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The Genoese Levantine Colonies at the Birth of Ottoman Imperial Power: a Framework for Inquiry

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The Genoese Levantine Colonies at the Birth of Ottoman Imperial Power: a Framework for Inquiry THE GENOESE LEVANTINE COLONIES AT THE BIRTH OF OTTOMAN IMPERIAL POWER: A FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF ISTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY PADRAIC ROHAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY MAY 2015 Approval Page This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. Examining Committee Members Assistant Professor Günhan Börekçi _____________ Assistant Professor Kahraman Şakul _____________ Assistant Emrah Safa Gürkan ______________ This is to confirm that this thesis complies with all the standards set by the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Istanbul Şehir University: Date Seal / Signature I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. First Name, Last Name: Signature: ABSTRACT THE GENOESE LEVANTINE COLONIES AT THE BIRTH OF OTTOMAN IMPERIAL POWER: A FRAMEWORK FOR INQUIRY Rohan, Padraic MA, Department of History Supervisor: Assistant Professor Günhan Börekçi May 2015, 104 pages The Genoese Levantine colonies originated during the era of the Crusades (eleventh through fifteenth centuries) in a complex dynamic with the Byzantine Greeks, the Turkic dynasties of Anatolia, and various Latin warlords. In the eastern Mediterranean, the Aegean, and the Black Sea, a Genoese feudal aristocracy traded with the Byzantine and Turkic dynasties, and many Genoese families became extremely rich. But the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 signaled the beginning of the end of Genoese commercial dominance. Individual Genoese merchants continued to reside at Pera, just across the Golden Horn from Constantinople, and the Genoese colony of Caffa in Crimea held out until 1475. Chios continued under Genoese rule into the middle of the sixteenth century. Despite the loss of their Levantine colonies, the Genoese had by this point become the most powerful bankers in Europe. My hypothesis is that capital iii repatriation from the colonies to the western Mediterranean in the late fifteenth century contributed significantly to the success of Genoese banking in the sixteenth century. In examining Genoese and Ottoman sources for the fifteenth century, this study aims to lay the groundwork for close investigation of capital movement and economic networks between the Genoese Levantine colonies and the western Mediterranean. Keywords: Genoese, Ottoman, Pera, Galata, Black Sea, Chios iv ÖZ Osmanlı Emperyal Gücünün Doğuşunda Levant’taki Ceneviz Kolonileri: Araştırma İçin Bir Çerçeve Rohan, Padraic MA, Tarih Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Günhan Börekçi Mayıs 2015, 104 sayfa Levant Bölgesi’ndeki Ceneviz kolonileri, Haçlı Seferleri Dönemi’nde (11. yy.dan 15. yy.a kadar), Bizanslı Rumlar, Anadolu’daki Türk hanedanları ve çeşitli Latin savaş ağalarının içinde olduğu kompleks bir dinamikte ortaya çıktı. Doğu Akdeniz’de, Ege’de ve Karadeniz’de, Cenevizli bir feodal aristokrasi Bizans ve Türk hanedanları ile ticaret yaptı ve birçok Cenevizli aile aşırı derecede zenginleşti. Fakat, Osmanlıların Konstantinopol’ü 1453’te fethi, Ceneviz ticari hakimiyetinin sonunun başlangıcına işaret etti. Tek tük Cenevizli tüccarlar, Konstantinopol’den Altın Boynuz’la ayrılan Pera’da oturmaya devam ettiler. Kırım’daki Caffa Ceneviz Kolonisi 1475’e kadar varlığını devam ettirdi. Chios’taki Ceneviz yönetimi 16. yy.ın ortalarına kadar devam etti. Cenevizliler, Levant Bölgesi’ndeki kolonilerini kaybetmesine rağmen, bu noktaya gelene kadar Avrupa’daki en güçlü bankerler haline gelmişlerdi. Hipotezime göre, 15. yy.da kolonilerden Batı Akdeniz’e sermaye gönderilmesi, v Ceneviz bankacılığının 16. yy.daki başarısına önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma, 15. yy. Ceneviz ve Osmanlı kaynaklarını inceleyerek, Levant Bölgesi’ndeki Ceneviz kolonileri ve Batı Akdeniz arasındaki sermaye hareketi ve ekonomik ilişkiler ağının kapsamlı bir şekilde araştırılması için gereken altyapıyı hazırlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Cenevizliler, Osmanlılar, Pera, Galata, Karadeniz, Chios vi Acknowledgements I must acknowledge first the support of my parents, Nan and Patrick Rohan. I would like to thank my advisor Günhan Börekçi for his guidance throughout this process. I'm grateful too for the support of the members of the committee, Kahraman Şakul and Emrah Safa Gürkan. Engin Deniz Akarlı, Abdulhamit Kırmızı, Coşkun Çakır, Mehmet Genç, Yunus Uğur, and Abdurrahman Atçıl provided much moral support and invaluable instruction. I'm grateful too for the guidance of Francesca Trivellato, Natalie Rothman, and Carlo Taviani; and for the invaluable criticism and moral support of Burcu Gürkan, Hardy Griffin, and Yakoob Ahmed. I consider myself extremely indebted to the entire Şehir community for the opportunity to study with and learn from this group of people. vii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................ iii Öz ….......................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements …......................................................................................... vii Table of Contents …........................................................................................... viii Introduction …....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I. Mediterranean Economic Networks and Genoese Colonial Administration before the Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople .…...................................................... 16 I.1 The Ill-Defined Boundary between Commerce and Piracy ................ 17 I.2 The Evolution of the Rule of Law …................................................. 22 I.3 Breakdown in the Rule of Law …...................................................... 28 II. The Genoese of Pera/Galata after the Conquest: Correspondence between the Ottoman Tahrir of 1455 and the Genoese Notarial Records ….......................... 41 II.1 The Context of the Ottoman and Genoese sources .......................... 42 II.2 The Analysis of Halil İnalcık …....................................................... 46 II.3 New Findings and Connections …................................................... 50 III: Economic Networks after the Conquest and the Disintegration of Genoese Colonial Administration .................................................................................... 64 III.1 Change and Continuity in Economic Networks …......................... 65 III.2 The Repatriation of Holy Relics …................................................ 74 viii III.3 The Disintegration of Genoese Colonial Administration …........ 76 Conclusion ….................................................................................................. 85 APPENDICES A. Glossary …................................................................................................. 89 B: Map of the Genoese Colonies …................................................................. 94 C: Investors in the Cargo of the Ship of Nicolo Gentile ….............................. 95 D: Correspondence between the Ottoman and Genoese Documents …........... 96 Bibliography..................................................................................................... 97 ix Introduction: Sources, Studies, and Approaches The Genoese Levantine colonies originated during the era of the Crusades (eleventh to fifteenth centuries) in a complex dynamic with the Byzantine Greeks, the Turkic dynasties, and various Latin warlords. In the eastern Mediterranean, the Aegean, and the Black Sea, a Genoese feudal aristocracy traded with the Byzantine and Turkic dynasties, and many Genoese families became extremely rich. But the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 signaled the beginning of the end of Genoese commercial dominance. Individual Genoese merchants continued to reside at Pera, just across the Golden Horn from Constantinople, and the Genoese colony of Caffa in Crimea held out until 1475. Chios continued under Genoese rule into the middle of the sixteenth century. Despite the loss of their Levantine colonies, the Genoese had by this point become the most powerful bankers in Europe. Genoa in the sixteenth century was the leading financial city in the world.1 My hypothesis is that capital repatriation from the colonies back to Genoa in the late fifteenth century contributed significantly to the success of Genoese banking in the sixteenth century. In 1 Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vols., trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper Colophon, 1972), vol.1, pp. 321 and 342-3. 1 examining Genoese and Ottoman sources for the fifteenth century, this thesis aims to lay the groundwork for close investigation of capital movement and merchant networks between the Genoese Levantine colonies and the western Mediterranean. In this introduction, I first analyze the strengths and limitations of the Ottoman and Genoese documents utilized in this study; second, I examine the scope and biases of the relevant secondary literature; third, I examine the flaws in our historiography, and the the assumptions
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