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Orchid Seed Diversity Orchid Seed Diversity a Scanning Electron Microscopy Survey a Scanning Electron Microscopy Survey Advertisement Orchid seed diversity Orchid seed diversity A scanning electron microscopy survey A scanning electron microscopy survey Wilhelm Barthlott Bernadette Große-Veldmann Nadja Korotkova The orchid family (Orchidaceae), with some 22 000 species, is one of the two largest families of plants. In spite of the vast availa- ble literature on orchids, rather little is known about their seeds, which are generally considered as wind dispersed, small and re- duced “dust seeds”. Wilhelm Barthlott For this fi rst monograph of orchid seeds, the authors have ana- Bernadette Große-Veldmann lysed some 1400 collections of orchid seeds over the last four dec- Nadja Korotkova ades by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other methods. The material studied represents about 1100 species from 350 gen- era (out of about 880 recognized orchid genera). This monograph provides a unique and indispensable resource Epidendroideae – Cymbidieae 135 for all those studying orchid systematics, those seeking to identify A B orchid seeds, as well as those with more general interests in the Orchidaceae. What is included? C D • 620 scanning electron micrographs of orchid seeds • detailed seed descriptions for 350 genera, as well as for 14 tribes and the fi ve orchid subfamilies E F • an introduction summarizing earlier studies on orchid seeds and current knowledge of orchid phylogeny G H • a consistent terminology for characters of the orchid seed coat • the defi nition of 17 orchid seed types Fig. 55. Epidendroideae – Cymbidieae – Cymbidiinae, Cyrtopodiinae – A, B: Dipodium paludosum, length: 800 µm – C, D: Graphorkis lurida, length: 300 µm – E, F: Porphyroglottis maxwelliae, length: 500 µm – G, H: • a discussion on the systematic and diagnostic value and evo- Cyrtopodium parviflorum, length: 700 µm. lution of orchid seed characters • seed characters and seed types visualized on 26 phylogenet- ic trees Shape of testa cells Gomesa Leochilus elongated, rectangular Notylia elongated, rounded at the end Ornithocephalus • references Pachyphyllum Warrea Zygopetalum Houlletia Maxillaria Cymbidieae Anguloa Cyrtopodium • an appendix listing the sources of the orchid seed material Dressleria Catasetum Galeandra Graphorkis studied Dipodium Cymbidium Calypso Corallorhiza Calypsoeae Govenia Epidendrum Cattleya • an index to genera and higher taxa Meiracyllium Encyclia Arpophyllum Epidendreae Isochilus Ponera Chysis Coelia Bletia Barthlott W., Große-Veldmann B. & Korotkova N. 2014: Orchid Earina Agrostophyllinae Dendrobium Cadetia Dendrobiinae Epigeneium Bulbophyllum seed diversity: A scanning electron microscopy survey. – Berlin: Malaxis Malaxideae Epidendroideae Liparis Bromheadia Cymbidieae Vanda Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. – Englera Aerides Phalaenopsis Vandeae Angraecum Campylocentrum 32. – ISBN 978-3-921800-92-8. – Softcover, 17.6 × 25 cm (B5), Polystachya Neobenthamia Sirhookera Agrostophyllinae Eria Podochileae Mediocalcar 245 pages, 620 micrographs, 26 phylogenetic trees and 7 other Collabium Plocoglottis Spathoglottis Collabieae Calanthe fi gures. – Price: EUR 25. Phaius Arundina Dendrochilum Thunia Arethuseae Glomera Coelogyne Bletilla Tropidia Tropidieae Corymborkis Elleanthus Sobralieae Sobralia Palmorchis For information on ordering, please visit: www.bgbm.org/englera Neottia Limodorum Neottieae Aphyllorchis Epipactis Gastrodia Gastrodieae Monophyllorchis Triphoreae Wullschlaegelia Calypsoeae Xerorchis Xerorchideae Nervilia Nervilieae Orchid seed diversity A scanning electron microscopy survey Wilhelm Barthlott1 Bernadette Große-Veldmann1 Nadja Korotkova1,2 1 Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 2 Institut für Biologie/Botanik, Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Freie Universität Berlin und Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem Published by the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem as Englera 32 Serial publication of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem December 2014 Englera is a monographic series, published at irregular intervals by the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (BGBM), Freie Universität Berlin. In scope it is an international series, pub- lishing peer-reviewed original material from the entire fields of plant, algal and fungal taxonomy and systematics, also covering related fields such as floristics, plant geography and history of botany, provided that it is monographic in approach and of considerable volume. Editor: Nicholas J. Turland Production Editor: Michael Rodewald Printing and bookbinding: LASERLINE Digitales Druckzentrum Bucec & Co. Berlin KG Englera homepage: http://www.bgbm.org/englera Submission of manuscripts: Authors should contact by e-mail Nicholas J. Turland, Editor of Englera, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 6 – 8, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Subscription and exchange: BGBM Press, Att. of Susanne Schmutzler, Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Köni­­gin-Luise-Str. 6 – 8, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] © Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, 2014 All rights (including translations into other languages) reserved. No part of this issue may be repro- duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mecha- nical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. ISSN 0170-4818 ISBN 978-3-921800-92-8 Addresses of the authors: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Barthlott, Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich-Wil- helms-Universität Bonn, Venusbergweg 22, 53115 Bonn, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Bernadette Große-Veldmann, Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Rheinische Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; e-mail: b.grosse- [email protected] Dr. Nadja Korotkova, Institut für Biologie/Botanik, Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Freie Universität Berlin & Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Köni­­gin- Luise-Str. 6 – 8, 14195 Berlin, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Cover design: From Beer J. G. 1863: Beiträge zur Morphologie und Biologie der Familie der Orchideen (Tab. III & IV). – Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold’s Sohn. Contents 5 Contents Summary and key words . 8 Preface and acknowledgements . 9 Introduction Current knowledge of orchid phylogeny . 12 Seeds of orchids . 13 Earlier seed morphology studies in Orchidaceae . 14 Aims of this study . 18 Descriptors and terminology Seed characters Seed shape . 19 Seed size (length of seed) . 20 Seed colour . 20 Number of testa cells (along longitudinal axis of seed) . 20 Shape of individual testa cells . 20 Testa cell pattern . 20 Anticlinal wall curvature . 21 Transverse anticlinal walls . 21 Intercellular gaps . 22 Surface structure of periclinal walls . 23 Cuticular layer . 23 Modifications of testa cell corners . 23 Seed types . 24 Material and methods Seed material . 27 Taxonomic coverage . 27 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . 27 Orchidaceae systematics . 27 Character coding . 27 Tracing of characters . 28 Seed descriptions Apostasioideae . 29 Vanilloideae . 29 Pogonieae . 29 Vanilleae . 30 Cypripedioideae . 32 Orchidoideae . 32 Chloraeeae . 33 Codonorchideae . 33 Cranichideae . 33 Cranichidinae . 34 Galeottiellinae . 34 6 Contents Goodyerinae . 34 Manniellinae . 36 Pterostylidinae . 36 Spiranthinae . 36 Diseae . 38 Brownleeinae . 38 Coryciinae . 39 Disinae . 39 Huttonaeinae . 40 Satyriinae . 40 Diurideae . 40 Acianthinae . 40 Caladeniinae . 41 Cryptostylidinae . 41 Diuridinae . 41 Drakaeinae . 42 Megastylidinae . 42 Prasophyllinae . 43 Rhizanthellinae . 43 Thelymitrinae . 43 Orchideae . 43 Epidendroideae . 48 Arethuseae . 49 Arethusinae . 49 Coelogyninae . 49 Calypsoeae . 51 Collabieae . 52 Cymbidieae . 53 Catasetinae . 53 Coeliopsidinae . 54 Cymbidiinae . 54 Cyrtopodiinae . 55 Eriopsidinae . 55 Eulophiinae . 55 Maxillariinae . 56 Oncidiinae . 57 Stanhopeinae . 62 Vargasiellinae . 63 Zygopetalinae . 63 Epidendreae . ..
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