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Ghent University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine GHENT UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Academic year 2015-2016 THE IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE AS A RESERVOIR FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS by Kim VAN DE WIEL Promoter: Prof. Dr. Pierre Dorny Literature Review Co-promoter: Prof. Dr. Louis Maes as part of the Master’s Dissertation © 2016 Kim van de Wiel Disclaimer: Universiteit Gent, its employees and/or students, give no warranty that the information provided in this thesis is accurate or exhaustive, nor that the content of this thesis will not constitute or result in any infringement of third-party rights. Universiteit Gent, its employees and/or students do not accept any liability or responsibility for any use which may be made of the content or information given in the thesis, nor for any reliance which may be placed on any advice or information provided in this thesis. GHENT UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Academic year 2015-2016 THE IMPORTANCE OF WILDLIFE AS A RESERVOIR FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS by Kim VAN DE WIEL Promoter: Prof. Dr. Pierre Dorny Literature Review Co-promoter: Prof. Dr. Louis Maes as part of the Master’s Dissertation © 2016 Kim van de Wiel PREFACE For my dissertation, I had the pleasure to choose my own subject. As an enthusiast of parasitology with a keen interest in zoonotic diseases, and a love for Africa, I can’t imagine any other topic that would have combined these aspects as well as this one. First of all, I would like to thank my promoter, Prof. Dr. Pierre Dorny, who immediately replied with a positive message when I asked if I could write about ‘the animal reservoir of sleeping sickness’. I would also like to thank my co-promoter Prof. Dr. Louis Maes, whose course material had made me enthusiastic about tropical parasites in the first place. Thanks to both of them I had the freedom to fill in this dissertation to my own liking. Also a big thanks for suggesting articles, helping me find them, and reviewing my dissertation in time, even though it was very last minute from my side. In the second place I would like to thank my parents for their patience and unconditional support during the first, but definitely also the final years of veterinary school. Last, I would like to thank my friends. Some of them for their advice on how to start writing, others for reviewing some of my work. But most of all, I would like to thank the friends who told me to stop complaining and continue on, whenever I had tiny emotional breakdowns about unimportant things. TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 SAMENVATTING ................................................................................................................................. 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3 LITERATURE STUDY ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. The parasite: Trypanosoma .................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Morphology ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.2. Life cycle................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Classification .......................................................................................................................... 6 2. The vector: Glossina ................................................................................................................. 7 2.1. General features ................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Distribution ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.3. Taxonomy and subgenera ................................................................................................... 7 2.4. Feeding preferences ............................................................................................................. 8 2.5. Important vector species .................................................................................................... 10 3. Human African trypanosomiasis ......................................................................................... 12 3.1. Causative agents ................................................................................................................ 12 3.2. Clinical symptoms ............................................................................................................... 12 4. Animal African trypanosomiasis.......................................................................................... 14 3.1. Causative agents ................................................................................................................ 14 4.2. Clinical symptoms ............................................................................................................... 14 5. Reservoirs .................................................................................................................................. 16 5.1. Reservoir for human African trypanosomiasis ................................................................ 16 5.2. Reservoir for animal African trypanosomiasis ................................................................ 20 5.3. Control of reservoirs ........................................................................................................... 21 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 23 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 24 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................ 30 SUMMARY African trypanosomiasis is an infectious disease that affects both people and animals. It is caused by small protozoa that can be transmitted to humans and animals via hematophagous insects. Several species of trypanosomes have been identified as pathogenic in vertebrate hosts. The two subspecies, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, are responsible for causing sleeping sickness in humans. In West Africa, T. b. gambiense seems to be the causative agent of the chronic form of the disease, whereas T. b. rhodesiense ensures a more acute onset of the disease in East Africa. Multiple other trypanosomes are held accountable for the disease complexes caused in domestic animals. The most economically important trypanosomes in livestock are T. congolense and T. vivax, which cause nagana in cattle. These pathogenic trypanosomes are restricted to the African continent by their vector, the tsetse fly. As the only cyclical vector of the trypanosomes, the abundance of these flies in sub-Saharan Africa results in a large amount of countries at risk of trypanosome infection. Other hematophagous insects are capable of transmitting these parasites mechanically. For some trypanosome species, like T. vivax, this assures their spread beyond the tsetse belt. Although control measurements for human sleeping sickness take place on a large scale, persistence of the disease in several regions has been observed. A possible animal reservoir for T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense has been suggested very early on. The feeding preferences of the tsetse fly indicate that these insects feed on, and possibly also infect, a great variety of hosts. It was revealed that both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense had a reservoir in several domestic and wildlife species, but the importance of these reservoirs in the epidemiology of the disease is still unclear. T. congolense and T. vivax continue to have a big impact on livestock in Africa. These trypanosomes appear to be more widespread than their human-infective cousins, as case detecting in livestock is not executed on such a large scale as is done for sleeping sickness. A wildlife reservoir seems to be the reason for the spread of these trypanosomes, but the role of wild animals in the maintenance of animal trypanosomiasis is even less understood than in human sleeping sickness. Keywords: Trypanosoma – Nagana – Sleeping sickness – Reservoir – Wildlife 1 SAMENVATTING Afrikaanse trypanosomiase is een infectieuze ziekte die zowel mensen als dieren treft. De ziekte wordt veroorzaakt door protozoa, die door bloedzuigende insecten naar mens en dier kunnen worden overgedragen. Bepaalde trypanosomen worden als pathogeen beschouwd in hun gewervelde gastheren. De twee ondersoorten, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense en Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, zijn verantwoordelijk voor het ontstaan van slaapziekte bij de mens. In West-Afrika veroorzaakt T. b. gambiense de chronische vorm van trypanosomiase, terwijl T. b. rhodesiense in Oost Afrika aanleiding geeft tot een meer acute vorm van de ziekte. Meerdere trypanosomen zijn verantwoordelijk voor de ziektecomplexen die worden teruggevonden in gedomesticeerde dieren. T. congolense en T. vivax, die nagana veroorzaken in runderen, zijn de economisch meest
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