GIS Approaches to Understanding Connections and Movement Through Space
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GIS Approaches to Understanding Connections and Movement through Space Gemma Davies Submitted for PhD (Pub) Geography by Published Work 2019 1 Abstract The overarching theme of this work is an exploration of ways in which GIS can be used to analyse connections or movement through space in a wide variety of contexts. The published work focuses upon the application of both network and raster-based techniques at a variety of scales. A review is provided summarising the breadth of applications that currently use GIS to model connectivity or movement through space. This is followed by a series of published work in this field. This includes both raster and network approaches to assessing journey-time exposure to air pollution; exploring the impact of artificial lighting on gap crossing thresholds of bats; examining the presence of food deserts in rainforest cities; assessing urban accessibility and its influence on social vulnerability to climate shocks; and understanding of the impact of segregation on everyday patterns of mobility. With a diverse range of application areas and variety of spatial scales ranging from 2 - 605,000km2, this published work highlights the ways in which GIS can be implemented in new ways to improve understanding of connections and/or movement through space. 2 Contents Publications submitted ............................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 5 Author declaration ..................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction and research context .............................................................................................. 8 Paper summaries and contribution to field ................................................................................ 9 Full list of my publications to date ....................................................................................... 21 Critical review .......................................................................................................................... 24 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 24 Network analysis .................................................................................................................. 24 Network applications ....................................................................................................... 26 Raster cost distance analysis ................................................................................................ 31 Cost distance applications ................................................................................................ 32 Other modelling techniques ................................................................................................. 36 Choosing a suitable model ................................................................................................... 37 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 40 References ................................................................................................................................ 44 Submitted publications ............................................................................................................. 51 3 Publications submitted 1. DAVIES, G. & WHYATT, D. 2009. A least‐cost approach to personal exposure reduction. Transactions in GIS, 13, 229-246. 2. DAVIES, G. & WHYATT, J. D. 2014. A network-based approach for estimating pedestrian journey-time exposure to air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 485, 62-70. 3a. DAVIES, G., HALE, J. & SADLER, J. Modelling functional connectivity pathways for bats in urban landscapes. Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 20th Annual Conference. Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2012. 95-100. 3b. HALE, J. D., FAIRBRASS, A. J., MATTHEWS, T. J., DAVIES, G. & SADLER, J. P. 2015. The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios: exploring gap crossing thresholds for urban bats. Global Change Biology, 21, 2467-2478. 4. DAVIES, G., FRAUSIN, G. & PARRY, L. 2017. Are there food deserts in rainforest cities? Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107, 794- 811. 5. PARRY, L., DAVIES, G., ALMEIDA, O., FRAUSIN, G., DE MORAÉS, A., RIVERO, S., FILIZOLA, N. & TORRES, P. 2018. Social vulnerability to climatic shocks is shaped by urban accessibility. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108, 125-143. 6. DAVIES, G., DIXON, J., TREDOUX, C., WHYATT, J.D., HUCK, J., STURGEON, B., HOCKING, B., JARMAN, N., BRYAN, D. 2019. Networks of Dis(connection): Mobility practices, tertiary streets and sectarian divisions in north Belfast. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. (Published online 30/5/2019) 4 Acknowledgements I am grateful to all of my co-authors for their often significant role in helping these papers come into being. This includes endless weeks of fieldwork from Gina Frausin, who managed to persuade a staggering 100% of the shop owners in our study towns within the Brazilian Amazon to take part in our survey, and Bree Hocking and Brendan Sturgeon who literally wore through shoes walking endless miles around North Belfast going door to door to recruit participants. I am also grateful to Luke Parry and John Dixon who as PIs invited me to join their project teams. My greatest thanks go to the one person, without whom this PhD would never have come into being, that is Duncan Whyatt. It was Duncan who first got me interested in GIS as an undergraduate back in 1998. Then when I returned to work in the department in 2001 gave me opportunities to work on many of the projects he was involved with. In 2008 he supported me as I led the writing of a paper for the first time. I have lost track of how much feedback I have received from him over the years, usually in the form of his famous red pen. He was the one who encouraged me to work towards this PhD by Published Work, long before I would ever have dreamt of pursuing it. Most of all I want to thank Duncan for believing in my abilities long before anyone else (myself included), and for the endless encouragement he has provided along the way. None of this would have happened without him and I am hugely grateful for all his support in getting me this far. 5 Author declaration Each of the papers included in this PhD by published work was produced with varying contributions from a number of co-authors. My contribution to each of the papers is outlined below. DAVIES, G. & WHYATT, D. 2009. A least‐cost approach to personal exposure reduction. Transactions in GIS, 13, 229-246. For this paper I undertook all of the data analysis, background reading and writing, with input and guidance from Duncan Whyatt. DAVIES, G. & WHYATT, J. D. 2014. A network-based approach for estimating pedestrian journey-time exposure to air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 485, 62-70. For this paper I undertook all of the data analysis, background reading and writing, with input and guidance from Duncan Whyatt. DAVIES, G., HALE, J. & SADLER, J. Modelling functional connectivity pathways for bats in urban landscapes. Proceedings of the GIS Research UK 20th Annual Conference. Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2012. 95-100. HALE, J. D., FAIRBRASS, A. J., MATTHEWS, T. J., DAVIES, G. & SADLER, J. P. 2015. The ecological impact of city lighting scenarios: exploring gap crossing thresholds for urban bats. Global Change Biology, 21, 2467-2478. I have paired these articles as a single submission, the first being a published conference paper which also demonstrates my contribution towards the subsequent paper in Global Change Biology. I undertook all of the spatial analysis and writing for the conference paper. My contribution to the Global Change Biology paper was in designing a method to translate the empirical data and binomial model into a spatial model. James Hale and Jon Sadler designed the field surveys and also took part in analysing the data. James Hale and Jon Sadler wrote the paper with contributions from other co-authors, including myself. The Global Change Biology paper has also been submitted by James Hale as part of his PhD by Published Work at the University of Birmingham in 2015. DAVIES, G., FRAUSIN, G. & PARRY, L. 2017. Are there food deserts in rainforest cities? Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 107, 794- 811. For this paper I undertook all of the spatial analysis, background reading and writing. Gina Frausin carried out the field work for this research. Luke Parry undertook all statistical analysis and contributed to the writing. 6 PARRY, L., DAVIES, G., ALMEIDA, O., FRAUSIN, G., DE MORAÉS, A., RIVERO, S., FILIZOLA, N. & TORRES, P. 2018. Social vulnerability to climatic shocks is shaped by urban accessibility. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108, 125-143. I contributed to this paper by undertaking all of the spatial analysis, developing a multi-modal river and road network, and carrying out analysis to compute the remoteness index. Luke Parry led the writing and statistical analysis with contributions from other co-authors. DAVIES, G., DIXON, J., TREDOUX, C., WHYATT, J.D., HUCK, J., STURGEON, B., HOCKING, B., JARMAN, N., BRYAN, D. 2019. Networks of Dis(connection): Mobility practices,