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INDEX Note: bold page numbers refer to illustrations. automatic camera trap data organisation, storage and analysis 283–90 abundance estimation 5–6, 268, 307, 308, 314 red foxes 292 bait or no bait debate 209–10 spotted-tailed quolls 271, 276 bandicoots 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 25, 194, 196, 211 using the random encounter model 317–22 see also specific types, e.g. southern brown Accipiter fasciatus 165 bandicoot Acrobates pygmaeus 239 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Karntaka, Inda 168 agile antechinus 17, 237, 238 bare-nosed wombat, diurnal activity 35–42, 143 camera orientation and detection 233, 236 Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Central American detection by camera type 117 agouti density estimation 164, 318–22 agile wallaby 167 baseline inventory 20–1 Ailurus fulgens 88 Bassian thrush 13, 16, 18, 19, 22, 26 Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 16, 47, 114, 126, Bennett’s wallaby 254 274, 293 Bhutan 87–8 Alces alces 49 wildlife camera trapping 87, 88–95, 148 Allen and Engeman index 193, 194, 196, 197, 198 Bhutan Biological Corridors Complex 148 Alpine National Park, Vic., spotted-tailed quoll small mammals 151 survey protocol 271–7 biodiversity monitoring American marten 234 Mongolia 45–52, 144 amphibians 6 Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, Peru 53–60, animal movement speed, REM 319–20 144, 145 Antechinus 14 Torricelli Mountain Range, PNG 69–76 A. agilis 16, 114, 233, 236, 237, 238 birds 6, 13, 18, 19 A. spp. 125, 162, 163, 303 see also specific types, e.g. brown goshawk A. stuartii 301 black agouti 57 A. swainsonii 16, 114, 254, 301 black rat 19, 196, 208, 254 applied management 6–7 detection by camera type 117 arboreal/scansorial mammals population size estimation, Port Jackson, camera trap detection 233–40, 238 NSW 307–14 camera trap orientation 233, 235–7 blue duiker 167 glide poles and rope canopy-bridges usage blue sheep 88 monitoring 158–9, 245–51 Bluetooth 106, 107 Asian badger 48 Bos Asian elephant 88 B. gaurus 168 Asiatic golden cat 87, 88, 91 B. grunniens 91 colour morphs 90, 150 Brazilian tapir 457 Australasian Wildlife Management Society, First broad scale area surveys, Grampians National Park, International Camera Trapping Colloquium in Vic. 161, 293 Wildlife Management and Research 349–51 broad-toothed rat 19 Australian Privacy Principles (AAPs) 334 bronze ground-dove 74 Austria, camera traps and privacy 332, 339 brown antechinus 301 automated species identification 6, 299–304 brown bear 49 357 358 INDEX brown goshawk 165 camera trap imagery, computer-assisted brush-tailed phascogale, detection by camera identification of small Australian type 116, 117 mammals 299–304 brush-tailed rock wallabies, population estimates camera trap market survey 102 using time-lapse photography 61–7, 146 camera trap monitoring brushtail possums 118, 128, 194, 196, 237, 238, 254, biodiversity, Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, 257 Peru 53–60, 144, 145 BuckEye Cam camera 106, 107 infectious disease in Tasmanian devils 7, 27–33 Budorcas taxicolor 87, 8 8 mallefowls, WA Wheatbelt 77–85 Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Mongolian biodiversity 45–52, 144 Indonesia 268–9 standards 354 Bundjalung National Park, NSW, comparison Victorian national parks 13–26 between camera traps and sand plots, free ranging camera trap placement, REM 318–19 dog monitoring 189–200 camera trap research registry 353 bush rats 208, 237, 238 camera trap surveys detection by camera type 117 comparison with live trapping of mammals, identification by texture patterns 299–304 Tasmania 253–60 Bushnell Trophy Cam cameras 79, 147 density estimation using random encounter Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda 267 model 317–22 diurnal terrestrial reptiles 225–31 camera orientation during field placement 206–9 effectiveness, population estimates for arboreal species 233, 235–7 nondescript species 173–8 vertical versus horizontal orientation 157, 207, faunal biodiversity, Torricelli Mountain Range, 222, 228–9, 233, 235–7 PNG 69–76 Camera Overhead Augmented Temperature (COAT) fox occupancy changes, Grampians National Park, protocol, reptile surveys 156, 225–31 Vic. 291–7 augmenting the thermal environment in the Leadbeater’s possum 233–40 field 227–8 mammal species, Bhutan 87–95, 148 effectiveness 229–30 Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, Peru 54–5, potential problems 230–1 144 testing the COAT protocol in the field 228–9 protocol to detect the rare spotted-tailed camera sensitivity, REM 320 quoll 271–7 camera trap applications to detect effects of population arboreal mammal detection 233–40 management 325–30 bare-nosed wombat behaviour study 35–42, 143 trap effectiveness comparison, brush-tailed rock wallaby estimates 61–7, 146 ground-mammals 123–8 foraging behaviour of mycophagous camera trap types mammals 154, 215–23 addressing major differences between types and poison bait uptake by invasive predators and non- models 354 target species 131–8 choice of camera to use 116–19 small mammal population size contrasts between traps 115 estimation 307–14 effectiveness comparison, ground-dwelling temporal patterns in habitat use, swamp mammal surveys 123–8 wallaby 181–7 impact on capacity to detect mammals 111, 115 wildlife ecology, review 3–9 probability of detecting different size classes of camera trap data, methodology for automatic Australian mammals 111–19 organisation, storage and analysis 283–90, 353 see also specific brands/models, e.g. Reconyx camera trap housing 106 cameras INDEX 359 camera trap users CAPTURE2 software 55 invasion of an individual’s privacy 336–40 Carrai National Park, NSW, computer-assisted survey on detection of people during wildlife identification of small Australian surveys 335–6 mammals 299–304 camera trapping Casuarius bennetti 74 as education 7–8, 8 Catling and Burt index 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198 factors underpinning contemporary 351–3 Central American agouti 164 future 353 density estimation using random encounter hazards, Bhutan 92–3 model 318–22 for mythical animals 88–9 Central Highlands, Vic., Leadbeater’s possum need for standard national camera trapping survey 233–40 protocol 94–5, 353, 354 Central Surinam Nature Reserve, Surinam 268 and privacy law in Australia 331–45 Central Victoria, mammal size, camera trap type small mammals and Buddhism, Bhutan 93–4 probability of detection 112–19, 151 time-efficiency compared to live trapping 253, Cephalophus harveyi 254 254, 255, 256, 260–1 Cervus elaphus 49, 153 camera trapping methodology 205–12 chimpanzees 172 bait or no bait debate 209–10 ‘chu-drey’ (mythical animal) 8 camera orientation during field placement 157, CITES-listed endangered species, Sumatra 268–9 206–9, 222, 228–9, 233, 235–7 citizen science 7–8 length of time cameras should be left at a malleefowl monitoring, WA Wheatbelt 77–86, site 210–12 147 mounting bracket to protect camera against Clethrionomys gapperi 218 rain 243 clouded leopards 91, 254 standardised reporting of methods 354 common brushtail possum 254, 257 camera traps detection by camera type 118 comparison with live trapping of mammals, rope canopy-bridge use 247, 249 Tasmania 253–61 common ringtail possum 197, 237, 238 comparison with sand plots 135–6, 189–200 rope canopy-bridge use 247 constraints where small species are the common wombat target 107 detection by camera type 118 data gathering from 4 diurnal activity 35–42, 143 performance issues 41–2, 137–8, 176–7, 222–3, community engagement, fauna survey, Torricelli 250–1 Mountain Range, PNG 70–1, 74, 75 specifications 102–6 Compton Road land-bridge, Brisbane 158, 246, 247, surprise discoveries through 21–2, 74 248, 250 training in use 21, 82, 84 cameras positioned above sheet-metal collars ultimate, review 101–8 160 and unintentional filming 331–2, 335–6 computer-assisted identification of small Australian use with complementary methods 22 mammals in camera trap imagery 299–304 Canis lupus 49, 332 conservation and the community, Torricelli C. l. dingo 190 Mountain Range, PNG 75–6 C. l. familiaris 190 Coranderrk Bushland Reserve, Vic., swamp wallaby Capra hircus 132 study 181–7 Capreolus pygargus 49 cryptic arboreal marsupials, camera trap Capricornis thar 88 surveys 233–40 capture-mark-recapture camera technique 254, 308 Cuddeback Capture camera 79, 103, 147 use with reptiles 229–30 currawongs 134 360 INDEX Dasyprocta Elephus maximus 88 D. fuliginosa 57 E. m. sumatranus 268 D. punctata 164, 318–22 eMammal of the Smithsonian Institution 269 dasyurids 14 emus 133, 134, 135, 136 Dasyurus Eradicat 1080 baits, target and non-target species D. albopunctatus 72 uptake, South Australia 131–8 D. maculatus 20, 153, 165, 172, 209, 271–7 Eurasian lynx 49, 332 data analysis (automatic camera data) 288 European brown hares 196 data creation (automatic camera data) 287–8 experimental design, getting it right 21 data gathering, streamlining by camera traps 4, 354 data retrieval and labelling (automatic camera FaunaFocus cameras 247 data) 284–5 faunal biodiversity, Torriceli Mountain Range, data storage (automatic camera data) 286–7 PNG 69–76 De Hoge Veluwe National Park, The fawn-footed melomys 301 Netherlands 170 feathertail glider 239 Dendrolagus Felis catus 19, 131–8, 170, 194, 254, 258, 326–8 D. inustus finschi 75 feral cats 19, 170, 194, 254 D. pulcherrimus 69 poison bait uptake, South Australia 131–8 D. scottae 69, 71–2, 73, 75 trapping program, effectiveness DeskTEAM software 263, 266, 267 measurement 326–8 devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), monitoring feral goats 132, 134, 136 progression of 7, 27–33, 32 feral pigs 49, 197 camera trap sites, Tasmania 143 consuming bait 169 confirmed locations, Tasmania 142 trapping program, effectiveness Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 268 measurement 326–8 DigitalEye cameras 133, 207, 273, 301 Finsch’s tree kangaroo 75 disease monitoring, Tasmanian devils 7, 27–33 flying squirrels 94, 151 DISTANCE software 55–6, 57 focused area surveys, Grampians National Park, diurnal activity Vic. 161, 292–3 bare-nosed wombat 35–42, 143 foraging behaviour of mycophagous mammals 154, terrestrial reptiles, COAT protocol use 156, 215–23 225–31 foxes 171, 190, 197 Dorcopsulus sp.
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  • A Species-Level Phylogenetic Supertree of Marsupials

    A Species-Level Phylogenetic Supertree of Marsupials

    J. Zool., Lond. (2004) 264, 11–31 C 2004 The Zoological Society of London Printed in the United Kingdom DOI:10.1017/S0952836904005539 A species-level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials Marcel Cardillo1,2*, Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds3, Elizabeth Boakes1,2 and Andy Purvis1 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, U.K. 2 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, U.K. 3 Lehrstuhl fur¨ Tierzucht, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany (Accepted 26 January 2004) Abstract Comparative studies require information on phylogenetic relationships, but complete species-level phylogenetic trees of large clades are difficult to produce. One solution is to combine algorithmically many small trees into a single, larger supertree. Here we present a virtually complete, species-level phylogeny of the marsupials (Mammalia: Metatheria), built by combining 158 phylogenetic estimates published since 1980, using matrix representation with parsimony. The supertree is well resolved overall (73.7%), although resolution varies across the tree, indicating variation both in the amount of phylogenetic information available for different taxa, and the degree of conflict among phylogenetic estimates. In particular, the supertree shows poor resolution within the American marsupial taxa, reflecting a relative lack of systematic effort compared to the Australasian taxa. There are also important differences in supertrees based on source phylogenies published before 1995 and those published more recently. The supertree can be viewed as a meta-analysis of marsupial phylogenetic studies, and should be useful as a framework for phylogenetically explicit comparative studies of marsupial evolution and ecology.