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Lowery Serena MJ 202007 MA.Pdf (1.015Mb) RESTORING A NEGLECTED QUEEN: RE-EXAMINING CATHERINE OF BRAGANZA’S ROLE IN THE RESTORATION PERIOD by Serena Lowery A thesis submitted to the Department of History In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada July, 2020 Copyright © Serena Lowery, 2020 Abstract In her reign as Queen Consort, issues with Catherine of Braganza (1638-1705) brought up questions of power between the Church and State, helped heighten anti-Catholicism, and brought up questions of exclusion years before the infamous Exclusion Crisis began. History has traditionally remembered her for being the wife of Charles II, King of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, and for bringing tea culture to England from her home, Portugal. This idea, however, neglects the more significant role she played in the Restoration Period (1660-1685). The Restoration resumed the issues between the Church of England and the State. The Church was desperate to demonstrate their autonomy from the State and their presumed divinity. The State wanted to use the Restoration to prove its presumed superiority over the Church of England through new legislation to weaken the Church’s control. Issues with Catholicism also became increasingly prevalent in the Restoration Period as Charles attempted to enact tolerant acts and Catholicism became closer to the royal family. This thesis will argue that Catherine is a neglected character in this story. Being Catholic, her presence at court became more of a nuisance as time went on. While keeping herself out of the spotlight, she still found ways to assist fellow Catholics and practise her faith as Anti-Catholicism rose. She was directly involved in the issues between Church and State, as ways to dispose of her brought up questions of secular and spiritual jurisdiction. As her marriage continued, it became apparent that she was not able to have children. Due to this, the King’s Catholic brother James remained the heir apparent. This worried Parliament and the Church, as both dreaded a Catholic taking the throne. To prevent a Catholic monarch, Parliament attempted to remove Catherine from her position byways of divorce and later impeachment. This thesis will demonstrate that when considering the Restoration Period, Catherine of Braganza is a main actor. ii Acknowledgements Writing a thesis is not a one-person job and the village of people behind me made it possible. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Jeffrey Collins, who pointed me towards this topic and constituently gave his expertise and support to my study. Without his encouragement, this study would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Jane Errington and the rest of the Second Year Masters’ Group: Ryan, Meghan, Kim, and Ming. Knowing that I could turn to you all for advice and critiques every week helped me immensely. I also must thank my friends and family. To my parents, who not only helped with editing from time to time, but also helped me celebrate every win and deal with any low. Without their support and belief in me, this project would not have happened. To all my friends, thank you for always giving me your love and support. Knowing I could turn to all of you for a laugh and advice when I needed it, made this process easier. I would especially like to thank Katie, Johanna, and Emma, who took time out of their own lives to help me. I must also thank Atty. Without her guidance and patience throughout my childhood and teenage years, I might not have believed I could have written something like this. iii Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 The Restoration: Setting the Stage .......................................................................................... 9 The Relationship between the Church and State in the Early 1660s ................................................... 10 The Downward Spiral of Two Men..................................................................................................... 17 Reformation Issues During the Restoration ........................................................................................ 30 Chapter 3 A Royal Divorce ....................................................................................................................... 45 A Brief History of Divorce .................................................................................................................. 46 The Catholic Issue ............................................................................................................................... 49 The Two Divorce Cases ...................................................................................................................... 52 The Incompatibility of Divorce and England ...................................................................................... 63 Outside Perspectives on Divorce and Marriage .................................................................................. 71 The Church vs. The State .................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 4 The Popish Plot ........................................................................................................................ 88 Personal Issues .................................................................................................................................... 90 The Lead up to the Popish Plot ........................................................................................................... 99 The Plot Against the King ................................................................................................................. 112 The Consequences of the Popish Plot ............................................................................................... 131 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 139 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 142 iv Chapter 1 Introduction In traditional histories of the Restoration period (1660-1685), the people at the centre of the narrative are King Charles II, James the Duke of York, and several members of Parliament. This traditional view, however, ignores another figure who played a key – but often underestimated – role in Restoration politics, England’s Queen Consort, Catherine of Braganza. Many believed the Restoration was a ‘rebirth’ for England; a chance for it to modernize its previous traditions and society. As history demonstrated, however, hope for stability was soon destroyed, as the Restoration period quickly devolved into religious and political unrest due to anti-Catholicism, fights for supremacy between the monarchy, Parliament, and Church, and proto-revolutionary crises such as the Popish Plot, and the Exclusion Crisis. Catherine is an overlooked queen of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.1 Historians have labelled Catherine as a quiet and loyal queen who was shunned at court and, therefore, a Queen whose power was limited.2 When speaking of Catherine’s accomplishments, historians claim her most significant achievement was introducing tea culture into England.3 She, however, deserves to be remembered for more than tea. Catherine, the daughter of João IV and Queen Luisa of Portugal, married King Charles II in 1662.4 When she arrived in England, she brought along a rich dowry 1 While Charles II was the King of England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, in this paper, he will be addressed mostly as the King of England. This wording is to avoid awkward phrasing and since all of the events discussed took place in England. 2 Eilish Gregory, “Catherine of Braganza’s relationship with her Catholic household.” in Forgotten Queens in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Political Agency, Myth-Making, and Patronage, ed. Valerie Schutte and Estelle Paranque (Abingdon: Routledge, 2019), 129. 3 S.M. Wynne, "Catherine [Catherine of Braganza, Catarina Henriqueta de Bragança] (1638–1705), queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, consort of Charles II," Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 23 Sep. 2004; Accessed 17 Jun. 2020. https://www-oxforddnb- com.proxy.queensu.ca/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4894. 4 Lorraine Madway, "Rites of Deliverance and Disenchantment: The Marriage 1 including a large sum of money and new territories, such as Bombay and Tangiers.5 At first, these riches seemed to blind people from problematic matters, such as her Catholicism. After all, the King had found a suitable royal wife who was young and healthy. To many, it would only be a matter of time until the Queen supplied an heir, and the stability of England would be secured. The gradual dashing of this expectation was a critical factor in several of the most fraught crises of the period. The Restoration Period in England was one of large-scale change and debate, and Catherine’s position
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