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The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China ASSOCIATE EDITORS The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China ASSOCIATE EDITORS • Yanjie Bian, Sociology, University of Minnesota and Xi’an Jiaotong University, USA and China • Kerry Brown, Political Science, King’s College, UK • Albert Hu, Economics, National University of Singapore, Singapore • Pál Nyíri, Anthropology and History, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam • Kristin Stapleton, History, University at Buffalo, SUNY, USA • Elizabeth Wishnick, Political Science and Law, Montclair State University, USA The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China Volume 1 Edited by Weiping Wu and Mark W. Frazier SAGE Publications Ltd Introduction © Weiping Wu Chapter 28 © Carla P. 1 Oliver’s Yard and Mark W. Frazier 2018 Freeman 2018 Chapter 1 © Dali Yang 2018 Chapter 29 © Taomo Zhou 55 City Road Chapter 2 © Prasenjit Duara and Hong Liu 2018 London EC1Y 1SP 2018 Part VI © Mark W. Frazier Chapter 3 © Chris Bramall 2018 SAGE Publications Inc. 2018 Chapter 30 © Benjamin Darr 2455 Teller Road Chapter 4 © David Pietz 2018 2018 Part II © Weiping Wu 2018 Chapter 31 © Lowell Dittmer Thousand Oaks, California 91320 Chapter 5 © Linda Yueh 2018 2018 Chapter 6 © Gary H. Jefferson Chapter 32 © Ho-Fung Hung SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 2018 2018 B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Chapter 7 © Susan H. Whiting Chapter 33 © Nyíri Pál 2018 and Dan Wang 2018 Chapter 34 © Ben Hillman 2018 Mathura Road Chapter 8 © Jenny Chan 2018 Chapter 35 © Joanne Smith New Delhi 110 044 Chapter 9 © Yasheng Finley 2018 Huang 2018 Chapter 36 © Katherine SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Chapter 10 © Ming He, Yang Palmer Kaup 2018 3 Church Street Chen and Ronald Schramm Chapter 37 © André Laliberté 2018 2018 #10-04 Samsung Hub Chapter 11 © Albert Hu 2018 Chapter 38 © William F. Singapore 049483 Chapter 12 © Jo Inge Schroeder 2018 Bekkevold and Øystein Tunsjø Part VII © Weiping Wu 2018 2018 Chapter 39 © Chaolin Gu and Part III © Mark W. Frazier 2018 Ian Gillespie Cook 2018 Editor: Robert Rojek Chapter 13 © Kerry Brown Chapter 40 © C. Cindy Fan Editorial Assistant: Colette Wilson 2018 2018 Chapter 14 © Jiangnan Zhu Chapter 41 © Weiping Wu Production Editor: Rudrani Mukherjee 2018 2018 Copyeditor: Jill Birch Chapter 15 © Zhengxu Wang Chapter 42 © Jiang Xu 2018 Proofreader: Sunrise Settings 2018 Chapter 43 © Jia Feng and Indexer: Sunrise Settings Chapter 16 © Wu Zhang 2018 Guo Chen 2018 Chapter 17 © Andrew Mertha Part VIII © Weiping Wu 2018 Marketing Manager: Emma Turner 2018 Chapter 44 © Björn Cover Design: Wendy Scott Chapter 18 © John James Gustafsson 2018 Typeset by: Cenveo Publisher Services Kennedy and Dan Chen 2018 Chapter 45 © Felix Haifeng Chapter 19 © William Liao and Yehua Dennis Wei Printed in the UK Hurst 2018 2018 Chapter 20 © Vivienne Chapter 46 © Huimin Du and At SAGE we take sustainability seriously. Bath 2018 Wenfei Winnie Wang 2018 Most of our products are printed in the Part IV © Mark W. Frazier Chapter 47 © Xiushi Yang, UK using responsibly sourced papers 2018 Hongyun Fu and Meizhen and boards. When we print overseas we Chapter 21 © Arthur Kroeber Liao 2018 2018 Chapter 48 © Yanjie Bian, Lei ensure sustainable papers are used as Chapter 22 © Gaye Zhang, Yinghui Li, Yipeng Hu measured by the PREPS grading system. Christoffersen 2018 and Na Li 2018 We undertake an annual audit to monitor Chapter 23 © 2016 Part IX © Weiping Wu 2018 Georgetown University Press, Chapter 49 © David R. Phillips our sustainability. Andrew J. Nathan, ‘China’s and Zhixin Feng 2018 Rise and International Chapter 50 © Daniel Regimes.’ From China in the Hammond 2018 Era of Xi Jinping: Domestic Chapter 51 © Mette Halskov and Foreign Domestic Policy Hansen 2018 Challenges Robert S. Ross Chapter 52 © James Farrer and Jo Inge Bekkevold, 2018 Editors, pp. 165–195. Used Chapter 53 © Jieyu Liu, Eona with permission. www.press. Bell and Jiayu Zhang 2018 Library of Congress Control Number: georgetown.edu. Chapter 54 © Lawton R. 2017961311 Chapter 24 © Bei Tang and Burns and Gordon G. Liu 2018 Yanzhong Huang 2018 Chapter 55 © Jian Xu and British Library Cataloguing in Part V © Mark W. Frazier 2018 Wanning Sun 2018 Chapter 25 © Rosemary Foot Chapter 56 © Sarah Mellors Publication data 2018 and Jeffrey Wasserstrom 2018 A catalogue record for this book is Chapter 26 © Ed Griffith and Chapter 57 © Kristin Caroline Rose 2018 Stapleton 2018 available from the British Library Chapter 27 © Alexander Lukin Chapter 58 © Mark W. Frazier 2018 2018 ISBN 978-1-4739-4894-5 Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xii Notes on the Editors and Contributors xiv Introduction xxxvii Weiping Wu and Mark W. Frazier VOLUME 1 PART I CONTEXT: HISTORY, ECONOMY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1 1 The Making of the Modern State and Quest for Modernity 3 Dali Yang 2 Nationalism and the Nation-state 31 Prasenjit Duara 3 Continuity and Change: The Economy in the Twentieth Century 48 Chris Bramall 4 Geographic and Environmental Setting 67 David Pietz PART II ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS: INTRODUCTION 93 Weiping Wu 5 Evolution of Market Reforms 101 Linda Yueh 6 State-Owned Enterprise: Reform, Performance and Prospects 121 Gary H. Jefferson 7 The Rural Economy 143 Susan H. Whiting and Dan Wang 8 Economic Growth and Labor Security 166 Jenny Chan 9 Inbound Foreign Direct Investment 189 Yasheng Huang vi THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA, 2V 10 Financial System 205 Ming He, Yang Chen and Ronald Schramm 11 Technology, Innovation and Knowledge-Based Economy 242 Albert Hu 12 Sustaining Growth: Energy and Natural Resources 262 Jo Inge Bekkevold and Øystein Tunsjø PART III POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT: INTRODUCTION 281 Mark Frazier 13 The Communist Party and Ideology 287 Kerry Brown 14 Corruption in Reform Era: A Multidisciplinary Review 302 Jiangnan Zhu 15 Campaigns in Politics: From Revolution to Problem Solving 324 Zhengxu Wang 16 Popular Protest 340 Wu Zhang 17 Bureaucracy and Policy Making 365 Andrew Mertha 18 Local and Grassroots Governance 388 John James Kennedy and Dan Chen 19 Labor Politics 406 William Hurst 20 Legal and Judicial System 421 Vivienne Bath PART IV CHINA ON THE GLOBAL STAGE: INTRODUCTION 441 Mark W. Frazier 21 China as a Global Financial Power 447 Arthur Kroeber 22 China and Global Energy Governance 459 Gaye Christoffersen 23 China and Global Regimes 477 Andrew J. Nathan CONTENTS vii 24 Engagement in Global Health Governance Regimes 497 Bei Tang and Yanzhong Huang PART V CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY: INTRODUCTION 517 Mark W. Frazier 25 China–US Relations in a Changing Global Order 523 Rosemary Foot 26 China–Japan Relations 544 Ed Griffith and Caroline Rose 27 Chinese–Russian Relations 565 Alexander Lukin 28 China’s Relations with the Korean Peninsula 587 Carla P. Freeman 29 Chinese Foreign Policy: Southeast Asia 610 Taomo Zhou and Hong Liu VOLUME 2 PART VI NATIONAL AND NESTED IDENTITIES: INTRODUCTION 631 Mark W. Frazier 30 Popular Nationalism 635 Benjamin Darr 31 Taiwanese Identity 657 Lowell Dittmer 32 Hong Kong Identity 676 Ho-Fung Hung 33 Chinese Outside China 696 Nyíri Pál 34 Studying Tibetan Identity 713 Ben Hillman 35 Uyghur Identities 736 Joanne Smith Finley 36 Ethnic Studies Beyond Tibet and Xinjiang 760 Katherine Palmer Kaup viii THE SAGE HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY CHINA, 2V 37 Religion 779 André Laliberté 38 Sexual Minorities 799 William F. Schroeder PART VII URBANIZATION AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT: INTRODUCTION 821 Weiping Wu 39 Urbanization and Urban System 827 Chaolin Gu and Ian Gillespie Cook 40 Population Mobility and Migration 848 C. Cindy Fan 41 Financing Urbanization and Infrastructure 878 Weiping Wu 42 Land and Housing Markets 898 Jiang Xu 43 Socio-Spatial Transformation of Cities 920 Jia Feng and Guo Chen PART VIII POVERTY AND INEQUALITY: INTRODUCTION 941 Weiping Wu 44 Poverty and Its Alleviation 947 Björn Gustafsson 45 Regional Inequality: Scales, Mechanisms and Beyond 967 Felix Haifeng Liao and Yehua Dennis Wei 46 The Making of the ‘Migrant Class’ 985 Huimin Du and Wenfei Winnie Wang 47 Gender, Migration and HIV/STI Risks and Risk Behaviors 1003 Xiushi Yang, Hongyun Fu and Meizhen Liao 48 Income Inequality and Class Stratification 1022 Yanjie Bian, Lei Zhang, Yinghui Li, Yipeng Hu and Na Li CONTENTS ix PART IX SOCIAL CHANGE: INTRODUCTION 1043 Weiping Wu 49 Demographics and Aging 1049 David R. Phillips and Zhixin Feng 50 Social Welfare 1072 Daniel Hammond 51 China’s Education System: Loved and Hated 1093 Mette Halskov Hansen 52 Nightlife and Night-Time Economy in Urban China 1112 James Farrer 53 Family Life 1131 Jieyu Liu, Eona Bell and Jiayu Zhang 54 Health, Disease and Medical Care 1151 Lawton R. Burns and Gordon G. Liu 55 Media since 1949: Changes and Continuities 1172 Jian Xu and Wanning Sun PART X FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY CHINA STUDIES 1193 56 The Future(s) of China Studies 1195 Sarah Mellors and Jeffrey Wasserstrom 57 The Future of China’s Past 1208 Kristin Stapleton 58 China and the Challenges of Comparison 1227 Mark W. Frazier Index 1245 List of Figures 3.1 Per capita GDP, 1952–78 (1990 prices) 55 3.2 Real Chinese GDP growth, 1979–2015 59 4.1 China’s physical geography 71 4.2 China’s population distribution 74 4.3 The ‘Water Tower of Asia’ 77 4.4 South-to-North Water Diversion Project 88 7.1 Agricultural land and labor productivity by country, 1961–2013 151 8.1 Composition of Chinese urban employment by ownership, (1998–2014) 169 8.2 Composition of China’s employment by industry, 1980–2014 170 8.3 Composition of students in China’s senior secondary schools, 2001–14 173 8.4 Aging trend of Chinese rural migrant workers, 2008–15 176 10.1 Shadow economy from flow of funds data 206 10.2 Loans and deposits of all banking
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