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1997 Human Rights Report: Poland Page 1 of 18
1997 Human Rights Report: Poland Page 1 of 18 The State Department web site below is a permanent electro information released prior to January 20, 2001. Please see w material released since President George W. Bush took offic This site is not updated so external links may no longer func us with any questions about finding information. NOTE: External links to other Internet sites should not be co endorsement of the views contained therein. U.S. Department of State Poland Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 30, 1998. POLAND Poland is a parliamentary democracy based on a multiparty political system and free and fair elections. The President shares power with the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and the bicameral Parliament (Senate and Sejm). Poland has held two presidential and three parliamentary elections in the 8 years since the end of communism. For much of the year, the governing coalition, composed of the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), a successor to the former Communist Party, and the Polish Peasant Party (PSL), a successor to the Peasant Party of the Communist era, had a nearly two-thirds majority in both houses of Parliament. In parliamentary elections held on September 21, Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS)--a broad coalition of rightist, center-right, and Christian-national parties anchored by the Solidarity trade union--gained 33.9 percent of the vote. The new Government is a two-party coalition composed of AWS and its junior partner, the centrist Freedom Union (UW). The judiciary is independent. -
The Roman Catholic Church in Poland After the Fall of Communism
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 40 Issue 7 Article 2 9-2020 The Roman Catholic Church in Poland after the Fall of Communism Krystyna Górniak-Kocikowska Southern Connecticut State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Eastern European Studies Commons Recommended Citation Górniak-Kocikowska, Krystyna (2020) "The Roman Catholic Church in Poland after the Fall of Communism," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 40 : Iss. 7 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss7/2 This Thirty-Year Anniversary since the Fall of Communism is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN POLAND AFTER THE FALL OF COMMUNISM Tempora Mutantur1 By Krystyna Górniak-Kocikowska Dr. Krystyna Gorniak-Kocikowska is a Professor Emerita and Adjunct Faculty in the Philosophy Department at Southern Connecticut State University. She is a native of Poland and received the Ph.D. degree in philosophy from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and a Masters in religious studies from Temple University in Philadelphia. She is an Academic Council Member of Charter Oak State College and a Fellow of the Albert Schweitzer Institute. Krystyna has previously published articles in OPREE; she is a member of the Board of Advisory Editors of OPREE. Disclaimer There are 18 major churches and denominations registered officially on the basis of individual legal acts in Poland as of 2019 (Ćmiel, 2019). -
ETHNOLOGIA POLONA ETHNOLOGIA POLISH ACADEMY of SCIENCES Eth Nologia P Olona Perspepolishperspe Academyctivect of Ivesciences
3738 20162017 (2017(2018)) HIMALAYANMATERIAL, POLITICAL AND TIBEANDTAN POSTSECULAR IDENTITIES DIMENSIONS IN OFCON POLISHTEMPORARY CATHOLICISM. PERSPEAN ANTHROPOLOGICALCTIVE PERSPECTIVE OLONA P 3737 2016 2016 (2017) (2017) HIMALAYANHIMALAYAN AND AND NOLOGIA TIBETTIBEAN TIANDEN IDENTITIEST ITIES ININSTITUTE CONINSTITUTEIN OF CON TARCHAEOLOGYEMPORARY OF ARCHAEOLOGYTEMPORARY AND AND ETHNOLOGY ETHNOLOGY ETHNOLOGIA POLONA ETHNOLOGIA POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ETH PERSPEPOLISHPERSPE ACADEMYCTIVECT OF IVESCIENCES OLONA OLONA P P NOLOGIA NOLOGIA INSTITUTEINSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY ETH ETH POLISHPOLISH ACADEMY ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF SCIENCES Editor Anna Szymoszyn Thematic Editors of the volume Magdalena Lubańska Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska Assistant to the Editor Agnieszka Szczepaniak-Kroll Language Assistants to the Editor Samuel T. Bennett Thomas Anderson Editorial Board Arkadiusz Bentkowski, Mirosława Drozd-Piasecka, Agnieszka Halemba, Zbigniew Jasiewicz, Jolanta Kowalska, Anna Malewska-Szałygin, Mikołaj Olszewski, Aleksander Posern-Zieliński, Anna Skrypnik, Larysa Vakhnina Editorial address Redakcja Ethnologia Polona IAE PAN, ul. Rubież 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Cover design by Teresa Witkowska and Anna Szymoszyn, based on the project of Alicja Szubert-Olszewska The photo on the cover: The chapel “The Tomb of the Mother of God”, Kalwaria Pacławska, August 2017. Author.: Paweł Baraniecki. Ethnologia Polona © Copyright 2018. All rights reserved. All papers are copyright to their Authors and to Ethnologia Polona. Printed in Poland PL ISSN 0137-4079 Typeset, printed and bound by Letter Quality, Warsaw, Poland CONTENTS ARTICLES MATERIAL, POLITICAL AND POSTSECULAR DIMENSIONS OF POLISH CATHOLICISM. AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Thematic editors: Magdalena Lubańska and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska and Magdalena Lubańska Material, Political and Postsecular Dimensions of Polish Catholicism. -
Catholicism and the Jews in Post-Communist Poland
Catholicism and the Jews in Post-Communist Poland Joanna Michlic richard stockton college of new jersey Antony Polonsky brandeis university Roman Catholicism has long been a central element of Polish national identity. This phenomenon is deeply rooted in the Polish historical experience and is closely linked with the country’s collective identity. As a result, in Polish Catholicism, national ideals have become intertwined with Christian values and national identity has often taken precedence over universal principles. This has led to the widespread identification of Polishness with Catholicism, as summed up in the phrase Polak katolik. The dominant model of religiosity has been conservative, traditional, and “folkish,” with relatively little stress on the spiritual and intellectual development of faith.1 In the eyes of its leaders, Polish Catholicism was the most effective bulwark of Polishness against both the 19th-century partitioning powers and the 20th-century totalitarian forces of Nazism and Soviet Communism. Political groups such as the National Democrats (Endecja), the principal expo- nents in Poland of ethno-nationalism and antisemitism, attempted from the end of the 19th century to exploit the identification of Polishness with Catholicism. How- ever, in interwar Poland, political Catholicism was unable to attain a hegemonic position in political life. Especially after the seizure of power in May 1926 by the charismatic military hero Jo´zef Piłsudski, political forces advancing a Catholic agenda, whether of a Christian Democratic or of a National Democratic character, were marginalized. The relations between the Church and the authorities were correct but hardly cordial, and a significant portion of the Episcopate, or Church hierarchy—though not the primate, Cardinal August Hlond (appointed in June 1926)—retained its sympathy for the National Democrats. -
Poland Page 1 of 18
Poland Page 1 of 18 Poland Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 4, 2002 Poland is a multiparty parliamentary democracy in which executive power is shared by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and to a lesser extent, the President. Alexander Kwasniewski was reelected President in free and fair elections held in October 2000. The Parliament is bicameral (Senate and Sejm). Free and fair parliamentary elections held in September resulted in a change in Government. The social democratic (post- Communist) Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) formed a majority coalition government with the Union of Labor (UP) and the Polish Peasant Party (PSL). The Government respects the constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary; however, the judiciary is inefficient. Internal security forces consist of local police, a national office of investigation, and city guards, who are uniformed, unarmed officers. The armed forces are subject to effective civilian control by the Government. Since 1996 the civilian Minister of Defense has had clear command and control authority over the military chief of the general staff as well as oversight of military intelligence. Civilian control was reinforced further by a restructuring of the Ministry of Defense and general staff undertaken as part of the country's entry into NATO in April 2000. Security forces committed a few abuses. The country's population is approximately 39 million. After several years of strong growth in the mid-1990's, the economy slowed starting in 1998 as a result of the Russian financial crisis and economic slowdown in the country's largest export markets in Europe. -
New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands Jews of Poland
New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands Jews of Poland Series Editor ANTONY POLONSKY (Brandeis University) New Directions in the History of the Jews in the Polish Lands Edited by Antony Polonsky, Hanna We˛. grzynek, and Andrzej Z bikowski Boston 2018 ASSOCIATION OF THE JEWISH HISTORICAL INSTITUTE OF POLAND Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Polonsky, Antony, editor. | Węgrzynek, Hanna, editor. | Ż bikowski, Andrzej, editor. Title: New directions in the history of the Jews in the Polish lands / edited by Antony Polonsky, Hanna Wegrzynek and Andrzej Zbikowski. Description: Boston, MA : Academic Studies Press ; Warsaw, Poland : POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, [2017] | Series: Jews of Poland | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017044794 (print) | LCCN 2017047212 (ebook) | ISBN 9788394914905 (e-book) | ISBN 9788394914912 (Open Access) | ISBN 9788394426293 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Jews--Poland--History--Congresses. | Poland--Ethnic relations--Congresses. | Museums--Educational aspects--Poland--Congresses. Classification: LCC DS135.P6 (ebook) | LCC DS135.P6 N475 2017 (print) | DDC 943.8/004924--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017044794 Published by Academic Studies Press and by the POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, 2018 ISBN 978-8-394914-90-5 (electronic) ISBN 978-8-394914-91-2 (Open Access) ISBN 978-8-394426-29-3 (hardback) Book design by Kryon Publishing Services (P) Ltd. www.kryonpublishing.com Cover design by Ivan Grave On the cover: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews Photo by www.pzstudio.pl Academic Studies Press 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com Effective July 31, 2018, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. -
The Political Role of the Catholic Church in Poland Under Martial
The political role of the Catholic Church in Poland under Martial Law, 1981-1983 Jessica Jocher 12 January 2015 Master of Philosophy School of History and Politics, Discipline of History, University of Adelaide Table of Contents Abstract 1 Declaration 2 Acknowledgements 3 Abbreviations and translations 4 Map of Poland 5 Introduction 6 Chapter One: The Catholic Church, the Laity, and the Communist Regime 13 Chapter Two: Heroic Priests? 46 Chapter Three: The Higher Clergy 80 Conclusion 107 Bibliography 109 Abstract: Most historians and political commentators agree that the Catholic Church was an important force in Communist Poland during the period of Martial Law between 1981 and 1983. However, they do not agree on the nature of its significance. Some have argued that the Church played the role of mediator between state authorities and society and thereby helped to stabilise the relationship between the two. Others have claimed that Polish Catholicism was itself a form of political opposition which helped to undermine the Communist regime. Despite its importance, relatively little has been written in English about the political role of the Polish Catholic Church under Martial Law. More has been written on this topic in Polish, but much of the Polish literature is hagiographical in nature. Therefore, this project explores various aspects of the political role of the Catholic Church and demonstrates that it was both a stabilising and a resistant force in Polish politics. 1 Declaration: This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution to Jessica Jocher and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. -
Ben Stanley 1 Defenders of the Cross: Populist Politics And
Ben Stanley 1 Defenders of the Cross: Populist Politics and Religion in Post-Communist Poland Draft chapter prepared for "Saving the People: How Populists Hijack Religion" (eds. Duncan McDonnell, Nadia Marzouki, Olivier Roy): not for citation, quotation or dissemination. The politics of religious identity was of major importance to Poland’s ‘populist turn’ of 2005-2007 and to the reorientation of Poland’s nascent party system thereafter. Populism relies not only on the identification of an antagonistic relationship between the elite and the people; it also posits a moral dichotomy between an inauthentic, illegitimate and corrupt elite, and an authentic, legitimate and honest people.1 The success of populism depends on the ability of political entrepreneurs to appeal to voters on the basis of this dichotomy. Religions have a number of attributes that make them powerful tools of populist mobilisation. They express and communicate a clear distinction between good and evil that corresponds with the moral dichotomy at the heart of populism. They create and perpetuate communities on the basis of emotional ties and rituals. They often possess organisational structures that furnish the means and motivation for grassroots organisation. While religion alone does not account for why populism became an important factor in Polish party politics, the appeal to an inward-looking and nation-centric brand of Catholicism was one of its leading characteristics. This chapter explains how religion and the politics of religious identity and values interacted with populism, and with what consequences. The first section briefly outlines the emergence of Polish populism in the second decade of transition.