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Groundwater Mapping for Climate Resilient WASH in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Ethiopia - Phase 1

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Groundwater Mapping for Climate Resilient WASH in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Ethiopia - Phase 1 Jun 25, 2020 r Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia - Phase 1 Identifying the groundwater potential of 8 clusters Final report Dr. Seifu Kebede Abebe Ketema Executive summary UNICEF/EU RESET II program contracted Acacia water and a local team of experts to conduct a groundwater study to make groundwater suitability maps and to identify drilling target sites for 16 BH in the eight clusters of the RESET II program. The project areas encompass 41 water scarce woredas known to have complex hydrogeology. The complexity of the hydrogeology is manifested by low and indirect recharge, rugged topography, too low yielding shallow groundwaters, high salinity groundwaters and very low past drilling success rates. In addition, the widely dispersed communities and pastoral or semi pastoral livelihoods further complicated high WASH coverage and access in these areas. Taking into consideration the complex hydrogeology, Acacia Water and its local partners have employed and improved the UNICEF developed groundwater exploration approach so as to achieve the objectives of the project. The method involves a GIS based overlay analysis and conventional and integrated hydrogeological mapping. The employment of the two methods comes in two phases. Phase 1 aims to conduct the groundwater suitability mapping using the UNICEF approach of overlay analysis. This report is the summary of results obtained during the Phase 1 activity. The overlay analysis involves GIS computation of groundwater suitability by factoring various indicators for groundwater suitability and their weighting factors. The five indicator parameters that were chosen are: Permeability, Lithology, Slope, Recharge and Land use/Landcover. As lithology is the basis for the groundwater mapping, the existing geological maps have been harmonized and a new 1:250,000 scale geological map has been prepared for all clusters. The other indicators were derived from processed and supervised remote sensing images. Proper procedures have been followed during the conduction of the analysis including a) decision of the parameters following a detailed literature review and stakeholder/expert consultations, b) rating of criteria using SAATY methodology, c) ground verification of the output suitability maps and d) validation of the suitability maps with existing groundbased hydrogeology information. To complement the harmonized geological and groundwater suitability maps of the clusters, detailed conceptual groundwater occurrence models have been constructed along 21 geological sections. The overlay analysis and the resulting suitability maps were then validated by a Peer Review Committee comprising experienced hydrogeologists and geologists. All in all, the overlay analysis results match the ground conditions observed from previous studies. Nevertheless, unlike the initial assumption of feasibility of groundwater development for multi community schemes, only five of the eight clusters show the possibility of exploiting groundwater (cluster 2, 3, 4, 5, 7). The other three cluster are found to not be amenable for groundwater development (cluster 1, 6, 8). During phase 1, water demand and socioeconomic maps have been produced as well, based on extrapolated 2007 census data. The groundwater suitability maps, and all other maps serve future drilling projects in the RESET II cluster areas and are disseminated to all stakeholders. The geological, groundwater suitability, water demand and socio-economic maps formed the basis for the zonal consultation meetings in the RESET II cluster areas. In these meetings, which are actually part of Phase 2, stakeholders like NGO’s, zonal and regional water bureaus and woreda representatives participated. The objective of the meetings was to select sixteen target areas for detailed hydrogeological mapping at a 1:50,000 scale. Detailed hydrogeological mapping is the aim of the phase 2 study under this project. ii - ii - Final report Colophon Groundwater mapping for climate resilient Document title . WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia - Phase 1 Client . UNICEF Ethiopia Status . Final report Datum . Jun 25, 2020 Project number . 180856 Dr.J. Groen, Dr. S. Kebede, A. Ketema, Author(s) . T. Kleinendorst, Prof. Asfawossen Asrat Reference 044_AV_180856 Peer review Dr.A.C. de Vries Released by Dr.A.C. de Vries Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia - Phase 1 - iii - Table of contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project background and objectives .................................................................................... 1 1.2 General approach, deliverables and planning .................................................................. 2 1.3 Phase 1 activities and deliverables ..................................................................................... 2 1.4 Capacity building activities .................................................................................................. 3 1.5 Content of this report ........................................................................................................... 4 2 Basic data ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Field inventory data ............................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Remote sensing data .............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Harmonized geological map ................................................................................................ 9 2.4 Data on socio-economy and water demand ................................................................... 11 3 Reclassification of basic data to groundwater information layers ......................... 13 3.1 Slope ....................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Lineaments............................................................................................................................ 14 3.3 Recharge ................................................................................................................................ 15 3.4 Land use and land cover .................................................................................................... 16 3.5 Lithology and permeability ............................................................................................... 16 4 Overlay Analysis and groundwater suitability .......................................................... 18 4.1 Weighting factors ................................................................................................................ 18 4.2 Classes and scores .............................................................................................................. 20 4.3 Overlay analysis ................................................................................................................... 23 4.4 Sensitivity analysis .............................................................................................................. 23 4.5 Validation .............................................................................................................................. 26 5 Geological and groundwater suitability maps and conceptual models .............. 30 5.1 Cluster 1: Wag Himra .......................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Cluster 2: Afar ...................................................................................................................... 31 5.3 Cluster 3: Sitti ...................................................................................................................... 32 5.4 Cluster 4: Liben .................................................................................................................... 34 5.5 Cluster 5: Bale ...................................................................................................................... 34 5.6 Cluster 6: Borena ................................................................................................................. 36 5.7 Cluster 7: Wolayta ............................................................................................................... 38 5.8 Cluster 8: South Omo ......................................................................................................... 38 6 Socio-economy and water demand maps .............................................................. 40 7 Suitability maps ............................................................................................................. 43 8 References ..................................................................................................................... 47 iv - iv - Final report Annexes 1. Geologic description per cluster 2. Observations during groundtruthing and validation 3. Conceptual models along hydrological sections 4. Technical Report 1 GW4 WASH Ethiopia 5. Technical Report 2 GW4 WASH Ethiopia 6. Technical Report 3 Classes and scores 7. Harmonized geological maps of EU RESET II clusters 8. Groundwater suitability maps of EU RESET II clusters 9. Socio-economy maps of the EU RESET II clusters 10. Water demand maps of the EU
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