CASENO ..... ~.~.+ .+~ », ,~ « ¯ ¯ ¯, EXHIBITNO.. ~.4--~,, ~,, .,’~,,, ~ ~_l. @ DATEAOM, EO .....+., +.,,,.....,.,, l,~l’+iur~lïï~;++~,ami o«,+~,++~++,+,m~~.+.....+ç+~+.+ NAMEOF WITXESg+~. ,;~~.~t++,+ .~---~++ STATEMENT BY RUZIBIZA JOSHUA VENUSTE ABDUL

RUZIBIZ.~ Birken¢svei~162 4647Brennfisen

P__SS: Nahisemogutango ffoto yanjye n’aho ndi kugirango ibyo mvuga bidafatwanka tract, cyangw~~ benshi batibaza ko bivugwaffabantu batoragurwaku muhanda nkuko Perezida Kagame yabitangaje i ~ruxeJles+

RUZIBIZA J. ABDUL Birkenesveien62 4647Brermasen NORGE

PS:I havedecided to makemy photograph andmy whereaboutsknown so thatwhat I saymay not be considered to bea pamphletorto makesure that I amnot viewed as a mantelling stories picked up fromthe street as President Kagame declaredrecently inBrussels. STATEMENT ADRESSED TO THE PRESS

WhenI heardof the investigationon the downingof the aircraftcarrymg President JuvenalHabyarimana and his colleaguefrom Burundi together with 9 otherpersons of threedifferent nationalities: Rwanda, Burundi and France,bearing in mindthat that planewas a civilianaircraft flymg over a territoryin a non combatsituation; the internationalpress, international radios and televislons were quick to reportthat news Becausesome of those joumalistsknew where I was, they asked me to confirm whetherwhat was beingreported implicating my nameis true.I confirmedthat it was thetruth.

Nevertheless,I notice that the reportsget transformed and maniputateddepending on who and how theyare written.I havedecided to makemy own statementinstead of leavingothers report what I havenot said. Regarding the investigations that have been conducted,I wish to say thatI don’twork for thejudiciary. I was interviewed and I gavestatements on whatI knowOthers items have been dealt with by otherson what theyhave the knowledgeof. If havedared to speak,it is becausemy colleagueshave no possibilityto speakbecause they fear to be executedby Kagameas he has always done,it wouldnot be the first rime he doesso.

I have chosento speak becauseI want to testifyon the genocide,which has perpetratedagainst the Tutsis,testify on themassacres that were perpetrated against the Hutuduring the war the RPF/APRwaged and in whichI was an activemember. I wishto informas manyRwandans as possibleand alsothe internationalcommunity must know what happenedin Rwandabecause until today,whatever is known,is knownthe way the RPF wantit to be knownand the way it releasesthe information.

Whilewe arebusy preparing to rememberour relativeswho perished in thegenocide, it is importantthat the truth be known,after 10 yearsduring which Kagame calls himself the saviorof the Tutsiswhen in facthe is the one who madetheir extermination possibleand forbid us to savethem when it waspossible and we werecapable of doing SO.

In additionto thisstatement, there is a testimonyaddressed to whoeverwishes to knowwhat was goingon behindthe RPF combatlines, i wantto makesure that the truthis shownto ail Rwandanswho havebeen made hostage ofthe lie thatgenocide bas beenstopped by a certainman [ Kagame];they must be giventhe wholetruth. It willallow Rwandans to envisagereconciliation. Thankyou.

ABDUL RUZIBIZA (Signed) dated14-03-2004

2 TESTIMONY INTENDED TO SHOW HOW THE RWANDA GOVERNMENT AND THE RPF MADE SEXES OF MISTAKES WHICH MADE GENOCIDE POSSIBLE. DID THE RPF/APR COME TO THE RESCUE OF THE TUTSIS AS IT IS SAID?

Afterpublication of the investigativereport on the shootingdown of the civilian aircraftcarrying 11 passengersamong whom were important political leaders and high rankingmilitary officers of Rwandan,Burundiml and Frenchnationalities; among them TWO HEADS OF STATE, Juvenal Habyanmana of Rwanda and Cyprien Ntaryamiraof Burundi,the pressmade extensivecomments and I don’tknow how theygot that detailed report.

As far as I am concerned,I am goingto givea testimonyon theoperations of theRPF andits military wing, the RPA because I livedin bothof thembefore golng into exile. Thereason behind my initiativeis thatafter the news reached the press, manipulation, transformationand spicingled to makingstatements and editorialssuited to the journalists’own taste using terms and words I havenever used; all this glves a pretext to thosewho wishto denythe truthon whathappened to doit.

I WILL PRESENT MYSELF FIRST/WHO AM I ?

My nameis RUZIBIZA,I was baptizedwhen I was a baby and namedVenuste. When I 3oinedthe RPF,I tookthe nameof ABDULas my codename I keptit untilthe timeI wasrecruited in the militarywing of theRPF in 1990.The real reason for that is that when we were joinmgthe RPF tramingcamps, we were being handedover by RPF membersto other RPF membersuntil we reachedthe INKOTANYIzone. At each stationwe reached,one usedto findthat his code name was atready there. When they askedyou yourname and you gavea namedifferent from what the registered one, they killedyou immediatelyby smashingyour head with an old hoe.You wereconsidered as an infiltrator-spyinto the RPF systemLater, I decidedto jointhe "’saved Christians% I choseto be namedJoshua the dayof my newbaptism.- I carry all those names;! don’tdeny any of them.All the timeI spentin themilitary, I was known as RUZIBIZAABDUL. I fled the countryduring the nightof therd 3 to 4th of February 2001.I hadthe rank of Lieutenant;my registration number is O~~1~20. I was bornin Gitagata,Kanzenze Commune in Bugesera.I am of the Tutsiethnic group,of the Abanyiginyaclan, the houseof Abahindiro.My înotheris alsoa Tutsi ) of theAbatsobe. Both my parentsare Tutsisand I am an orphan.My parentsand all my 6 brothersand sistersperished during the genocideof 1994.What I say and consistentlysay again,I say it m my capacityas a soldierand one of thosewho madeup the RPF family,one of the soldiersof the RPA who livedin the combat zonesand I testifyas a Tutsi.My mainobjective is to allowthose who will bave the chanceof readingthis statement to knowthe nakedtruth on someof theaspects of the longvoyage the RPF startedbut whenit was aboutto liberatethe country,it committeda mistake that led to genocide.

THERE ARE THINGS I BELIEVE IN WITHOUT ANY DOUBT:

1. I believethat the war againstHabyarimana was necessar7because he hadrefused a numberof rightsto somecitizens mainly those of Tutsiorigin. I alsobelieve that other ways couldhave been triedbefore taking up guns. However,there was no other possiblesource of weaponsif we had not takenthem from the NRA,because it was the onlycountry whose army was preparedto helpus; no one knowshow political powerchange, we had to act quickly.The relationshipbetween Rwandans and the indigenouswithin the Ugandanarmy was oflencharacterized by contemptagainst the Rwandans.This was frustratingin a countrythey had fought for. It is one of the main reasonswhy it becamenecessary to quitthe Ugandansoil without waiting for the conclusionof thenegotiations which could last years and coutd exceed 5 years

2. I believethat there was genocide,il was doneagainst the Tutsis,it had been intendedand planed by thehigh authorities of the country and the security services of theland. It was implementedby Hutus.A few Tutsiswho hadchanged their identity to become"Hutus" did executethe killingsI believealso that genocide could not have beenpossible without an eventto sparkit off.because, even under the influenceof madness,the Hutuscould not justdecide to get up one momingand sharpentheir machetesto cut off the heads of the Tutsis until they kill one million. I also believe that the RPF usedits army,the RPA,to kill,intentionally and by orderand underthe supervisionof theirleader, Paul Kagame. I alsobelieve that the genocidehas beena resultof a complicatedcombination of problemswhich were generated by the war particularlythe behaviourof the RPA in the zonesit occupied.I will explain extensivelylater.

3. I believeand I testifythat the RPA killedpeople of all ethnicgroups as I will demonstrate.Its aim was to provokea chaosthrough which il wouldseize power even ifth at meantprovoking mass killings.

4 I don’tbelieve at all thatthe RPF and its armythe RPA to whichI belongedstopped or endedthe genocide,l simplyadmit that we oustedthe governmenlarmy, the FAR, the interahamweand the lmpuzamugambiof the CDR with the youth workingwith themThus when the governmentlost the forceswhich supported it, we tookcontrol of thecountrv. Here also I witlexplain;

5. I alsobelieve that ai1 the massgraves did notcontain Tutsi corpses only. I know placeswhere the Inkotanyi killed massively and collected the corpsesand buried them in commongraves mixing Tutsi corpses with other corpses. All thosehave been said to be massgraves of theTutsis.

r,I ~1~nbe!ieve that ifthe RPF had had the will, &e!,~ ,~,.,u,,~ no, ,,,, ...... ~ .... ;-~- ¯ ~J believethat even if the governmentand the interahamwehad had a begmningof genocide,the RPA had the capacityto stopit and insteadof havingone millionof victims,there could have been not morethan one hundredthousand victims. This meansthat the RPA was forbiddento interveneancl to rescuewhile it hadthe means to doso. I willdemonstrate it.

7. i alsoconfirm that after the RPF seized contrO1 of thecountry, its main activities beingmassacre of civilians,mass arrestsand wagingwar in Zaire,the current governmentcannot administer a fair justice because among thejudges there are people who committedcrimes or who were directedfo committhem by one man who rules alone,that is PaulKagame.

8. I wholeheartedly confirm that what has been said about the orders given by Paul Kagameto shootdown Habyarimana’s plane is true.I am not the onlyone to bave giventhe testimonies covering this event, I couldnot cover the wholeevent, I could notbe in allplaces and see every thing. The reality is thattestimonies were given by differentpeople; some of themare in exile, others are still in thecountry. As faras I am concerned,I have been able to speakopenly to the pressand internationalradios and televisionsbecause I am in a safe place.Everybody knows that even without speakingagainst the "Afande" [Kagame], the simple fact of indicatingthat you intend to testifyagainst him leads to yourdeath before you areable to talk.International justiceand otherpeople having the necessarylegal power and who may confirmthat thatcriminal act of downingthe planewas carriedout, have a basisto chargeKagame withthe responsibilityof having done it or havinggiven orders to sootdown the plane.Let us giverime, those to thosewho accusehim andto thosewho defendhim to meetin a courtof law.For my part,I indicatethe limits of my testimony;others will shedmore light.

9. I confirmthat the peopleof Rwandahave been ruled these 10 yearsby a savage militarydictatorship; where nobody trusts anybody else; where no onedares speak the truthor glvehis opinion on whatgoes on in thecountry; where no onels freeto speak aboutthe roleof theRPF in thewar we usedto calla liberationwar. If manypeople could understandhow that war was led, they would have the possibilityof understandingtheorigin of manyproblems; then, the revealed truth could be a basisfor reconciliation.

10.I confirmwhole heartedly that what is generallytold on radioand television by the leadersof the country saying that our story is untrue;that ail this is manipulationby tbe Frenchgovernment; I want to confirmthat all thisis the workof thosewho wantto confusethe peoplebecause they are afraidto saythe truthon theirdeeds. President Kagamesaid that those rumors being picked up hereand thereand beingassembled don’thave any importance.For me, I don’tsee it thatway, and beforelong he will discoverthat he is deceivinghimself. Unfortunately, hismisconceptions have resulted in massextermination.

THE CREATION OF THE RPF AND ITS MILITARY WING THE RPA.

I willnot extend my testimonyto thehistorical facts; I willonly say that the RPF is a conglomerationof small associations of Rwandan refugees from different countries. I willmainly speak of the youth,adolescents of about15 yearsold. They came from schoolsin Burundi,Tanzania, Zaire and Uganda.They are the oneswho becamethe RwmqdaPatfiotic Army. The firstcontingent was recruited intt~ the N,~_a, (ïNationoe ResistanceArrny) [Uganda]_ The others came after the war had started. What is essential to knowis thatwe, the youngones, we had leamtthat our elders(who had led the resistancein thesixties), the INYENZI, could have ruade strategic eri-ors and did not achievetheir objective, the victory. When the RPF started, we wereconvinced that the youthhad to playthe essential role, meaning that it woutdbe actionby thearmy because therewas no otherprogram or agendaother than fighting for theircountry. In brief, peoplehad psychologicallyinternalized the ideathat solutions would only be reached throughmilitary action and that the military had to takethe leading role. It is thereason whythe military leader, Kagame, was considered to be moreimportant than the political Presidentof theRPF. Formv part,I consideredright from the beginning that this was a mistakebecause its negativeconsequences are still a reaB(Fand peoplekeep thinking that the military prevailsover the politician. The country is underthe dictatorship of the mtlitarv and its intelligenceservices.

On thequestion why the RPF, in spiteof thetact that it hadjust been created, did not wait a littleto see if the negotiationsbetween the Ugandagovemment and the govemmentof Rwandaon theproblem of the refugeeswould fail so thatit couldhave a pretextto invadeothere is an answer to that.

PresidentMusevem was moreand moreaccused of havingtumed the Ugandaarmy mto a Rwandanone becauseit had a goodnumber of highranking officers. Examples of thosewhe werefinger-pointed as Rwandans, whether they agreed or didn’t,were many: MajorGeneral Fred Gisa Rwigema, Major General Mugisha Muntu, Colonel Mateeka, Lt ColonelAdam Wasswa, Major Chris Bayingana, Major Peter Bayingana, Major Samuel Kanyemeraalia Kaka, Major Paul Kagame, Major Nduguteye. Major Kale Kayihura was fromBufumbira (south-west of Uganda)but he was countedas a Rwandan.There were manyothers who werein lowerranks of Captainsand Lieutenantslike: Twahirwa Ludoviko,Musitu, Karangwa Bombi, Gashumba, Cyiiza, Bagire, Ngoga, Muhire, Kaddafi,Nyamurangwa, Musana, Bigabiro .... ifone tried to listthem up, the list could be longand many ofthem were Cos or higherthat that.

Whatused to hurtthe Ugandansmore was the factthey [Rwandans] had takenall the strategicpositions in the intelligence,army finances, presidential guards, Rwigema’s guards;the others were Operation Commanders. Indigenous soldiers were jealous and it startedto infectthe social climate. Those who chose to startthe war on 10ctober1990 thoughtthat they had no other option; they decided to launchthe invasion at any cost.

October1990

Manypeople don’t believe that Rwandans deserted the Uganda army. But xt is a reality, indeedthey deserted. That does not meanthat the Presidentwas not informedby his intelligenceservices. Considering the waythe militarywas organized, the person who receivedait the communicationsto President Museveni before it reachedhim was a Rwandanand the guardianof ail secretinformation »vas also a Rwandan.The first and thesecond day of the invasion,the number of soldierswho crossed the borderslightly exceeded3.000. No one couldstop such a numberof soldierswho haddecided to cross ïheborder particularly when many Ugandans were happy to seethem going away leaving theirposts free for the natives.

Errorswere committed:

Rwigemawas killedimmediately after the invasionstarte& he was lalledby hw own soldiers.The persons who conspired and organizedhis assassinationdid hot daretake overthe command of thearmy because they wanted to dissipatesuspicions of conspiracy againsthim in orderto takethe commandof the army.He had planedhis military campaign;at the timeof his death,he was theonly person who knewhow that war was supposedto be conducted.

WhenKagame was sent by Musevenito headthe RPA, the soldierstold him that they did notwant him; he wasnicknamed "Pilato". Major Dr PeterBayingana told him: "Youare physically and mentallyunfit, how can you leadpeople? ". He toldhim to go backand tellwhoever had senthim thatKagame was incapableand couldnot leadthe soldiers.Bayingana added that Kagame had to tellwhoever had senthim thatif he despisedthe officers who were on thebattle field, it wouldbe betterfor him to senda Ugandan officer to lead the RPA. When he came~ation as the__Chieï- militaryleader, Paul Kagame came with a convoyof morethan 10 armedjeeps with MajorGeneral Salira Saleh and soldiers of thePPU (Museveni’spresidential guard) and thatday, Dr Baymganaand Bunyenyezi were kitled.

6 Fromthat day on,"Aïande" Kagame started a longjoumey, the longjourney he is still on today:it hasbeen characterized by ruthless and dictatorial rule because he has always knownthat the men in uniformunder his leadership do notlike him

Thishas had verysad and negativeconsequences because the armvhas beenled by a manwho doesn’ttrust his soldiers. He checksevery thing in minutedetails; he divided the armyinto rival units; all the soldiersbecame practically spies; the entirearmy worksin a climateof terror;whoever tries to raisehis voicemeets inevitable death throughthe smashing of his headwith an oldhoe, the samewav it is donewhen pork is killed.

Withthe strategy of dividingthe army for an easycontrol, he classifiedthe soldiers as positive1, positive2, positive3, positive4 and positive 5. Positive1 meant those who camefrom Uganda, men who weretobe trusted at any timeand anywhere.Positive 2 meantthose from Tanzania, 3 werefrom Burundi, 4 fromZaire and 5 werefrom Rwanda, Thoseoriginating from Rwanda, even when thev were Tutsis, could be trustedonly after two years.The Army Commandfollowed the same pattem.95% of the army leaders (officers)were from Uganda. The explanationgiven was thatthey had experienceand werecapable of conductingcombats. I don’t find any truth in thisstatement; it was just a pretext.

The mostdisappointmg thing was thatno mistake,however small, committed by boysand girlsfrom francophone countries could be pardoned.There was onlv one sanction:death by theold hoe or beingstabbed with a bayonetuntil death. If youwere suspected to have committedanoffence; if youwere tired after a longwalk; if ",’ousuffered from diarrhoea due to poor feeding,you were viewedas a personthat has only knowneasy life (bourgeois),a person used to softlife: an orderwas given to kitlyou because you were consideredto be ofno use.You could get your legs shot firs and, ifyou could not walk any more,an orderwas givento finishyou off.The frequencyof thiskind of treatment diminishedsomewhat when Kagame went to Burundi.There, RPF memberstold him that hehad to stop killing their children with the old hoes like pork. He wastold that if hedid notneed them, he hadto sendthem back home so thatthey may go backto school.Then therewas a truce.When the other soldiers made mistakes, so longas theyhad come from Ugandaand were good fighters, were given light sanctions for huge mistakes; t_h.ey e~onld begiven short prison sentences and then go back to work,

Backto the beginningofthe october 1990 war. General Fred Rwigema had preferedto attackpassing through the KageraNational park and the Mutararegion because there residevery few inhabitants.He preferredthis point of ent~even though there were difficultiesof water and food supply. He thoughtit was moreadvantageous because he wouldstay there and have sufficient rime to sensitisethe inhabitants to the causes of theRPF war.Rwigema wanted to avoidthe lossof liresof innocentcivilians when he couldavoid it. Kagamewas thingsdifferently: in the Mutararegion, food supply wouldbe a realproblem; there are no mountainsfor hiddingheavy weapons and in fiatregions, all types of weaponscan hurt or killpeople; he preferedto go through highmountains in orderto minimizecasualities. With the exceptionof volcanic mountains,all the mountainswere densely populated and the populationwas in its majorityHutu and Kigawho werereputed for theirdislike of the Inkotanyibecause theysuspected that they wanted to bringback the monarchyand feudalism.Tutsis suffferredhighy casualfies in thevolcanic mountains. Hunger, cold weather, dysentery madethem loose, during the firstrive months, at least10 men in eachunit. For Kagame,ail thathad no Importance.Fie had decidedthat he willforce hïs men to obeyby threatenïngto shootthem. Those are the wordshe usedto tellthe soldiers wheneverhe visitedmil~tary units.

LET ME SPLIT THE WAR INTO CHAPTERS.

ChapterONE: fromNovember 1990 to Julv1991

Thisperiod was marked by theguerrilla warfare in smallunits scattered over a large territorywith the aireof scatteringthe govemment forces over a largesurface area andmaking sure that where the Inkotanyi will attack, they will find weak resistance.

Forstrategic purposes, it is goodbut it wasdone with wickedness and extreme savagery as I amgoing to describeit takingmto account the configuration ofthe northern region. Guerrillaattacks in the regionsof Muvumba,Kiyombe, Nkana, Rushaki, Kaniga- Gatuna,and all surroundingareas were done with extreme violence and savagery: [] assembling the population in one place and killing them without discriminationWomen and younggirls were raped and killedthereafter. ¯ seizingand looting their herds, slaughtering them and eating the meat without oey formof compensation lootingofcrops in the fieldand food reserves from the homes [] makingthe populationflee their homes and makingthem starve where they soughtrefuge ¯ destroyingthe housesof the residentsand takingaway whatever could be takenand sold in Ugandasuch as lronsheets, doors and windows.... [] destroyinghouses and makingsure the populationwiI1 nol attemptto corne back;

TowardsCyumba, Kivuye, Butaro, Nkumba, Kinigi, Mukingo and the surroundingareas, youhad the samebehaviour as whatI havedescribed above for the Mutararegion. The mostimportant thing to understandi s thatone man,Kagame, planned the conductof the war; plannedwhat was to be done and he supervisedvery closelythe daily activitiesin sucha waythat no onecan pretend that there was a singleact in thewar operationswhich could be done withouthis planning.Habyarlmana’s army had fortifiedits defencesand it was extreme!ydifficult to passby. ! tan givea few examples: In the Mutara., places such as NYAGATARE,RWEMPASHA, KANGOMA, MABARE, MUTOJO, B USHARA, KAB UGA, NYABIHARA,GIKAGATI, KARAA4A .....were consldereddangerous by everyInkotanyi.

In the centralzone: GATONDE,KANIGA 1, KANIGA2, MUKONO,KIVUYE: we all knewthat one had to be cautiousbefore venturing there.

In Ruhengeri,the most fortifiedplaces were: NYAMICUCU,BUTARO-RUNABA, RWABUTAMA, KINYABABA, KU MUREMURE, KAGANO, BISATE and Ruhengeri andKinigi. What I wantto showis thatevery time we triedto attackthose places, we weredefeated and had to run away.We endedup makingthe localpopulation pay for ourdisgrace. These are the tasks we usedto forcethem to do forus: [] To carryour wounded and deadsoldier To forcethem carry the cattleand the foodreserve we had lootedfrom their homes, ¯ Makethem dig theirgraves

8 ¯ Forcethem to killone another until the last who was to be killedby oneof our soldiers; ¯ Whenit was not doncin thatmanner, their arms ad legswere tied and their headswere smashed with old hoes;they woutd also be stabbedwith bayonets inthe ribs till death occurred. ¯ Therewere always pretexts to torturethem such as askingthem MRND secrets or totell what military plans were envisaged agmnst the Inkotanyi ......

Aflerall this,we returnedto our positionsin Uganda.The liesqf the INKOTANYI startedfrom the verv beginnmg,the RPF has never admittedthe crlmesit has committed.We used to swearthat there was no INKOTANYïon Ugandasoil. We kept the sainetactic even when we invadedZaire: we havenever admitted that the RPA crossedthe border into Zaire.

ChapterTWO: from Julv 1991 to June 1992

Duringthis period, the RPF triedto occupysmall portions of landalong the border betweenRwanda and Uganda.In some places,we succeeded,in otherswe failed. Whereit hasbeen possible, it wasdonc after extermination of the civilian population; tbe survivorshad to flee.The authorifiesof the Habyarimanaregime gathered the survworstogether in oneplace where they were very poorly fed and poorly sheltered. -,/ If peoplewant to knowthe causes of genocide,the~ should start here.(1)

The RPFstarted the strategyof attackingthe enemyfrom behind his lines.We usedto cut him off fromail of his supplylines. Tacfically, it.was very good because the INKOTANYIhad a limitedquantity of war equipment;we forcedthe enemyto move towardsour positionswhen in factit shouldhave been the otherway round. It was an offensive-defen.sivetactic;it was not possible to use the classicat war tactic because the enemy was superiorin men and ammunition.But this tactic had disastrous consequences:

1. Attackingthe enemyfrom behind his defencelines meant entering the heavily populatedzones. The RPF had no confidencein those inhabitants;they would denounceout presenceto the governmentforces and in tutu,the governmentforces wouïdcome to attackus withgood knowiedge of ourposifio_n_s ~-~-d the s,_ze of our ~J force.This meant that any ofthese inhabitants who tried to locateour positions had to die becausewe had no safeplace where to keephim and we did not knowhow long ) we weregoing to stayin the area;as a ruleof thumb,each rime we attackedby passingbehmd enemy line, wl~ WERE GIVEN THE INSTRUCTIONSTO KILL ALL TI-IE INItABITANTS WITItOUT MERCY.

2. Attackingplaces far awayfrom our regularplace of campingmeant that without any supplies,we had to liveon the locallyavailable food. We had to get it from inhabitants’homes. When we foundit in theirhomes, we hadto killthem ail; if they hadfled before our arrival, we destroyedtheir houses and took away their food reserve, theirherd: goats, sheep, chicken and cows.It camea timewhen we had abundant quantitiesof meatto theextent that each soldier could slaughter any animal he wished to eat:one could take only the pieces he desiredto eatsuch as liver,kidney, legs of lamb.... In otherinstances, for only 20 soldiers,2 cows, 10 chickenand 3 goatswould be slaughtered.You couldnotice that the slaughteringof domesticanimais was not dictatedby necessitybut by wickedness.Anyone who knowsthe degreeof povertyin Rwandanfamilies, will wonder how an ordinarypoor peasant of the village,who had had no knowledgeof the RPF was goingto reactwhen the RPF cornesand killsall his children,rapes his wifeand daughters and takes away his totalpossession, the product ofhis life work and savings, destroys his bouse ......

If one wantsto knowthe causes of genocide,one shouid start here (2).

3. Localadministrators, counsellors, burgomasters and armyofficers resorted to advisingthe populationto raisedogs and youcould find dogs in all familiesbecause theycould, at night,detect RPF movementswhile the RPF was stillfar. The dogs wouldbark in timeto warnabout the impedingarnval of the INKOTANYI,and the populationhad timeto flee.This is a strategy,which served to extermmatethe populationin regtonswe invaded:The population was also the victim of thisstrategy. Becausewe had gonebehind government forces lines, we werebehind the population. Whenthey started fleeing in the dark,they generally felI into our traps.No one escaped,they were all killedand we accusedthem of beingour enemles;we accused themof fleeingto jointhe MRND. AtthoughI havewritten this fact in thischapter, let me underlinethat whenever the INKOTANYIwent behind the lines of governmenttroops, they started by ) exterminatingailthe local population. 4. Ai alltimes, the RPF has privileged guerrilla methods: setting up oftraps,shooting busestransporting the populationin the areasnear the Ugandaborder, placing land mineseverywhere including in plantationfields such as potatofields hoping that when thepeasants will corne to harvestpotatoes will walk on minesand looselegs, in case deathdoes not occur. This practice is extremelysad. The civilian population has been forcedto fleeleaving their food behind. They were not allowedto harvestmaize, beans;they used to liveon the productof bananaplantations, they had cassavaand potatofields, they were not atlowedto go backto collectthe produce.They had vegetablesin theirfields, some of themused to comeback tike thieves to collectfood fromtheir own plantations.Others tried to comeback to collectthe clothingleft behind.The RPF troopshad been instructed to shootat themwithout hesitation. What elsedid you expectfrom a populationcondemned to starvationwhile they had grown food? Wasgenocide hot the logicalanswer? r«...... ~tf,y~,r,t, vv~»t,i, re,¯ ",,t,, «,,«~~..~rr » .....whI’t,~e genocide was able to take place~ trv to look into this. (3)

4. Refugeecamps or the campsfor the war-displacedpeople were in well-known locations: Rukomo-Rwebare(MUVUMBA): I was an eyewimess;many times this camp was subjectedto shellingwith heavy weapons like 120mm mortar. The campsof Rukaraand Mutagomwawere shelled with LRM 107mm(Multiple Rockets propeller), Katiusha Murangiraand sometimes by Kyakabale,a Ugandanarmy commander whose troops were stationedacross the border;he usedto lendhelp to the INKOTANYIwith his 23mm, 37mrn,14,5mm guns. These weapons were used to tireon the displacedpersons’ camps. Manytimes we werepuzzled; we couldnot understand what our leaderswere after. Many of usthought that the RPF had imposed a lot of sufferings to the civilian population; they didnot deservetobe shelled with such heavy weaponry. That camp and some others like Runaba,Nkumba and Muhambo were used to experimentanti-aircraft missiles. We usedto tireillummating missiles over the displaced persons’ camps. This allowed those who were tramingat usinghand-carried missiles to do practice.Very often, the missiles exploded in themiddle of thecamps, killmg or maimmgmany innocent civilians. This practice eaused

10 frequentmovements of refugeeswho triedto go as far awayas possiblefrom military operationzones. We knowof civilianswho reachedthe Nyacyongacamp near Kigali after shifting20 timesfrom one camp to anotherin lessthan 2 years.As a resultof frequent shiftingfrom place to place,families could no longerremam united, they were dispersed whenshelled on withheavy weapons; they left behind graves of theirchildren, wives, husbandsor parents. This is another of thereasons, which ruade genocide possible. (4).

ChapterTHREE: from the attackon Byumbaat the beginningof June1992 to 6/4/1994 This was the firstexperimental offensive to testthe RPF’scapacity to launch multipleattacks in differentlocations at thesame time because as peacenegotiations wereprogressed, the RPF had to showthat it was strong,the objectivebeing to claimfor moreconcessions from the otherside and obtainwhat it wantedthrough intimidationby its militarymight. Let me remindyou that wheneverthere were peacenegotiations, Kagame never told his soldiersthat he expectedany positive outcomefrom the negotiations.He continuedtelling them that "arriving in Kigali willbe achievedthrough the barrel of thegun only(kwa Mrutu wa silaha)".With the newoffensive, ,,ve reached Rukomo (beyond Byumba) on theway to Kigali.It wasthe case in otherlocations: Mukarange, a portion of Kinyami,Buyoga, Rushaki, a portionof Ngarama,Cyumba, Kivuye. In allthose communes, the civilianswho did not manageto fleewere ail killed; there was no survivor.This ame. the RPF committed another heavy rnistake:it wentback to Ugandaand invited the Ugandan civilian population to corne and helpin harvestingthe crop, telling them that the harvest was abundant, and that they were mvitedto corne and settle in theconquered land because, said the RPF. you must get used toliving in Rwanda; you are the people who will lire there permanently. A civilianpopulation mshed from Uganda to comeand occupythe vacated land. When the displacedpersons heard of thatnew development, they got confirmation of what they had heardthat the Inkotanyi came to exterminatethem and to confiscate their land, to remstalt themonarchy and to enslavethe Humonce again. This is anotherlead to understanding whF inter-ethnichatred grew up untilthe Hutupopulation spontaneouslç ~oined the genocidalkiilines. (5).

It is duringthis period that the RPF gainedconfidence mits capacity to seizea largeterritory and keep it. To reachthat objective, it wasnecessary to trya second experiment,that is to captureand occupya largerterritory. They need a good pretext, Negotiationsfor the implementationof the peaceAccord were far advancedand the cease-fireagreement was underimplementation. This time it wasthe RPFor, to sayit better,it was Kagamewith his militarybranch, the RPA,who startedlooking for pretextsto resumefighting even though negotiations were in progress.A special unit operatingunder the directorders and supervisionof PaulKagame himself and his close collaboratorsKayumba Nyamwasa, James Kabarebeand CharlesKayonga was putinto place.

Thatunit changed names according to circumstances.Some of the namesused were "NET WORK" or "NETWORK COMMANDO" or "the TECHNICIANS" or "’CDR COMMANDO".These names were used to designatesmall groupsaccording to the placesof operationand the type of mission~For instance, those who operated within a party like CDR were known as CDR commando. Firewood "technicians"in Habyarimana’sarmy, street boys in Kigali,and houseservants in the homesof big shotsin Kigaliwere called the "TECHNICIANS".etc .....

11 THE MOST IMPORTANT THING TO KNOW IS THAT THE "NET:WORK » UNIT WAS HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED IN ITS ORGANISATION, SO THAT EVEN ITS MEMBERS DID NOT KNOW EACH OTHER EXCEPT THOSE WHO HAD BEEN TRAINED TOGETHER AT A GIVEN MOMENT OR WHO HAD ORIGINATED FROM THE SAME UNIT,

Whenthis special unit was created, it wasintended:

a. To organisethe destabilisationof the countryand to creategood pretexts for accusingthe Rwandagovernment of crimmalacts of assassinations;thus offeringoptimum reasons to reopenthe hostiliti es. b. To posebombs in differentlocations in the country;that activity had started alreadybut it neededbetter coordination c. To installsmall RPF cellsthroughout the count~-in chargeof training accomplicesand recruit them all over the country; to poisonthe waterused by the war-displacedpersons; to sendspies far behind the defenceslines of the enemy[government forces] d. Toorganise assassinations of persons targeted by theRPF ......

Meanwhile,the 8 February1993 attack was launched.[t was intendedto testRPF’s ) capabilityto reachKigali; it was intendedto testthe progressof the NETWORK’s activitiesin helpingto obtainjustifications forthe resumption of hostilitieswhile negotiationswere under way.

On thatoccasion, horrible atrocities were committed. I remember that I wasoperating in someCommunes of Ruhengeri.I particularlyremember what happened at Base:in February93, RPF soldiers killed civilians; burnt their corpses but failed to burnail of them;they tried to burythe corpses but were unabte m burythe ait; then they left them alongthe road and threwothers in the Base River.When GOMN observerspassed there,they asked us whetherwe werenot ashamedof sittingnext to deadbodies and jumpingover them as theypleased. We calledon the localcivilian population to pick up the bodiesand to burythem. As soonas GOMNobservers left, the peoplewho had cometo helpthe RPF burythe deadwere also massacred.

The wicked actionsof sabotagingand destroyingpublic installationsand ....’>a infrastructuresstarted then. For example: dismantling of the electricity installations at theNtaruka electric data and posing bombs in theresidences of theadministrative authorities.I remember that during that period the housesof RUCAGUand Colonel 0 GASAKEwere destroyed.._That was takingplace in the Communesof Nyarutovu, Cyeruand Nyamugari...We cannotforger the barbariccrimes committed by Charlie in Ruhengeriwhen we failedto keepcontrol of the townof Ruhengeri.People know what happenedat Musanze,at ETIRUand at Karwasa,in the wholeof Kigombeand in Kinigi.The populationin thoseareas knows what happened. What the Inkotanyi did in Ngarama,Buyoga and otherplaces is a matterof publicknowledge.

THE CREATION OF INTERAHAMWE, IMPUZAMUGAMBI-RTLM

Kagamehad planedto haltthe negotiationsby attackingKigalL..Habyarimana had planedhis own way of facingthose he usedto callthe enemies of thecountry, with the differencethaL for him, we werereal enemies. He createdunits of peoplewho behavedlike soldiers.They were trainedand supervisedby the army,the communalpolice, the gendarmerieand the presidential services.That militia, which will, in theend, commit the horrible crimes, were present

12 in allregions of the country.BUT theywere nc)t equally zealous in the killingthe Tutsis.This is alsosomething people should know because it is verytrue. Whoever livedin Rwandaduring those days can testify and confirm it.

Whenthe interahamwe started attacking in Bugesera,Kibirira and operated in killingthe Bagogwe, AT EVERY OCCASION, the operatmg groups were transported in ONATRACOMbuses and they all came fromRuhengeri or Byumba.They wereselected fromamong the war-displacedpersons. The selectedpersons were thosewho had sufferredthe hardship of war;those who had been transformed into furious beasts due to the indescribableatrocities of the RPA.Other Hutu Interahamwewere unableto understandhow theseyoung men had becomeso bestial;how theycould kill as if they werekilling flies, with so muchanger. In knownplaces where the attacks occurred before the genocide,the youth who attacked had been trained to wickednessby thegovemment and by the RPF.Whoever wants to knowhow genocidewas ruadepossible should look intothis as welL (6).

For the RPF, the fact that the MRND was trainingInterahamwe, offered us oppormnitiesto pose bombs and then throw the entireresponsibility on the government.Justification for resumptionof hostilitieswas thusoffered and the ) internationalcommunity was easily convinced,ready to condemnand blame Habvarimana.I don’t deny that the interaharnweand otherextremist groups posed bombsalso.

For the RPF, it was also an oppormnityto train commandos,members of the NETWORKbecause it was duringthe negotlationsthal the tlme was mostfavorable fortraining and organizing refresher courses.

Thusfor the year1993 alone, the RPF was ableto trainits men in the following disciplines: Two largeunits of commandoswith many other small units; It trainedmore than 400 Gendarmes; It organizedmore than 4 sessionsfor traininginstructors. This was meant to ensurethat in casefighting resumed, each unit would have its own instructorswho would quickly recruit and train soldiers; it trainedall its officers in thedisciplines of command and leadership It trainedsufficiently allmilitary units in urban guerrilla warfare It trainedits men for verylong marches; each man Carl3’mghis personal luggageand enoughammunition to sustamthe war for a longrime before thearrival of newsupplies. Ittaught the soldiers what the RPF called the true history of thenation. This is the historyof Rwanda,which does not speakof divisionsbetween ethnic groups;the lessons were aimed at inculcatinginto the soldiers’ heads that the realcure for Rwanda was the overthrow of Habyarimanawith his entire group andpower take over by the.

The effectof theseactions was immensebecause the soldiersnever believed that a peacefulsolution will corne from Aruska. In reality,the RPF was notany different from the extremistsof the CDR, MRNDand Power.The differencewas thatthe RPF was spreadingthe messageto the soldiersin privatewhile on the governmentside, the messagewas ruadepublic over the radioand the presswas writingabout it; it had becomea commonslogan that the Arushapeace Accordwas a mere scrap of

13 paperor a rottendog.

Duringthis phase of the war,the RPF/RPAmanaged to set a trapagmnst Habyarimana in sucha way thatall thecrimes and errors that the RPFcommitted were attributed to the governmentside; hence the blamewent to Habyarimana.

We were in the phase of implementingthe signed peace accord but two men, Habyarimanaand Kagame,both generals,with mutualhatred, each nourishing suspicionson the otherand believingthat if theyme~ insideRwanda, whoever would havethe first chance would kill the other.

We arein the phaseduring which the RPF has self-confidencethat at anytime it could causechaos and seize power. It wasalso of theview that there could be international pressurefor the implementationof the peace Accord.The RPF as well as Habyarimana’sextremists did not trustthe Arushaaccord. Neither of themsaw in the Arushapeace Accord a lastingsolution. Itis the reasonwhy eachside had its own visionof whatwill be donein casethey were forced to livetogether. Instead, they startedpreparing for an explosive situation.

Theseare the actions undertaken by eachof thetwo sides:

On the govemmentside:

The govemmeminitiated "civil defense". This program had as its objectiveto distributeweapons among the civilian population, in each cell and eachsector, so thatthey may be usedto spreadchaos. The governmentcreated militia groups behavinglike soldiers.They continuouslycontested what had been agreedon and signed,even when Habyarlmanahad personally signed They were ready to commit the abominablecrime at theappropriate time. Radio Rwanda,RTLM and numerousaffiliated newspapers adopted the same sloganthat the peace accord will not serve the cause ofpeace Therewas purchaseof additionallethal equipment in orderto haveenough for distributionamong the civilian population. Theylisted people who had sentchildren or relativesto the RPF !NKOTANY!, peoplewho were suspectedto be propagandistsofthe RPF, peoplewho collectedfinancial support and the Hutus who supportedthe RPF war. AIl those listedpersons were to be killedin duecourse. No oneknew the daythey would be executed. Thisis verydifferent from RPF propaganda saying that lists of Tutsis(all) killwere prepared before hand. It is a liebecause ifyou say that all Tutsis were tobekilled at thesame rime, lists were hot necessary because each Tutsi would be killedby hisneighbor and thoseneighbors knew one another.The making of listsof Tutsiswas not necessarybecause even a youngchild knows who is Tutsiand who is not. HereI wantto emphasizethe factthat when Habyarimana died, even if he had notdied immediately, the planwas to killknown people who appearedon pre- establishedlists. It is whathappened. With the exception of rarelucky cases, allthose on lists were killed during the first 3 daysafter Habyarimana’s death.

14 On the governmentside, I confirmthat Habyarlmana by his own willor forcedby his entourageAKAZU, accepted that lists be drawn,knowing well that in due coursethose listedwould be killed.

Oneimportant element I shouldnot forget is thathuman life is sacred.Life became like runningwater when killings started, particularly thelife of Tutsis. I want to saythat it camea timewhen Habyarimana and his extremiststaught the Hutusof the CDR and interahamwethat spilling human blood is a normalevent. Thev ruade the experiments in Kibirira,Bugesera and on Bagogwestrying to provetha~ kiïling was a possibleact andthat it couldbe donein the open.This was a veryserious development. As 1 said earlier,the otherHutus on thehills and in thesectors, even those in the MRNDwho werenot killers,were astonished by whatthey observed being done by Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi.Some of themfought against these practlces and it endedup into conflictswithin their parties.We all know how the youth INKUBAof the MDR, Abakomboziof the PSD and the Liberalof PL smodagainst the activitiesof the Interahamwe.This was the caseuntil Habyarimana split all the partiesinto POWER and Amajyogi.In short,the extremists encouraged their youth to kill.This is another evidenceshowing that genocide was to succee~L(8).

On the RPF/RPAside:

On the RPF/RPAside, many crimespreparmg the apocalypseof the Tutsiswere committed: ¯ Due to controlsand inspectmnat the Ugandaborder, the RPF importedhuge quantitiesof ammunitionsto sustain the war effort a longtime. It wasdone at the end of September1993. 4 differententry points were utilized for two reasons:resumption of a finalwar to seizecontrol of the state;if, for some reasonthings turned otherwise, hide them and wait until we shallhave entered the broad-basedtransition Government Then, we wouldprovoke a chaotic situationand take over power by force.

If you want to understandthe modus operandiof the NETWORK,here we have a pieceof evidence.A teamof selectedmen (I was amongthem) was givenorders dig up a verylarge hole measuring 50m x 30m x 7m in whichwe buriedammunitions and bombsof differentcalibers: 7.62mm; 11.5mm; 12.7mm; !4.5mm; 23mm; 37mm; 75mm; 76mm; 81mm; 82mm; 107mm; 120mm; 122mm. The civilianpopulation of the Bakigatribe of Ugandatransported all thoseammunitions and bombs of different calibers.They brought them up to the top of the mountainsbordering Rwanda, and we went to carrythem from thereand carriedthem to the preparedholes. The civilianswho carriedthem comprised more than 1000 people. They carried them the wholeday; the ammunitionswere brought by manytrucks. We wereunder oath that if oneof us brokethe seal ofthis secret operation, we would all be killedby thehoe.

Threeof our soldierswere killed in becausethey went to buy cigaretteswithout informingthe teamleader. We weretold by JamesKabarebe and KayumbaNyamwasa thatif, at theend, the RPF was compelled to enterthe transition Institutions, we shall notjoin it; that we shallbe givenbouses next to outcaches on theUganda side and on the Rwandaside and thatwe shallbe entertainedthere secretly until such a rime deemedappropriate to overthrowthe govemmentand takeover power. The other posts where such cacheshad been preparedwere Karamain Mutara,Bungwe in Cyumba and anotherlocation between Kaniga and Gatonde.All thesepreparations had no other objectiveother than to createchaos in thecountry and to overthrowthe government

15 and takeit over.There were vert few peoplewho knewofthis plan: it was Kagame himself,Kabarebe his closeassistant, Kayumba Nyamwasa, Chief of Intelligence, ColonelNgoga in the north,Colonel Bagire in the Mutara,Major Jacob alias Rubondo in chargeof militarysupplies and vertfew otherswho couldcome escorting their chiefsor bringmgmessages to us.The RPF troopswho were affected to thisduty were men of verThigh trust. It wasfrom them that were selected soldiers sent to Kigalito carryout spying activities just before the assassination of Habyarimana.

The RPF dispatchedmany soldiers in the countrywith orders to posebombs, to createsmall RPF cells,to teachthe handlingof tirearms to selected personswho werepre-evaluated as potentiallyuseful n tlmeof war.They werealso instructed to infiltrateeach political party, to mixwlth the party youthand to gatherinformation on people the RPF intended to kill. The RPFwith its politicalcadres infiltrated particularly the buffetzone m whichit was not atlowedto exercisemilitary activities, The RPF startedto sensitizeon ltSdoctrine. For me, it wasa goodthing but the capital error was thatwhoever proved tobe resistant to theRPF doctrine,his fatewas one, and he was immediatelykilled by smashinghis headwith an old hoe.Very often ) thesame fate befell the whole family. The RPF experimentedits strategyof killingpeople and transposingthe responsibilityon the MRND;it wantedto makesure that the systemworks. Peoplewere killedfor one reasonalone: the RPF wantedto assemble accusationsagainst the MRND, whetherthere were disputeswith those wctimsor not. For the purposeof assassination,the RPF utilizedthe "technicians"(network) or its extendedbranch among Intelligence Officers belongingto unitsand groupswhere the killerscame from. It couldalso utilizeother young men who had been trainedin the use of srnallbombs throughoutthe country.

Thesewere the criteria for selecting people to bekilled:

1. a Hum civilservant loyal to Habyarimanaand the government 2. a Hutuwho proves to be an expertand a leaderlike Gapyisi 3. a Hutuwho, once killed, would glve good gro~d to accusethe go,~ernment:.,_ memberof the opposition 4. a Humwho, once killed, the investigationwould lead no where. ) 5.a highranking military Officer if possible, 6. a Tutsiwho haslived in Rwandacannot be trustedby theRPF. If his deathcan be thrownon thegovernment, we don’tloose anything: sacrifices by the Tutsis ofthe interior; 7. a Tutsiconsidered to be too clever.Those were suspected not to subscribeto RPF policiessuch as Landothat we missedquite oflen. 8. Tutsiswho in generallived in isolatedlocations: those must be killedat the same time and have the blameput on the MRND. This was experimentedat Kabatwanear Gisenyi; the killingswere conducted by GashaijaBagirigomwa and intelligenceofficer Moses RUBIMBURA. This is a truestory; it occurredat thebeginning of 1994. 9. Evenafter the war, the RPF continued to sacrificeTutsis the interior because it was lookingfor a soundpretext to go to Zaire.The RPF wantedto go to Zaire for stealingand looting.The Bagogwewere killed in Mudende;whoever wants evidencemust corne to us, we shallgive it to him.It was doneagainst the

16 Banyamulengealso at Biuraand otherlocations. All thesestories are trueand theyare no secretfor the Inkotanyi.

The «technicians» in the city of Kigali (members of the NETWORK) accomplishedimportant tasks. As I saidearlier, the Networkwas a verylarge system,made of individualsknon only by thosewho selectedthem. Each of them knewhis next colleague only. Even when you happened to meetanother Inkotanyi in someother place, even when you thought that you knew him, you coutd not give him a signbecause he was on anotherduty different from yours. We havebeen trainedeach to mindeach one’s business only according to the instructions received.

Theselection was done according to the following criteria:

1. To be bornfrom both Tutsi parents. You underwemcareful scrutiny and your beingTutsi had to be confirmed.You hadtobe very trustworthy; 2. If you happenedto havea Hutuphysical look, you hadan advantagebecause you coulddissimulate easily or easilymix withthe Hum. When you hada Tutsilook, you workedgenerally with motorbikes;when you felt that you could be suspected,you justworn a motorbikehelmet and carriedagricultural tools like theagronomlsts and you actedas if yourwere doing your normal job; 3. It was an advantageto havea goodknowledge of the geographyof Rwanda.The knowledgeof the map of Kigaliwas anotherplus because you couldbe sentto do varioustasks. 4. To be a Hutu who has neverresided in Rwandaand who has shownexcessive zeal in the fight againstthe Hutus.You had to show that you were more committedthan the Tutsi; you had to provethat you didn’t fear spilling blood. 5. To be a Hutuborn in Rwanda:you couldbe givenspecific tasks, to be executed by you alone;you werekept away from all informationthat could lead you to knowother members operating in Kigali.More than 5 Inkotanylspies, with or withoutyour knowledge, would follow you.

Eachindividual had his own task,different from the taskofhis colleague; sometimes the taskcould be commonto manyagents without their knowledge. There could be some passwordsto facilitatecommunication between some members.There were youngmen workingwith motorbikes as taximen, they were assigned to stationnear the placeswhere politicians used to holdtheir meetings. Others were taxi men, cooks in the militarycamps, house servants in the homesof V.I.PHutu authorities, street boysin thestreets of importantresidential quarters like Kimihurura. There were also portersm the markets;others were assigned to mix withthe interaharnwe,with impuzamugambi,with Abakombozi. Others had specifictasks, operating generally at night;others were petrol pump attendants in petrolstations. There were a sufficient numberof agentsso that when rimecame to resumethe war, Kagamehad ail the informationhe needed to conducthis last war.

Every memberwho provedto have the aptitudeof a good instructoror a good propagandistwas glventhe taskof recruitingas manyaccomplices as possible.The lattercouldn’t often know that the person they were dealing with was an RPF soldier; theyrather considered him to be anotherRPF sympathizer. We were also given the task of spyingcertain persons and report to ourchiefs with the purpose of findingout if, whenit wouldbecome necessary, it wouldbe possibleto assassmatethem.

17 Whenthe Arushanegotiations confirmed that the Inkotanyiwould be allowedto bring their600 men in Kigali,the RPF had marked success in settingup itstrap. The selection of thosemen was donein a highlysophisticated fashion because they were not ordinary soldierslike those we usuallyknow.

Thisis howit wasdone:

l Eachunit sent the bestof its men.They were men of toughcharacter, men of unshakablecourage, men who werereadv to venturein extremelydangerous situations,men who didn’tneed to be supervised,men who coulddeal with any new situationas it aroseeven if happenedto workin isolation;they were marksmen.In short,they were men of referencein handlingtire arms. 2. Theyselected the best commanding officers m theirunits, the bestintelligence officers;they were given enough rime to masterurban guerrilla warfare to the pointthey became sure they could capture Kigali without no shadowof a doubt. We hadbeen trained to believethat man dies only once and on a presetday; that allthe risks can be takenand that courage is aboveeverything else in lire;that, in no circumstancethe enemyshould be giventhe chanceto havewctory: that was themotto. 3. Normally,sergeants and caporals had men of lowertank under their orders at the levelof a section.In the3 r« Inkotanyibattalion, things were done differentlv: sergeantsand caporalswere in sectionsunder the leadershipof second lieutenantsSome times an exceptionalsergeant could be a sectionleader. What I wantto emphasizeis thatthey were self-sufficient units; they could remain autonomouswith no needto be givenmany instructions and individualsoldiers couldefficiently operate on theirown. 4. Therewas intensiveinstruction on the map of Kigali.Members of convoyswere frequentlychanged to allowour soldiers come to Kigalito lookat thetown and itsenvirons and bave a clearidea of its comers and streets.

The initialNETWORK had been underthe ordersof the high commandin Mulindi. The situationchanged slightly when the 600 soldiersarrived in Kigali:Lt Colonel Kayongawas in chargeof all the soldiersin Kigali,including network operatives. Beforethe arrivalof Kayongain Kigali,urgent communications passed through Karake Karenziwho representedthe RPF in the GOMN and tarer on repre.~entedit at UNAMIR.

Itis onlyat this moment that we became ail convinced that, at allcost, Kigali was in our hands,that these Hutus ofHabyarimana, shall soon have their big split open. At this/uncture, we rememberCol. Bagosora ’s wordsthat he was returningto Kigalito preparethe ApocalypsehOt knowingthat the RPF was also preparinganother apocalypse.The two plans were going to be putto test.

We were observingthe chaoticsituation in the govemmentarmy; we were also observingthe cityof Kigali,although there were Interahamwe, the armyand the gendarmerie,the cityseemed tobe without any protection.We feltthe eagemessto seizeit. However, every body was of theopinion that it willbe easyto seizeit butthe consequencescould be veryheavy. The informationwe receivedfrom our informersin thecountry was that, within the population, the political parties, the interahamwe and in placeswhere politics was debated, we ailagreed that population believed in Arushabut, forthe extremists, Arusha was a dream.

18 Whatboth parties were left to do was to use the planA, meanïngthat we had to look forwavs and meansto resumetîghting. For eaehside, plan B was a secretweapon that wouldbe usedqfter putting into place the broad-basedinstitutions. Plan B was fo be usedto violentlydisrupt the transition.

Attentiveand visionary observers had already noted that, inevitably, war wouldresume andthat would be veryviolent, with the loss ofmany lires.

RPF INKOTANYI HAD CONSIDERABLY WEAKENED HABYARIMANA’S GOVERNMENT ACCORDING TO ITS PLAN

In orderto resumefighting, it was necessaryto get a pretextand we had to havean assurancefor a rapidvictory. This meant that we hadto lookfor a shortcut.

Let me explainmy thought:

Afterhaving created an atmosphereof confusionand panic, after splitting political partiesinto two in sucha way thatpro-RPF members stood on one sideand extremists sidedwith Power, the RPF had dividedthe strengthof Hutusinto two; which meant thatthere was a sptitwithin the RwandaArmed Forces (even though the military were notallowed to getopenly involved into politics - but, in politics,each one has personal preferences).It meansthat the FAR (RwandaArmed Forces) could hot fighiwith commongoal. There are peoptewho believethat it is Habyarimanaalone who created thissituation but it isnot truc because there are areas where he didnot exercise control; I meanamong those who wereopposed to him,even when they did not likethe RPF. The RPF did not likethem and did not needtheir sympathy; N1 it wantedwas to see themdoing things that gave it strengthor justificationforresummg tïghting.

-Afterkilling a numberof politicalleaders and trying unsuccessfully to assassinate others,the RPF claimedalways that the killingswere the workof MRNDexcept that a few cases were reallythe work of the MRND and the CRD; many, includingthe internationalcommunity, continued to blarne the Governmem.This gave the impressionthat the thenGovemment was creatingchaos in orderto hinderthe coming intoeffect of theBroad based transitiona] govemment Thïs was a trar~set bv theRPF: theGovemment fell into it; nobody ever thought that it was thework ofthe RPF. As a matterof fact,if we reconsiderwhat we, the Inkotanyi, did in thezone we controlled ~3 andwhat happened to innocentcivilians in the northof Rwanda,it was difficultto drawa lineof differeneebetween Inkotanyi’s killings and those of theCDR.

Thenextremists from the Habyarimanacamp (mainly made of the Akazu,generally fromthe north)were of the viewthat there was no reasonto refusethe CDRaccess to GovernmentInstitutions since even the MRNDthat had createdCDR was tobepart of thoseInstitutions. It was hOt understandable that the RPF and its soldiers (RPA) would be partofthe Government Institutions after butchering so manypeople. I bavealready explainedthe massacrescommitted by the RPA. For the RPF and Habyarimanato opposethe installationof the Broadbased Govemmentwas a mere pretext;the ordinarypopulation could not graspwhat was hiddenbehind that attitude. What was deplorablein generalwas the difficultyof explainingand makepeople understand that theRPF were killers and that they killed secretly and silently, after what they pointed an accusingfinger to the MRND

19 The differencebetween the RPF and the governmentwas that the RPF utilized professionalswhohad been fully traïned to carryout the killïngs; the killings remained a secretand the RPF kept quïet about it. It alsoavoided that independent observers get to knowabout the killingsby the RPF The Governmentutitized the Interahamwe,afier stuffingthem withdrugs; then, RTLM and all pro-Habyarimananewspapers praised thesaid killings.

WHY IS IT THAT CRIMES COMMITTED BY THE RPF IN THE ZONE UNDER ITS CONTROL WERE OFTEN LEFT UNKNOWN?

Thefirst crafty trick that will stay for long is thatthe RPF systematically refuses to acknowledgeits crimes;when itis guaranteed that such an acknowledgementwill not beprejudicial, itmay adroit responsibility fora crime.During the entire period the war lasted,the RPF admittedin thezone under its controljournalists who wereviewed as beingsympathetic to its cause.Others are joumalistswho were on its payroll.It was the case of HusseinAbdou Hassan of the BBC;nobody knew whether he was an RPF memberor a joumalistof a distinguishedradio such as the BBC. The RPF took journalistsaround in thezone under its control at momentsof itsown convenience.It tookthem where it wanted.When it suitedthe RPF, the latter told journalists that some areasare full of bobby-traps(mines) or thata littlebit further, there is fighting going on so thatthe joumalist gets taken to placesthat were previously cleared by theRPF. Mostof therime, they were taken on a touralong the border,instead of leadingthem insideRwanda; they got a feelingthat they had traveleda greatdistance given the amountof fatiguethey felt at theend of thetrip. The reality however lS thatthey did not travelmore than aone kilometer distance from the border.Those tricks helped theRPF a lotand thus nobody was ever able to findout the crimesthey committed.

Anotherarea in whichthe Inkotanyiwere also smatter than the Governmentwas the factthat, after killing, they burned bodies and took the ashes far away for disposal; it was thusvery difficultto tracewho had beenkilled. But, we know most of the locationswhere these crimes were committed. It was neverpossible to surprisethe Inkotanyibecause no one couldaccess their zone without permission. And the tour guidetook the visitors to placeswhere the RPF wanted them to go.

THE RPF INTRODUCED THE CRUEL KILLING METHODS USED BY THE INTERAHAMWE.

Dyingis alwaysa terrifyingevent, but let me talk about the killings carried out by both sides.I wasan eyewitnessto whatI am goingto say,whether it be killingsby theRPF or killingsby theGovernment through its extremists or its security services.

THE INKOTAN’/ïstarted killing on 04 October1990. Rwigema died on 02 October1990. I talkabout him because he could not have allowed his troops to killcivilians:

1. Tyingthe legsseparately, tying the armsin the back,squeezing and applying pressureon themuntil a squeakingnoise is heardcoming from the chest; forcing thevictim to kneeland smashing his head with an oldhoe; the victim falls on the ground.You thenembark on smashinghis head into fragments by hittingon both

20 sidesof thehead. The headfinally resembled a portion of mudthat has fallen on theground.

2. Tyingthe victimas describedabove; stabbing the ribsmany times with a knife; standingupright on theabdomen of thevictim while stabbing it witha bayonet.

3. Tyingthe victim entirely and then covering tightly his head with a plasticbag so thathe diesasphyxiated

4. Tyinga victimand then drawing paraffin with a syringe;emptying the syringe in bothears. After that, slap the victim violently with your hands to bothears. The victimwas instantly afflicted with excruciating vertigo that lasted a longtime andended up in death.

Puttinga ropeon thevictim’s neck; getting him laydow~a and then stepping on therope while pulling it untilho diesby strangulation.

6. Tyingthe arms and the legs very tightly; getting a pieceof woodin a transverse positionand gettingthe victimhang on it withthe headpointing downwards ) untilblood oozes through the ears,the mouthand the noseand untildeath ensues.

7. Whenit was a caseof a victimfrom whom information had to be obtained,he was tormredfor a longperiod, dying slowly, being pierced with knives, having plasticliquefied by tirefall on himby drops;having the genitals pierced with needles.There are instances when two related individuals, a man and a wifeor a childand his mother/father were forced to playsex after explaining their family relationshipetc.....

8. Whenthere was no timete torturevictims as describedabove, they were killed withbullets or grenades.Others who were at timeslucky tobe killed with bullets weregirls after being raped by RPFsoldiers. Soldiers were superstitious andthey fearedthat they may beasource of bad luckand wouldcause them to be shotat thebag!efie!d. However, Mthnnah thi¢ erimo, ~xzne enmmitto.ctin mnnv Ineztion.~ it was severelypunished when the perpetratorhappened to be known.In casea soldierhaving committed rape was punished,the victimwas neverinformed aboutit. The victims thought that raping was part ofthe Inkotanyi’s way of life.I anaof coursealluding to victims that were lucky not to bekilled after rape. I will also not forgerto mentionthe case of soldierswho rapedwomen and thon torturedthem by stickingknives or piecesof woodin the femmegenitalia, leavingthem to bleedto death.These cases were also punished.

9. Theykilled young children in sucha mannerthat they do not wastethe time of thesoldiers. The latter would hold the legs of thevictims and swinging them to andfro in such a waythat their heads banged against the wall busted instantly.

10.No one elseexcept Radio Rwanda and RTLM has eversaid that the Inkotanyi disemboweleda pregnant woman and thonremoved the child.... If thisever happened,I ara not awareof it. But whatRPF soldiersdid to killa pregnant womanwas to kickher in the abdomenand in the ribsand then cover her tightly witha plasticbag until she diesfrom asphyxiation. I heard from the Inkotanyi

2t (andI don’tknow where they learned this) that a pregnantwoman does not die definitivelywhen killed by crushingher head with an oldhoe, even if shedies at theend, it takesa longtime.

As FOR THE INTERAHAMWE, the killingmethods do not differ,except that the arms utilizedwere different: 1. theyresorted to cumngoff the victim’s body parts, possibly string from the head upto the feet. 2. they used nail-stuffedclubs that would easilyreduce a human head mto fragments. 3. they threwgrenades into roomswhere many peoplehad beengathered or had takenrefuge. 4. theykilled children as the Inkotanyi did. 5. theykilled girls after raping them. 6. I saw themsplit abdomen open in the caseofpregnant women. 7. theyforced related individuals to have sex. 8. andmany other criminal acts they learned from the Inkotanyi.

BOTH ETHNIC GROUPS ENGAGED ZEALOUSLY IN COMMITTING CRIMES.

THE HUTUS.

It is sadto notethat Hutus engaged passionately into committing crimes. People have seenwith their own eyes genocide and ifs perpetrators but also, they have seen us, the Inkotanyi,who ravagedthe countryfighting. Let me makemvsetf clear. Even thoughh directwitnesses were killed; and consideringthat survivors were in hMingand couM hottherefore see what was happening,it remainsa factthat Hutus, from the President qf theRepublic up to a youngchild, engaged into killing Tutsis with the purposeof exterminatingthem once for alLWhoever denies this would be pretendingnot to know, evenif he may knowthat he did nothingwrong, We shouldthank him for not having participatedinto the killingsbut he can’tmake a judgmentconcluding that Hutus did not commitgenocide The exterminationof Tutsiswas sunervisedbv Government leadersfrom top to bottom;was supervised by the securityapparams and all military units.That is whywe say and believethat there was a planto exterminatean ethnic group.

THE TUTSIS.

Tutsisnever sat downto decideabout exterminating the Hutus.This never happened andthey couldn’t think about such a plangiven their strength and their small number. Regardingthe Inkotanyi, it is a differentmat-ter; they had a lotof funin killingthe civilianpopulation because such were the ordersthey had receivedfrom Kagarne. I rememberthat when he gaveorders to killthe civilian population, ail reports from the battlefieldconfirmed that the RPF was not welcome in inhabitedzones. It wasreported thatthe population cried hostile shouts on us andhad been ordered to do nightpatrols. Theyhad beenordered to raisedogs that would wam the RwandaArmed forces of an impedingarrival ofRPF soldiers; thus, the Governmentsoldiers would have time to get readyand the civilianpopulation would have time to go intohiding, far fromtheir houses.Kagarne said that the Hutuswho had joinedthe RPF had confirmedthat we

22 couldnot removeMRND’s ideology from the headsof the northernpopulation by more use of pamphletsor educativemeetings that were not evenattended. Ho orderedto exterminateall that ignorant civilian population. The .tîrst time ho saidthese words was whenhe had corneto visitthe YankeeCombined Mobile Force Unit in Gikoba, Communeof Shonga,in Muvumba.It was in December1991. In that locationwere station~edthe following units: Zulu, Nkrumah, Bravo, Mike, Sierra ...... ail these units includingComb ined Mobile Forces were at theleft and the right hand side of theplace wherethe Yankee unit was stationed.

Therefore,civilians who do not evenknow how the RPF was foundedshould not be responsiblefor crimes committed by Inkotanyisoldiers. I feel sad to notethat Hutus all overthe country used this erroneous pretext to exterminatean ethnic group. In short, theHutus, led by thethon Govemment and all its institutions, extermlnated the Tutsis. Thesurvlvors owe their being alive to thefact the Hutus failed to tïndthem We should thankthe Hutus who did notparticipate inte the killings Tutsis members of Inkotanyi, I meanthe soldiers,killed as manyHutus as possible,they killed whoever they found. Approximately23.000 soldiers, most of themobeying orders from above, committed thiscrime; others enjoyed doing it wit~hthe blessing of oneperson, Kagame

FACTOR THAT WOULD ENABIJE THE RESUMPTION OF FIGHTING AS PER THE WISHES OF THE RPF.

It is importantto understandthis point because it leadsinto grasping what made the genocidepossible, what accelerated it, whatoffered opportumty to the RPF to resume fighting,what made the RPF contemplatea quick victory and theshortcut that led to victory.Kagame had alwayscontingency plans to findpretexts to resumefighting. The pretextspresented in 1992,1993 and 1994 are all similar:show to theworld that the Goveïnmentwas killingpeople instead of respectingHuman nghts. Ho always presentedhis pretext after killing political figures or Tutsis and attributing hiscriminal actionsto the MRND.

Sometimes,the MRND was responsiblefor such acts. A quick victorywas only possibleifthere could bea factor to reducethe number of fighterson theopposite side. To achievethis goal, the Governmentarmy had to be dividedinto factions and make tinn t~ç th«t «rrn,u xxlfl~ cti~trneto, rl hv ~arna sure +~ha~ ~ ! ...... atheractivities elsewhere, whileKagame would be advancingtowards conquering power. This demandedthat a shortcutbe found.That shortcut was to createchaos by assassinatingHabFarimana knowingwell that Tutsis living inside Rwanda wouM pay the price, To facilitatethe victory,the RPA hadto act accordingto Kagame’splan: creating a situationwherebç the bulkof the Governmentforces wouM engage into massacres and rapingwomen while our forces concentrate on one objective,the goal of seizingpower. Comingto therescue of thosewhose lives will be in dangerwas to be reservedto those whowill be on our wa_q3L.

For thoseof us who werebom in Rwandaand who had familymembers in the country, we were shockedby Kagame’sattitude regarding what he termed"stopping the ¯ genocide’,deceiving the foreign communi~. We wonderedseriously about the sayingwithin RPF circles that there was no Tutsiin Rwanda;that Tutsis living there resembled Tutsis b v theirphvsical features but that theirthinking and theirbehavior were those o/Hutus . We wonderedwhether this was nottrue.

23 LAST CHAPTER: 06 APRIL 1994 KILLING PRESIDENT HABYARIMANA

The RPF I havefrequently talked about is not the one spokenof on the radio.Even today,the RPF operatingfrom saloons is not the one thatis publiclyknown; I am talkingabout Kagame’sRPF and not Kanyarengwe’sRPF. The parallelRPF was envisagingthe following when it killedHabyarlmana:

1. Withthe death of Habyarimana,no one will have the capacity to unitepeople so thatthey may fight resolutely against the RPF. This was because it wasdifficult to finda personwith sufficient political muscle in particular _a person capable of exercisingeffective authorit~ over the RwandanArm~. Furthermore, it would not be easyto finda personcapable of mobilizingsupport from other Heads of State like Habyarimana.A rumor was gomg arotmdthat the populationno longerliked Habyarimana; I don’t believe it becauseeven after his death, we saw whatthe populationdid. In fact,the RPF capitalized on thedifficulty that his replacementwould pose because the entirecountry, including Kigali would be engulfedby an allout war.

2. The deathof Habyanmanawas to leadto a chaoticsituation with the inevitable lossof manylires. Besides the prospect of thedeath of Habyanmana,reports by our networkmembers said that if anv otherzmportant person gets killed, Tutsis willbe exterminatedfor g ood. All peopleshould know what I am writing becauseitis the truth. When we killedKatumba, thousands of Tutsiswere killed becauseof the deathof a renownedInterahamwe based in Gakinjiro.What did Kagamethink would happen after assassinating Habyarimana-Ikinani? When we resumedfighting in Muvumba,thousands of Tutsiswere killed in Bugesera;what did Kagamethink would happen with Ee killingof Habyarimana?Did we forget thetense situation that followed the assassination of Gatabazi by theRPF; did we forgetthat the next day Bucyana was assassinated and that his blood was spilled everywhere?Kagame knew the seriousconsequences that wouldresult from killingHabyarimana. Those consequenceswere advantageousto Kagame becausehe knew thatFAR, GD: ïnterahamwe:CDR and aii affiliatedpeople wouldembark on exterminatingTutsis without even understanding what they weredoing. While they would be busykilling, raping and looting Tutsi property, the RPF wouldmarch on andcapture Kigali as wellas Governmentcontrol.

3, KillingHabyarimana was a shortcutbecause implementation of the Arusha accordswould become impossible. No one wouldbe ableto retumto Arushato designatea new President. 4, I am oneofthe people who havetestified about the killingof Habyarimana.The presswrote ail sorts of storiesabout this event. I wonderhow they got all that information.A lot has beensaid about the killingof Habyarimana.But this is noneof my concern.Investigators, the prosecutionand thosewho willbe accusedknow how theywill deal with the situation(prosecution and defense). Regardingcrimes committed by the RPF,I shallwrite in a detailedmanner what I rememberand the namesof thosewho carriedout the crimesbecause I was therewhen the war startedand ended.The eventsI don’tknow are thosethat occurredin placeswhere I was not located.However, I may get informedon eventsthat took placein areaswhere I was not present.I did hot like

24 Habyarimana;I foughtagainst him; but peoplewhom Kagameand his close associatescould net suspectof doingse gavetestimony on his death.He willbe surprisedte findindividuals who were close te him testifyingagainst him Even today,he doesnet suspect them of suchan attitude.

5. As regardsthose who carriedout Kagame’sorders te shootdown the plane,te transportmissiles te Kigaliand Masaka, the InternationalOrganizations should takecare oftheir security lest they disappear before giving evidence.

I willmention a fewof them.They need protection:

MajorRUZAHAZA: he led a militaryconvoy the day the missilesleft Mulindi.He was thena Captain.He was commandingsix soldiers;all accompaniedby UNAMIR,comprising Ghana-born soldiers. They never knew that the truck was carryingmissiles ....

Warrant Officer 2 demob Eugene SAFARI: He was nicknamed KARAKONJEbecause he lovedcold beer. He was drivingthe truckthat carriedfired wood and two big boxescontaining two missiles.The missileswere hidden under the firewood.

Sgt Moses NSENGA:He was then a Corporal.Today, he has sought refugein Uganda.He is a relativeof Kayonga.Of ail thosewho helped him loadthe missilesin the truck,only Sgt TUMUSHUKURUis still alive. Others like WO2 Stanley RWAMAPASIwho was CPL died in 1998;WO2 SEROMBAwh0 »vas then Corporal,died in 1997.When the missileswere being loaded,Captain Joseph NZABAMWlTA, today Lt Colonelprobably, and Major BIRASA who was then Captainwere present.Kagame has already killed Major Birasa.

Sgt DidierMAZIMPAKA: Today, he is probablya SecondLieutenant. He drovea ToyotaStout 2002 that carried the two missilesused te kill Habyarimana.He took the missile specialists te the field, and went back te pickthem up forreturn in theCND afler they had shot the President’s IIl~lJ~_,.... I IgT, ~~~ ...... Il Itlll W I IIII1..~~;~~,,IlIL, ~t, ....,~111 k;,~,,+ ...... ,,~- .’rnn.~ tnMil him But. he never 17"...... " ...... J fellinto the trapsbecause he was warnedbefore hand. God has always J mtervenedte savehim. CaptainFrank NZIZA: He was the SecondLieutenant. He is an expert on usingSA16 missiles. We calledthem SAM16. He is the personwho firedthe missilethat destroyed the plane.Before sending other three soldiersto leamthe firing of missilesin Uganda,nobody else among the Inkotanyiknew how to tirethose missiles. The otherswho wentto leam the use of missiles were Sgt Andrew NYAMVUMBA, Sgt Steven TWAGIRA,Cpl Eric HAKIZIMANA.They were ail staff membersat the High Command.They were Kagame’sbody guards.

Cpl EricHAKIZIMANA: He is new Lieutenant.He was the firstte tirea missile.He was ablete aim at the rightwing of the planewhich he damageda littlebit. This did net preventthe planefrom continuing navigation.It could bave even landed. But the secondmissile is theone thatshattered it.

25 Sgt PotianoNTAMBARA: He is now Lieutenant.He left with the Toyotathat was carryingthe missiles. He was protectingthe cargo.He returnedaboard the sameToyota.

Sgt AloysRUYENZI: He has now soughtrefuge in Uganda.He has the rankof SecondLieutenant. At thattime, he wasfilling in for Lt.Silas UDAHEMUKA,Kagame’s Intelligence Chief. Ruyenzi was stayingnear the placewhere the meetingthat decidedo downingHabyarimana’s plane took place.Participatmg in the meetingwas Maj.Gen.Paul Kagamewho was the Chairman,rather who was givingorders. Present alsowere Col KayumbaNyamwasa, Lt Col JamesKabarebe, Col Lizinde Charles,Maj Jacob Tumwine,Capt CharlesKaramba. It was on 31 march1994. All the participants are still alive except Lizinde who fled the countryand thengot killedbecause of the missileissue. Sgt Paul KARABAYINGA,today a Lieutenant,was at thal rime guardingthe roomwhere the meetingtook place. He was withSgt PeterSEMPA who D diedin Bukavuunder unexplained circumstances in 1996. ) One can mentionmany more people because there are plentyof individualsthat have beeninformed of the circumstancesunder which the planewas shotdown, especially thosewho wereworking for thenetwork, soldiers ofthe third Battalion in KigaliWhat is dishearteningis that anyone who willbe suspectedof havingcontributed to leaking thisinformation, ifhe is notprotected, he willbe killedby Kagame’sdeath squads. We know how Kagame invented stories in order to get rid of Captain Hubert KAMUGISHAwho was out IntelligenceServices leader in chargeof spyingin Kigali and amongthe Interahamwe.He got him physicallyeliminated in Bugeseraand his escortwas instructed to say that he heardhim shoot himself. If bad blooddevelops between you and Kagameor if the RPF suspectsthat you will spillthe beans (talk about the missiles), you are either a deadman already or youare undertight surveillance for killing.To allowRwandans to know and keep their curiosityto knowmore aboul what happened, I willsoon make available names of all thoseI can rememberwho operatedin the cityof Kigaliand elsewherein Rwanda,all thosewho workedwith me in the Networkas "technician". WAS THE RPF PREPARED TO DEAL WITH THE CONSEQUEN CES OF KILLING HABYARIMANA AND DID IT PLAN FOR SAVING TUTSIS?

Thisquestion is complicated.Rwandans who are well informedshould get up and descendinto the streetsto requestKagame’s resignation and ask thatKagame be deliveredto Justicelike other criminals. Let me showthat the RPA had the capacity to preventthe killings but it wasnot in Kagame’s priority at all: 1. Inkotanyisoldiers were able to walkat least30 kilometresa day. This is the minimumbecause they could even do 80 km and,upon arrival, start fighting. Thisis notspeculation. The 59 th Battalionleft Butaro, then stopped and spent a nightin Miyoveto let AfandeKagame give apparent orders because the real ordershad beengiven to UnitCommanders. This 59 th Batallionkept marching " towardsthe eND and arrivedon April10 th earlyin the afternoon.Other units likeBravo and Alphaused only two days;part ofthe 101 s~ arrivedat the saine timeas thefirst group; the Military Police Unit arrived on thethird day, that is the 9th of April.A privatesoldier and corporals were each carrying a loadof morethan 30kg in additionto his personalbelongings; he hadto walkday and

26 nightbecause we neededammunitions to keepfighting for manydays before we couldliberate the Byumbaroad. This lS enoughto let youhave an understanding of whatkind of forcewe were:walking a distanceof morethan 100 kilometres in threedays for thosewho camefrom ButaroI spireof the factthat we were fightingalong the way.

2. As days passed by, many more memberscoming from inside Rwanda were joiningthe Inkotanyi.Besides Tutsis from Uganda who usedto say thatthere wereno Tutsisinside Rwanda and that,if therewas any Tutsi,he/she was a corruptperson that had refusedto go intoexile or a personthat had becomea Hum mentally But savmg our kin and kith who were being massacred preoccupiedus who had cornefrom Rwanda. What is surprisingand led manyof my comradesto commitsuicide is thatthey were refused permission to go to rescueour relativeswho wereon the vergeof beingkilled. They preferred to pickup theirguns and shotthemselves saying: "I erredwhen l joinedthe Inkotanyi".I personally did not err, but I wassaddened by notbeing permitted to saveour relatives while we wereable to do so.

3. We alreadyknew Kigali better than its indigenouspopulation. We evenknew the pathswhere rats passed; we couldrecognize those paths during the day and at night.We knewall the placeswhere potentially vulnerable people lived. This was alsotrue of otherlocations in the countrybecause Inkotanyi members comingfrom those places could easily access the area.We alsohad at our disposalguides to that effect.

4. Areasthat were heavily inhabited by Tutsisin Rwandaand who couldbe saved in a massrescue operation were not many:they were Bugesera, Kibuye, Butare, Rwamagana..... and RPF soldierswho had intervenedin one area could intervenein a neighboringarea for the same operation.

5. Now,let us examinehow Kagame had no willat all to saveTutsis after plunging themintentionally into a desperatesituation.

Letus startwith Ki~ali.

a° Can one understandhow the RPA withits fightingpower, its abili~to walk longdistances and fightingat the sametime was unableto rescuethose who L~ weremassacred at ETO,Kicukiro, if at all it had the willto corneto their rescue?Was the distancefrom the CND to Kicukiroa longdistance? It doesn’t takeeven one hour to go there.

b. How far is the distancefrom Rebero to Rwamparafor a personwho intendsto savelires?

C. How comethat Kagame allowed the killersto set up a barricadeand massacre peopleata smallbridge that was nearthe Nyabugogobus stationon the way towardsGasyata while he had Bravoat the top of JariMountain? Can anyone explainhow massacrestook place in Gisozi,Kagugu, Kinyinya while the Inkotanyiwere not atadistance ofnot more than two kilometers?

27 d. How long is the distancefrom the CND to Kacyiru,Cyimlcanga and even SainteFamille? Could we havenot savedthe liresof thosewho weremassacred in theseslocations?

e. How can one explainthe occurrenceof mass killingsin Bugeserawhile the Inkotanyiwere in Kigali,at a distanceof 35km from Nyamata?Were we preventedfrom going there by anyelite military units more powerful than those that werebased in Ruhengeriand Byumba?Remember that we passedby them andleft them staring at us.

Letus examinethe situationoutside Ki~ali.

a. BesidesBugesera that I havealready mentioned, what prevented us fromsaving liresin Kabugaand Rwamagana?Were these towns situated far fromus? A few yearslater, we demonstratedto Rwandansand to the InternationalCommunity thatwe couldgo to Kinshasa(more than 4000km) - we werenot movingby air; we werezigzagging and this made our journeylonger than it shouldhave been - in a periodof 150 days.It meansthat in a day,we coveredat least26 km.This is the leastdistance we coveredin one day.Sometimes, we walked80 km ) b° Why did Tutsisget massacredin Butare?Genocide started there after one month,I think.Who cameto the rescueof Tutsisin Kibuye?They defended themselvesup untilthe end of June:they were slaughtered like defenseless domesticanimals.

C. Let us go at a 20-meterdistance from the CND.If the Inkotanyiloved the population,why did Kayongaorder the evacuationof all civiliansfrom the CND a few minutesbefore the planewas shotdown? Entrance gates to the CND werethen closed. All this was to avoidlater comments that we hidTutsis at the CND priorto shootingdown the plane.The numerousTutsi corpses at the Kimihururaround-about: weren’t they a resultof theclosure of allentrances to the CND?Can therebe a moreeloquent way of sacrificingthe liresof the Tutsis?

T .~:.~:. ^~~1:~.n.-.~ !a +. ma ranan~it"

KAGAME REFUSED US PERMISSION TO SAVE THE LIVES OF TUTSIS ALTHOUGH WE HA]) THE CAPACITY AND THE WILL TO DO IT.

I willadd thateach rime liveswere saved,it was done underone of the three circumstances: A personthat the RPF would need in theformation of its futureGovernment. ¯ Peoplewho by luckmet theRPF on its waywhile fighting. ¯ SamaritanCommanders who by compassionrescued people, without Kagame knowledge.Rescuing the civilianTutsi population was not partof Kagame’s plan.

28 Let us take a look at the atmosphereamong the Inkotanyiin Kigaliduring the genocide:

As a soldierwho has been at war,I statethat it ls necessaryto alwayshave a groupof soldierstherewas atno rest planwho to can rescuereplace people. those thatIn Kigati°get tired we aî had the thebattlefield. foltowingdBut RPAlet units;us seesome how

arrivedfirst, others were formed in Kigali:Alpha, Bravo, 59 , 7 , 3 , MilitaryPolice, Artilleryand Air Defence Unit, 5 th , 21st.All these units, with the exception of 3ra and MilitaryPolice, had coys startmgfrom A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H,K-HQ coys; the least numberwas 10 and eachunit had approximately170 people.Some huge units had up to 2000 people.To all these numbers,we must add the "technicians’"who had previouslypenetrated Kigali. In fact,in Kigaliand its surroundings, we had more than 12.000Inkotanyi and yet killingswere being committed everywhere.

Afierthe definitecapture of Gikondoand MAGERWA,itis sad thatwhereas the blood of Tutsiswas beingspilled, our Commandersused the bulkof theirunits to go loot frombig storeslike MAGERWA. Soldiers avoided rescue operations because it was hOt partof Kagame’sorders and whensuch an initiativewas taken,if a soldwrdied duringthe rescue operation,whoever sent him there had to be tmprisoned. Distinguishedmen likeKaka, Dodo, Ngoga, Bagire, Kayonga, ail competedin stealing ) manyLand Cruisers and convertingthem into escort jeeps; the soldiershad become likeInterahamwe. I fact, when things must go wrong,it allstarts in thehigh echelons. We havenever had betterfighters than the men 1 havejust mentionedincluding Kaddafi,Nyamurangwa, Kwikiriza, Kalisa, Rwigamba, Nkubito ...... They were all Commanderswhom we believedto be excellentfighters. But theyhad no directives; therefore,instead of carrymgout rescueoperations, they started making love, they startedrunning after NIDO, Carlsberg, Whisky, Mutzig and Primus.

Thedisease of lootingproperty and squattingabandoned homes started at thattime. The Interahamweembarked on killingand looting.The RPA kept looting in lV~GERWAand in the KabuyeSugar Factorv.After killing innocent civilians m Byumba,the RPF startedhunting for peopleto kilIin the surroundingareas; after whichthey began looting and sending looted goods to Uganda.ït wassad. I willwrite allthis in a detailedfashion.

~J WHY DOES KAGAME SAY THAT HE IS O THE SAVIOUR OF TUTSIS? Thisis a delicatetrap that he set up; the day it gets disentangled, thefirst victim will be Kagarnehimself. I demonstratedhow thesituation gradually developed on bothsides; how the Interahamwebecame more ferocious as the rimepassed by; thoseamong them who exhibitedmaximum ferocity during the killingswere those originating in Byumba and Ruhengeriwhere the RPF had exterrninatedtheir siblings; when these Interahamwe arrivedat theentrance of Kigali,they had been definitively transformed into animals; theywere no longerable to differentiatean Inkotanyi from a Tutsi;on topof this,came the"divisi0nist" speeches, the death of Habyarimanaand his close collaborators (they were the ownersof the Interahamweand of the GovemmentArmy). They were in situationwhere they could not seewho willfight successfully with the RPF;in this chaoticenvironment, theonly alternative was for them to exterminatethe Tutsis.

Whenyou look al the crimesand mistakescommitted by Kagameand comparethem withthe horrible death inflicted upon the Tutsis by theInterahamwe, itis logical that

29 Tutsisinitially perceived Kagame as someonewho stoppedthe genocide.But sincehe likesbeing applauded and glvenmaximum honor, it was easyforhim to makehis own propagandaabout havingsaved the Tutsisbecause it enableshim to carryout repressivemeasures against whoever does not followhis ideology.If you dare contradicthim or his philosophy,you are labeleda killer.When the international communitydares tell him to takea reasonableprofile, he tellsthem to shuttheir mouth becausewhen the genocidewas takingplace, they remamedwatching only; but, I removedthe "genocidaire"Government, I stopped the genocide;what lesson do you wantto giveme? He has installedhimself as a saviorand yet, we knowthat he is the causeof the Rwandantragedy. A proverbsays, "a calfthat will cause the deathof a herdis bornamidst that herd". A Tutsicreated an environmentenabling those who wantedto exterminateTutsis to do it; whenthe killing began, he abandonedthem.

ROLE OF OTHER COUNTRIES IN THE RWANDA WAR.

I waswitness to plentyof bad thingsduring the warwaged by the Inkotanyiand they are inevitableduring liberation wars. Itis normal that Government forces resist the aggression.Those who wantto keepfeeding the population with lies, use the war as a pretextto sayanything that pleases them ) Firstof all,the war startedin Ugandawith fighters were mainly children whose majorityof Tutsiorigin. They came from various countries: Uganda, Tanzania, Zaire, Burundi,Rwanda, Kenya and evenfrom some other countries, but thesewere verv few Thisgives an indicationas to therole played by eachcountry, Each of thosecountries, withthe exceptionof Rwanda:knew or acceptedthat Tutsi youth pass through it to go to fight.Some of thosecountries provided the youthwith intelligence officers to accompanythem. At least30.000 young men passedthrough Burundi. All leftBurundi to go to Uganda.The greatestnumber of youngmen passedthrough Uganda because it wasa countryof mandatorypassage.

Second,Rwanda and the Inkotanyidid not manufacturewarfare material; they had to buy it. It meanthaving countries where warfare material and equipmentcould be purchased.This was truc for both sides.Rwanda bought with its own moneyor obtainedarms as a donationor by contractinga debt. Among those countries, we shall mentionBe!giu_m__, France, China ,~outh Africa, Eg)ï~t, Russia and others. War requiresbuying more advanced weapons each rime so as to be in a positionto successfullyconfront the enemy;which means that some purchased arms necessitated the presenceof militaryinstructors from other countries. No one shoulddeny the presenceof Frenchor Belgianinstructors in Rwanda,No one shoulddeny that instructorsfrom Uganda assisted the Inkotanyi.Some of out soldiersdid go to other friendlycountries for training. No onecan run away from that reality.

Amongthe questionsraised today, today’s Rwanda Government is sayingthat France had a rolethe tragedythat befell Rwanda; they trained the Interahamwe.I would ask the followingquestion: what did the Interahamwehave to learnthat required their trainingby the French?The workexecuted by Interahamwewas to cut withmachetes, to throwgrenades, to shootwith usuel guns available in the country,guns whose use couldalso be taughtby communalpolicemen. What I betieveis thatif the Frenchhad corneto incitethe Interahamweto hatred,to encouragethem to kill,to act as their Commanders(and I don’tsec the need for this) - letus alsonote that killing a peasant Tutsidoesn’t need a Frenchexpert - I wouldaccept that they played a greatrole in the genocide.

3O Theyare not angelsof coursebecause when we werecursing Habyarimana, they were receivinghim as a dear~iend. My understandingas well as thatof all the Inkotanyi wasthat a friendof my enemywas out enemy. Why is it thatlies continue to flourish?

I havespoken of the placeswhere the Inkotanyikilted innocent civilians, of the passagefacilitated by Burundi,of Ugandathat gave us armsand taught us how to use them;should all of thembe prosecutedbefore an InternationalTribunal for genocide? After the war in Rwanda,we waged war in Congo.Rwandan (RPA) soldierswere trainedby Americans,Israelites, North Koreans, South Africans. Ethiopians, Eritreans, Russians,Kenyans and others that I don’tknow: does it meanthat all the countries that trainedour armywill be heldresponsible for the massacreof Hutusthat the RPF committedin Zaire?

Now thatout armycomprises Uganda nationals and nobodydenies it becauseKagame himselfrecognizes it sincehe officiallysent into retirement many Ugandans who were heavyguns specialists(122mm, 107mm, 120mm guns).Will Ugandabe summoned explainedgenocide?

RWANDANS MUST LIBERATE THEMSELVES. HABYARIMANA PLANNED THE MASSACRES. KAGAME HELPED HIM LMPLEMENT THE PLAN. KINANI (HABYARIMANA) DIED. KAGAME SHOULD QUICKLY BE TAKEN TO COUROE AND SENTENCED TO DEATH. HE SHOULD FOLLOW HABYARIMANA. THE REST OF RWANDANS WILL THEN LIVE IN PEACE. a~ In the end,the worldwill know that what brought to RwandaHabyarlman s friends were their common interestsbecause Habyarimana knew how to hoodwinkthe internationalcommunity in a crediblemanner. All this ended with 1990. When the RPF attackedRwanda, Belgium and Zaire quicklyintervened saying that Ugandahad attackedRwanda: but theyfound out thatit was Tutsiswho weregoing back to their countryand decided to endthe intervention. Next,the French, realizing that other countries had abandonedRwanda, went to helpa friend.Upon arrival, they collaborated with Habyarimana in seltinghashish grown m the Nyungweforest. The drug sale was a businessof PresidentHabyarimana and PresidentMitterrand and their immediateentourage. The trade of arms and ammunitionsis big business;it explainsthe relationshipbetween Habyarimana and Mitte.rrnnàThe RPF in .~ingingthe involvementof Francein the Rwandagenocide so thatit mayhide its own crimes. It is regrettableand it does not absolve the RPF of its j own crimes. WHAT CAN BE DONE NOW?

The UnitedNations should cease being ashamed of havingabandoned the Rwandans. Did the UN giveorders to getHutus and Tutsisfighting? It is publicknowledge that Kagamesaid that "if the UN doesnot corne forthwith, I don’t need it; I willpersonally stopthe killings". Assuming that the UN haddecided to intervenehaphazardly and that we hadkilled their spoiled soldiers who are feafful of death,whose fault would it have been? By the way, whichcountries constitute the UN? Why is it that amongthe powerfulcountries member of the UN,only one is singledout; was it the onlypowerful countrythat could bave prevented genocide?

Let there be immediatelyan investigationinto causesthat facilitatedthe genocideand on the role of the govemmentand the rebets (RPF) into the genocide.

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