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Invasive Johnsongrass, a Threat to Native Grasslands and Agriculture

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Invasive Johnsongrass, a Threat to Native Grasslands and Agriculture American Journal of www.biomedgrid.com Biomedical Science & Research ISSN: 2642-1747 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mini Review Copyright@ Peter Klein Invasive Johnsongrass, A Threat to Native Grasslands and Agriculture Peter Klein1* and C Michael Smith2 Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, USA *Corresponding author: Peter Klein, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, USA. To Cite This Article: Peter Klein. Invasive Johnsongrass, A Threat to Native Grasslands and Agriculture. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2019 - 4(4). AJBSR.MS.ID.000814. DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2019.04.000814 Received: August 01, 2019 | Published: August 08, 2019 Abstract Among the weedy plant species, Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) is one of the most destructive. Johnsongrass has invaded new habitats beyond its native Eurasian origin by outcompeting native fauna and cultivated crops, due to a clonal and self-pollinating reproduction strategy, on every continent. Over the past decades, herbicides extensively applied to control Johnsongrass have boosted selection pressure, resulting in the independentcombined with evolution an accelerated of herbicide-resistant growth habit. As ecotypes a result, acrossJohnsongrass multiple has locations. reduced However, native plant the diversity presence and of Johnsongrass inflicted economic itself damageis an enhanced to agriculture threat to crop production, as it serves as a host for many plant viral diseases. Introduction linked to hormone signaling pathways, sugar response and trans- Among the worldwide relevant weeds, Johnsongrass is one of port, cell cycle, cell division and development as well as splicing fac- the top 10 noxious global mild-latitude weeds. Johnsongrass was tors that enable biotic and abiotic stress tolerance [10]. Rhizomes introduced to the U.S. separately, in South Carolina and Arizona [1]. are essential organs in storing carbohydrates and enable Johnson- The earliest introduction occurred around 1830 through contam- grass to reproduce clonally, resulting in enhanced competitiveness inated cotton seeds from Egypt successfully invading agricultural and invasiveness [11,12]. A single plant can produce a rhizome pastures and natural plains in South Carolina [2]. Currently, John- network more than 60 m in in length in 152 days [6]. During early songrass occurs in over 50 countries as a weed in 30 different crops development, Johnsongrass plants gain up to 4–fold more biomass [3]. Johnsongrass is native to Eurasia and is derived from natural than Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass), Schizachyrium scoparium hybridization between diploid Sorghum bicolor and Sorghum pro- (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) and Andropogon gerardii Vitman pinquum less than 2 million years ago, when it underwent a spon- (big bluestem), due to increased leaf area, higher atmospheric car- taneous chromosome number duplication to 40 [4]. - Johnsongrass as invasive plant species house simulated seedling competition experiments between John- bon uptake and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency [13]. Green One of the remarkable prosperity factors of Johnsongrass is songrass and these same C4 plant species resulted in a dramatic self-pollination [5]. It blooms 46 days after emergence and pro- 95% biomass loss in the native species if grown with Johnsongrass, duces up to 80,000 seed per plant in a single season which remain which suffered a moderate 11% loss of non-root biomass [14]. viable for up to 10 years in the soil [6,7]. Johnsongrass has a broad Johnsongrass Impacts on Agriculture seed depth germination rate ranging from 64% at 1 cm to 30% at 20 The density of Johnsongrass plants is a critical factor that ef- cm depth. Up to 6% of its seeds are able to germinate from depths as low as 25cm [8]. Further, Johnsongrass inherited the ability to increased Johnsongrass density accumulate drastically. In Turkey, reproduce by rhizomes from its S. propinquum parent. Analysis of fects surrounding vegetation, and floral biomass losses caused by a single Johnsongrass plant in an 8 m plant row decreased cot- S. propinquum promoter regions show an enrichment of cis-regu- ton yield by 7.12 % and when densities increased to 32 plants/ latory elements involved in abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 8 m plant row cotton yield dropped by 30% [15]. Similar results (GA) responses, suggesting a cross-talk between those hormones were observed in in the U. S. in Texas, where a single Johnsongrass in rhizomes. Both phytohormones are key regulators in rhizome plant/15 m cotton plant row reduced yield by 34$/hectare [16]. development [9]. Additional genes enriched in rhizome tips are This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License AJBSR.MS.ID.000814 279 Am J Biomed Sci & Res Copyright@ Peter Klein threat to cultivated S. bicolor due to its close ancestry. In Texas and - Further studies demonstrated a significant cotton yield increase fop, where treating plots 3 weeks post-Johnsongrass emergence Johnsongrass populations adjacent to long-term sorghum produc- when treating Johnsongrass infested fields with herbicide fluazi Nebraska, up to 32% of unique S. bicolor alleles were identified in produced the same cotton quantity as weed-free lots. However, plot tion sites. The obtained evidence strongly suggests that engineered treatments delayed by 3, 5, 9 and 22 weeks reduced cotton yields by genes and herbicide resistance can potentially be transferred into 20-, 60-, 80- and 90%, respectively [17]. Johnsongrass and widely disseminated [35]. Soybean (Glycine max) is an important legume crop and was Johnsongrass, A Pathogen Source for Cultivated Plant domesticated 3,000 to 5,000 years ago in Asia with a spread out Over 25% of all existing fauna is estimated to serve as host for of Asia 250 years ago [18,19]. Due to its high protein and oil con- more than 4,000 phloem-feeding Aphidae (aphid) families [36,37]. tent and low carbohydrate content, it is widely used for animal feed Roughly 100 species of aphids are economically relevant species and human consumption [20,21]. Weeds such as Johnsongrass can [38] which incur global agricultural crop losses of billions of dollars drastically impact soybean production. Johnsongrass density of 32 annually [38]. Despite feeding-based biomass reductions due to sig- culms /10 m reduces soybean yield by 13- to 38% if it is allowed to compete uncontrolled for 6 weeks. The reduction increased up [39-41], aphids also have the potential to vector at least 275 plant nificant chlorophyll and carotenoid removal from damaged plants to 69% at a 7-week competition and reached 88% at full-season viruses. The potyviruses Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV), Sug- arcane Mosaic Virus (SCMV), Johnsongrass Mosaic Virus (JGMV), varieties heavily infested with Johnsongrass demonstrated yield competition [22]. In addition, field plot experiments with soybean and Sorghum Mosaic Virus (SrMV) are commonly found in corn, reductions of between 23- and 42% over a 3-year period [23]. Sim- Johnsongrass and sorghum, cause corn and sorghum yield losses ilar effects were observed in corn (Zea mays), where uncontrolled of up to 70%, mostly by causing leaf necrosis and photosynthesis 4-week competition between corn and Johnsongrass grown from shutdown [42-44]. rhizomes resulted in 10% to 14% less corn silage. A season-long competition between corn and Johnsongrass led to more than 80% The severity potential of MDMV cross-contamination between corn seed loss compared to weed-free corn plots [24]. In addition Johnsongrass and crop plants was demonstrated in samples col- to crop yield losses from Johnsongrass competition, producers con- lected from Ohio (U. S.) which indicated that 20 of 33 Johnsongrass trolling Johnsongrass with herbicides incur expenses of between plants were infected with MDMV compared to 43 of 56 maize plants $12 to $20 per acre for herbicides and their application, establish- - - ing Johnsongrass as a serious threat to constantly increasing hu- [45]. Virus identification studies on corn and Johnsongrass in corn grass to corn [46], however, virus transmission strategies among man demands for food [25]. fields suggest MDMV and SCMV viruses transfer from Johnson and between plant species are highly diverse. Around 50% of all Emerging Herbicide Resistance in Johnsongrass plant viruses are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent mecha- Before the introduction of specialized herbicides for Johnson- nism [47]. To identify suitable host plants, aphids use their stylets grass, the species was controlled by repeated deep tilling and hoe- to sample phloem sap. During this process, the stylets contact the ing [26]. Later, pre-emergent application of broad range herbicides plant cell content and included virons which if acquired, are trans- such as Guardian MAX, Merlin and Stromp 330 EC prooved to be mitted by probing to healthy plants, and initiating the infection pro- highly effective against Jognsongrass infestations [27]. Presently, cess in the host plant [48]. susceptible Johnsongrass plants are controlled by from 88- to 97% References with quizalofop, glyphosate, imazethapyr plus imazapyr, nicosul- 1. Sezen U U, Jacob N, Barney, Daniel Z Atwater, Gary A et al (2016) Multi- furon, and primisulfuron herbicides and by 56% with glufosinate Phase US Spread and Habitat Switching of a Post-Columbian Invasive, herbicide 3 weeks after treatment [28]. Over the past decades, how- Sorghum halepense. PLoS One 11(10):
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