Ecología De Polinización De Centrosema Pubescens Fabaceae En Un Bosque Seco De Anapoima, Cundinamarca

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Ecología De Polinización De Centrosema Pubescens Fabaceae En Un Bosque Seco De Anapoima, Cundinamarca Universidad de La Salle Ciencia Unisalle Biología Departamento de Ciencias Básicas 2019 Ecología de polinización de Centrosema pubescens Fabaceae en un bosque seco de Anapoima, Cundinamarca Camilo Alejandro Álvarez Rodríguez Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá Follow this and additional works at: https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/biologia Part of the Biology Commons Citación recomendada Álvarez Rodríguez, C. A. (2019). Ecología de polinización de Centrosema pubescens Fabaceae en un bosque seco de Anapoima, Cundinamarca. Retrieved from https://ciencia.lasalle.edu.co/biologia/64 This Trabajo de grado - Pregrado is brought to you for free and open access by the Departamento de Ciencias Básicas at Ciencia Unisalle. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biología by an authorized administrator of Ciencia Unisalle. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ECOLOGÍA DE POLINIZACIÓN DE Centrosema pubescens (FABACEAE) EN UN BOSQUE SECO DE ANAPOIMA, CUNDINAMARCA Camilo Alejandro Álvarez Rodríguez. Manuscrito preparado bajo las normas editoriales de la revista Acta Biológica Colombiana. https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/actabiol. RESUMEN Centrosema pubescens conocida como choreque, centro, gallinita es una hierba terrestre enredadera que crece en lugares abiertos y soleados, con una distribución que se extiende en América, principalmente en el neotrópico. La ecología de la polinización de Centrosema pubescens (Fabaceae) fue estudiada durante 13 meses con salidas mensuales de tres a cinco días, y recorridos desde las 05:00 hasta las 17:00 con un intervalo de dos horas, en un sendero semicircular establecido de aproximadamente 2500 metros en un relicto de bosque seco tropical de Cundinamarca, Colombia. En este estudio se presenta información relacionada con la morfología floral, el desarrollo de la inflorescencia, la fenología floral, la biología floral, el sistema reproductivo, los visitantes florales y posibles polinizadores. C. pubescens es una enredadera terrestre con flores monoicas distribuidas en inflorescencias tipo racimo y frutos tipo legumbre. Las flores presentan un androceo de carácter diadelfo con nueve estambres en promedio. A manera de resultados se observó en la población 165 individuos que fueron visitados por insectos de los órdenes Hymenoptera, Coleoptera y Lepidoptera. El polinizador más efectivo fue Xylocopa frontalis, siendo capaz de hacer contacto con la superficie estigmática y transportando más del 96% de polen de C. pubescens. Muchos visitantes florales no tuvieron contacto con las estructuras reproductivas debido a las barreras generadas por la quilla, la cual protege la superficie estigmática y anteras de la flor, por lo cual, C. pubescens presenta un mecanismo restrictivo de polinización conocido como tripping que 1 está relacionado con el tamaño y peso de sus polinizadores, este mecanismo es característico de los individuos de la subfamilia Faboideae, en especial de los géneros Centrosema, Cratylia, Crotalaria, entre otros. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue registrar, evaluar y determinar los atributos morfológicos, periodos de exposición de las estructuras reproductivas, recompensas florales, alternativas de intercambio génico y del comportamiento de los visitantes florales implicados en la ecología de polinización de C. pubescens en un bosque seco de Anapoima, Cundinamarca. PALABRAS CLAVES Biología reproductiva, tripping, visitantes florales. ABSTRACT Centrosema pubescens known as choreque, centro, gallinita is a creepy terrestrial herb that grows in open and sunny places, with a distribution that extends in América, mainly in the neotropic. The ecology of the pollination of Centrosema pubescens (Fabaceae) was studied for 13 months with monthly departures of three to five days, and traveled from 05:00 to 17:00 with an interval of two hours, on an established semicircular path of approximately 2500 meters in a relic of tropical dry forest of Cundinamarca, Colombia. This study presents information related to floral morphology, the development of inflorescence, floral phenology, floral biology, the reproductive system, floral visitors and possible pollinators. C. pubescens is a terrestrial vine with monoecious flowers distributed in cluster type inflorescences and legumes. The flowers have an androceo of character diadelfo with nine stamens in average. As a result, 165 individuals were observed in the population who were visited by insects of the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera orders. The most effective pollinator was Xylocopa frontalis, being able to make contact with the stigmatic surface and transporting more than 96% pollen from C. pubescens. Many floral visitors had no contact with the reproductive structures due to 2 the barriers generated by the keel, which protects the stigmatic surface and anthers of the flower, therefore, C. pubescens presents a restrictive pollination mechanism known as tripping that is related With the size and weight of its pollinators, this mechanism is characteristic of individuals in the Faboideae subfamily, especially in the genera Centrosema, Cratylia, Crotalaria, among others. Therefore, the objective of this study was to register, evaluate and determine morphological attributes, exposure periods of reproductive structures, floral rewards, gene exchange alternatives and the behavior of floral visitors involved in the ecology of pollination of C. pubescens in a dry forest of Anapoima, Cundinamarca. KEYWORDS Reproductive biology, tripping, floral visitors. 3 INTRODUCCIÓN Las leguminosas (Fabaceae) son la tercera familia más diversa de plantas con flores, con aproximadamente 19.325 especies distribuidas en 727 géneros (Rodrigues 2010) extendiéndose mundialmente desde la región neotropical, el medio oriente, el continente europeo y americano (García y Pinheiro 2010). En Colombia, la familia Fabaceae posee cerca de 181 géneros con 1.191 especies (Ruíz et al. 2018), las cuales los géneros más conocidos en la comercialización de frutos y semillas son Vigna, Crotalaria, Cratylia y Centrosema (Rivera 2012). A nivel mundial el 35% del abastecimiento alimenticio lo aportan las leguminosas con sus frutos y sus semillas (Hoehn et al. 2008; Musicante y Galetto 2008), reflejando así una importancia económica, la cual asciende a más de 153 billones de euros aproximadamente a nivel mundial, representando un 9,5% del total de la producción agrícola global (Raju y Rao 2006). De igual forma, las leguminosas en la agricultura son usadas como abono, cobertura de suelo (Pinto y Ruíz 1986), para fijar nitrógeno, esto debido a su asociación con nódulos micóticos (García y Pinheiro 2010). La formación de frutos surge a partir de una polinización efectiva, donde existen escasos estudios en este aspecto (Pinilla y Nates 2015). Algunos estudios en polinización de Fabaceae determinan que muchas especies son polinizadas por abejas carpinteras (Apidae: Xylocopa) (Afzan et al. 2012). Algunos ejemplos de las especies polinizadas por abejas son Chamaecrista ramosa, C. cytisoides, C. flexuosa (Gimenes et al. 2013) y Vatairea macrocarpa (Oliveira et al. 2014), donde estos estudios presentan descripciones de la biología floral, morfología, y registran los visitantes florales con sus posibles polinizadores. En Cauca, Colombia, se determinó que X. frontalis fue un polinizador 4 efectivo para las especies de leguminosas Cratylia argentea y Crotalaria mucronata (Rivera 2012), debido al tamaño del insecto el cual liberaba las estructuras reproductivas. Uno de los géneros más conocidos en la familia Fabaceae es Centrosema, el cual se caracteriza por su hábito arbustivo y herbáceo enredadero (Battistin y Lovatto 1994), las especies crecen exclusivamente en el continente americano, contando con aproximadamente 50 especies, las cuales 16 están en Colombia y todas con importancia económica (Ruíz et al. 2018). Las especies presentes en Colombia se distribuyen en la Amazonia, Andes, Llanura del Caribe (Correa y Stevenson 2010), Orinoquia, Pacífico, Valle del Cauca, y principalmente en los departamentos de Córdoba, Tolima, Chocó, Antioquia, Atlántico, Quindío, Meta, Cundinamarca (Pinto y Ruíz 1986). Además de la amplia riqueza y distribución de Centrosema en Colombia, la importancia más relevante radica en sus frutos y semillas que son exportados como suplemento proteico de origen vegetal para el consumo humano y animal, así mismo son empleadas como plantas de forrajeo y ornamentales (Carbone 2017). La polinización efectiva es usualmente mediada por polinizadores, los cuales tienen diferentes mecanismos para polinizar (Potts et al. 2003), como lo es la polinización por vibración, donde los polinizadores estremecen sus cuerpos para liberar las estructuras reproductivas (Bernardino y Gaglianone 2008; Marchi y Alves 2013), estudios en polinización de Centrosema como el descrito por Nogueira (2006) definen un mecanismo restrictivo llamado tripping, donde el polinizador aterriza sobre la flor y en simultáneo presiona la base del estandarte y a manera de pistón se liberan los estambres y pistilos ocultos en la quilla, donde sucesivamente entran en contacto con el polinizador y finalmente mover así el polen (Loyola et al. 2007; Nogueira 2006). 5 Existen estudios de Centrosema como los tipos de polinizadores y la efectividad de polinización (Battistin y Lovatto 1994), donde se demostró que fue mayormente polinizada por abejas carpinteras (Burgett et al. 2015; Lima 2003), reflejando así un sistema restrictivo de polinización de tripping (Nogueira 2006). Sin embargo, los estudios en biología
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