President Fujimori of Peru Haiti, negotiating the new Aristide Presidency: Elections, weakness, and gangs The Haitian tail wags the U.S. dog 3 News Hour interview Political rupture Lessons from Haiti Elections and inaugurations Coup in Ecuador Acting Secretary General General Secretariat and financing Afterwords 252 Personnel status The United States and the world The Foreign Service Changes since coming to Washington Interagency coordination Stereotypes Politics Theory and practice Diplomacy Treaty against arms trafficking Italy and retirement 4 Appendices 1. Informal Remarks on Central America and the Caribbean, May 22, 1980 2. The Politics of U.S. Human Rights policy, 2001 3. Exeter Assembly, May 9, 2006 4. Multilateralism Matters, 2017 5. Brazil in Latin America, 2017 6. Conflict between Theory and Practice, 2020 7. The Americas in the World, 2020 Reference Bibliography, library, papers, collected speeches at CML http://www.oas.org/en/columbus/amb_einaudi.asp 5 Family Background Q: Today is the 17 th of May 2013 and this is an interview with Luigi R. Einaudi. What does the R stand for? EINAUDI: Roberto, after my mother’s father, Roberto Michels. I use the middle initial to differentiate myself from my father’s father, Luigi Einaudi, who never used a middle initial. Q: Well let’s start at the beginning, when and where were you born? EINAUDI: March 1, 1936 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Q: Alright, it is certainly a distinguished name. I googled you on the internet and the first thing I came to was the president of Italy and I felt this is a little bit above my pay grade but— EINAUDI: It was above mine too. Q: But anyway, could you talk about the Einaudis. Can you talk about their history and then we will move to your mother’s side but could you talk about them? EINAUDI: Yes, of course. The Einaudis come originally from what is still today the poorest valley of the Italian Alps, the Val Maira, up against France. They were classic mountain folk: herdsmen, woodsmen, and peasant farmers. The first to leave was my great grandfather Lorenzo. He came down into the valleys of Piedmont and settled in Carrù, a small cattle trading center where he won a competition to collect taxes. He died in 1888, when my grandfather Luigi was fourteen. His widow closed out the tax year then moved with her children to Dogliani, another small town nearby where she had family. Dogliani is in the middle of Piedmont’s Langhe, one of the great wine-growing regions of Italy. In the second half of the nineteenth century, vine diseases and the opening up of production in the Americas left many local farmers bankrupt; whatever lands my great-grandmother’s family had were lost. My grandfather wrote of tears of relatives as they cried when they were forced to sell their land. My grandfather, Luigi, won scholarships for secondary school and studied economics at the University of Turin. In 1897, at the age of 23, he went into debt to buy an old estate outside of town. It was beautiful but falling apart. Over the years he replanted the surrounding vineyards that had been devastated by the phylloxera and restored and expanded the house. San Giacomo remains the family headquarters; in fact, now that I am largely retired, my wife and I live there several months a year. I have always thought of my grandfather as an Italian Horatio Alger, up from nowhere on the basis of merit and enterprise. Grandfather was what the French call “polyfacetic”: farmer, technical innovator, teacher, economic theoretician, journalist, businessman and politician. Above all, he was a prolific writer, whose bibliography at the time of his death in 1961 had 6 almost 4,000 entries. His politics were classic Liberal, but always grounded in local realities. Named senator in 1917, he was rumored for one of the first Mussolini cabinets in 1922 but was ultimately not chosen because of his anti-monopoly views. For thirty years, from 1895 to 1925, he published an article a day in Italian newspapers, but he refused to continue after Mussolini abolished freedom of the press, writing only for the London Economist , whose “Italian Correspondent” he remained until World War II. As he got into more and more trouble with the Fascist regime, he limited his activities to teaching at the University of Turin, to working his beloved vineyards, and to acting as Italian representative for the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations. He had developed the Rockefeller tie after a 1927 trip to the United States paid for by Laura Spelman Rockefeller. It was that relationship that enabled him to organize what became in the 1930s something of an underground railway -- getting young Italian scholars out of Italy so that they could work free of Fascist conformity. His oldest son, my father Mario, joined that outflow in 1933 after he refused to sign an oath of allegiance to Mussolini or join the Fascist party, both of which were required for a university career. My grandfather had organized Woodrow Wilson’s appearance at the University of Turin in 1918 and my father listened to Wilson first hand at the age of fourteen. When he needed a democratic alternative to Italy under fascism, the United States was the obvious choice. My brothers and I were all born here and grew up with decidedly mixed influences. We spoke Italian at home. In grade school I couldn’t go out and play on Saturdays until I’d written to my grandparents. Sometimes it was a bit much. Then in December 1944 my grandfather flew back to Rome from exile in Switzerland in an American Flying Fortress, to become part of the first post-fascist government as governor of the Central Bank. In 1946, he voted Monarchist in the referendum that replaced the monarchy with a republic, then was elected to the Constituent Assembly with the most votes in the history of Dogliani.