Environment Conservation Journal, 20 (3): 49-55, 2019 ISSN 0972-3099 (Print) 2278-5124 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2019.20307 https://www.environcj.in/

Medicinal value and mechanism of light adaptation in latifolium in Ladakh region

Verma A. K. , Goyal Y. and Dev K.

Received: 03.09.2019 Revised: 24.10.2019 Accepted: 09.11.2019

Abstract Medicinal have been used form ancient times in treatment of many diseases. These plants are the cheap source of drugs and have very fewer side effects. Lepidium latifolium is an invasive belongs to family. It found in the mountainous area of Ladakh. It used as a phytofood in the Ladakh area. It is used in treatment of many diseases due to its medicinal properties. It has several natural antioxidants which suppress the biological system. From ancient times, it mainly used as stomach tonics and diuretics. Although it also used in the treatment of other diseases like kidney related diseases, hypertension, diabetes and many more. It also has anti-tumor properties. Due to the mountainous region, Ladakh has very low temperature. Due to its physiological plasticity, Lepidium latifolium can grow in the extremely harsh conditions of Ladakh area. In this review, we will discuss about the medicinal properties and the light adaptation of Lepidium latifolium in Ladakh area.

Key Words: Lepidium latifolium, Ladakh, phytofood and Brassicaceae.

Introduction From ancient time, medicinal plants have been used latitude (Negi et al., 2019). It comprises area over to get relieve and cure many diseases. Even now for 65000 km2 among two districts Kargil and Leh. It major part of world’s population medicinal plants also described as ‘the land of Lamas’, ‘a piece in use as a cheap source of drugs. Medicinal plants between earth and sky’, ‘the land of Buddha’. It is also provide numerous new chemicals starting very famous for its high mountains, rivers (Shyok, points in synthesis of new drugs having better Suru, Dras, Indus, Zanskar and Nubra), glaciers and pharmacological properties (Ballabh et al., 2008). lakes (Tsomorir, Hanle, Pangongtso, etc.). It has Due to fewer side effects and cost effectiveness of numerous precious remedial herbs. Among these medicinal plants, World Health Organization medicinal herbs many are endemic. The main five (2002) has given emphasis to consumption and valleys of Ladakh are Indus, Changthang, Zanskar, development of herbal medicines. In traditional Suru and Nubra. Annual precipitation is extremely medicinal systems, crude form of specific drug or low in this area (mainly snowfall, followed by in combinations is favored over compound slight rainfall). High wind speed, very little formulations. According to WHO, 80 percent of the humidity (<50%), huge difference between high developing countries population depend on the and low temperature of the same day and rugged traditional medicinal systems as their primary landscape are the characteristics of this area (Kala source of health care. Traditional medicinal system and Mathur 2002). Many works have been done on in India offers great medicines for nervous, the ethnobotany of the medicinal plants of the gastrointestinal and heart related diseases Ladakh. The Amchis (traditional herbalists) are (Mukherjee and Wahile 2006). Ladakh is a expert in treating with remedial plants of the mountainous region located in the Trans-Himalaya Ladakh and also in combination with some exotic area, which located between 76°46’29” - medicinal plants, against various diseases (Ballabh 78°41’34”E longitude and 31°44’57” -32°59’57” N et al., 2008). Table 1 enumerates the numerous Author’s Address medicinal plants found in cold desert Ladakh and Medical Biotechnology Lab. Department of Biotechnology, their uses. These medicinal plants are used in Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi – treatment of several diseases. Lepidium genus has 110025, India. E-mail.: [email protected] more than 150 species across the world and it is among largest genera of family Brassicaceae 49

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(Mummenhoff, Brüggemann, and Bowman 2001). 1994). Lepidium latifolium is found in the cold Lepidium latifolium is also known as Peppergrass, zone of Ladakh, India. It grows geographically at Pepperwort and Perennial pepperweed. It is an height of 2500 m to 4500 m above the sea level. In (Reynolds and Boyer 2010) of Leh - Ladakh area, it is also used as phytofood south east and west (Grover et al., (Kaur, Bhat, et al., 2013). Lower cauline leaves of 2012). Lepidium is well known for its medicinal this plant are long 1 to 7 cm and upper cauline properties and widely used in the medication of leaves are not stalked. Leaf blades are elliptical stomach related diseases along with its economic, ovate to oblonglanceolate and 1 to 9 cm in length ecological and agronomic importance (Martı́nez and 0.3 to 4.5 cm in width. Sepals are 1 to 1.4 mm Caballero et al., 2004). Leaves of Lepidium in length and 0.8 to 0.9 mm in width. Sepals are latifolium mainly consumed as salad and vegetables white in color at apex and margin. Petals are milky in Ladakh area (Gupta et al., 2012). Therefore, the white in color and 1.8 to 2.5 mm in length and 1 to aim of the paper is to review traditional use of 1.3 mm in width and apex rounded (figure 1). Lepidium latifolium against various diseases, and Stamens are 6 in number and having tetradynamous mechanism of light adaptation in Lepidium in arrangement (2 short and 4 long). Filaments are 0.9 Ladakh region. to 1.4 mm in length. Pistil is 2 mm in length, style Lepidium latifolium: is barely visible, stigma is prominent. Fruits are Lepidium latifolium is a perennial species and marginally flattened and two chambered, 1.8 to 2.4 belongs to Brassicaceae family. It can be up to 2m mm in length and nearly 1.3 mm in width. One in length. It has waxy leaves and stems are woody chamber of fruit contains 1 seed, light reddish and greyish green in color. This plant has small brown in color, wingless, having simple but long white color flowers arranged in groups. The fruits hairs and 1 to 1.3 mm in length and 0.7 to 0.9 mm of these plants are ~1.6 mm in diameter and has 2 in width (Francis and Warwick, 2007). reddish seeds (Jouad et al., 2001; Navarro et al.,

Table 1: Remedial plants of Ladakh used against various diseases (Ballabh et al., 2008; Ballabh and Chaurasia, 2007). S Plant name Family Local name Parts used Uses N 1 Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae Bona-karpo Roots Uses against fever Complete Used in remedy of kidney related 2 Achillea millefolium Linn. Asteraceae Chuang plant disorders, cold and cough Complete Used in treatment of painful 3 Aconogonum tortuosum Polygonaceae Serpalulu plant micturition 4 Agropyron repens Poaceae Zamak Rhizomes Promotes micturition Used in remedy of kidney related 5 Althaea rosea Malvaceae Hollyhock Roots disorders Used in remedy of kidney related 6 Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Amaranthaceae Neu Leaves disorders Used in remedy of kidney related 7 Arctium lappa Linn. Asteraceae Pizums Roots disorders Complete Used in remedy of kidney related 8 Arenaria bryophylla Caryophyllaceae Lekhum plant disorders Used in remedy of kidney related 9 Arnebia euchroma Boraginaceae Demok Roots disorders 10 Artemisia brevifolia Asteraceae Phur-nag Leaves Remedy of fever Skalzangme It is used against cold, cough and 11 Aster tibeticus Asteraceae Flowers ntok fever Artemisia dracunculus Complete 12 Asteraceae Burtse Promotes micturition Linn. plant Used in remedy of kidney related 13 Artemisia. sieversiana Asteraceae Khamchu Leaves disorders Complete 14 Astragalus tribulifolius Fabaceae Yanglo Promotes micturition plant 50 Environment Conservation Journal

Medicinal value and mechanism of light adaptation in Lepidium

15 Avena sativa Linn. Poaceae Yupo Seeds Promotes micturition 16 Berberis lyceum Berberidaceae Dama Roots It is used against cold, cough 17 Bidens pilosa Linn. Asteraceae Gurgur Cha Leaves It is used against cold, cough Used in remedy of kidney related 18 Bergenia stracheyi Saxifragaceae Gatilas Rhizomes disorders 19 Capsella bursa Brassicaceae Shamso Leaves To stop haemorrhage of kidney 20 Carum carvi Linn. Apiaceae Umbu Seeds Promotes micturition 21 Chaerophyllum reflexum Apiaceae Lcha-wa Roots Promotes micturition Complete It is used against fever, cold and 22 Centaurea depressa Asteraceae Vashakha plant cough Chrysanthemum 23 Asteraceae Sepan Flowers It is used against high fever pyrethroides Used in treatment of painful 24 Chenopodium album Linn. Chenopodiaceae Neung Leaves micturition Used in remedy of kidney related 25 Chrysanthemum griffithii Asteraceae Serpan Flowers disorders Complete 26 Cuscuta capitate Cuscutaceae Deelasazin Promotes micturition plant Ralchhat 27 Corydalis govaniana Fumariaceae Roots It is used against fever nagpo Ming-chen- Complete 28 Cremanthodium ellisii Asteraceae It is used against fever ser-po plant Used in remedy of kidney related 29 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Orchidaceae Ambolakpa Tubers disorders and used against fever Dracocephalum Complete 30 Lamiaceae Zimthigle It is used against cold, cough heterophyllum plant 31 Ephedra gerardiana Ephedraceae Chhapat Stems It is used against fever 32 Ermania lanuginose Brassicaceae Measlo Leaves To stop haemorrhage of kidney Complete 33 Epipactis helleborine Linn. Orchidaceae Penginlo It is used against cold, cough plant 34 Galium aparine Linn. Rubiaceae Ranche Leaves Promotes micturition Complete 35 Galium pauciflorum Rubiaceae Phomongo It is used against fever plant 36 Gentiana algida Gentianaceae Tikta Flowers Treat epidemic fever Spang- Complete It is used against fever, cold and 37 Gentianella moorcroftiana Gentianaceae Gain-karpo plant cough 38 Geranium pretense Linn. Geraniaceae Ga-dur Leaves It is used against fever 39 Galium serpylloides Rubiaceae Pimantso Leaves Promotes micturition 39 Gentiana squarrosa Gentianaceae Ziang Roots Promotes micturition Complete Used in treatment of painful 40 Geranium tuberaria Geraniaceae Yusiang plant micturition Used in the treatment of pain due 41 Heracleum pinnatum Apiaceae sPru-ma Roots to fever 42 Herminiummonorchis Linn. Orchidaceae Peo Tubers Promotes micturition Kanglanyes Used in remedy of kidney related 43 Helianthus annuus Linn. Asteraceae Seeds her disorders Complete 44 Iris hookeriana Iridaceae Tesma Promotes micturition plant It is used against fever, cold and 45 Inula racemose Asteraceae Manu Roots cough It is used against fever, cold and 46 Inula rhizocephalan Asteraceae Turjit Roots cough 47 Juniperus communis Linn. Cupressaceae Sukpa Fruits Promotes micturition Used in remedy of kidney related 48 Juniperus macropoda Cupressaceae Sukpa Fruits disorders sPa-yang Complete 49 Lancea tibetica Scrophulariaceae Treat against cold, cough rtsa-ba plant Complete Used in treatment of painful 50 Lavatera kashmiriana Malvaceae Sazposh plant micturition 51 Environment Conservation Journal

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Sauson or Complete 51 Lepidium latifolium Linn. Brassicaceae To stop haemorrhage of kidney Seoji plant 52 Lycium ruthenicum Solanaceae Umila Leaves Removes blocked urine Complete 53 Lagotis kunawurensis Scrophulariaceae Hong-len Treat cold, cough and fever plant Lomatogonium Complete 54 Gentianaceae Tikta Treat cold and cough carinthiacum plant 55 Malaxis muscifera Orchidaceae Jeewak Roots Promotes kidney function Complete Removes blocked urine and 56 Malva verticillata Linn. Malvaceae Suchili plant remedy for whooping cough Complete 57 Melilotus officinalis Linn. Fabaceae Ole used to reduce fever plant Complete 58 Nepeta podostachys Lamiaceae Bathse Promotes kidney function plant 59 Nepeta floccose Lamiaceae Jimthegala Leaves Treat cold, cough and fever Gro-shang- Complete 60 Orobanche hansii Orobanchaceae To stop haemorrhage of kidney rtse plant Used in remedy of kidney related 61 Pedicularis longiflora Scrophulariaceae Pennel Flowers disorders Seeds, Promotes micturition and used as 62 Peganum harmala Linn. Zygophyllaceae Sepan leaves a remedy of fever Used in treatment of painful 63 Perovskia abrotenoides Lamiaceae Iskiling Leaves micturition 64 Podophyllum hexandrum Berberidaceae Ol-mose Fruits Remedy of fever Complete 65 Potentilla atrosanguinea Rosaceae Chisheng Treat fever plant 66 Picrorhiza kurrooa Scrophulariaceae Hanglang Roots Promotes kidney function Shro-lo Fresh or dried roots are used 67 Rhodiola heterodonta Crassulaceae Roots dkar-po against cold, cough and fever 68 Raphanus sativus Linn. Brassicaceae Labook Roots Diuretic and removes kidney stone Used against all kinds of kidney and urinary disorders, soothing, and 69 Rubia cordifolia Rubiaceae bTsod Roots controls urine discharge, inflammation and bleeding in the kidney The flowers and fruits are used in preparation of tablets against the Rosa webbiana Rosaceae Siah-marpo Flower, fruits 70 remedy of fever due to food poisoning. Complete Saussurea gnaphaloides Asteraceae Yuliang Promotes micturition 71 plant 72 Saussurea bracteate Asteraceae Jar-bag Flowers Against cold and cough 73 Saussurea lappa Asteraceae Kuth Roots Treat cold, cough and fever Promotes micturition, Treat cold, Solanum nigrum Linn. Solanaceae Tsigma Fruits 74 cough and fever Complete Swertia petiolate Gentianaceae Tikta Treat high fever 75 plant Kanglanyeshe Tagetes erecta Linn. Asteraceae Leaves Promotes kidney function 76 r 77 Taraxacum officinale Asteraceae Yamngi Roots Promotes kidney function Used in treatment of painful 78 Thlaspi alpestre Linn. Brassicaeae Bumbuk Seeds micturition 79 Tribulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae gZe-ma Fruits Promotes kidney function Complete Taraxacum officinale Asteraceae Han Cure chronic fever 80 plant 81 Urtica paviflora Urticaceae dZaZut Leaves Promotes micturition 82 Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae Gun Fruits Used in the removal of kidney stones Complete Waldheimia stoliczkai Asteraceae Solo nagpo Treatment of cold, cough and fever 83 plant Manmeseloto Inflorescence Supports normal functioning of Zea mays Linn. Poaceae 84 k ash kidney

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Medicinal value and mechanism of light adaptation in Lepidium

Medicinal value of Lepidium latifolium: mitochondrial dehydrogenase inhibition activity of Lepidium latifolium has many medicinal properties. HCC (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells It is widely used as stomach tonics and diuretics (Hanschen et al., 2015). Lepidium latifolium leaves (Navarro et al., 1994). Navarro et al. (1994), extracts also comprises many natural antioxidants. reported that the aqueous extract of Lepidium These antioxidants act as reducing agents, chelating latifolium leaves improved the urinary excretion agents, free radical scavengers and antioxidative among rats. The leaf extract had given in 100 and defense enzyme systems activator which suppress 50 mg/kg doses through oral route and the ion damages in biological systems (Kaur et intraperitoneal respectively. The standard suggested al.,2013). Lepidium latifolium ethanolic leaf extract dose for Lepidium latifolium for man was 3 to 5 also comprises many natural antioxidants which gm/day in the form of tea (Navarro et al., 1994). show free radical sifting activity. These compounds Some reports also suggested that the perennial are Kaemferol- 3 -O-robinoside -7- O - (2″″- (E) - pepperweed is also used in the treatment of feruloyl)- sophoroside, Quercetin – 3 – O – β – D – hypertension and it has a property of anti- sophoroside – 7 – O – α - L-rhamnoside, hypertensive (Tabassum and Ahmad, 2011). Kaempferol -7-O-α-L rhamnopyranoside and Conde-Rioll et al. (2018), determined that the leaf Apetalumoside B6 (Xiang et al., 2018). Lepidium extract of Lepidium latifolium showed antitumor latifolium also uses traditionally against kidney activity against HT-29, a cultured human colon related diseases and renal lithiasis (Tabassum and cancer cell line. Ahmad, 2011). This plant also show activities against prostatic hyperplasia (Lisciani et al., 1984). Mechanism of light adaptation in Lepidium latifolium: Lepidium latifolium plant grows in harsh environment. Temperature is less than -20°C during night which shows its biochemical adaptation. Several studies have been started to connect its low temperature surviving ability with the low temperature regulated genes from the cold desert Ladakh (Aslam et al., 2009). Ahmed et al. (2010), demonstrated that seeds of Lepidium latifolium had not germinated in dark under saline and non-saline conditions. Whereas, Bhat et al. ( 2016), study revealed that L. latifolium has high capability of physiological plasticity which allows it to grow in high altitude area of Ladakh? It comprises light dependent regulation of xanthophyll conversion, responses of antioxidants to environmental stresses and photosynthetic Figure1. Lepidium latifolium efficiency mechanism for high photosynthetic efficiency. They also found that there is no This cell line was recognized to then CEPT (1- considerable photoinhibition in Lepidium latifolium cyano-2,3-epithiopropane) compound that present in the resource limited conditions which suggest its in leaf extract. They also found that Lepidium adaptive potential. Francis and Warwick (2007), latifolium juice also exhibits in vivo high antitumor observed the germination response of Lepidium activity against various cell lines (Conde‐Rioll et al. latifolium seeds against light, increasing salinity 2018). But Hanschen et al. results did not find the and reducing water potential. They found that seed apoptotic effects of CEPT against human cancer germination was highest in light (30% after 14 cell lines. However, they suggested that the days) environment and light/dark alternating antitumor activity should be attributed to environments. Seed germination was reduced to 4%

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(for light/dark) and 16% (light), when seeds were latifolium has several medicinal uses against many exposed to salt stress. Sonnentag et al. (2011), diseases and it is tolerant to extreme temperature suggested that the appropriate amount of light and light conditions due to which it can grow in reached even to the lowest leaves of the Lepidium Ladakh area. latifolium plant. References Ahmed, M. Zaheer and M. Ajmal Khan. 2010. “Tolerance and Recovery Responses of Playa Halophytes to Light, Salinity and Temperature Stresses during Seed Germination.” Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 205(11): 764–71.

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Ballabh, Basant, O. P. Chaurasia, Zakwan Ahmed, and Shashi Conclusion Bala Singh. 2008. “Traditional Medicinal Plants of Cold Several medicinal plants have grown in Ladakh Desert Ladakh—Used against Kidney and Urinary area. Ladakh is mountainous region located in the Disorders.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118(2): 331– 39. Trans-Himalayan area. Lepidium latifolium (also known as Perennial pepperweed) is an invasive Bhat, Hilal A., Tarandeep Kaur, Rohini Bhat and Dhiraj Vyas. plant, mainly found in southern east Europe and 2016. “Physiological and Biochemical Plasticity of western Asia. It belongs to the family Brassicaceae Lepidium Latifolium as ‘Sleeper Weed’ in Western .” Physiologia Plantarum 156(3): 278–93. and Lepidium genera have more than 150 species. It is also found in the mountainous region of Ladakh Conde‐Rioll, María et al. 2018. “Antitumor Activity of area in India. Traditional herbalists used Lepidium Lepidium Latifolium and Identification of the Epithionitrile latifolium in the treatment of many diseases. It is 1-Cyano-2,3-Epithiopropane as Its Major Active widely used as vegetable and in salads in cold Component.” Molecular Carcinogenesis 57(3): 347–60. desert Ladakh. It has numerous medicinal Francis, Ardath and Suzanne I. Warwick, 2007. “The Biology properties and used in the treatment of many of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 8. Lepidium Latifolium diseases. Lepidium latifolium is mainly used as L.” Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87(3): 639–58. stomach tonics and diuretic. It is also used in kidney related diseases. At some places, it is also Grover, Atul et al. 2012. “Random Genomic Scans at Microsatellite Loci for Genetic Diversity Estimation in used in the treatment of hypertension and prostatic Cold-Adapted Lepidium Latifolium.” Plant Genetic hyperplasia. Many studies reported the diuretic Resources 10(3): 224–31. activity of Lepidium latifolium. Navarro et al. study Gupta, Sanjay Mohan, Atul Grover and Zakwan Ahmed, 2012. also revealed the standard dose for human of “Identification of Abiotic Stress Responsive Genes from Indian High Altitude Lepidium Latifolium L. (Short Lepidium latifolium leaves was 3 to 5 gm/day in the Communication).” Defence Science Journal 62(5): 315– form of tea for improved urinary excretion. 18. Lepidium latifolium leaves extract and juices also exhibit the anti-tumor activities. It grows in very Hanschen, Franziska S. et al. 2015. “The Brassica low temperature of Ladakh. Many studies revealed Epithionitrile 1-Cyano-2,3-Epithiopropane Triggers Cell Death in Human Liver Cancer Cells in Vitro.” Molecular that the Lepidium latifolium has high capability of Nutrition & Food Research 59(11): 2178–89. physiological plasticity due to which it grows in the high altitude and low temperature region of Jouad, H. et al. 2001. “Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Ladakh. It can be concluded that Lepidium Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes, Cardiac and 54 Environment Conservation Journal

Medicinal value and mechanism of light adaptation in Lepidium

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