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Page 1 Harbin Russians After 1945: Recollections Olga Bakich I Am Harbin Russians after 1945: Recollec 姐ons Ol ga Bakich 1 am glad and honored to be invited to Intemational Joint Workshop on Harbin at the Research Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and A 企ica ，To 旬。 University ofForeign Studies ， but my first reaction to 白e proposed topic for my paper was to decline: it was too personal ， too painfu l. But ， as a researcher into the Russian emigration in China ，1 realize that that history is not dry facts and da 回， but people's lives ，and 也at it is necessary to speak of what happened to us Harbin Russians a氏er 1945. 1 use Harbin Russians as a short cut for all all Russian-speaking nationalities 合om the former Russian Empire who lived in Harbin and along along the Chinese Eastern Railway: Russians ，Poles ，Jews ，Ukrainians ，Tatars ，Georgians ， Arm enians ，Latvians ，Lithuanians ，Germans ，Czechs ，Yugoslavs ， and a few others. In In August 1945 ，1 was seven and a half years old. My account is based on my childhood recollections ，inevitably mixed with stories heard and overheard from adults ，and on some facts facts learned later as a researcher. 1 must add a word of caution: memories are fragile ， individual ，selective ，and colored by a variety of conscious and subconscious ， personal and political political reasons. The same events are remembered di 貸erently by different people. This is what recall. 1 recall. 1 will begin by telling how our family se 佐led in China. My paternal grandfather ，Lieutenant- General General A.S. Bakich ，a Montenegrin ， served in the Russian army and fought 泊 the First World War and in the Civil War. In 1920 ， the White Arm y co 中 s under his command re 位'eated to Mongolia ，where ， in very harsh circumsta 且ces ，it was preparing for further struggle. At the end of of October 1921 ， General Bakich and his staff were captured by Mongolian revolutionaries and and handed over to the Red Arm y. In May 1922 ，a食 er a publicized show 廿ial in Novosibirsk (剖白 e time Novonikolaevsk) ，he 組 da dozen of his officers w 釘 e sho t. His widow with three small small children fted 企'om Vladivostok to Harbin ， China; the oldest child was my father. On my mother's mother's side ，my Russian grandfather P.N. Abloff worked on the Chinese Eastern Railway ωa dispatcher 組 d took a Soviet passport. In 1935 ，when the CER was sold to Manchukuo ， he was arrested by the Japanese and deported to the USS R. In 1937 he was arrested again ， 由is time by the Soviets ， and spent the next twenty years in Stalin's camps as a Japanese spy His His only daughter ，my mother ， stayed in Harbin to marry my father. 1 was born in Harbin ，and China China remains my beloved homeland. In In the last years of the Second World War ， our family lived in Xi 吋ing (Changchun) ，where my father ， an engineer and architect ， along with a Chinese builder-contractor ，had a small constructiun 宣ffi1. The war was expecied ， and in Xingjing ， as in Harbin and other cities and settlements settlements of Manchukuo ， the Japanese authorities made everyone train in anti-aircraft and other other forms of defense. We lived on the ou 臼kirts and ，together with our Japanese and Chinese neighbo 町民 had to go down to a large ravine at the back of our yards and dig caves in its banks for for bomb shelters. In early August 1945 ，on the first night that Changchun was bombed by the Soviet Soviet air force ，at the first sound of an air siren we all ran and hid in these caves. On the next few nights ，we simply went outside ， took wooden boards stacked in the backyard ， lay on the ground ，and placed the boards on top of our bodies ， holding them above our faces with our hands. hands. The ground shook hard when the bombs hit the darkened city. 1 was very 企ightened ， but but a neighbour ，Iying next to me ，said: “Listen ， if a bomb hits us ，we would not have time to feel feel anything at all ， but if a bomb falls nearby ， the boards on top of us would protect us 企om bomb fragments." On 15 August 1945 ， the surrender speech of the Japanese Emperor was transmitted on the the radio. On that day ，my father went to see a Japanese customer of the firm. The man was listening listening to the radio and asked my father to wai t. A 白er the broadcast ， the man ，who spoke some Russian ，told my father 出at Japan surrendered. He then took a gun out and said that he would kill himself ， his wife and children ， and my father. My fa 吐ler 企'O ze and then so 食Iy tried to to console him and talk him out of it. Eventually the man put the gun d'O wn and wep t. That's how we leamed that the war was over. We saw Japanese civilians leaving Changchun on foot ， carrying carrying their childr 巴n and a few possessions; as soon as they left ， the Chinese looted their houses. houses. Then the Red Arm y c釘 ne and completed the looting. As we leamed later from our Harbin relatives and friends ， the news of the Red Army crossing crossing the Manchukuo borders on the night of 9 August caused great panic in Harbin. 百四 leaders of the Bureau the for Affairs of Russian Emigres ， an organization set up by the Japanese Japanese to con 加 1 Russian emigres ，turned to 血e Japanese Military Mission ， but reωived no instructions. instructions. The Japanese then provided a train for the Bureau officials and those who wanted to to leav 巴 Harbin ， but only a few took the train. Others were frighten 巴d and uncertain; moreover ， as as the war progressed ，many felt more and more patriotic and anti-Japanese. Wh en the Red Arm y took Harbin on 18-20 August ，many Harbin Russians welcomed the 仕'O ops in the belief that that after the war a new era w 'O uld begin in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Military Command stay 巴:d at Yamato Hotel ， and crowds of Harbin Russians gathered in 仕ont of the hotel to talk with with the guards and soldiers. Archbishop Nester ， the former honorary member of the Harbin Russian Russian Fascist P訂 ty ， conducted a thanksgiving service for the Red Army at the Cathedral Square Square in the presence of Red Army command ，officers ，soldiers ，and many Harbin Russians. The euphoria was short lived. SMERSH came to Northeast China with the 廿oops and immediately immediately started arresting many Russians in Harbin and other cities and settlements in in Manchukuo. It tumed out that some senior members of the collaborationist Bureau for the the Affairs of Russian Emigres ， such as Colonel Nagolen ， L. Chernykh ，M. Matkovskii ， were Soviet agents. When the news of the Red Army crossing the border reached Harbin ， Matkovskii Matkovskii in particular was entrusted to burn the files which the Bureau kept on most η，“ Harbin Harbin Russians; a 1arge h'O le was dug 'O ut and fue1 st 'O cked up ， but Matk 'O vskii did n'O t d'O t. it. SMERSH ，which a1ready had s'O me 1ists 企om its secret agents ， seized the entire Bureau's archive. archive. At first ，pr 'O minent Harbin Russians were arrested by invitati 'O n. On Sunday ， 19 August 1945 ， the Red Army C 'OIri mand asked representatives 'O f the Russian c'O mmunity t 'O attend a specia1 meeting and f'O rm a S 'O cia1 C 'O mmittee which w 'O u1d ensure peace and security ， he1p he1p with f'O'O d supp1ies ，and c'O mpi1e a 1ist 'O f s'O me 250 1eaders 'O f vari 'O us 'O rganizati 'O ns and activists. activists. The S 'O cia1 C 'O mmittee's headquarters was in the C 'O mmercia1 C1ub in Pristan' ，and many enthusiasts ，wh 'O 'O n1y a few days ag 'O were members 'O f Whi te 'O rganizati 'O ns ，went there t 'O make p 'O sters and banners gl 'O rif シing the Red Arm y and Sta1in. On 21 August 1945 ，many 1eading 自gures 'O f s'O ci a1， cu1tura1 ， and educati 'O na1 'O rganizati 'O ns were invited t'O Yamat 'O H 'O te1 f'O r an evening meeting with the high S 'O viet C 'O mmand. On arriva1 ，仕 ley a11 were taken t 'O the bui1ding bui1ding 'O f the Japanese C 'O nsu1at 巴司 Genera1 ，n'O w SMERSH headquarters ，acr 'O ss the road and incarcerated. incarcerated. On 25 August 1945 ， the C 'O l'O n巴1-Genera1 A.P. Be1 'O b'O r'O d'O v，C 'O mmander 'O f the First First Red Banner Arrn y ，invited Harbin cu1tura1 figures and 紅 tists t 'O a banquet t 'O ce1ebrate th 巴 vict 'O ry in Yamat 'O H 'O te1; a11 were arrested in the same manner. Many Harbin Russians rushed t 'O inf 'O rm 'O n 出eir pers 'O na1 en 巴mies. The number 'O f the S'O- ca l1 ed “Wh ite Bandits" (belobandity) arrested in Harbin and 'O ther f'O rmer Manchuku 'O cities ranges ranges from 15 ，000 t 'O 17 ，300; the 1atter figure came from the S 'O viet C 'O nsu1ate in Harbin. The 紅 rested in c1 uded n'O t 'O n1y m 'O st 'O f the 1eaders 'O f the Bureau ， Russian Fascist Party ，and f'O rmer Wh ite genera1s 飢 d atamans ， but 'O rdinary ap 'O litica1 pe 'O p1e.
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