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Home , Alyssum alyssoides, Alyssum desertorum, Arabis, Arabis glabra, Arabis hirsuta, Arabis lemmonii

AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE OF ALBERTA

Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1998) and the Flora Associaton (2008). follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Please let us know if there are ways in which the keys can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016).. BRASSICACEAE [Cruciferae] Mustard

2a 2b Key to Groups 01a hairless or with simple (unbranched) hairs only ...... 02 01b Plants with at least some branched hairs . .03 02a Stem absent or, when present, with ear-like basal lobes clasping to encircling the stem ...... Group 1 02b Stem leaves without ear-like basal lobes, not clasping/encircling the stem ...... Group 2 3b 3a 03a Ovaries/young pods linear; pods ≥3 times as long as wide ...... Group 3 ------03b Ovaries/young pods not linear; pods <3 times as long as wide ...... Group 4

2b; 4a 2a Group 1 01a Stem leaves absent ...... 02 01b Stem leaves present, with ear-like base lobes 03 02a yellow; plants annual (rarely perennial); pods with 20-36 ...... muralis X (in part) 02b Petals white, lavender, or purple; plants biennial or perennial, tufted; pods with 8-20 seeds ...... (in part) 03a Stem leaves stalked ...... 04 03b Stem leaves stalkless ...... 05 4b 04a Plants terrestrial, not rooting from lower joints; pods straight, with seeds in 1 row...... Cardamine (in part) 04b Plants aquatic, rooting from lower joints; pods somewhat curved, with seeds in 2 rows ...... offcinale X (in part) 05a Petals yellow ...... 06 05b Petals white, pink, purple, or violet ...... 11 06a /seeds 1-2 per /pod; pods strongly fattened, not splitting open ...... 07 06b Ovules/seeds (4)10-94 per ovary/pod; pods rounded or angled, but not fattened, usually splitting open...... 08 7a 07a Basal and lower stem leaves 2- 3 times- pinnately lobed/divided; pods 2-7 mm long, notched at the tip ...... (in part) 7b 07b Basal and lower stem leaves smooth- or wavy- edged or with sharp, spreading to backward pointing teeth (rarely pinnately divided); pods 11-20 mm long, not notched at the tip ...... tinctoria XXX

3 08a Petals (6)8-30 mm long, abruptly narrowed to a slender base (claw).. . . . (in part) 8a; 08b Petals 0-9(12) mm long, tapered to the base, 13a without a distinct slender basal section ...09 09a Stem leaves with broad, heart-shaped bases appearing as if pierced by the stem ...... X 8b; ...... orientalis 09b Stem bases with small ear-like lobes . .10 13b 9b 10a Ovaries/pods linear; mature pods 15-40 x 1.2- 9a 2 mm; upper stems angular ...... 10b Ovaries/pods spherical or egg-shaped, to oblong; mature pods 2-12 x 1-3.5 mm (10-20 x 1.5-2.5 mm in exotic R. sylvestris); upper stems cylindrical, seldom angled ...... (in part) 11a Ovaries/pods round to heart- or egg-shaped, strongly fattened, notched at the tip ...... 12 10a 11b Ovaries/pods linear, sometimes fattened, 10b tapered to the style at the tip ...... 13 12a Pod 2-7 mm long, egg-shaped to circular, 11a wingless or narrowly winged near the tip only; ovules/seeds 1-2 per ovary/pod ...... Lepidium (in part) 12b Pods 8-18 mm long, disc-shaped, broadly winged around the entire edge ovules/seeds (4)6-16 per ovary/pod .... arvense X 13a Petals abruptly narrowed to a slender base 12b 12a 11b (claw), 10-16 x 5-10 mm . . Brassica (in part) 13b Petals gradually tapered to the base, without a distinct slender basal section, <10 x 5 mm . 14 14a Plants annual, hairless with a pale, bluish coating; petals 2-3 x 1-1.7 mm; pods 7-16 x 0.7-2 mm . salsugineum S1 (in part) ...... [ salsuginea; ...... salsuginea] 14b Plants perennial (rarely biennial), hairy (at least somewhat), usually without a pale coating; petals (3.5)4-10(11) x (0.8)1.5-3 mm; 14b pods 20-90 x 0.9-3.5 mm (in part) 14a ...... [, in part] ------Group 2 01a clusters with bracts throughout ....02 01b Flower clusters without bracts or only the lowermost fower(s) bracted ...... 04 02a Plants hairy, with backward/downward bent/ 3a curved hairs gallicum X (in part) 02b Plants hairless or nearly so...... 03 03a Petals pink or purple; stem leaves divided into 3-5+ leafets...... Cardamine (in part) 03b Petals yellow; stem leaves simple, often deeply lobed but not divided into leafets). . . . 3b ...... (in part) 2a

4 04a Petals absent ...... 05 5a; 04b Petals present ...... 06 10a 05a 0.7-1.2 mm long; ovules/seeds in 1 row, 6-22 per ovary/pod; pods linear, (10)20- 40 mm long ...... Cardamine (in part) 05b Sepals 1.2-3 mm long; ovules/seeds in 2 rows, >24 per ovary/pod; pods egg-shaped or oblong, 2-12 mm long (linear and 10-20 mm long in exotic R. sylvestris) . Rorippa (in part)

5b 06a Ovaries/pods egg-shaped, round, oblong, or elliptic, sometimes divided into 2 segments 07 06b Ovaries/pods linear (rarely lance-shaped) .09 07a Pods narrowly oblong to egg-shaped (spherical in ), rounded to slightly fattened; ovaries/pods with >24 ovules/seeds ...... Rorippa (in part) 07b Pods round to egg-shaped, strongly fattened; ovaries/pods with <14 ovules/seeds ...... 08 08a Plants hairy; basal leaf blades 2-10(15) cm long, smooth or wavy-edged to toothed or deeply pinnately lobed; ovules/seeds 1-2(4) per ovary/pod ...... Lepidium (in part) 8a 8b 08b Plants hairless; basal leaf blades (10)20- 40(50) cm long, irregularly scalloped; ovules/ seeds 6-12(14) per ovary/pod...... 10b ...... rusticana X 09a Stem leaves divided into leafets ...... 10 09b Stem leaves simple (sometimes deeply cut, but the blade continuous between lobes) . .11 10a Plants terrestrial, not rooting from the lower joints; pods straight, 0.8-2(2.3) mm wide, with seeds in 1 row...... Cardamine (in part) 10b Plants aquatic, rooting from lower joints; pods somewhat curved, 2-3 mm wide, with seeds in 11a 2 rows ....Nasturtium offcinale X (in part) 11a Plants with many-celled, stalked glands, annual exotic weeds; petals pink to magenta, with a spreading 5 mm long blade on a slender, stalk-like base; pods 35-45 mm long, with a 7-20 mm long beak, breaking into segments, not splitting open. . . . . tenella X 11b Plants without stalked glands; petals and pods not as above ...... 12 12a Petals with dark, purple or brown veins ...13 12b Petals with veins of the same color intensity as the rest of the blade ...... 14 13a Pods 40-80 x 3-6 mm, with lengthwise grooves, often narrowed between seeds, breaking into 1-seeded segments (not splitting open), tipped 13a with a corky, several-seeded beak ...... raphanistrum X 13b Pods 15-25 x 1.5 mm, with 1-veined sides, smooth edged (not narrowed between seeds), splitting open at maturity (not breaking into segments), tipped with a fattened, seedless 13b beak ..... vesicaria X [Eruca sativa]

5 14a Stem leaves with smooth (entire) edges. . .15 14b Stem leaves pinnately divided or lobed, or with outward-pointed teeth ...... 17 15a Dwarf alpine plants 3-10 cm tall; leaves long- stalked, egg-shaped to elliptical (sometimes with 1-2 side teeth); fowers 1-5, with white, 3-4 mm long petals; pods erect, 2-4 cm long, 15a somewhat fattened. . Cardamine bellidifolia 16a 15b Plants usually in lowland habitats, >10 cm tall and with >5 fowers (plants sometimes small and few-fowered, but then with larger, purple petals); fowers and pods not as above ...16 16a Plants annual, hairless, with a pale, bluish- white coating, without or persistent bases; pods 7-16 x 0.8-1 mm, with 6-12(18) seeds ...Eutrema salsugineum S1 (in part) ...... [Arabidopsis salsuginea; ...... Thellungiella salsuginea] 16b → 16b Plants perennial (rarely biennial) usually 18a with some hairs, without a pale coating, with rhizomes and/or a thick, persistent base; pods 20-90 x 0.9-3.5, with 28-90 seeds ...... Boechera (in part) [Arabis, in part] 17a Petals yellow ...... 18 17b Petals white, pink, lavender, or purple ....23 18a Flower clusters with small leafy bracts at the base of each fower (at least below the lower fowers) ... X (in part) 18b Flower clusters without bracts (rarely with bracts for the lowermost 1-2 fowers) .....19 19a 19a Ovaries and young pods with 2 distinctt 20a segments ...... 20 19b Ovaries and young pods not segmented . .21 20a Pods with 1 prominent vein per side, tipped 20b with a ± rounded, seedless beak; sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading ...... Brassica (in part) 20b Pod with 3-7 prominent veins per side, 21a tipped with a conspicuously fattened beak often containing a ; sepals spreading to refexed ...... 21a Leaves essentially basal, coarsely toothed to pinnately lobed; pods tipped with a 1.5-3 mm beak-like segment, spread 1-3 cm apart along most of the fruiting stalk ...... X (in part) 21b Plants not as above ...... 22 22a Plants of wet habitats; stigmas entire; pods obscurely veined; seeds in 2 rows ...... Rorippa (in part) 22b Plants of dry habitats; stigmas 2-lobed; seeds in 1 row; pods with 3 distinct veins on each 22a side ...... Sisymbrium (in part) 22b

6 23a Plants smelling of garlic when crushed, biennial, exotic weeds; stem leaves kidney- 23b to heart-shaped, with scalloped or toothed margins ...... petiolata XXX 23b Plants not smelling of garlic, usually perennial (sometimes biennial) native species (1 23a exception); stem leaves (at least some) pinnately lobed or edged with backward pointing teeth, rarely kidney- or hear-shaped; pods with 8-20 seeds ..Cardamine (in part)

------Group 3 01a Flower clusters with bracts throughout ...... (in part) 01b Flower clusters without bracts or only the lowermost fower(s) bracted ...... 02

2a 02a Stem leaves absent ...... (in part) 02b At least 1 stem leaf present ...... 03 03a Stem leaves stalkless, with backward-pointing 1a 3a basal lobes, these sometimes clasping or encircling the stem ...... 04 03b Stem leaves usually stalked, if stalkless, without backward-pointing basal lobes ....07 5a 04a hairs star-shaped ...... Arabis 04b Plant hairs simple (unbranched) or variously branched but not star-shaped ...... 05 05a Petals yellow or creamy white, rarely pink; young pods erect, pressed to the central stalk ...... glabra [] 6a 05b Petals white to pink or purple; young pods not or rarely pressed to the central stalk...... 06 06a Plants perennial (rarely biennial); pods 7a fattened; seeds winged . Boechera (in part) 6b ...... [Arabis, in part] 06b Plants biennial (rarely perennial); pods cylindrical or 4-sided; seeds wingless...... virgata S2 [Transberingia bursifolia; virgata] 07a Hairs stalkless, T-shaped or 3-rayed, attached at the middle, often parallel...... 07b Hairs simple or variously branched and stalked, not attached at the middle ...... 08 08a Showy garden escapes with petals >15 mm long; pods 40-100 x 1-2.5 mm, cylindrical, slightly constricted between seeds; stigmas mostly 2-lobed ...... 09 08b Plant and fowers smaller and less showy, mostly native species; stigmas head-like . .10 9a 09a Seeds not winged; stigmas without 2 horns ...... matronalis XX 09b Seeds winged; stigmas with two 2-8 mm long horns ...... longipetala X

9b 10a Stem leaves 1- to 3-times pinnately lobed .11 10a 10b 10b Stem leaf edges smooth, wavy or toothed .12

7 11a Leaves usually covered in many-branched, forked or star-shaped hairs; basal leaves often 11a withered at fruiting time; petals yellow; cylindrical ...... (in part) 11b Leaves hairless or hairs sparse, simple and branched; basal leaves, persistent, typically lyre-shaped, tipped with a broad, rounded lobe and abruptly narrowed to much small lower lobes; petals white; fruits somewhat fattened (in part) [Arabis lyrata] 12a Petals yellow ...... Draba (in part) 12b Petals white, lavender, pink, or purple ....13 11b 13a Petals (4)5-18 mm long; seeds winged ..... 14a ...... Boechera (in part) [Arabis, in part] 13b Petals 2-4(5 mm); seeds not winged .....14 13a 13b 14a Pods linear, 20-40 x 0.8-1.8 mm, narrowed between the seeds; basal leaves typically lyre- shaped, (broad tipped and slender stalked); hairs simple or 2-4-rayed and stalked...... Arabidopsis lyrata (in part) [Arabis lyrata] 14b Pods egg-shaped to linear, (2)4-20(25) x (0.6)1-4(4.5) mm; basal leaves not as above; hairs various ...... 15 15a Pods cylindrical (rarely slightly fattened), usually somewhat constricted between the seeds, usually >5 times as long as wide; seeds in 1 or 2 rows; branched hairs T-shaped but essentially stalkless; petals white or purplish ...... Braya (in part) 15a 15b Pods fattened, not constricted between seeds, usually <5 times as long as wide; seeds in 2 rows; petals yellow or white ...... 16

16a Pods about 6X as long as wide, in ± fat-topped clusters; plants annual; petals white, rounded or slightly notched; stems hairless above, 1-2 leaves near the base Tomostima reptans S2 16b ...... [] 16b Pods <5 times as long as wide, in elongated clusters; plants mostly perennial, if annual then petals yellow or white and deeply 2-lobed ... 16a ...... Draba (in part) Group 4 ------01a Stem leaves stalkless, with backward-pointing basal lobes, these sometimes clasping or encircling the stem ...... 02 01b Stem leaves usually stalked, if stalkless, without backward-pointing basal lobes ....04

1a 02a Petals white; hairs mainly stalkless and star- shaped, sometimes mixed with simple and/or forked hairs; pods heart-shaped to triangular, notched at the tip, 4-8 mm long ...... 1b ...... bursa-pastoris X 02b Petals yellow (rarely creamy white or white 2a with a slender yellow base); branched hairs (when present) stalked and forked (not star- shaped); pods not as above ...... 03

8 03a Pods nearly spherical, ≈2 mm long, with 2(4) seeds; styles 0.5-0.9 mm long; petals 2-2.5 mm long ...... paniculata X 03b Pods egg-shaped, slightly fattened, ≈6 mm long, with 8-25 seeds; styles 1-3 mm long; petals (2.5)4-12 mm long ...... 04a Petals white, deeply 2-lobed; pods elliptical, somewhat infated, (4)5-8(10) mm long, tipped with a 2-3 mm style, covered in stalkless, star- shaped hairs ...... incana XXX 3a 3b 04b Petals white, purplish or yellow, rounded or shallowly notched; pods not as above ....05 05a Stem leaves 1-3X-pinnately divided, 3- to 7-lobed, or with slender, comb-like teeth . .06 05b Stem leaves smooth edged or toothed (rarely wavy edged) ...... 07 06a Greyish, tufted or mat-forming alpine plants on rocky slopes, 15-20 cm tall, densely soft hairy with simple and branched hairs, perennial, 5a with well-developed, persistent bases and rhizomes; fowers white or purplish; fruits 5-11 4a x 1.5-2.5 mm ...... americana ...... [Smelowskia calycina] 6b 06b Lowland plants growing in disturbed habitats, 20-100 cm tall, often greyish with tiny many- branched hairs, annual or biennial, with taproots ...... Descurainia (in part) 07a Pods circular; petals yellow (sometimes white in ) ...... 08 07b Pods 2-10+ times longer than wide (fruits in a few Draba spp. rarely <2x as long as wide), petals yellow, white, pink or purplish...... 09 6a 08a Pods spherical, 4-12 mm long plus a 2-9 mm style, with 4-14 seeds; petals (4)5-12 mm long; plants native species of dry plains or mountain slopes, perennial...... ...... [includes ] 08b Pods disc-shaped, fat-sided, <5 mm long plus a 0.5-2 mm style, with 1-2 seeds; petals 2-3(4) mm long; plants exotic weeds of disturbed sites, annual or perennial ...... 09a Plants perennial, 30-70 cm tall; fower/ 8a clusters wide-branched, ± umbrella-shaped; ovules/seeds 1 per cavity ...... Odontarrhena muralis X [Alyssum murale] 9a 09b Plants annual, 5-25 cm tall; fower/fruit clusters narrow , elongating with maturity; ovules/seeds 2 per cavity ...... Alyssum

9b 10a Pods distinctly fattened, not constricted between the seeds, usually <5 times as long as wide; seeds in 2 rows; accumbent; petals yellow or white ...... Draba (in part) 10b Pods cylindrical (rarely slightly fattened), usually constricted between the seeds, usually >5 times as long as wide; seeds in 1-2 rows; cotyledons incumbent; branched hairs T-shaped and essentially stalkless; petals 10b 10a white or purplish ...... Braya (in part)

9 1b 1a ALYSSUM Alyssum

01a Stem leaves linear, (3)5-25(30) × (0.5)1-3(4) mm; pods hairless, soon shed ...... Alyssum turkestanicum X ...... [] 01b Stem leaves egg-shaped to narrowly lance- shaped, widest above mid-leaf, 30-40(45) × (0.5)1-3.5(5) mm; pods covered in star-shaped hairs, persistent .... X

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ARABIS Rockcress [also see Boechera] 01a Plants usually 6-30 cm tall, hairless or with just a few coarse hairs at the base; stem leaves without ear-like basal lobes, not clasping the stem ...... Arabis nuttallii 01b Plants (20)30-70 cm tall, hairy at the base with coarse, stiff hairs; stem leaves with ear-like basal lobes clasping the stem...... 02 2b 1a 02a Stem leaves (2)4-12(18), rarely overlapping; petals (5.5)6.5-9(10) mm long; side sepals pouched at the base; pods 1.2-1.8(2) mm wide ...... Arabis eschscholtziana SU ...... [, in part] 02b Stem leaves (7)10-45(61) often overlapping; petals 3.5-5(5.5) mm long; side sepals not pouched at the base; pods 0.8-1(1.2) mm wide ...... ...... [Arabis hirsuta, in part] 2a

------BARBAREA Wintercress 01a Uppermost leaves with a large lobe at the tip and pinnately divided into much smaller basal 1a 1b lobes; lower plant often purplish; pods with thick stalks and 0.3-1 mm long beaks; petals pale yellow, 2.5-5 mm long; native plants of → moist habitats ...... → 01b Uppermost leaves not as above, usually edged with angular teeth (rarely pinnate); lower plant not purplish; pods with slender stalks and 1.8- 3 mm long beaks; petals bright yellow, 5.5-8 mm long; exotic weeds of disturbed habitats ...... X

10 BOECHERA Rockcress [Arabis, in part] 01a Stem leaves without ear-like basal lobes . .02 01b Stem leaves with ear-like basal lobes. . . . .05 02a Plants hairless or with only simple (unbranched) hairs on the edges of basal leaves ...... Boechera lyallii (in part) ...... [Arabis lyallii; Arabis murrayi] 02b Plants with sparse to dense, branched hairs at the base (sometimes throughout), these often mixed with simple hairs...... 03 2a 3a 03a Pods strongly down-turned, usually pressed to the central stem, their stalks abruptly bent back at the base; stem leaves 15-40; fowers/ pods in clusters of 15-80(140)...... (in part) .. [Arabis exilis; Arabis holboellii, in part] 03b Pods horizontal to pointing downwards but not strictly so, their stalks not abruptly bent back at the base; stem leaves 2-17; fowers/pods in clusters of 2-13(17) ...... 04 04a Pods horizontal to loose down-turned, usually turned to 1 side Boechera lemmonii (in part) 4a ...... [, in part] 04b Pods hanging down, not turned to 1 side (rarely weakly so) Boechera pendulocarpa S1 6a ...... [Arabis holboellii, in part] 4b 05a Pods severely erect, usually pressed to the central stem ...... 06 05b Pods variously oriented, but not as above .08 06a Basal leaves with both T-shaped hairs (usually on the edges) and stalkless, 3- or 4-rayed hairs . Boechera calderi S2 [Arabis calderi] 06b Basal leaves with either T-shaped or stalked 2- to 4(6)-rayed hairs,rarely hairless ...... 07 07a Basal leaves with stalked, 2- to 4(6)-rayed hairs (at least on the edges); petals lavender to purple; stem leaves 1-5; ovules/seeds 34- 64 per ovary/pod ..Boechera lyallii (in part) ...... [Arabis lyallii; Arabis murrayi] 07b Basal leaves with stalkless, T-shaped hairs only (rarely with simple hairs on stalks); petals 7a 7b white (rarely lavender); stem leaves 6-52; ovules/seeds 110-216 per ovary/pod ...... [Arabis drummondii] 08a Pods severely downward-pointing, usually pressed to the central stem with stalks abruptly bent back at the base ...... 09 08b Pods not as above, horizontal to loosely upward or downward pointing ...... 10 09a Stem bases with branched hairs only ...... Boechera retrofracta (in part) .. [Arabis exilis; Arabis holboellii, in part] 9a 9b 09b Stem bases with simple hairs or simple and branched hairs ...... Boechera collinsii S1 ...... [Arabis holboellii, in part]

11 10a /pods in clusters of 12-88; petals white (rarely lavender); pods not turned to 1 side, 1-2.5 mm wide; ovules/seeds 84-146 per ovary/pod; stem bases hairless or with simple 10a plus branched hairs; basal leaves with 2- to 4(7)-rayed, 0.2-0.6 mm hairs ...... Boechera grahamii [Arabis divaricarpa] 10b Flowers/pods in clusters of 3-15(25); petals lavender to purple; pods turned to 1 side, 2-4(4.4) mm wide; ovules/seeds 28-76(104) per ovary/pod; stem bases hairless or with branched hairs only; basal leaves with 2- to 9-rayed, 0.1-0.3 mm hairs...... 11 11a Plants usually short-lived perennials, without branched, woody bases; stem-base hairs ±stalkless, 2- or 3-rayed; basal-leaf hairs ±stalkless, 2- to 6-rayed; petals 6-8 mm long; ovules/seeds 28-40(44) per ovary/pod ...... 11a ...... Boechera drepanoloba S2 ...... [Arabis drepanoloba; ...... Arabis lemmonii, in part] 11b Plants long-lived perennials, with branched, woody bases; stem-base hairs stalked, 2- to 6-rayed; basal-leaf hairs short-stalked, 3- to 11b 9-rayed; petals 3.5-6 mm long; ovules/seeds 28-76(104) per ovary/pod ...... Boechera lemmonii (in part) ...... [Arabis lemmonii, in part] ------

BRASSICA Mustard 01a Middle and upper stem leaves (at least) stalkless, with basal lobes clasping the stem ...... 02 01b Stem leaves short stalked (rarely stalkless), not clasping the stem ...... 03 02a Buds overtopping the open fowers (rarely at the same level); petals pale yellow, 10-16 mm long; pod beak (5)9-16 mm long; leaves 2a hairless to sparsely hairy, with coarse, stiff hairs ...... Brassica napus X 02b Open fowers overtopping or equalling the 2b buds, petals deep yellow. 6-11(16) mm long; pod beak 8-22 mm long; leaves bristly ...... X 3a ... [Brassica campestris] 03a Pods strictly erect (vertical) and pressed to the main stem, 10-25(27) mm long on (2)3-5(6) mm stalks, not narrowed between the seeds; pod beak slender (linear) (1)2-5(6) mm long ...... X 03b Pods spreading to angled upwards (not strictly 3b vertical), (20)30-50(60) mm long on (6)8-20 mm stalks, narrowed between the seeds; pod beak conical, (4)5-10(15) mm long ...... X

12 BRAYA Braya 01a Flowering stems with ≥3 leaves; pods linear, (9)12-25(32) × 0.6-1.8(2) mm, with seeds in 1 row ...... Braya humilis 2a 01b Flowering stems leafess; pods elliptic to oblong, (3)5-12(15) × (0.8)1.1-3 (3.6) mm, with seeds in 2 rows ...... 02 02a Pods oblong to oblong-lance-shaped, 3.5-8.3X as long as wide; fower clusters often loosely elongated ...... Braya glabella S2 1a 02b Pods oval to elliptic, 2.5-3.5X as long as wide; fower clusters usually compact, not elongated ...... Braya purpurascens ...... [Braya glabella ssp. purpurascens] 2b CAMELINA Falseflax ------01a Pods 3.5-7 mm long, obscurely veined; seeds 0.8-1.5 mm; stem bases with long (to 2.5 mm), simple hairs, these often mixed with branched hairs; seeds 0.8-1.4(1.5) × 0.5-0.6 mm ...... X 01b Pods 7-13 mm long, prominently veined; seeds (1.5)1.8-3 mm; stem bases hairless or with tiny, branched hairs (rarely with simple hairs); seeds (1.5)1.8-3 × 0.7-1 mm ...... 02 02a Pods distinctly longer than wide; pear-shaped, 2a rounded at the tip, 4-5(6) mm wide, stem leaves smooth- edged or with small teeth ...... X 02b Pods spherical, fat or depressed at the tip, (5.5)6.5-8(9) mm wide; stem leaves coarsely 1a toothed to lobed ..... X ...... [Camelina parodii] CARDAMINE Bittercress 01a Stem leaves simple, egg-shaped to elliptical, 2b smooth-edged; dwarf alpine plants, 3-10 cm tall; fowers 1-5 ..... Cardamine bellidifolia ------01b Stem leaves mostly pinnately divided into leafets or deeply cut lobes; plants taller; fowers usually >5 ...... 02 02a Plants evidently perennial (based on the root system) with cylindrical rhizomes, fowers various; petals 3-18 mm long ...... 03 02b Plants annual or biennial (based on the root system), with taproots (not rhizomes); fowers small, in elongated clusters; petals 1.5-2.5(3) mm 1a long; white; stems very leafy ...... 05 03a Flowers small, in compact, ± umbrella-shaped clusters; petals 3-4 mm long; white; basal leaves numerous, persistent, forming rosettes; 3a stem leaves few .... Cardamine umbellata [ var. kamtschatica] 03b Flowers relatively large, in elongated (not sub- umbellate) clusters; petals 8-19 mm long, white to pink or pink-purple; stem and basal leaves various...... 04 13 04a Leafets thick, with embedded veins; leafets of upper stem leaves narrowly wedge-shaped, 4a 4b mostly stalkless (sometimes stalked on the lower leaves). . . .Cardamine polemonoides [Cardamine nymanii; C. pratensis*, in part] 04b Leafets relatively thin, with raised (not embedded) veins; leafets all stalked, sometimes shed; plants reproducing mainly by adventitious shoots arising from the base of leafets on the main leaf or after leafets are shed, rarely fowering Cardamine dentata S2 ...... [*, in part] 05a Stem leaves 4-10 cm long; leafets round to broadly oblong, either stalked or stalkless and with edges extending down the central leaf stalk; tip leafet elliptic to kidney-shaped; style of pod 0.5-1.5 mm long; pods 0.8 to 1.5 mm wide; typically growing in wetlands throughout AB ...... 05b Stem leaves 2-4 cm long; leafets narrowly linear, stalkless, edges not extended downward; tip leafet linear to lance-shaped and widest above mid-leafet; style of pod 0.2- 5a 5b 0.7 mm long; pods 0.6-0.9 mm wide; typically growing on shallow over rock in nw AB ...... Cardamine parvifora S2 ------*Cardamine pratensis is now a European species. It has not yet been found growing wild in AB.

2a DESCURAINIA Tansymustard 01a Pods club-shaped, widest near the tip (rarely broadly linear), 4-13(17) × 1.2-2.2 mm; ovules/ 1a seeds 16-40, in 2 rows . 01b Pods slender with parallel sides, 5-25(34) × (0.5)0.6-1.2(1.5) mm, ovules/seeds 14-62 in one row ...... 02 02a Pods erect, often pressed to the central stem, their stalks erect or nearly so ...... ...... [Descurainia richardsonii] 02b Pods not pressed to the central stem, their 4a stalks widely spreading to angled upwards 03 03a Leaves 2- or 3- times pinnately divided; pod partition appearing 2- or 3-veined...... X 4b 03b Leaves usually once pinnately divided (rarely twice in D. sophioides); pod partition not veined ...... 04

3a 04a Flowers overtopped by developing pods; ovules/seeds 30-62 per ovary/pod ...... Descurainia sophioides S1 04b Flowers not overtopped by developing pods; ovules/seeds 14-32 per ovary/pod ...... Descurainia incisa

14 DRABA Draba Draba Key #1 [including Tomostima] (Adapted from Flora North America, 2008) 01a Annuals or biennials, without thick, persistent base or , not tufted ...... 02 01b Perennials, with thick, persistent bases (rarely stolons), often tufted ...... 08

2a 02a Petals white, deeply 2-lobed; central stalk of fower/pod clusters zig-zagged; stems leafess ...... X (in part) 02b white or yellow, tips rounded (except D. nemorosa with notched, yellow petals); central stalks of pod clusters usually straight, if zig-zagged then petals yellow; stems with or without leaves ...... 03 03a Basal leaves not in rosettes; petals white or none; fowers in ± fat-topped (umbrella- 3a shaped) clusters, notelongating in fruit ...... Tomostima reptans S2 (in part) ...... [Draba reptans] 03b Basal leaves in rosettes; petals mostly yellow 4a (white in D. praealta); fower clusters elongating in fruit ...... 04

5a 04a Stem leaves 4-12(15); pod stalks 7-28(35) mm, (1.5)2-7 times > the pod length ...... 04b Stem leaves (0)1-3(5); pod stalks (1)3-14(19) mm, ≤ the pod length ...... 05 05a Underside of leaves hairless or with sparse simple and 2-rayed hairs; stems usually hairless (rarely with a few simple hairs at the base) ...... Draba crassifolia (in part) 05b Underside of leaves with (2)3- to 6-rayed hairs; 6a stem bases with 2- to 4-rayed (sometimes simple) hairs ...... 06 06a Stem bases and upper sides of leaves with simple and 2-rayed hairs; anthers 0.15-0.25 mm; pods (4)6-12(15) mm long ...... (in part) 06b Stem bases and upper sides of leaves with (2)3- to 5-rayed hairs; anthers 0.2-0.4 mm; pods (5)7-17(20) mm long ...... 07

7a 07a Stem leaves (1)2-5(9); underside of leaves with 3- to 6-rayed hairs; petals white; pods hairy with simple and 2- to 4-rayed hairs ...... Draba praealta (in part) 07b Stem leaves (0)1-2(4); underside of leaves with 3- to 4-rayed hairs; petals yellow (can fade white); pods hairless (rarely with a few simple hairs) ...... Draba stenoloba (in part)

7b 08a Flowering stems with 1+ leaves ...... 09 08b Flowering stems leafess ...... 30

15 09a Underside of leaves hairless or with simple 10a and 2-rayed hairs ...... 10 09b Leaf undersides with branched hairs only .11 10b 10a Petals white; plants tufted; pod stalks (1)2-5(6) mm long ... Draba fadnizensis S2 (in part) 10b Petals yellow (can fade to whitish); plants not tufted; pod stalks (3)5-14 (16) mm long ...... Draba crassifolia (in part) 11a Pods hairless ...... 12 11b Pods hairy (at least on the edges) ...... 19 12a Underside of leaves with some 7-15-rayed 14a hairs ...... 13 13a 12b Underside of leaves with 2-6-rayed hairs . .16 13a Basal leaves toothed Draba glabella (in part) 13b Basal leaves smooth-edged ...... 14 14a Plants tufted, not forming mats; central stalks of fruit clusters not zig-zagged; leaf stalks edged with simple, stiff, almost bristle-like hairs ...... Draba porsildii (in part) 14b Plants usually forming mats; central stalks of fruit clusters slightly zig-zagged; leaf stalks edged with soft, simple and sometimes forked hairs ...... 15 15a Pods 6-18 mm long; upper side of leaves with 15b simple and long-stalked, 2-rayed hairs ...... 15a ...... Draba lonchocarpa (in part) 15b Pods 3.5-9 mm long; upper side of leaves with short-stalked, 8-15-rayed hairs ...... Draba nivalis (in part) 16a Underside of leaves with either cross-shaped or comb-shaped hairs ...... 17 16b Underside of leaves with cross-shaped and 2- to 6-rayed hairs ...... 18 17a 17a Plants densely tufted; underside of leaves with comb-shaped hairs; ovules/seeds 8-16(20) 17b per ovary/pod ...... Draba incerta (in part) 17b Plants not densely tufted; underside of leaves with cross-shaped hairs; ovules/seeds 16-30 per ovary/pod .....Draba juvenilis (in part) .....[Draba kananaskis; Draba longipes] 18a Stems bases and upper sides of leaves with simple and 2-rayed hairs; anthers 0.15-0.25 mm; pods (4)6-12 (15) mm ...... Draba albertina (in part) 18b Stem bases with and upper sides of leaves with 2- to 4-rayed hairs (plus simple hairs on leaves); anthers 0.25-0.4 mm; pods (8)10- 17(20) mm ..... Draba stenoloba (in part)

18a 19a Underside of leaves with some 7- to 15-rayed hairs ...... 20 18b 19b Underside of leaves with 2- to 6-rayed hairs 25 20a Pods with 2- to 7-rayed hairs (at least on the edges); petals white ...... 21 20b Pods with simple and 2- to 5-rayed hairs; petals white or yellow ...... 22 16 21a Flower stalks (at least the lowermost) with a bract at the base; pods hairy ... Draba cana 21b Flower stalks without bracts; pods hairless, 21b rarely edged with 3- to 6-rayed hairs ...... Draba nivalis (in part)

21a 22a Petals yellow ...... Draba aurea (in part) 22b Petals white ...... 23 23a Leaves smooth edged; stem leaves 1(4) ...... Draba lonchocarpa (in part) 23b Leaf edges toothed; stem leaves 2-25 ....24 24a Leaf hairs (2)4- to 6-rayed, the rays usually simple but rarely branched and then the hairs appearing 10-rayed; plants with a thick, persistent base and spreading rootstocks ...... Draba borealis (in part) 24b Leaf hairs twice-branched, 4- to 12-rayed, 22a; 23a star-shaped; plants without thick, spreading 29b rootstocks, sometimes tufted ...... Draba glabella (in part) 25a Pods with 2-rayed and/or simple hairs ....26 25b Pods with some 4-rayed hairs ...... 28 24a; 28a 26a Underside of basal leaves with cross-shaped hairs ...... Draba juvenilis (in part) .....[Draba kananaskis; Draba longipes] 24b 26b Underside of basal leaves with 2- to 6-rayed hairs ...... 27 27a Plants not tufted, their bases simple or poorly developed; pods (7)10-17(20) mm long; ovules/seeds 24-36 per ovary/pod ...... Draba stenoloba (in part) 27b Plants tufted, with thick, persistent bases; pods 5-9 (11) mm long; ovules/seeds 8-16(20) per 26a ovary/pod ...... Draba incerta (in part) 28a Plants tufted; bases branched, sometimes with spreading rootstocks Draba borealis (in part) 27a 28b Plants not tufted ...... 29

27b 29a Petals white; styles 0.03-0.15 mm long ...... Draba praealta (in part) 29b Petals yellow (may fade white); styles (0.5)0.9- 1.2(1.5) mm long. . . . . Draba aurea (in part) 30a Central stalks of fower/fruit clusters hairless ...... 31 30b Central stalks of fower/fruit clusters sparsely to densely hairy...... 42 31a Underside of leaves with some 7- to 16-rayed hairs ...... 32 31b Underside of leaves with simple and/or 2- to 6-rayed hairs ...... 35 29a 32a Hairs comb-shaped; upper surface of leaves with a prominent midvein; pods infated (at least basally) ..Draba oligosperma (in part) 32b Hairs star-shaped (rarely irregularly branched); leaves with an obscure midvein; pods 32a fattened ...... 33

17 33a Petals yellow, 4-6 mm long ...... Draba ruaxes SU (in part) 34a 33b Petals white, 2-4 mm long ...... 34 34a Pods linear to narrowly lance-shaped or 33a oblong, 6-15(18) x 1-2(3) mm; ovules/seeds 16-24(28) per ovary/pod; central stalk of the fower/fruit cluster often slightly zig-zagged ...... Draba lonchocarpa (in part) 34b Pods egg-shaped to oblong, 4-7.5 x 1.7-3 mm; 34b ovules/seeds 12-16 per ovary/pod; central stalk of the fower/fruit cluster not zig-zagged ...... Draba porsildii (in part) 35a Underside of leaves with simple and 2(4)-rayed hairs ...... 36 35b Leaf undersides with 2- to 6-rayed hairs. . .37 36a Petals white; plants tufted; pod stalks (1)2-5(6) mm long ... Draba fadnizensis S2 (in part) 36b Petals yellow (sometimes fading to whitish); plants not tufted; pod stalks (3)5-14 (16) mm long ...... Draba crassifolia (in part) 37a Plant bases simple or branched, but without 36a sterile rosettes of leaves; styles 0.01-0.15(0.2) 36b mm ...... 38 37b Plant bases often branched and producing sterile rosettes; styles (0.1)0.2-3 mm .....39 38a Stem bases and upper sides of leaves with simple and 2-rayed hairs; anthers 0.15-0.25 mm long; pods (4)6-12(15) mm long ...... 38b ...... Draba albertina (in part) 38b Stem bases and upper sides of leaves with 2- to 4-rayed hairs (plus simple hairs on leaves); anthers 0.25-0.4 mm long; pods (8)10-17(20) 39a mm long ...... Draba stenoloba (in part) 38a 39a Underside of leaves with some comb-shaped hairs ...... Draba incerta (in part) 39b Leaf undersides with 2- to 5-rayed hairs. . .40 40a Pods infated (at least towards the base) ...... Draba macounii (in part) 40b Pods fattened ...... 41 41a Leaves with prominent midveins, edged with simple hairs. . . S2 (in part) 41b Leaves with obscure midveins, not edged with simple hairs...... Draba juvenilis (in part) .....[Draba kananaskis; Draba longipes] 40a 42a Leaf blades edged with a row of simple or forked hairs (ciliate) ...... 43 42b Leaf blades not edged with a row of hairs (leaf stalks sometimes ciliate) ...... 51 41b 43a Leaf blades edged with forked hairs ...... 44 43b Leaf blades edged with simple hairs only . .45

41a

18 44a Underside of leaves with comb-shaped hairs, sometimes mixed with 4- to 6-rayed star- shaped hairs; petals yellow; pods 2-4 mm wide, with 8-16(20) seeds ...... Draba incerta (in part) 44a; 44b Underside of leaves with 8- to 12-rayed star- 46a shaped hairs; petals white; pods 1-2(3) mm wide, with 16-28 seeds ...... Draba lonchocarpa (in part) 44b 45a Underside of leaves with comb-shaped hairs (may be mixed with few star-shaped hairs) 46 45b Leaf undersides with star-shaped hairs ...47 46a Pods 5-9(11) mm long, fattened; petals 4-6 mm long; sepals 2.5-3.5(4) mm long; leaves usually with an obscure midvein ...... Draba incerta (in part) 46b Pods 3-6(7) mm long, infated; petals 2.5-4 mm long; sepals 1.5-3 mm long; leaves with a 46b; prominent midvein ...... 51a ...... Draba oligosperma (in part) 47a Underside of leaves with short-stalked, 2- to 4-rayed hairs ...... 48 47b Underside of leaves with stalked, (2)4- to 12-rayed hairs ...... 49 48a Pods hairy with simple and 2- to 5- branched hairs, (2.5)3-6(8) mm long, with 4-12 seeds ...... Draba densifolia (in part) 48b Pods usually hairless, sometimes with a few simple hairs, (8)10-17(20) mm long, with 24-36 48a seeds ...... Draba stenoloba (in part) 49a Pods (2.5)3-4(5) x 1.5-3.5 mm, slightly infated, with 2- to 6-rayed hairs, with 4-8 seeds ...... Draba novolympica S2 (in part) ...... [Draba paysonii var. treleasei] 48b 49b Pods (4)5-9(10) x 3-5 mm, with simple and forked hairs, with (8)9-16 seeds ...... 50 50a Leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped, 0.8- 1.5 mm wide; pods slightly infated, with hairs (0.2)0.4-1 mm long, with 8-12 seeds; styles (0.6)0.8-1.2 mm long .. Draba paysonii SNA 49a ...... (reported, unconfrmed) 50a 50b Leaves broadly lance-shaped to almost round, 2-4.5 mm wide; pods fat, with hairs 0.1-0.35 mm long, with 12-16 seeds; styles 0.5-0.9(1.1) mm long ...... Draba ruaxes SU (in part) 51a Underside of leaves with stalkless, comb- shaped hairs 0.1-0.4 mm long and oriented parallel to the midvein ...... Draba oligosperma (in part) 50b 51b Underside of leaves with forked, cross-shaped or star-shaped hairs, not as above ...... 52 52a Leaves tinged white with tiny (0.05-0.15 mm), 8- to 15-rayed hairs; pods 1.5-2(2.2) mm wide; petals white ...... Draba nivalis (in part) 52b Leaves with larger ([0.1]0.2-0.5[0.9]) mm, 2- to 52a 6-rayed hairs; pods 2-5 mm wide; petals yellow (can be creamy white in Draba juvenilis) . .53

19 53a Underside of leaves with stalked, cross- shaped hairs; pods fat, hairless or with a few simple hairs, 5-11(14) mm long, with 16-30 53a seeds ...... Draba juvenilis (in part) .....[Draba kananaskis; Draba longipes] 53b Underside of leaves with 2- to 6-rayed hairs; pods infated, hairless of with branched hairs, 4-8(9) mm long, with 8-14(16) seeds .....54 54a Pods hairless, with 10-14(16) seeds; styles 54a 0.1-0.5 mm long . . Draba macounii (in part) 54b Pods densely hairy with 2- to 6-rayed hairs, with 8-12 seeds; styles (0.5)0.7-1.4 mm long ...... Draba ventosa S2 (in part)

Draba Key #2 [including Tomostima] (adapted from Mulligan, n.d.) 54b 01a All/most pods aborting, producing zero or very few seeds; fertility zero or low ...... ------...... Draba hybrids 01b Most pods maturing to produce seed; pollen fertility high in sexual species, zero in apomictic species ...... 02 02a Plants completely hairless ...... 03 02b Plants with few to many hairs ...... 04 3a 03a Style >0.15 mm long; petals white; densely tufted, perennial cushion plants ...... Draba densifolia (in part) 03b Styles <0.15 mm long; petals yellow; annuals or short-lived perennials, not densely tufted ...... Draba crassifolia (in part) 04a Style <0.15 mm long ...... 05 04b Style >0.15 mm long ...... 15 05a Plants annual or biennial, non-arctic, montane to lowland species ...... 06 05b Plants perennial, arctic and alpine species 12 06a Petals yellow ...... 07 06b Petals white ...... 10 07a Petals tipped with a deep notch; stem leaves (4)6-12(15); pods hairless or with simple, forward pointing hairs, ≈3 times as long as wide (± 5-8 x 1.5-2.5 mm), shorter than their 3b; 8a 7-28(-35) mm stalks ..... Draba nemorosa 07b Petals rounded at the tip; stem leaves ≤5; pods hairless (rarely with a few simple hairs), 3-6 times as long as wide and ≈ their stalks ...08 7a 08a Underside of leaves with sparse simple and 2-rayed hairs (usually hairless); stems usually hairless (rarely with a few simple hairs at the base) ...... Draba crassifolia (in part) 08b Underside of leaves with (2)3- to 4(6)-rayed hairs; stem bases hairy ...... 09

20 09a Stem base and upper leaf surfaces with simple and 2-rayed hairs; anthers 0.15-0.25 mm; pods 4-12(15) mm long . Draba albertina (in part) 09b Stem base and upper leaf surfaces with 2- to 4-rayed hairs (plus simple hairs on leaves); anthers 0.2-0.4 mm; pods (8)10-17(20) mm long ...... Draba stenoloba (in part) 10a Petals deeply notched; stem leaves absent; pods hairless, ±3 times as long as wide (4-9 x 1.5-2.5), shorter than the stalks ...... Draba verna X (in part) 10a 10b Petal tips rounded; stem leaves 0-5(9); pods 9a; 14a with simple and 2- to 4-rayed hairs (sometimes hairless in D. reptans), ≥5-6 times as long as wide, longer than their stalks ...... 11 11a Basal leaves not in rosettes; stem leaves absent (rarely 1-3); fowers in ± fat-topped (umbrella-shaped) clusters, not elongating in fruit ...... Tomostima reptans S2 (in part) ...... [Draba reptans] 11b Basal leaves forming rosettes; stem leaves (1)2-5(9); fower clusters elongating in fruit ...... Draba praealta (in part) 11a 12a Basal leaves hairless or with a few simple and 2-forked hairs ... Draba crassifolia (in part) 9b; 12b Lower leaf surfaces mainly with 2- to 14b 6-branched hairs ...... 13 13a Undersides of leaves with 3- to 6-rayed, star- shaped hairs ...... Draba praealta (in part) 13b Undersides of leaves mainly with 2- to 4-rayed (forked to cross-shaped) hairs ...... 14 12a 14a Stems bases and upper leaf surfaces with simple and 2-rayed hairs; anthers 0.15-0.25 mm; fruits (4)6-12(15) mm long...... Draba albertina (in part) 14b Stems bases and upper leaf surfaces with 2- to 4-rayed hairs (plus simple hairs on leaves); anthers 0.25-0.4 mm; fruits (8)10-17(20) mm long...... Draba stenoloba (in part) 11b; 13a 15a Pods with short-stalked, (3)4- to 7-rayed hairs 16 15b Pods hairless or with simple or 2-rayed hairs (rarely edged with 3- to 6-rayed hairs in D. nivalis) ...... 17 16a Stem leaves 3-10(17); leaf hairs short-stalked, 4- to 12-rayed, 0.1-0.3 mm; fowers/pods 16a (10)15-47(63); pods linear to lance-shaped, (5) 6-11 × 1.5-2(2.5) mm, fattened, with 24-48 seeds ...... Draba cana 16b Stem leaves 0; leaf hairs long-stalked, 2- to 6-rayed, (0.1)0.2-0.9 mm; fowers/pods 5-10(16); pods egg-shaped to almost round, 16b 4-7.5(9) × 3.5-5 mm, infated at the base, with 8-12 seeds .....Draba ventosa S2 (in part) 17a Undersides of leaves mainly with simple and forked (2-rayed) hairs ...... 18 17b Leaf undersides mainly with cross-shaped, comb-shaped or star-shaped hairs ...... 19

21 18a Lower leaf surface with simple and sometimes 18a a few 2-rayed hairs ...... Draba fadnizensis S2 (in part) 18b Lower leaf surface with 2- to 6-rayed hairs ...... Draba densifolia (in part) 19a Hairs on leaf undersides mainly cross-shaped, 4-rayed ...... 20 19b Hairs on leaf undersides mainly with >4 rays . 18b ...... 22 20a Stem leaves (2)3-6(10); fruiting stems usually >15 cm high ...... Draba borealis (in part) 20a 20b Stem leaves 0-2(3); fruiting stems usually <15 cm high ...... 21 21a Lowermost pods with stalks 1-2 times their length; basal leaves loosely tufted ...... Draba juvenilis 21b ..... [Draba kananaskis; Draba longipes] 21b Lowermost pods with stalks < their length; basal leaves compacted ...Draba macounii 22a Undersides of leaves mainly with long-stalked, 21a star-shaped hairs ...... 23 22b Undersides of leaves mainly with short-stalked or stalkless, comb- or star-shaped hairs ...25

23a 23a Leaves 2-4.5 mm wide; pods fat, with 12-16 seeds ...... Draba ruaxes SU 23b Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide; pods infated, with 4-12 seeds ...... 24 24a 24a Pods (2.5)3-4(5) × 1.5-3.5 mm, with 4-8 seeds; petals bright yellow, 2-3.5(4) x 1.5-3.5 mm; 24b styles 0.2-0.6(0.8) mm ...... Draba novolympica S2 (in part) ...... [Draba paysonii var. treleasei] 24b Pods (5)6-9 × (3)3.7-5 mm, with 8-12 seeds; petals pale yellow, (4)5-6 x 2-3 mm; styles (0.6)0.8-1.2 mm long .. Draba paysonii SNA 27a ...... (reported, unconfrmed) 25a Hairs on leaf undersides mainly with ≥9 rays/ 26a branches ...... 26 25b Hairs on leaf undersides mainly with ≤8 rays/ branches ...... 29 26a Hairs on leaf undersides stalkless and comb- shaped ...... Draba oligosperma 26b Hairs on leaf undersides short-stalked, usually 28b star-shaped (occasionally comb-shaped) . .27 28a 27a Branched hairs <0.2 mm wide, often coating the leaf with white ...... Draba nivalis 27b Branched hairs >0.2 mm wide ...... 28 28a Petals yellow; lower leaf surface with some comb-shaped hairs (sometimes mixed with star-shaped hairs) ...... Draba incerta 28b Petals white; lower leaf surface with 8- to 29a 12-rayed, star-shaped hairs ...... Draba lonchocarpa 29a Stem leaves 0-1 ...... Draba porsildii 29b Stem leaves mostly ≥4 ...... 30

22 30a Stem leaves (5)10-20(26); pods erect, often pressed to the central stem; petals yellow ...... Draba aurea 30b Stem leaves (2)4-10(25); pods spreading; petals white ...... 31 31a Style 0.2-0.6(0.8) mm long ...... 31a 31b ...... Draba borealis (in part) 31b Style 0.05-0.2(0.5) mm ... Draba glabella SU

ERYSIMUM Wallflower 30a 01a Petals 3-10 x 1.5-3 mm; stalks of middle 2-7(10) mm long; pods mostly ≤5 cm ------long ...... 02 01b Petals (10)13-30(35) x 3-10(15) mm; stalks of middle stamens (6)7-15 mm long; pods (3)5- 11(13) cm long ...... 04 02a Pods densely hairy inside, (10)15-25(40) × 1-1.3 mm; sepals 1.8-3.2 mm long; petals 3-5.5 × 1.5-2 mm, with a 1.5-3.5 mm stalk (claw) . . 3a ...... 02b Pods hairless inside (rarely sparsely hairy), 25- 50(60) mm long x 1.2-2 mm; sepals 4-7(8) mm long; petals 6-15 × (1)1.5-4, including a 3-9 2a mm stalk (claw) ...... 03 03a Petals narrowly egg-shaped to tongue-shaped, (8-)10-15 x (2)2.5-43 mm; pods 1.8-2.5 mm wide; seeds 1.5-2 mm long ...... 3b ...... Erysimum coarctatum SU 4a 03b Petals lance-shaped, 6-9(11) x 1-2 mm; pods 1-1.5(1.7) mm wide; seeds 1.2-1.7 x 0.8-1 mm long ...... Erysimum inconspicuum 04a Flowers pink-purple; alpine perennials in nAB cordillera; leaf hairs 2-rayed; sepals 5-9 mm long; anthers 1-1.5 mm .. Erysimum pallasii 04b Flowers yellow; biennials in dry s-seAB prairie; 4b leaf hairs 2- to 3-rayed; sepals 8-12 mm long; anthers 2.5-4 mm long . Erysimum asperum

LEPIDIUM Peppergrass [includes Cardaria] 01a Stem leaves (at least some) stalkless with 2 ------backward-pointing basal lobes ...... 02 01b Stem leaves usually stalked, if stalkless, without basal lobes ...... 06 02a Plants hairless or sparsely hairy near the base; 2a uppermost stem leaves with heart-shaped bases, the large lobes encircling and appearing as if pierced by the stem; basal leaves 2- or 3-times deeply pinnately divided; petals yellow ...... X 02b Plants short- to coarse-hairy near the base (rarely almost hairless); uppermost stem leaves with ear-like or triangular basal lobes clasping but not completely encircling the stem; basal leaves smooth- or wavy-edged to toothed (rarely 1- or 2-times pinnately divided); petals white (when present) ...... 03

23 03a Plants without creeping rootstocks; pods splitting open at maturity, notched and broadly winged at the tip; pod clusters much-elongated at maturity ...... X 03b Plants with creeping rootstocks; pods not 3a splitting open at maturity, neither notched nor winged at the tip; pod clusters not much- 4a elongated at maturity, often broadly fat-topped (corymbose panicles) ...... 04 04a Pods fattened, heart-shaped to almost kidney- shaped, with a network of raised veins ...... XX [Cardaria draba] 04b Pods infated, spherical to egg-shaped, without 5b raised veins...... 05 05a Pods spherical (or nearly so), (2)3-4.5(5) mm wide, fnely short-hairy; styles 0.5-1.5 mm.. . . 5a ...... Lepidium appelianum XX ...... [Cardaria pubescens] 05b Pods egg-shaped to almost spherical, sometimes wider than long, (3.5) 4-6.2(7) mm wide, hairless; styles (0.8)1.2-2(2.3) mm...... Lepidium chalepense XX 6a ...... [Cardaria chalepensis] 06a Plants or perennials with woody bases, often with old leaf remnants ...... 7a ...... XX 06b Annuals or biennials, with neither woody bases nor persistent leaf remnants ...... 07 07a Stamens 6; pods (4)5-6.4(7) × 3-4.5 (5.6) mm ...... Lepidium sativum X 07b Stamens 2; pods (2)2.5-3(3.5) × 1.5-2.5(3) mm, winged and notched at the tip ...... 08 08a Pods round or egg-shaped and widest towards the tip ...... Lepidium densiforum 08b Pods elliptical ...... 09a Basal leaves 1X pinnately lobed; pod cluster 8a slightly elongated, with curved hairs on the stem; pod stalks mostly hairy on the upper/ inner side ...... Lepidium ramosissimum 9a ...... [Lepidium bourgeauanum] 09b Basal leaves (1)2-3X pinnately divided; pod cluster much elongated, with straight hairs on the stem; pod stalks hairy throughout ...... X 9b PHYSARIA Bladderpod ------[Lesquerella] 1a 01a Pods papery, infated, 8-15 mm long, double (didymous) with a deep notch at the tip, the central membrane much narrower than pod, retaining seeds after splitting open; petals 9-12 mm long ...... 01b Pods frm, not infated, 3.5-6(9) mm long, neither double nor deeply notched, the central membrane ≈ the pod, shedding seeds after splitting open; petals 4-8 mm long ...... 02

24 02a Basal and stem leaf blades similar, lance- shaped to linear, <5 mm wide; fower/pod 2a stalks distinctly down-curved, often turned to 1 side; pods densely hairy . .Physaria arenosa ...... [Lesquerella arenosa] 02b Basal and stem leaves different, basal leaves egg- to lance-shaped, often >5 mm wide; fower/ pod stalks straight or S-shaped, not turned to 1 side; pods sparsely hairy to hairless ...... 03 03a Pods ± spherical, on straight stalks, hairless to sparsely hairy; dry mountainslopes and ridges 3a .... [Lesquerella arctica] 03b Pods egg-shaped, on S-shaped stalks, sparsely hairy; dry plains in southernmost AB Physaria spatulata S2S3 [Lesquerella alpina] 3b RORIPPA Yellowcress 01a Plants perennial, from creeping rootstocks 02 ------01b Plants annual or biennial (rarely short-lived perennial), from fbrous root ...... 04 02a Pods spherical (or nearly so), 2.5-3.2 mm long ...... Rorippa austriaca X 02b Pods linear or narrowly oblong, 4-25 mm long ...... 03 03a Plants hairy; hairs with bulbous bases (vesicular); leaf lobes/teeth blunt; styles (0.8)1- 2.5(3.5) mm; pod beak 2-3 mm long...... 3a S2 2a ...... 03b Plants hairless, rarely hairy (then hairs without bulbous bases); leaf lobes/teeth pointed; styles 3b 0.5-1(1.5) mm; pod beak 0.5-1 mm long ...... X 04a Stems erect, often single; sepals 1.3-2.6 mm; 4a petals (1.5)1.8-3 mm; pod stalks longer than the pods, mostly 4-12 mm long, ...... 04b Stems ascending to sprawling, few to several; sepals 0.7-1.8 mm; petals 0.5-1.8 mm long; pod stalks shorter than the pods, mostly 2-4 mm long, ...... 05 05a Upper leaves without ear-like basal lobes; pods minutely pimpled; seeds smooth ...... Rorippa tenerrima 05b Upper leaves with ear-like basal lobes; pods smooth; seeds minutely honey-combed and pimpled ...... 5a 5b SINAPIS Mustard ------[Brassica, in part] 1a 1b 01a Most leaves deeply pinnately lobed; pods bristly, ±4 mm thick, tipped with a sword- shaped beak longer than the body ...... Sinapis alba X [Brassica hirta] 01b Middle and upper leaves (at least) merely toothed; pods hairless (rarely bristly), ±2 mm thick, tipped with an angular, 2-edged beak ±half as long as the body X ...... [Brassica kaber]

25 SISYMBRIUM Tumblemustard 01a Stems hairless, with a pale, bluish-white coating; leaves linear, ≤4 mm wide; pods obscurely veined .. Sisymbrium linifolium X ...... [] 01b Stems hairy (at least near the base); leaves (at least some) >4 mm wide; pods prominently veined ...... 02 1a 2a 02a Pods awl-shaped, (0.7)1-1.5(1.8) cm long, beaked, erect, on stout stalks closely pressed to the central stem; petals 3-4 mm long ...... Sisymbrium offcinale X 02b Pods linear, cylindrical, 2-9(10) cm long, beakless, spreading on horizontal to loosely ascending stalks ...... 03 03a Pods 2.5-4 cm long on slender 1.25 cm long stalks that are much narrower than the pods ...... X 03b Pods 5-10 cm long on thick ≈0.5 cm long stalks ≈ in width to the pods ...... X 3a 3b

26 References

Alberta Conservaton Informaton Management System (ACIMS). 2015. List of all Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS database - October 15 2015. ACIMS, Government of Albert, Edmonton, Alberta.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2015. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of . htp://data.canadensys.net/vascan/

Douglas, George W., Gerald B. Straley, Del Meidinger and Jim Pojar. 1998. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 2. Dicoyledons (Balsami- naceae through Cuscutaceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.

Flora North America Associaton. 2008. Flora North America Website. On- line data accessed December 2014 to Feb 2015. htp://www.eforas. org

Grifths, Graham C.D. 2007. Cardamine dentata Recently Discovered in Alberta, The Alberta Natve Plant Council Newsleter IRIS, No. 55 • October 2007.

Moss, E.H. 1983. The Flora of Alberta. Second Editon, Revised by John G. Packer. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.

Mulligan, Gerald A. No Date. Key to the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) of Canada and . Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. htp://www. brassica.info/info/publicatons/guidewild/BrassKey.pdf downloaded May 2016.

Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Ofce Consolidaton. Alberta Regulaton 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulaton 125/2016. Alberta Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, AB.

27 List of Species and Illustration Sources Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source Alliaria petolata H&C H&C Alyssum alyssoides H&C Descurainia incana H&C Alyssum desertorum H&C Descurainia incisa H&C Alyssum murale Kershaw Descurainia pinnata H&C Arabidopsis lyrata H&C Descurainia sophia H&C Arabis eschscholtziana H&C Descurainia sophioides Prov. of BC Arabis nutallii H&C Diplotaxis muralis H&C Arabis pycnocarpa H&C Draba albertna Kershaw Armoracia rustcana B&B Draba aurea H&C Barbarea orthoceras H&C Draba borealis Kershaw Barbarea vulgaris H&C Draba cana Kershaw H&C Draba crassifolia H&C Boechera calderi Kershaw Draba densifolia H&C Boechera collinsii Kershaw Draba fadnizensis H&C Boechera drepanoloba H&C Draba glabella Kershaw Boechera grahamii H&C Draba incerta H&C Boechera lemmonii H&C Draba juvenilis Maywood Boechera lyallii H&C Draba lonchocarpa H&C Boechera pendulocarpa H&C Draba macounii Prov. of BC Boechera retrofracta H&C Draba nemorosa H&C Boechera stricta H&C Draba nivalis Kershaw Brassica juncea H&C Draba novolympica H&C Brassica napus Kershaw Draba oligosperma H&C Brassica nigra H&C Draba paysonii Kershaw Brassica rapa H&C Draba porsildii Prov. of BC Braya glabella Kershaw Draba praealta H&C Braya humilis Kershaw Draba reptans H&C Camelina alyssum Kershaw Draba ruaxes H&C Camelina microcarpa H&C Draba stenoloba H&C Camelina satva H&C Draba ventosa Kershaw Capsella bursa-pastoris H&C Draba verna H&C Cardamine bellidifolia H&C H&C Cardamine dentata Maywood Erucastrum gallicum H&C Cardamine nymanii Kershaw Erysimum asperum H&C Cardamine parvifora Maywood Erysimum cheiranthoides H&C Cardamine pensylvanica H&C Erysimum coarctatum Kershaw Cardamine umbellata H&C Erysimum inconspicuum H&C H&C Erysimum pallasii Prov. of BC

28 Scientfc Name Illus. Source Key to Illustraton Sources Eutrema salsugineum H&C B&B = Briton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. H&C An illustrated fora of the northern and Canada. reprinted by Dover Isats tnctoria H&C Publicatons in 1970 editon. Dover Lepidium appelianum H&C Publicatons, Inc., , New York. Lepidium campestre H&C H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Lepidium chalepense Kershaw Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Vascular plants of the Pacifc Northwest. Lepidium densiforum H&C Volume 5. University of Washington Press, Lepidium draba H&C Seatle, Washington. Lepidium latfolium H&C Kershaw = Linda Kershaw. Lepidium perfoliatum H&C Maywood = John Maywood. Lepidium ramosissimum H&C Prov. of BC = illustratons from the Lepidium satvum H&C Illustrated Flora of Britsh Columbia (Douglas Nasturtum ofcinale H&C et. al. 1998), provided courtesy of the Province of Britsh Columbia. Neslia paniculata H&C Physaria arctca B&B Physaria arenosa Maywood Physaria didymocarpa Maywood Physaria spatulata Kershaw H&C Rorippa austriaca Kershaw Rorippa curvipes Maywood Rorippa palustris H&C Rorippa sinuata H&C Rorippa sylvestris H&C Rorippa tenerrima Maywood Sinapis alba H&C Sinapis arvensis H&C Sisymbrium altssimum H&C Sisymbrium linifolium H&C Sisymbrium loeselii H&C Sisymbrium ofcinale H&C Smelowskia americana Maywood H&C Transberingia bursifolia H&C Turrits glabra H&C

29 Index Alliaria lyallii 11 petiolata 7 pendulocarpa 11 Alyssum 9, 10 retrofracta 11 alyssoides 10 stricta 11 , , . desertorum. See Alyssum turkestani- Brassica 4 6 12 See also Sinapis . cum campestris See Brassica rapa . murale. See Odontarrhena muralis hirta See Sinapis alba turkestanicum 10 juncea 12 . Arabidopsis kaber See Sinapis arvensis lyrata 8 napus 12 salsuginea. See Eutrema salsugineum nigra 12 Arabis 7, 10. See also Boechera rapa 12 calderi. See Boechera calderi Brassicaceae 3 , , , divaricarpa. See Boechera grahamii Braya 7 8 9 13 drepanoloba. See Boechera drepa- glabella 13 . noloba ssp. purpurascens See Braya purpura- drummondii. See Boechera stricta scens eschscholtziana 10 humilis 13 exilis. See Boechera retrofracta purpurascens 13 , glabra 7 Camelina 9 13 hirsuta. See Arabis eschscholtziana; alyssum 13 See Arabis pycnocarpa microcarpa 13 . holboellii. See Boechera retrofracta; parodii See Camelina alyssum See Boechera pendulocarpa; sativa 13 See Boechera collinsii Capsella lemmonii. See Boechera lemmonii; bursa-pastoris 8 , , , , See Boechera drepanoloba Cardamine 3 4 5 7 13 , lyallii. See Boechera lyallii bellidifolia 6 13 lyrata. See Arabidopsis lyrata dentata 14 . murrayi. See Boechera lyallii nymanii See Cardamine polemonoides nuttallii 10 oligosperma . pycnocarpa 10 var. kamtschatica See Cardamine Armoracia umbellata rusticana 5 parvifora 14 Barbarea 4, 10 pensylvanica 14 orthoceras 10 polemonoides 14 . ; vulgaris 10 pratensis 14 See Cardamine dentata Berteroa See Cardamine polemonoides incana 9 umbellata 13 . Boechera 4, 6, 7, 8, 11 Cardaria See Lepidium . calderi 11 chalepensis See Lepidium chalepensis . collinsii 11 draba See Lepidium draba . drepanoloba 12 pubescens See Lepidium appelianum grahamii 12 Chorispora lemmonii 11, 12 tenella 5

30 Conringia Erucastrum orientalis 4 gallicum 4, 6 Cruciferae. See Brassicaceae Erysimum 7, 23 Crucihimalaya asperum 23 virgata 7 cheiranthoides 23 Descurainia 8, 9, 14 coarctatum 23 incana 14 inconspicuum 23 incisa 14 pallasii 23 pinnata 14 Eutrema richardsonii. See Descurainia incana salsugineum 4, 6 sophia 14 Halimolobos sophioides 14 virgata. See Crucihimalaya virgata Diplotaxis Hesperis muralis 3, 6 matronalis 7 Draba 7, 8, 9, 15 Isatis albertina 15, 16, 18, 21 tinctoria 3 aurea 17, 23 Lepidium 3, 4, 5, 23 borealis 17, 22, 23 appelianum 24 cana 17, 21 bourgeauanum. See Lepidium ramosis- crassifolia 15, 16, 18, 20, 21 simum densifolia 18, 19, 20, 22 campestre 24 fadnizensis 16, 18, 22 chalepense 24 glabella 16, 17, 23 densiforum 24 hybrids 20 draba 24 incerta 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 latifolium 24 juvenilis 16, 17, 18, 20, 22 perfoliatum 23 kananaskis. See Draba juvenilis ramosissimum 24 lonchocarpa 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 ruderale 24 longipes. See Draba juvenilis sativum 24 macounii 18, 20, 22 Lesquerella. See Physaria nemorosa 15, 20 alpina. See Physaria spatulata nivalis 16, 17, 19, 22 arctica. See Physaria arctica novolympica 19, 22 arenosa. See Physaria arenosa oligosperma 17, 19, 22 Matthiola paysonii 19, 22 longipetala 7 var. trelease. See Draba novolympica Nasturtium porsildii 16, 18, 22 ofcinale 3, 5 praealta 15, 17, 21 Neslia reptans. See Tomostima reptans paniculata 9 ruaxes 18, 19, 22 Odontarrhena stenoloba 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 muralis 9 ventosa 20, 21 Physaria 9, 24 verna 15, 21 arctica 25 Eruca arenosa 25 sativa. See Eruca vesicaria didymocarpa 24 vesicaria 5 spatulata 25

31 Raphanus raphanistrum 5 Rorippa 4, 5, 6, 25 austriaca 25 curvipes 25 palustris 25 sinuata 25 sylvestris 25 tenerrima 25 Schoenocrambe linifolia. See Sisymbrium linifolium Sinapis 6, 25 alba 25 arvensis 25 Sisymbrium 4, 6 altissimum 26 linifolium 26 loeselii 26 ofcinale 26 Smelowskia americana 9 calycina. See Smelowskia americana Tellungiella salsuginea. See Eutrema salsugineum Tlaspi arvense 4 Tomostima reptans 8, 15, 21 Transberingia bursifolia. See Crucihimalaya virgata Turritis glabra 7

32