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Declaration of Arbroath The Declaration of Arbroath 700th Anniversary Display 1320–2020 The Declaration of Arbroath, dated 6th April 1320, is widely seen as Scotland’s most iconic document. One of the treasures of National Records of Scotland, it is regarded as the key Scottish document from the Wars of Independence when the Scots attempted to re-affirm the independence of the kingdom of Scotland against English claims to overlordship. The Declaration is a letter from the Why was the Declaration needed? Drafting the Declaration Content of the Declaration barons and the community of the realm of Scotland to Pope John XXII. Despite the Scottish victory over The Declaration’s content was probably The Declaration emphasises Scotland’s It is a carefully crafted appeal English King Edward II at the Battle planned at a meeting of the King and long history as an independent designed to persuade the Pope of Bannockburn in June 1314, and his council of advisers at Newbattle Christian kingdom. It contains a brief to reconsider his approach to the continued Scottish raids on the north Abbey, just south of Edinburgh, in account of the mythical origins of long-running Anglo-Scottish conflict. of England, Edward would not drop March 1320. Arrangements were the Scots: they had overcome many the long-standing English claim to presumably made then for the barons difficulties in their journey from The Declaration’s stirring language, overlordship of Scotland. Neither to seal the letter. Greater Scythia (to the north of the and its evocative sentiments of Edward nor the Pope recognised Black Sea) via Spain to Scotland. nationhood and freedom, have given Robert I as king of Scots. The Declaration was written in Latin It explains that they had lived in it a special distinction since then, not on sheep-skin, and is dated at the freedom and peace until King just in Scotland but worldwide. A papal attempt to secure peace monastery of Arbroath in Angus, the Edward I (father of the present failed when King Robert recaptured location of the king’s chancery or King Edward II) invaded Scotland the border town of Berwick in writing-office. King Robert’s chancellor, and caused widespread havoc. 1318. The Pope issued letters in Bernard, was abbot of Arbroath. November 1319 summoning the The letter was written by one of the The Declaration asserts that the Scots King and four Scottish bishops to chancery scribes. were saved by their present King, attend the papal court. Their refusal Robert Bruce, whom they will defend to obey the summons led to their It is about 1000 words long. as their king unless he seeks to make excommunication. The Declaration Its author included short quotations their kingdom subject to the English was part of their diplomatic from the Bible and from the 1st king. The Pope is asked to persuade counter-offensive. century BC Roman author and Edward II to leave the Scots in peace, politician, Sallust, re-phrased to and Scotland’s support for a crusade is emphasise the argument. pledged if peace should be achieved. The letter closes with a threat to the Pope – that he would be answerable to God should war continue. Left, right: Initial letter and seals of the Declaration of Arbroath The people of the Declaration Sealing the Declaration What did the Declaration achieve? This copy of the Declaration was held amongst the Scottish national archives The Declaration was sent in the names Documents at this time were not In his reply to the letter, the Pope in Edinburgh Castle. During building of eight earls and 31 barons of Scotland. signed. To authenticate documents, urged a reconciliation between the work there in the 17th century the It implies that all Scots were steadfast wax seals were attached. Seals were warring sides. Following the deposition Declaration fell into private custody. in their support of Robert I as king. But commonly used by the king and his of Edward II in 1327 and consequent In 1829, the Declaration was restored in reality that support was not universal. officials, landowners, churchmen, and discord in England, an opportunity to its natural home amongst the The majority of the barons named in merchants. arose to negotiate a settlement. national archives in their then-new the Declaration were King Robert’s loyal The treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton There are nineteen seals currently repository, H M General Register supporters, but not all. Furthermore, in March 1328 was supposed to House, Edinburgh. Robert’s dynasty was fragile – his heir, attached to the Declaration. Perhaps effect a “final and perpetual peace”. grandson Robert Stewart, was only four as many as 50 seals might once have It included the recognition of Robert I The text of the Declaration was years old. been attached, but seals are easily lost as king, and of Scottish independence. copied into some medieval or damaged. Depicted on the seals manuscripts, such as histories of In December 1318 an act of Parliament is a mixture of heraldic and personal In 1329 the Pope issued a bull Scotland. The first English translation had been passed against anyone motifs. Three seals are equestrian, permitting the anointing and crowning appeared in 1689. Subsequent spreading rumours against the king or showing knights on horseback. They of the king of Scots by the bishop of St publication in either Latin or English his government, and within weeks of the are the seals of some of the more Andrews as the Pope’s representative, brought the letter to a wider audience. Declaration being drafted, a conspiracy important barons, and are in red wax. a very important concession. against King Robert I was uncovered. The seals of the less important barons Its name “Declaration of Arbroath” Its leaders were savagely dealt with are in green wax. The Declaration on its own did not is relatively modern, inspired by a at Parliament in August 1320. cause all this: it was just one step in perceived connection with the United The conspirators intended to oust No royal seal is appended because a long campaign. Alas, the Anglo- States Declaration of Independence Robert, but it is not clear whom they it was a letter sent in the name of Scottish conflict recommenced in 1332. of 1776. The link between the two wanted as his replacement. Historians the barons. A separate letter was Declarations continues to be debated sent by the King, and by the bishop speculate that they preferred to have History of the Declaration by historians. In 1998 the US Senate Edward Balliol (son of King John Balliol, of St Andrews, but those letters have passed a resolution, stating that 6th deposed in 1296) as king, rather been long lost. The original letter sent to the Pope has April “has a special significance for than Robert. Multi-sealed documents like this long since disappeared. The document all Americans, and especially those are rare but are not unusual for a held by National Records of Scotland of Scottish descent”. Many signers document of national significance. is what is regarded as the Scottish of the US Declaration had Scottish “file copy”, but it was undoubtedly ancestry. As a result, 6th April has written at the same time as the been designated Tartan Day in the original letter. USA, an occasion for a festival of Scottish heritage. Left: Part of the Declaration of Arbroath’s text Clockwise from above: The Declaration of Arbroath, Seal of Alexander Lamberton, ‘as long as a hundred of us remain alive’ text, Seal of Alexander Fraser Translation of the Declaration of Arbroath, The high qualities and merits of these people, were they not otherwise manifest, shine forth clearly enough from this: that the King of kings and 6 April 1320 Lord of lords, our Lord Jesus Christ, after His Passion and Resurrection, National Records of Scotland, SP13/7 called them, even though settled in the uttermost parts of the earth, almost the first to His most holy faith. Nor did He wish them to be confirmed in that faith by merely anyone but by the first of His Apostles – To the most Holy Father and Lord in Christ, the Lord John, by divine by calling, though second or third in rank – the most gentle Saint Andrew, providence Supreme Pontiff of the Holy Roman and Universal Church, the Blessed Peter’s brother, and desired him to keep them under his his humble and devout sons Duncan, Earl of Fife, Thomas Randolph, protection as their patron for ever. Earl of Moray, Lord of Man and of Annandale, Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March, Malise, Earl of Strathearn, Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, William, The Most Holy Fathers your predecessors gave careful heed to these Earl of Ross, Magnus, Earl of Caithness and Orkney, and William, Earl things and strengthened this same kingdom and people with many of Sutherland; Walter, Steward of Scotland, William Soules, Butler favours and numerous privileges, as being the special charge of the of Scotland, James, Lord of Douglas, Roger Mowbray, David, Lord of Blessed Peter’s brother. Thus our people under their protection did indeed Brechin, David Graham, Ingram Umfraville, John Menteith, guardian live in freedom and peace up to the time when that mighty prince the of the earldom of Menteith, Alexander Fraser, Gilbert Hay, Constable King of the English, Edward, the father of the one who reigns today, of Scotland, Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland, Henry Sinclair, John when our kingdom had no head and our people harboured no malice or Graham, David Lindsay, William Oliphant, Patrick Graham, John treachery and were then unused to wars or invasions, came in a guise Fenton, William Abernethy, David Wemyss, William Mushet, Fergus of of a friend and ally to harass them as an enemy.
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