IN THE COMICS An Exhibition M. Thomas Inge Elmira 2009 The Sixth International Conference on the State of Mark Twain Studies Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies On the Cover: The cover image orginates with Graphic Classics eighth volume in the series published in 2004 designed and published by Tom Pomplun (2001). This volume, devoted to Mark Twain, in- cluded fourteen short works and essays by Twain as interpreted by twenty-five artists and writers. Our cover, a graphic rendering of “The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut,” was illustrated by Antonella Caputo and Nicholas Miller and features a lively caricature of Twain him- self as the lead character. Mark Twain in the Comics M. Thomas Inge From his early days as a raucous frontier to have been the case almost from the start humorist to his latter years as a white-suited of his career, but the comic beatification be- and white-haired patriarch of American lit- came more intense the longer he lived and erary humor, Mark Twain was a delightful the more beloved he became in the public subject for the pens of America’s caricaturists eye. By the time of his death, he was a saint and comic artists. His distinct physiognomy, in a white linen suit. unruly hair, and penchant for striking poses Perhaps one of the reasons for this endeared him to those influential cartoon- respectful treatment had to do with the fact ists who portrayed him for the nation’s pe- that Twain considered himself a strong mem- riodicals, such as Thomas Nast, Joseph Kep- ber of the fraternity of journalists, as did the pler, John T. McCutcheon, and Richard F. cartoonists and illustrators, and they simply Outcault (the father of the American comic saw him as one of their own rather than a re- strip). On the occasion of Twain’s death in mote public figure and fit subject for ridicule. 1910, nearly every editorial cartoonist on a It is also true, however, that Twain seldom major newspaper commented on the loss took stances or did things to incur public dis- through a cartoon memorializing the man or favor; thus the artists simply reflected wide- his work, an event usually reserved for the spread opinion that Twain was an American deaths of presidents or declarations of war. national treasure. Usually the art of the caricaturist and Twain’s two most popular characters en- political cartoonist is an acerbic one and the tered the pages of the newspapers in 1918 in subject is ridiculed or lampooned. This does the form of a comic strip entitled Tom Sawyer not hold true in the case of Twain. While and Huck Finn. The syndicate, the McClure exaggeration and gentle parody of his fea- Company, began the strip with permission tures were practiced, the cartoonists and art- of the author’s estate as each installment car- ists who undertook to depict him did so with ried the copyright notice of the Mark Twain loving humor and whimsical wit. This seems Company or the name of Twain’s daughter, 1 Clara Clemens Gabrilowitsch. The artist and characters in a series of comic book adven- presumed author of the feature was Clare ture stories contributed first to Doc Savage Victor Dwiggins (1874 - 1958), who used the Comics (1940 - 1943) and then after 1943 to pen name “Dwig” and specialized in portray- Supersnipe Comics (1942 - 1949). The feature ing with nostalgic romanticism the lives of was concluded when Dwiggins decided to children in rural America in the decades be- leave the comics for illustration and paint- fore and after the turn of the century, espe- ing in 1946. A collection of Tom Sawyer and cially in his popular daily panel series School Huck Finn Sunday strips appeared in 1925 Days (1917 - 1932). Dwiggins had a loose and from Stoll & Edwards, and a set of the daily sketchy style which invested realistic events strips from 1940 was reprinted in 1990 by with appealing wit and warm caricature, and Malibu Graphics as The Adventures of Huck- it lent itself to the depiction of rambunctious leberry Finn. children’s activities. He was a suitable choice for Tom Saw- yer and Huck Finn as an artist, but the story line lacked the satiric edge and critical bite of Twain’s fiction and drew little of its content from either Twain novel, except for some ad- ditional characters such as Becky Thatcher, Injun Joe, Aunt Polly, the Widow Douglas, and Miss Watson. Conflicts between Huck’s independent life style and Tom’s traditional mores occasionally were subject matter for the strip’s humor, as were Tom’s tricks on his peers to get away to fish and yet get his yard work done. Dwiggins favored at the start single gag strips over extended narrative and em- ployed the type of comedy which was the sta- ple of all the other popular children’s strips of the time, such as Skippy by Percy Crosby, Reg’lar Fellers by Gene Byrnes, and Out Our Way by J.R. Williams. Despite several inter- ruptions and changes in title, the strip had Oskar Lebeck’s The Complete Story of Tom Sawyer, a faithful following and probably served to (1942) the second number of the Famous Stories Book support Twain’s reputation as a chronicler series, was issued by Dell Publishing Co. but immedi- of boyhood’s past. Dwiggins also used the ately discontinued thereafter. 2 The first full adaptation of a work by in the novel or the following adaptation. As Mark Twain to the comic book appeared in one would expect, the first-person narrative 1942, just nine years after the origin of the voice, the American vernacular, and the inge- medium. This was Oskar Lebeck’s The Com- nious uses of irony and burlesque -- all distin- plete Story of Tom Sawyer, the second number guishing features of Adventures of Huckleberry of the Famous Stories Book series issued by Dell Finn -- could not be retained. What was left Publishing Co. but immediately discontinued were selected points of dramatic crisis and thereafter. It is a thorough but by no means the swift pace of the narrative as Huck and “complete” retelling of The Adventures of Tom Jim escape and keep on the move. While Sawyer which includes the major events of most of the basic plot was retained, most of the plot, rearranges and abbreviates some of the meaning, especially the social and politi- them, and strangely omits what has been the cal implications of the novel, was not. favorite scene of illustrators and most adapt- ers -- the famous fence-painting episode. The art is realistic and vivid, and the book largely captures the spirit of Twain’s novel as a work for children about boyhood in a small fron- tier town. (Dell would also issue much later a second version titled Adventures of Tom Sawyer in October 1957, as issue number 10 in its Dell Junior Treasury series.) When Albert Kanter began his major publishing project in 1941 to adapt classic works of world literature to the comic book, it was a sign of Twain’s standing and reputa- tion that early in the series of Classics Comics, issue number 19 (April 1944) was Huckleberry Finn, with a text adapted by Evelyn Goodman and art by Louis Zansky. Since the intent of the series was to remain as faithful to the original as possible, the adaptation exercised few of the artistic possibilities of the newly emerging comic book form, and Zansky’s art was static and often even crude. The cover depicts Huck and Jim being shot at from the Classics Comics, issue number 19 (April 1944) was captain’s deck of a wrecked steamboat, an ac- Huckleberry Finn, with a text adapted by Evelyn Good- tion- filled scene which has no counterpart man and art by Louis Zansky. 3 The first version, nevertheless, was so drawings by Jack Hearne and a text by Ruth successful among readers that it went through A. Roche and Tom Scott. The adaptation nine printings, but with the tenth printing focuses on the chivalric conflicts portrayed a new cover and interior art were provided. in the novel which have led many to consider This second adaptation drawn by Frank Gia- it a children’s book of adventure, but in no coia moved closer to Twain’s text in that it way does it attempt to incorporate Twain’s used the first-person point of view in narra- larger satiric intent -- to ridicule monarchy, tion, attempted an approximation of Huck’s the Church, vest- language, and included one of the novel’s ed interest, and moral crises concerning Jim that reflect on Victorian roman- Twain’s concern with racism in society. The ticism through art was more pol- a contrast of the ished and detailed sixth century than that of Zan- with the nine- sky and effectively teenth. Hearne’s uses perspective work is striking and different an- and especially gles of vision, but strong in the use it more closely of dramatic facial approximates the expressions. After qualities of book illustration than Classics Comics, issue number 24 (September 1957), A comic book art. Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, second edi- tion. Classics Comics, issue number 24 (September 1945), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, with draw- seven printings, new cover and interior art ings by Jack Hearne and a text by Ruth A. Roche and Tom Scott. was provided for an additional eight print- ings by Jack Sparling, whose mannered and expansive style was less attractive than that The second version went through an addi- of Hearne.