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An Illustrated Key to the Brassicaceae of Alberta

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AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE BRASSICACEAE OF ALBERTA Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw & Lorna Allen April 2019 © Linda J. Kershaw & Lorna Allen This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1998) and the Flora North America Associaton (2008). Taxonomy follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015). The main references are listed at the end of the key. Please let us know if there are ways in which the keys can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare species (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016).. BRASSICACEAE [Cruciferae] Mustard Family 2a 2b Key to Groups 01a Plants hairless or with simple (unbranched) hairs only ..........................02 01b Plants with at least some branched hairs . .03 02a Stem leaves absent or, when present, with ear-like basal lobes clasping to encircling the stem .........................Group 1 02b Stem leaves without ear-like basal lobes, not clasping/encircling the stem .......Group 2 3b 3a 03a Ovaries/young pods linear; pods ≥3 times as long as wide ...................Group 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 03b Ovaries/young pods not linear; pods <3 times as long as wide .................Group 4 2b; 4a 2a Group 1 01a Stem leaves absent ..................02 01b Stem leaves present, with ear-like base lobes 03 02a Petals yellow; plants annual (rarely perennial); pods with 20-36 seeds .................. ............Diplotaxis muralis X (in part) 02b Petals white, lavender, or purple; plants biennial or perennial, tufted; pods with 8-20 seeds ..............Cardamine (in part) 03a Stem leaves stalked ..................04 03b Stem leaves stalkless .................05 4b 04a Plants terrestrial, not rooting from lower joints; pods straight, with seeds in 1 row. ...................Cardamine (in part) 04b Plants aquatic, rooting from lower joints; pods somewhat curved, with seeds in 2 rows ..... .........Nasturtium offcinale X (in part) 05a Petals yellow ........................06 05b Petals white, pink, purple, or violet .......11 06a Ovules/seeds 1-2 per ovary/pod; pods strongly fattened, not splitting open .............07 06b Ovules/seeds (4)10-94 per ovary/pod; pods rounded or angled, but not fattened, usually splitting open. .08 7a 07a Basal and lower stem leaves 2- 3 times- pinnately lobed/divided; pods 2-7 mm long, notched at the tip ...... Lepidium (in part) 7b 07b Basal and lower stem leaves smooth- or wavy- edged or with sharp, spreading to backward pointing teeth (rarely pinnately divided); pods 11-20 mm long, not notched at the tip ...... ....................Isatis tinctoria XXX 3 08a Petals (6)8-30 mm long, abruptly narrowed to a slender base (claw).. Brassica (in part) 8a; 08b Petals 0-9(12) mm long, tapered to the base, 13a without a distinct slender basal section ...09 09a Stem leaves with broad, heart-shaped bases appearing as if pierced by the stem ........ X 8b; ................. Conringia orientalis 09b Stem leaf bases with small ear-like lobes . .10 13b 9b 10a Ovaries/pods linear; mature pods 15-40 x 1.2- 9a 2 mm; upper stems angular ...... Barbarea 10b Ovaries/pods spherical or egg-shaped, to oblong; mature pods 2-12 x 1-3.5 mm (10-20 x 1.5-2.5 mm in exotic R. sylvestris); upper stems cylindrical, seldom angled .......... ......................Rorippa (in part) 11a Ovaries/pods round to heart- or egg-shaped, strongly fattened, notched at the tip ......12 10a 11b Ovaries/pods linear, sometimes fattened, 10b tapered to the style at the tip ...........13 12a Pod 2-7 mm long, egg-shaped to circular, 11a wingless or narrowly winged near the tip only; ovules/seeds 1-2 per ovary/pod ........... .................... Lepidium (in part) 12b Pods 8-18 mm long, disc-shaped, broadly winged around the entire edge ovules/seeds (4)6-16 per ovary/pod ....Thlaspi arvense X 13a Petals abruptly narrowed to a slender base 12b 12a 11b (claw), 10-16 x 5-10 mm . Brassica (in part) 13b Petals gradually tapered to the base, without a distinct slender basal section, <10 x 5 mm . 14 14a Plants annual, hairless with a pale, bluish coating; petals 2-3 x 1-1.7 mm; pods 7-16 x 0.7-2 mm . Eutrema salsugineum S1 (in part) ..............[Arabidopsis salsuginea; ..............Thellungiella salsuginea] 14b Plants perennial (rarely biennial), hairy (at least somewhat), usually without a pale coating; petals (3.5)4-10(11) x (0.8)1.5-3 mm; 14b pods 20-90 x 0.9-3.5 mm Boechera (in part) 14a ...................... [Arabis, in part] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Group 2 01a Flower clusters with bracts throughout ....02 01b Flower clusters without bracts or only the lowermost fower(s) bracted ............04 02a Plants hairy, with backward/downward bent/ 3a curved hairs Erucastrum gallicum X (in part) 02b Plants hairless or nearly so. .03 03a Petals pink or purple; stem leaves divided into 3-5+ leafets. .........Cardamine (in part) 03b Petals yellow; stem leaves simple, often deeply lobed but not divided into leafets). 3b ..................Sisymbrium (in part) 2a 4 04a Petals absent .......................05 5a; 04b Petals present .......................06 10a 05a Sepals 0.7-1.2 mm long; ovules/seeds in 1 row, 6-22 per ovary/pod; pods linear, (10)20- 40 mm long ..........Cardamine (in part) 05b Sepals 1.2-3 mm long; ovules/seeds in 2 rows, >24 per ovary/pod; pods egg-shaped or oblong, 2-12 mm long (linear and 10-20 mm long in exotic R. sylvestris) . Rorippa (in part) 5b 06a Ovaries/pods egg-shaped, round, oblong, or elliptic, sometimes divided into 2 segments 07 06b Ovaries/pods linear (rarely lance-shaped) .09 07a Pods narrowly oblong to egg-shaped (spherical in Rorippa austriaca), rounded to slightly fattened; ovaries/pods with >24 ovules/seeds ......................Rorippa (in part) 07b Pods round to egg-shaped, strongly fattened; ovaries/pods with <14 ovules/seeds ......08 08a Plants hairy; basal leaf blades 2-10(15) cm long, smooth or wavy-edged to toothed or deeply pinnately lobed; ovules/seeds 1-2(4) per ovary/pod ......... Lepidium (in part) 8a 8b 08b Plants hairless; basal leaf blades (10)20- 40(50) cm long, irregularly scalloped; ovules/ seeds 6-12(14) per ovary/pod. 10b ................. Armoracia rusticana X 09a Stem leaves divided into leafets ........10 09b Stem leaves simple (sometimes deeply cut, but the blade continuous between lobes) . .11 10a Plants terrestrial, not rooting from the lower joints; pods straight, 0.8-2(2.3) mm wide, with seeds in 1 row. Cardamine (in part) 10b Plants aquatic, rooting from lower joints; pods somewhat curved, 2-3 mm wide, with seeds in 11a 2 rows ....Nasturtium offcinale X (in part) 11a Plants with many-celled, stalked glands, annual exotic weeds; petals pink to magenta, with a spreading 5 mm long blade on a slender, stalk-like base; pods 35-45 mm long, with a 7-20 mm long beak, breaking into segments, not splitting open. Chorispora tenella X 11b Plants without stalked glands; petals and pods not as above ........................12 12a Petals with dark, purple or brown veins ...13 12b Petals with veins of the same color intensity as the rest of the blade ..................14 13a Pods 40-80 x 3-6 mm, with lengthwise grooves, often narrowed between seeds, breaking into 1-seeded segments (not splitting open), tipped 13a with a corky, several-seeded beak ......... ..............Raphanus raphanistrum X 13b Pods 15-25 x 1.5 mm, with 1-veined sides, smooth edged (not narrowed between seeds), splitting open at maturity (not breaking into segments), tipped with a fattened, seedless 13b beak ..... Eruca vesicaria X [Eruca sativa] 5 14a Stem leaves with smooth (entire) edges. .15 14b Stem leaves pinnately divided or lobed, or with outward-pointed teeth .................17 15a Dwarf alpine plants 3-10 cm tall; leaves long- stalked, egg-shaped to elliptical (sometimes with 1-2 side teeth); fowers 1-5, with white, 3-4 mm long petals; pods erect, 2-4 cm long, 15a somewhat fattened. Cardamine bellidifolia 16a 15b Plants usually in lowland habitats, >10 cm tall and with >5 fowers (plants sometimes small and few-fowered, but then with larger, purple petals); fowers and pods not as above ...16 16a Plants annual, hairless, with a pale, bluish- white coating, without rhizomes or persistent bases; pods 7-16 x 0.8-1 mm, with 6-12(18) seeds ...Eutrema salsugineum S1 (in part) ..............[Arabidopsis salsuginea; ..............Thellungiella salsuginea] 16b → 16b Plants perennial (rarely biennial) usually 18a with some hairs, without a pale coating, with rhizomes and/or a thick, persistent base; pods 20-90 x 0.9-3.5, with 28-90 seeds ......... ...... Boechera (in part) [Arabis, in part] 17a Petals yellow ........................18 17b Petals white, pink, lavender, or purple ....23 18a Flower clusters with small leafy bracts at the base of each fower (at least below the lower fowers) ... Erucastrum gallicum X (in part) 18b Flower clusters without bracts (rarely with bracts for the lowermost 1-2 fowers) .....19 19a 19a Ovaries and young pods with 2 distinctt 20a segments ..........................20 19b Ovaries and young pods not segmented . .21 20a Pods with 1 prominent vein per side, tipped 20b with a ± rounded, seedless beak; sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading . ..................... Brassica (in part) 20b Pod with 3-7 prominent veins per side, 21a tipped with a conspicuously fattened beak often containing a seed; sepals spreading to refexed .......................Sinapis 21a Leaves essentially basal, coarsely toothed to pinnately lobed; pods tipped with a 1.5-3 mm beak-like segment, spread 1-3 cm apart along most of the fruiting stalk ................
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  • The Evolutionary Fate of Rpl32 and Rps16 Losses in the Euphorbia Schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) Plastome Aldanah A

    The Evolutionary Fate of Rpl32 and Rps16 Losses in the Euphorbia Schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) Plastome Aldanah A

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The evolutionary fate of rpl32 and rps16 losses in the Euphorbia schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) plastome Aldanah A. Alqahtani1,2* & Robert K. Jansen1,3 Gene transfers from mitochondria and plastids to the nucleus are an important process in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Plastid (pt) gene losses have been documented in multiple angiosperm lineages and are often associated with functional transfers to the nucleus or substitutions by duplicated nuclear genes targeted to both the plastid and mitochondrion. The plastid genome sequence of Euphorbia schimperi was assembled and three major genomic changes were detected, the complete loss of rpl32 and pseudogenization of rps16 and infA. The nuclear transcriptome of E. schimperi was sequenced to investigate the transfer/substitution of the rpl32 and rps16 genes to the nucleus. Transfer of plastid-encoded rpl32 to the nucleus was identifed previously in three families of Malpighiales, Rhizophoraceae, Salicaceae and Passiforaceae. An E. schimperi transcript of pt SOD-1- RPL32 confrmed that the transfer in Euphorbiaceae is similar to other Malpighiales indicating that it occurred early in the divergence of the order. Ribosomal protein S16 (rps16) is encoded in the plastome in most angiosperms but not in Salicaceae and Passiforaceae. Substitution of the E. schimperi pt rps16 was likely due to a duplication of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial-targeted rps16 resulting in copies dually targeted to the mitochondrion and plastid. Sequences of RPS16-1 and RPS16-2 in the three families of Malpighiales (Salicaceae, Passiforaceae and Euphorbiaceae) have high sequence identity suggesting that the substitution event dates to the early divergence within Malpighiales.