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Home , Alberto Giacometti, Antonin Artaud, Claude Cahun, Conroy Maddox, Desmond Morris, Eileen Agar

THE SOURCES OF

ART IN CONTEXT

Edited and with Introductions by Neil Matheson

Lund Humphries Contents

Introduction: Crossing the Bridge: In Pursuit of the Marvellous 1 A Note on the Texts 77 Chronology 80 Selected Bibliographies 85 Acknowledgments 108

l.Precursors

1. HORACE WALPOLE, from The Castle of Otranto, 1764 119 2. ANN RADCLIFFE, from The Mysteries of Udolpho, 1794 122 3. MATTHEW LEWIS, from , 1796 126 4. , from , 1820 129 5. COMTE DE LAUTREAMONT, from , 1869 132 6. ISIDORE DUCASSE, from Poesies, 1870 135 7. , 'Deliriums', A Season in Hell, 1873 137 8. J.-K. HUYSMANS, from A Reborns, 1884 139 9. , from , 1896 142 10. ALFRED JARRY, from Ubu Cocu, 1896 146 11. ALFRED JARRY, from The Supermale, 1902 148

2. Contemporary Influences: The Culture of

12. , from Impressions of Africa, 1910 155 13. MARCEL ALLAIN and PIERRE SOUVESTRE, from Fantdmas, 1911 158 14. , from Manuscript from the Collection of kanPaulhan, 1911-15 161 15. , from'Zone', 1913 165 16. GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE, from 'Aesthetic Meditations', The Cubist Painters, 1913 168 17. RAYMOND ROUSSEL, from Locus Solus, 1914 170 18. , from ' in Dreams', Introductory October 1922 247 Lectures on , 1916 174 45. ANDRE BRETON, from 'The Mediums Enter', Litterature, 19. GUILLAUME APOLLINAIRE, 'Ocean of Earth' and 'It's November 1922 249 Raining', Calligrammes, 1918 179 46. , 'Just to See', Litterature, November 1922 253 20. , 'L'Image', Nord-Sud, March 1918 ' 181 47. PAUL ELUARD, '' and 'Unique', Repetitions, 1922 255 21. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, 'Zeuxis the Explorer', , 48. PAUL ELUARD and MAX ERNST, 'The Scissors and their November, 1918 183 Father', Les Malheurs des immortels reviles par Paul Eluard et Max 22. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, from 'On Metaphysical Art', Valori Ernst, 1922 258 Plastici, April-May 1919 185 49. PAUL ELUARD and MAX ERNST, 'And Following Your Example: 23. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, 'Statues, Furniture and Generals', n.d. 188 The Young Women's Series', Litterature, December 1922 259 24. HANS PRINZHORN, from Artistry of the Mentally 111, 1922 191 50. , from 'Giorgio de Chirico', Litterature, March 1922 261 3. Enter the Mediums: 51. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, from a letter in response to Vitrac, Dadaand Le Mouvement flou, 1914-23 Litterature, March 1922 263 52. , 'Inside-Out Photography: ', 1922 265 25. , 'Exhibition of Independents', Maintenant, 53. , from The Adventures of Telemachus, 1922 267 1914 197 54. ANDRE BRETON, Preface in Catalogue for Picabia Watercolours 26. MAN RAY, 'Statement', The Forum Exhibition of Modern American Exhibition, Barcelona, November-December 1922 269 Painters, 1916 200 55. BENJAMIN PERET, from Death to the Pigs and the Field of Battle, 27. GABRIELLE BUFFET-PICABIA, 'Some Memories of Pre-: 1922-23 272 Picabia and Duchamp', 1949 201 56. ANDRE BRETON, from 'The Disdainful Confession', La Vie 28. ANDRE BRETON, 'Subject', Nord-Sud, April 1918, 204 moderne, February-March 1923 277 29. TRISTAN TZARA, '', Dada 3, 1918 206 57. ROGER VITRAC, 'Poison: without Words', Litterature, 30. TRISTAN TZARA, 'Flake House', Litterature, April 1919 210 January 1923 281 31. JACQUES VACHE, from War Letters, 1919 212 58. FRANCIS PICABIA, 'Thank You Francis!', Litterature, January 32. ANDRE BRETON, 'Le Corset mystere', Litterature, June 1919 215 1923 284 33. ANDRE BRETON,'Giorgio de Chirico', Litterature, January 1920 217 59. BENJAMIN PERET, 'The Flower of Napoleon', Litte'rature, January 34. ANDRE BRETON and , from Les Champs 1923 287 magnetiques, 1920 219 60. MAX ERNST, 'Etna', Litterature, October 1923 290 35. FRANCIS PICABIA, 'May Day', Litterature, June 1920 222 61. ANONYMOUS, 'Erutarettil', Litterature, October 1923 292 36. ALBERT GLEIZES, 'The Dada Case', Action, April 1920 . 225 37. , 'I Shall Be Serious . ..', Litterature, December 4. The Revolution in Everyday Life: Early , 1920 230 1924-29 38. TRISTAN TZARA, from 'Dada Manifesto on Feeble Love and Bitter Love', La Vie des Lettres, 1921 234 62. ANDRE BRETON, from Manifesto of Surrealism, 1924 297 39. ANDRE BRETON, from Max Ernst (Exhibition Catalogue), 3 63. ANDRE BRETON, from Soluble Fish, 1924 304 May-3 June, 1921 236 64. LOUIS ARAGON, from A Wave of Dreams, 1924 306 40. ANDRE BRETON, 'Interview with Dr Freud', Litterature, March 65. LOUIS ARAGON, Asphyxia', Le Libertinage, 1924 308 1922 • - 238 66. JOAN MIRO, Letter to , 10 August 1924 311 41. ANDRE BRETON, 'The New Spirit', Litterature, March 1922 240 67. PHILIPPE SOUPAULT, PAUL ELUARD and ANDRE BRETON 42. ANDRE BRETON, from 'Leave Everything', Litterature, April 1922 242 from A Corpse, 1924 313 43. ANDRE BRETON, from '', Litterature, October 68. SIMONE KAHN, 'Surrealist Text: This Took Place in Springtime 1922 244 . . .', La Revolution surrealiste, December 1924 317 44. MARCEL DUCHAMP, Sayings of Rrose Selavy, Litterature, 69. J.-A. BOIFFARD, PAUL ELUARD and ROGER VITRAC, Preface, La Revolution surrealiste, December 1924 3J9 94- MAX ERNST, 'Visions of Half-Sleep', La Revolution surrealiste, 70. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, 'Dreams', La Revolution surrealiste, October 1927 378 December, 1924 322 95. LOUIS ARAGON, from Treatise on Style, 1928 380 71. , 'Enchanted Eyes', La Revolution surrealiste, 96. ANDRE BRETON, from , 1928 383 December 1924 324 97. SALVADOR DALI, ' of Standardized Utility', LAmic de les 72. , 'Beaux-Arts', La Revolution surrealiste, April Arts, March 1928 387 1925 328 98. SALVADOR DALI, 'Joan Miro', 1928 390 73. COLLECTIVE STATEMENT, 'Open the Prisons. Disband the 99. LOUIS ARAGON and ANDRE BRETON, 'The Quinquagenary Army', La Revolution surrealiste, January 1925 330 of Hysteria (1878-1928)', La Revolution surrealiste, March 1928 392 74. , 'Death: The Oaken Rampart', 1925 332 100. SURREALIST GROUP, 'Research into Sexuality: Second Session', 75. PAUL ELUARD,'Dreams', La Revolution surrealiste, April 1925 334 La Resolution surrealiste, March 1928, 394 76. , 'Letter to the Chancellors of the European 101. AtJDRE BRETON, from Surrealism and , 1928 398 Universities', La Revolution surrealiste, April 1925 336 102. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, from Hebdomeros, 1929 403 77. ANTONIN ARTAUD, Address to the Dalai Lama', La Revolution 103. SUZANNE MUZARD, 'On Love: Reply to an Inquiry', La surrealiste, 18 April 1925 338 Revolution surrealiste, December 1929 407 78. COLLECTIVE STATEMENT, 'Letter to the Chief Doctors of 104- RENE MAGRITTE, 'Les mots et les images', La Revolution sur- Lunatic Asylums', La Revolution surrealiste, April 1925 339 realiste, December 1929 409 79. MICHEL LEIRIS, from 'Glossaire: J'y serre mes gloses', La 105. JACQUES RIGAUT, 'Lord Patchogue', La Nouvelle Revue Frangaise Resolution surrealiste, April and July 1925 341 1929 412 80. JACQUES RIGAUT, 'General Suicide Agency', 1925 342 106. ANDRE BRETON, Second Manifesto of Surrealism, La Revolution 81. PAUL ELUARD, Andre Masson', La Revolution surrealiste, July surrealiste, December 1929, revised and amended 1930 415 1925 344 82. ANDRE BRETON, from A Letter to Seers', La Revolution 5. The Surrealist International: surrealiste, October 1925 345 In the Service of the Revolution, 1930-39 83. COLLECTIVE STATEMENT, 'Open Letter to M. ', 1st July 1925 348 107. SURREALIST GROUP, 'Question and Answer', Le Surrealisme au 84. SIMONE KAHN, 'The ', 1975 350 service de la revolution, July 1930 423 85. ROBERT DESNOS and BENJAMIN PERET, 'The Child Planet', 108. SALVADOR DALI, 'The Moral Position of Surrealism', Helix, 1926 352 April 1930 424 86. LOUIS ARAGON, 'The Passage de l'Opera', Revue Europeenne, 109. SALVADOR DALI, 'The Rotting Donkey', Le Surrealisme au service June-Sept. 1924 354 de la revolution, July 1930 428 87. LOUIS ARAGON, 'Enter the Succubi', La Revolution surrealiste, 110. SALVADOR DALI, Arrest of an Exhibitionist on the Metro', Le March 1926 358 Surrealisme au service de la revolution, October 1930 , 432 88. ANTONIN ARTAUD, 'Letter to the Clairvoyant', La Revolution 111. BENJAMIN PERET, 'Life of Foch the Murderer', Le Surrealisme au surrealiste, December 1926 360 service de la revolution, October 1930, 433 89. , 'Captive Balloon', La Ligne de coeur, March 112. ANDRE BRETON and PAUL ELUARD, from The Immaculate 1926 363 Conception, 1930 435 90. RENE CREVEL, 'Mr Knife, Miss Fork', Babylone, 1927 365 113. LOUIS ARAGON, from Challenge to Painting, 1930 440 91. SALVADOR DALI, from 'Saint Sebastian', L'Amic de les Arts, July 114. MAX ERNST, 'Academy of Science', A Little Girl Dreams of Taking 1927 367 the Veil, 1930 445 92. SALVADOR DALI, 'Photography: Pure Creation of the Mind', 115. JOAN MIRO and FRANCISCO MELGAR, 'Spanish Artists in L'Amic de les Arts, September 1927 371 ' [Interview with Joan Miro by Francisco Melgar], Ahora, 93. ROBERT DESNOS, 'Diary of an Apparition', La Revolution , January 1931 449 surrealiste, October 1927 375 116. ANDRE BRETON, 'Free Union', June 1931 451 117. LOUIS ARAGON, from 'Red Front', Literature of the World 142. ANDRE BRETON, from Mad Love, 1937 534 Revolution, April 1931 453 143. MAX ERNST, 'Beyond Painting', Cahiers d'Art (special Ernst issue), 118. , 'Weights and Colours', Le Surrealisme au service 1937 538

de la revolution, December 1931 t 456 144. BENJAMIN PERET, 'Nature Devours Progress and Goes Beyond', 119. , 'Moving and Mute Objects','Le , Winter 1937 542 Surrealisme au service de la revolution, December 1931 459 145. PIERRE MABILLE, 'Mirrors', Minotaure, Spring 1938 544 120. SALVADOR DALI, 'Surrealist Objects', Le Surrealisme au service 146. ALBERT BEGUIN, 'The Androgyne', Minotaure, Spring 1938 546 de la revolution,Decembe r 1931 462 147. ANDRE BRETON and PAUL ELUARD, from A Short Dictionary 121. SALVADOR DALI, 'Communication: Visage paranoiaque', Le of Surrealism, 1938 548 Surrealisme au service de la revolution, December 1931 466 148,. ANDRE BRETON, DIEGO RIVERA and 122. ANDRE BRETON, from Communicating Vessels, 1932 468 'Towards a Free Revolutionary Art', Partisan Review, IV, New 123. SALVADOR DALI, 'The Object as Revealed in Surrealist York, Fall 1938 553 Experiment', This Quarter, (Surrealist Number), September 1932 471 149. PAUL ELUARD, from Food for Vision, 1939 557 124. ANDRE BRETON, '', Minotaure, 150. JOAN MIRO, 'Harlequin's Carnival', Verve, January-March 1939 559 October-December 1933 478 125. SURREALIST GROUP, from 'Experimental Research into 6. Sects and Oppositions: The Old Enemy Within Certain Possibilities of Irrational Embellishment of a City', Le Surre'alisme au service de la revolution, May 1933 482 151. WALTER BENJAMIN, from 'Surrealism: Last Snapshot of the 126. SURREALIST GROUP, from 'On the Irrational Posssibilities of European Intelligentsia', 1929 563 Penetration and Orientation in a Picture', Le Surrealisme au 152. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'Concerning the Witch Museum', Documents, service de la re'volution, May 1933 484 May 1929 567 127. MERET OPP"ENHEIM, 'If you say the right word I can sing 153. , 'Eye', Documents, September 1929 571 c. 1933, and Anyone that sees her white fingers', c. 1935-40 487 154. GEORGES BATAILLE, 'Human Face', Documents, September 128. SALVADOR DALI, from 'Psycho-Atmospheric-Anamorphic 1929 573 Objects', Le Surrealisme au service de la re'volution, May 1933 489 155. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'Hans Arp', Documents, November 1929 577 129. ANDRE BRETON, from 'Lighthouse of the Bride', Minotaure, 156. GEORGES BATAILLE, 'The Big Toe', Documents, November 1929 579 Winter 1934-5 492 157. GEORGES BATAILLE, 'Formless', Documents, December 1929 583 130. MARCEL DUCHAMP, from 'The Bride Stripped Bare by Her 158. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'Mouth Water', Documents, December 1929 584 Bachelors, Even', The Green Box, 1934 498 159. ROBERT DESNOS, 'Modern Imagery', Documents, December 131. SALVADOR DALI, 'Millet's LAngelus', 1934 502 1929 586 132. RENE CHAR, 'Poets', 'The Puma of the ' and 160. JACQUES PREVERT, 'Death of a Gentleman', (Jn Cadavre, 'Love', The Masterless Hammer, 1934 505 January 1930 589 133. MAX ERNST, 'What is Surrealism?', 1934 507 161. , Aeschylus, Carnival and the Civilised', 134. MAX ERNST, from Line Semaine de bonte", 1934 511 Documents, 1930 593 135. SALVADOR DALI, from The Conquest of the Irrational, 1935 514 162. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'Man and His Insides', Documents, no. 5, 1930 596 136. SALVADOR DALI, 'Surrealism', 1935 519 163. , 'Mimicry and Legendary Psychasthenia', 137. GISELE PRASSINOS, 'Arrogant Hair' and 'The Ghost of Minotaure, June 1935 600 Chateaubriand', La Sauterelle arthritique, 1935 520 164. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'Fred Astaire', La Bete noire, 1935 606 138. ANDRE BRETON, 'Crisis of the Object', Cahiers d'Art, 1936 523 165. MICHEL LEIRIS, from Manhood, 1946 608 139. BENJAMIN PERET, 'Joan of Arc', Je ne mange pas de ce pain-la, 1936 527 7. L'idee fixe-. Surrealism in 140. JOAN MIRO, Letter to , 28 September 1936 529 141. CLAUDE CAHUN, 'Beware Domestic Objects!', Cahiers d'Art, I- 166. RENE MAGRITTE, and E. L. T. MESENS, 'The 5 Command- II, 'L'Objet', 1936 531 ments', CEsophdge, March 1925 616 167. PAUL NOUGE, 'Feeling our Looks', Adieu d Marie, 1926 619 Surrealism', Bulletin, December 1938-January 1939 676 168. RENE MAGRITTE, 'Notes on Fantomas', Distances, March 1928 620 190. RENE MAGRITTE, and PAUL NOUGE, 'Colour-Colours, or 169. PAUL ELUARD, 'Primitive Art', Varie'te's, 'Le Surrealisme en 1929', an Experiment by ', London Bulletin, June 1939 682 June 1929 623 191. ROBERT MELVILLE, 'Suburban Nights (II)', London Bulletin, 170. ANONYMOUS, 'The World at the Time of the Surrealists', January-February 1939 686 Varietes, 'Le Surrealisme en 1929', June 1929 626 192. , 'The Object of Surrealism', London Bulletin, 171. SURREALIST GROUP, 'Surrealist Games', Varietes, 'Le June 1940 687 Surrealisme en 1929', 1929 627 193. CONROY MADDOX, 'The Playgrounds of Salpetriere', [1940, 172. , 'When the Spirit . . .', Varietes, 'Le unpub. ms] 691 Surrealisme en 1929', 1929 629 194. , 'The Return to the Desolation', Arson, 1942 692 173. E. L. T. MESENS, 'Proclamation', Documents 34, 'Intervention 195. , 'Everything Found on Land is Found Surrealiste', June 1934 632 in the Sea', Alex Comfort and John Bayliss (eds), New Road, 1943 694 174. MAX ERNST, 'Concerning the Danger for a Government of 196. , 'The Day the Animals Came', 1949 697 Ignoring the Teachings of Surrealism', Documents 34, 'Inter- vention surrealiste', June 1934. 634 9. The World at War: European Emigres and 175. RENE MAGRITTE, Ariadne's Thread', Documents 34, 'Inter- Surrealism in America, 1939-45 vention surrealiste', June 1934 636 176. RENE MAGRITTE, 'Obsession', c. 1936 637 197. D. A. F. DE SADE, from an undated Letter to Madame de Sade 703 177. IRENE HAMOIR, 'Romantic Adela', L'Invention collective no.2, 198. ANDRE BRETON, 'Prolegomena to a Third April 1940 639 or Not', VW, June 1942 707 178. , 'The White Scarf, 1931 642 199. , 'The Evil Eye', VW, June 1942 710 200. MAX ERNST, 'Some Data on the Youth of M.E. As Told by 8. Suburban Nights: Surrealism in Britain Himself, View, Max Ernst Issue, April 1942 713 201. , 'Iconographer of Melancholy', 179. , 'Stare fixedly at the lamp . . .', Transition, View, Tanguy/ Tchelitchew Issue, May 1942 717 June 1930 650 202. SALVADOR DALI, from The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, 1942 719 180. THE SURREALIST GROUP IN , 'The Situation in 203. SUZANNE CESAIRE, from 'Discontent of a Civilization', England, the Intellectual Position with Regard to Surrealism; the Tropiques, 1942 723 Formation of an English Group; Immediate Activities', The 204. SUZANNE CESAIRE, from 'Surrealism and Us', Tropiques, 1943 726 International Surrealist Bulletin, September 1936 653 205. AIME CESAIRE, Annunciation', 'Tom-tom I' and 'Tom-tom II', 181. , from 'Introduction', Surrealism, 1936 656 VW, March 1943 729 182. ANDRE BRETON, from 'Limits Not Frontiers of Surrealism' in 206. PARKER TYLER, Americana Fantastica', View, January 1943 732 Herbert Read (ed.), Surrealism, 1936 660 207. , from Down Below, VW, February 183. , 'I Have Done My Best For You', Contemporary 1944 735 Poetry and Prose, no. 8, December 1936 664 208. GABRIELLE BUFFET, 'MagiCircles', View, Duchamp Issue, 184. , 'Poem II', Surrealist Objects and Poems (exh. March 1945 739 cat.), 1937 666 209. KURT SELIGMANN, 'Heritage of the Accursed', View, December 185. HUGH SYKES DAVIES,'Poem', London Bulletin, May 1938 668 1945 ' 741 186. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, 'Mystery and Creation', c. 1913, London 210. ANDRE BRETON, from Arcane 17, 1944 745 Bulletin, October 1938 669 211. RENE MAGRITTE, 'Lifeline', View, Belgium Issue, December 187. , Am I a Surrealist?', A Look at my Life, 1990 671 1946 747 188. ROLAND PENROSE, from 'The Road is Wider than Long', 212. AIME CESAIRE, 'The Automatic Crystal' and 'The Virgin Forest', London Bulletin, December 1938-January 1939 673 Les Armes miraculeuses, 1946 751 189. GRACE PAILTHORPE, from 'The Scientific Aspect of 10. The Forgotten Policeman in the Trunk: Surrealism and Cinema

213. LOUIS ARAGON, 'On Decor', in Louis Delluc, Le Film, September 1918 757 214. ROBERT DESNOS, 'Eroticism', Paris-Journal, 20th April, 1923 760 215. PHILIPPE SOUPAULT, 'Rage' and 'Glory', Les Cahiers du mois, 1925 762 216. SURREALIST GROUP, 'Hands Off Love', Transition, September 1927 764 217. SALVADOR DALI, ' Art Films, Anti-Artistic Spool', Ciutat, 1927 767 218. LUIS BUNUEL and SALVADOR DALI, '', La Re'volution surrealiste, December 1929 771 219. SALVADOR DALt with LUIS BUNUEL, from L'Age d'Or: Studio 28 revue-programme, 1931 776 220. , 'Monsieur Phot (Scenario)', 1933 779 221. MAN RAY, 'Ruth, Roses; and Revolvers', View, December 1944 783 222. ANDRE BRETON, As in a Wood', L'Age du cinema, Aug.-Nov., 1951 786

11. Post-war Surrealism

223. , 'Notes for the Well-Lettered', Prospectus, 1946 793 224. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'The Arts and Sciences of Marcel Duchamp', Fontaine 7, 1946 797 225. ANDRE BRETON, 'The Exquisite Corpse', 1948 801 226. ANDRE BRETON, from radio interviews with Andre Parinatid, March-June 1952 803 227. MARCEL DUCHAMP, from 'The Creative Act' [lecture], April 1957 808 228. GUY DEBORD, from 'Theory of the Derive', Internationale situationniste, December 1958 811 229. HENRI MICHAUX, from Paix dans les brisements, 1959 816 230. MARCEL BROODTHAERS, A Chair. . . .', 1960 818 231. GIORGIO DE CHIRICO, from The Memoirs of Giorgio de Chirico, 1962 821 232. MICHEL LEIRIS, 'Alberto Giacometti (on a Postage Stamp or Medallion)', La Bienniale de Venecia 48, 1962 825 233. ALBERTO GIACOMETTI, from a BBC radio interview with , 1964 828 234. PIERRE CABANNE, from Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp, 1967 833

Index of Writers, Documents, Artists and Illustrations included 837 Thematic Index 851