ISSN 1413-4411
The Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2004 • Number 6
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Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. Rylands Assistant Editors: John M. Aguiar and Mariella Superina ESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca
CENTER FOR APPLIED BIODIVERSITY
SCIENCE CONSERVATION M)IM\IK AT CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL Edentata The Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group
Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA
ISSN 1413-4411
Editors Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC
Assistant Editors John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Mariella Superina, University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA
Edentate Specialist Group Chairman Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca
Layout Glenda Fabregas and Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC
Map Illustrations Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC
Front Cover Photo: Yellow armadillo {Euphractus sexcinctus). Photo eRussell A. Mittermeier, Conservation International
Editorial Assistance Liliana Cortes-Ortiz, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
Please direct all submissions and other editorial correspondence to John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel. (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail:
This issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
CENTER FOR APPLIED BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE
AT CONSERVATION CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL THE 2004 EDENTATE SPECIES ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil December 16-17,2004
Introduction
Among the mammalian radiations of South America, the edentates are an engaging anomaly: a hand- ful of odd, radically specialized creatures, bound by ancient origins and witness to the deep history of eutherian evolution, which remain of immediate importance to ecosystems throughout the Neotropics today. With a distribution as broad as the most widespread of Neotropical groups, the edentates extend across the entirety of South America and beyond, from far Patagonia to the heart of North America. And everywhere they occur, they must survive as best they can in the presence of another widespread species, one whose manipulations of the living world are subtle and heavy-handed at once, often as not persecuting edentates for food, for sport, and for short-lived economic gain.
Many edentates, for all they have endured hard years by the tens of millions, are now ensnared by threats without precedent, and many species have become scattered and diffuse throughout the remnants of their continental range. Simply quantifying the extent of their decline is an overwhelming challenge; too many edentates are too poorly known to attempt more than a rudimentary estimate of their surviv- ing populations. Only a few researchers have dedicated years and lives to the careful study which they deserve, and these few are often the only ones who both understand the rising dangers to a species, and who care enough - in that powerful, irrational empathy we all too rarely develop - to speak out on their behalf. It is to unite this double handful of committed voices that the Edentate Specialist Group exists, drawing on the resources of the IUCN to amplify and extend the reach of their words.
In December of 2004 the Edentate Specialist Group brought together a dozen of the most experienced edentate researchers for a workshop meant to assess the current situation of all anteaters, sloths and armadillos. Drawn from nations across the Neotropics, from Argentina to Panama, these researchers brought a century of cumulative field experience to address the status of the thirty-one extant species of the edentate order. The results of their discussions and consensus made for a chiaroscuro portrait of the dwindling edentate clan at the opening of the twenty-first century. Only a handful of species survive with any ease in the transformed ecosystems which now dominate so much of the Neotropics - and too many others exist in situations variously dire, worrisome or completely unknown.
The Red List assessments of the 2004 workshop produced the first Critically Endangered listing for any edentate: the pygmy sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus, described in 2001 from a single island off the northern coast of Panama, where a population of perhaps a thousand individuals occupies a total global range of less than 4.3 km2. Other species fared better in the Red List process, such as the giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, which had previously been classified as Vulnerable. While still under pressure across its range, M. tridactyla was recategorized as Near Threatened, owing to the recognition of an increasing number of wild populations, as well as the tremendous variety and geographical extent of the many habitats in which it still survives. And other changes may prove controversial - such as the decision to alter the listing of the pink fairy armadillo, Chlamyphorus truncatus, from Endangered to Near Threatened, based on new information and a more stringent application of the Red List assessment guidelines. Most importantly, this latest assessment is now an integral part of the recently launched Global Spe- cies Assessment, a major new initiative of SSC/IUCN. The first product of this initiative, the Global Amphibian Assessment, successfully completed the immense task of screening all described species in a major taxon through the Red List criteria. The Edentate Species Assessment Workshop is a compo- nent of another major product of the initiative, the Global Mammal Assessment, which will examine all described mammal species, and is anticipated to be launched within the next twelve to eighteen months. With this system and the species authority network in place, updating the threat status of the edentates will become routine, and the improved information it provides will offer an additional hope for their continued survival.
Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Chair, Edentate Specialist Group
John M. Aguiar Coordinator, Edentate Species Assessment Workshop
Workshop Participants
Augstin Abba Rafael Samudio Jr. Museo de La Plata, Argentina SOMASPA, Panama
Teresa Anacleto Mariella Superina Universidade Federal de Goias, Brasil University of New Orleans, USA/
Dennis Meritt Adriano Paglia DePaul University, USA Conservation International do Brasil
Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Species Summaries Bradypus tridactylus - LC Adriano Chiarello The following summaries provide an overview of the geographic distribution and conservation Bradypus tridactylus is found in a broad area status of the thirty-one recognized edentate spe- across the Guyana Shield, perhaps extending to cies, as agreed upon by the participants of the Colombia. Although threatened by general forest Edentate Species Assessment Workshop. These loss, it remains locally abundant and widespread summaries represent the consensus view for each throughout pristine regions of the Amazon, and species based on the most current information occurs in many protected areas. available from the field, combined with recently published distributions and assessments. New Bradypus variegatus - LC data are continually made available, however, Adriano Chiarello and we encourage anyone who has made sight- ings or field observations of any of these species Bradypus variegatus occurs across an immense to contact the Edentate Specialist Group, and to area of Central and South America, although it submit a note for publication in a future issue of has been extinct from Argentina since 1916. Its Edentata. vast range may cover cryptic species or unrecog- nized populations, and the fine taxonomy of sub- The names listed with each species are those par- species should be examined, as recent molecular ticipants who were the primary contributors to studies suggest that certain populations may be its assessment. The species are presented here in genetically distinct. It is currently under no seri- the order in which they were considered during ous threat across its range as a whole. the workshop, and no particular taxonomic scheme is implied in their arrangement. Bradypus pygmaeus CR Rafael Samudio Bradypus torquatus - EN Adriano Chiarello, Paula Lara-Ruiz The pygmy sloth is endemic to the mangrove for- ests of a single island off the northern coast of Bradypus torquatus is separated into three isolated Panama. With a total area of 4.3 km2, only 30% and genetically distinct populations, each homo- of which is covered by mangroves, the pygmy geneous within itself but strongly demarcated sloth has the most confined range of any known from the others • to the extent that the northern- edentate, and its total population is probably no most population, in Bahia, is potentially a distinct more than a thousand individuals. Although the subspecies. These differences may reflect divisions island is not permanently inhabited, it is used as dating from the Pleistocene or earlier. Maned a base camp for seasonal divers and fishermen, sloths appear to be relatively abundant in southern who hunt the sloths at will. There is no presence Bahia and in parts of Espirito Santo, but their local of authority on the island and no enforcement density is unpredictable and varies widely between of wildlife law, leaving the pygmy sloth with a sites. They are present in a number of protected complete absence of real protection. areas, but the total area of forest fragments sup- porting these sloths is likely well below 5000 km2. Choloepus didactylus - LC Any efforts for population management should Dennis Meritt recognize and preserve the unique genetic charac- ter of the three separate populations. Choloepus didactylus occurs across the Guyana Shield and the northern Amazon, extending to the eastern flanks of the Andes. It is common through- out its range, occurs in numerous protected areas, and is not considered to be threatened. Choloepus hoffmanni - LC Tamandua tetmdactyla - LC Dennis Meritt Agustin Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz
Hoffman's two-toed sloth is divided into two sep- Lesser anteaters occur in a broad range of habitats arate populations along the northern and central from Colombia to northern Argentina, taking Andes; these populations may qualify as subspe- advantage of both open and forested areas. Fire cies if their taxonomic status is studied in detail. and highway mortality may present a threat to The northern population is probably under threat local populations, as well as hunting in some from the severe habitat loss in Central America, regions, but the species as a whole is widespread but the more southerly population is assumed to and well-represented in protected areas. be in no immediate danger. Tolypeutes matacus - NT Cyclopes didactylus - LC Agustin Abba, Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, Adriano Chiarello, Flavia Miranda, Rafael Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina Samudio Once present across a broader area of Argentina, The range of the silky anteater extends from this armadillo has lost habitat naturally - as the southern Mexico across the entire Amazon basin, Chaco biome gradually contracted - and also to with an outrider population on the northeastern the more recent incursions of human agriculture. coast of Brazil that may be a distinct subspecies. Although Tolypeutes matacus may prosper in areas That population is probably endangered, but the of moderate agriculture, too much habitat loss species as a whole is widespread and apparently will still have a damaging effect. Its reproductive adaptable to a variety of habitat types. rate is slow and it is heavily hunted, both for food and for export to other countries. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - NT Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands, Rafael Tolypeutes tricinctus - VU Samudio Adriano Chiarello, Gustavo Fonseca
Although threatened by heavy hunting, highway Once thought to be extinct, Tolypeutes tricinctus mortality and agricultural fires, giant anteaters was rediscovered in 1990 and is now known from occupy an immense geographic range, and the a broad wedge of northeastern Brazil. Hunting and previous listing of Vulnerable was considered habitat destruction are major threats to this species, inappropriate for such a widespread species. They and it is not well represented in protected areas. are often rare in particular localities, however, and In addition, its population has almost certainly progressive habitat destruction may have isolated dropped more than 30% in the past decade. populations across their range. Cabassous centralis - DD Tamandua mexkana - LC Paula Lara-Ruiz, Rafael Samudio Dennis Meritt, Rafael Samudio One of the most fossorial armadillos, Cabassous The Mexican tamandua is impacted by highway centralis is selective in its diet and notably insec- mortality, as well as fire, habitat conversion and tivorous. It prefers dry to mesic forests, but now loss, but these are not considered to be major exists mainly in patchy, degraded habitat, and it threats. The species is widespread and well-repre- is considered rare wherever it occurs. The lack sented in a number of protected areas, and is not of other information favors the Data Deficient thought to be in particular danger. category, which may help to stimulate further research on this species.
Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Cabassous chacoensis - NT numbers for the tourist trade. Although listed Agustin Abba, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini as endangered in Bolivia, there is no adequate legal protection, and hunting has become intense This species occupies a small area in the midst of enough to easily reduce the total population by the Chaco, occasionally found in Paraguay and more than 30% in the past decade. northernmost Argentina, but never in Bolivia. It is hunted for subsistence throughout its small Chaetophractus vellerosus - LC range, appears to be extremely rare, and report- Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, Agustin Abba edly avoids degraded areas. Its remaining habi- tat is quickly being destroyed, but it has at least This species occurs mainly in northern Argentina, nominal protection in the Defensores del Chaco where it is heavily hunted to provide raw mate- National Park. At present there is no information rials for the guitarlike charangos. Although they to confirm that its population has dropped past are extremely sensitive to soil disturbance, they any critical thresholds. also appear to thrive in newly cultivated fields, where they feed on insects. They are often hunted Cabassous tatouay - LC as agricultural pests, but in some areas their num- Gustavo Porini bers have shown a visible increase in the past five years, and they are not considered to be in imme- This species is widespread across central and diate peril. southern Brazil; its primary habitat is forest, and it will tolerate secondary habitat, but not degraded Chaetophractus villosus - LC or agricultural lands. It is often difficult to see, Adriano Chiarello, Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, and widely hunted, but it is locally common and Gustavo Porini, Augustin Abba present in a number of parks and protected areas in Brazil. This species occurs throughout Argentina and the Chaco of Paraguay, where they are hunted for Cabassous unicinctus • LC local subsistence and by domestic dogs. Despite Erika Cuellar this, the species is widespread and relatively common. Cabassous unicinctus is much like C. tatouay, with similar habitat requirements and ecology. There Chlamyphorus (Calyptophractus) retusus - NT may be two subspecies, one centered in the Guya- Sergio Vizcaino, Agustin Abba, Gustavo Porini, nas and the other in the Cerrado. Although hunt- Mariella Superina, Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt ing is a serious threat, and habitat loss is also a concern for the Cerrado populations, the species This species is restricted to sandy, loose soils is broadly distributed and common throughout. in the central Chaco of Bolivia and Paraguay. Although there are no firm population esti- Chaetophractus nationi - VU mates, it is extremely rare throughout its small Erika Cuellar, Agustin Abba range. In addition, it is relentlessly persecuted by local people, in whose lore it is considered an Found in the Bolivian Andes and a short distance evil apparition which must be killed on sight. beyond, Chaetophractus nationi reaches altitudes The intensity of this pressure on a rare and near- up to 3500 m; it occurs in the Andean puna, endemic species is certain to have severe effects where it is at some risk from the destruction of on its population. that rare biome. But the greater threat to this spe- cies comes from the heavy harvest of their shells for charangos, small guitarlike instruments which are popular in Andean culture and sold in great Chlamyphorus truncatus - NT numerous protected areas, and is not believed to Sergio Vizcaino, Gustavo Porini, Mariella be under unusual hunting pressure. Superina Dasypus novemcinctus - LC Endemic to central Argentina, the pink fairy all participants armadillo lives in sandy plains, dunes and scrubby grassland. They are nocturnal, fosso- The nine-banded armadillo is the most wide- rial, and exceptionally difficult to observe, and spread and abundant of any living edentate, and thus no data exist on their population dynamics. the only one to have successfully expanded into Although they are not hunted by humans, they the heart of North America. Although commonly are preyed on by domestic cats. They are known hunted, it is by no means threatened. from several protected areas, but much of their former habitat has been severely degraded, and Dasypus pilosus - NE they must certainly be affected by the pesticides Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Anthony and fertilizers in heavy use all around them. Rylands
Zaedyus pichiy - NT A final decision is still pending for this species, Mariella Superina which is endemic to central Peru. It is found pri- marily in the Rio Abiseo National Park, but is One of the southernmost of all edentates, the otherwise unknown. pichi is found across a wide area of central Argentina and Patagonia, but restricted to arid Dasypus sabanicola - LC regions within. There is a strong human presence Paula Lara-Ruiz throughout its range, and much of its habitat has been severely degraded or converted for agricul- This species is found in a moderate region of east- ture. Pichis are hunted intensively and illegally, central Colombia and central Venezuela, primar- both for food and for sport, while highways take ily in savanna habitat and associated gallery forest. a steep toll with roadkill as well. It occurs in several national parks - although not the Gran Sabana - and is not considered to be Dasypus hybridus - NT under particular threat. Agustin Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz, Sergio Vizcaino Dasypus septemcinctus • LC This species is extremely susceptible to anthro- Teresa Anacleto pogenic land change and general human activity, both of which have affected its range. They were Lack of pertinent information, more than any known to have been more widespread thirty years informed consideration, led to this species being ago, but severe hunting - combined with agricul- classified as Least Concern. In central Brazil this tural expansion - has caused a rapid decline. species is common in pastures and natural open areas. Dasypus kappleri - LC Teresa Anacleto, Erika Cuellar Dasypus yepesi - DD Sergio Vizcaino Ranging across a wide area of the northern Amazon and Guyana Shield, this species prefers Described in 1995 by Sergio Vizcaino, this species forest patches within a savanna matrix. Although is known only from the northwestern Argentine there are no data on its populations, it occurs in provinces of Salta and Jujuy. There are no data on its population size, and virtually no information on any other aspect of its biology.
Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Euphractus sexcinctus - LC to provide an insight into the dynamics and Erika Cuellar rationale of the assessment process. Arriving at a decision for each species required debate and con- Tough and resilient, the yellow armadillo is sensus from all the participants, and some discus- widespread across much of southeastern Brazil, sions were longer and more involved than others, the Chaco and beyond. Heavily hunted in the depending on the information available and the Cerrado despite its notorious taste, this species expertise of the various field researchers. Differ- remains resistant to human disturbance and is ent experiences from different regions sometimes not considered threatened. led to contrasting opinions on the status of a spe- cies. These notes represent the perspective of one Priodontes maximus - VU observer, and do not serve as the official minutes Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini of the workshop.
By far the largest of the armadillos, and perhaps Bradypus torquatus - EN of all the living edentates, the giant armadillo is Adriano Chiarello, Paula Lara-Ruiz also one of the widest-ranging. Everywhere it is found, it is hunted for its wealth of meat, and There is a gap in the distribution of Bradypus tor- for some indigenous peoples it is their primary quatus in northern Espirito Santo. It no longer source of protein. Despite its broad distribu- occurs in southern Sergipe - the forest is gone tion, its actual occurrence is rarefied and sporadic - but it has a stronghold in southeastern Bahia, from site to site. Thinly spread throughout the in Ilheus, Una and Itabuna. Although there are Amazon, individuals are most likely to be found two large forest reserves in Espirito Santo, total- in the llanos of Guyana and the region surround- ling perhaps 40,000 ha, the maned sloth has never ing the Chaco of Paraguay and Argentina. They been seen in either. Its second largest stronghold are rarely found in altered landscapes. is in the mountains of Espirito Santo. There is no historical presence in the Caparao National Park, Virtually nothing is known of its reproductive but there are reports that IBAMA has been releas- parameters; it has never reproduced in captiv- ing confiscated individuals there. The third and ity, and the chances for success will not improve smallest stronghold is in Rio de Janeiro, in the until a great deal more is learned about its social Biological Reserves of Poco das Antas and Uniao. and reproductive behavior in the wild. Its overall population has dropped 30-50% in the past three According to Paula, maned sloths are also in the decades, and it may have experienced a greater Desengano State Park, north of the city of Rio de crash earlier in the century. Aside from being Janeiro. In the early 1970s, there were reports of targeted for hunting wherever it exists, the giant sloths near the city itself, but none have been seen armadillo is also frequently captured for trade on in thirty years. Paula suggests they may occur in the black market, where the captives invariably Pernambuco • their historic range may have die. As a locally rare and heavily persecuted spe- extended that far. Chiarello says that Oliverio cies, the giant armadillo is considered to be Vul- Pinto made a comment on Wied's book, that he nerable at the very least. (Pinto) had seen a maned sloth in Pernambuco.
They are reported from just south of the Rio Species Discussions Mucuri; the gap in distribution runs from the left bank of the Rio Doce to the vicinity of the This section summarizes the discussions which Mucuri. Their elevation ranges from sea level to formed the core of the workshop and led to its 900-1000 meters. They are reported, but not veri- final recommendations. Prepared from the notes fied, from the extreme northeast of Minas Gerais, of one of the organizers, this section is intended on the left bank of the Rio Jequitinhonha. Population size is difficult to guess, since we have although it does occur in restinga, and it can sur- only a crude estimate of their density; it's more vive in secondary as well as primary forest. feasible to sample with plots than a line-transect. According to Chiarello, they seem to be abun- As for threats and conservation measures, the dant in southern Bahia - in one day you can find species is present in several reserves, with little 3-5 sloths in a five-kilometer transect. Paula says genetic variation within specific populations; it depends: some areas don't have much forest, Rylands recommends that any plans for popula- but many sloths, while other areas have a great tion management take these genetic issues into deal of forest, but you can't find a single sloth. account. Sechrest reviews the Red List threat cri- Apparently Bradypus torquatus has very little sym- teria, and says (a) and (b) are the main ones to patry with B. variegatus; in more than 500 hours consider. 20,000 km2, or two million hectares, is of fieldwork, Paula found over 60 maned sloths the threshold for the Vulnerable category. Uniao but not a single B. variegatus. covers 3000 ha, and Poco das Antas has 5000 ha, but much of the habitat they protect is eucalyp- Paula sampled sloths in a number of areas: from tus forest or grassland, and not optimal for sloths. Ilheus, in the municipio of Una in southern 41,000 hectares, or 410 km2 of protected areas Bahia; from the municipios of Santa Teresa, Ara- - the largest areas of forest left. 5000 km2 is the cruz, Santa Maria and Itarana in central Espirito cutoff for Endangered status, and Fonseca and Santo; and from the Uniao and Poco das Antas Rylands think it's likely under this amount. Paula Biological Reserves in Rio de Janeiro. She found notes there are many forest fragments without three distinct populations with no gene flow sloths, so category (a) could be appropriate. among them, leading to major genetic differ- ences among the populations, potentially species- Considering the criteria for population decline, level differences. IBAMA, however, has a triage Chiarello notes that a sloth generation spans five center in southeastern Bahia, where sloths which years, meaning 15 years for three generations. have been confiscated from the wildlife trade are Most of the decline has been in Bahia, where vast released without regard to their disparate origins. areas of forest were destroyed in the 1980s - but These populations may have been isolated since Rylands says things are changing: in many areas, the Pleistocene, or earlier; they are distinct and although there was a dramatic loss in the recent individually homogeneous, with very low genetic past, the situation is more stable now. Owing to diversity within each one, but major differences the density of human populations, almost all the between all three. The high-altitude popula- forest has been destroyed in the lowlands of Ser- tions are physically larger than those at sea level. gipe, Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo, where All confiscated animals are released in a single once the maned sloths were found. According to location: "Genetically damaging," says Rylands; Chiarello, some consider this a separate genus; " - dangerous," says Paula. Paulo Couto suggested this in the mid-1970s, an opinion which others only repeated; but Fonseca The northern population is genetically more is not convinced. distinct than the two southern ones, and it is potentially a new subspecies: this Bahian popula- Bradypus tridactylus - LC tion is dramatically different, according to Paula's Adriano Chiarello mtDNA testing, and she believes this separation is historical rather than the result of recent habi- This species is found across the Guyana Shield, tat fragmentation. Chiarello agrees with Rylands in northern Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, French that the lack of animals in Espirito Santo may Guiana - and perhaps Colombia. There is one be related to the more deciduous forest there. potential record from the Field Museum, from Bradypus torquatus does not live in mangroves, the Rio Caqueta, which is of special note: FMNH
Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 140254. (According to Rylands, this specimen is tropical forest, although Samudio claims it may "enigmatic") also be found in mangroves.
Rylands notes this species occurs just north of the Choloepus didactylus - LC Rio Negro, but extends only to the south of the Dennis Meritt Orinoco. It's not likely to be in savanna, which militates against much of south-central Venezu- This species is geographically widespread; in Suri- ela as potential habitat. It is unlikely to occur name, the density is given as 0.9 sloth/km2, but in white-sand forest, the caatinga alta, which Chiarello says this is an underestimate. Without Rylands says is a much more "venomous" habitat more ado, it is declared Least Concern. in terms of phytotoxins • each leaf is an invest- ment, and they have plenty of phenols and other Choloepus hoffmanni LC secondary compounds, which would make it Dennis Meritt more difficult for a sloth to survive there. The northern population of Hoffmann's two- The three-toed sloth is threatened by general toed sloth occurs in the far northwestern corner forest loss, but there are no imminent threats, and of Venezuela, as well as the lower Colombian it is found in a number of protected areas. The Andes, the Pacific coast of Colombia and up decision is for Least Concern, since it is wide- to Nicaragua and Honduras. The main issue is spread throughout pristine areas of the Amazon, its discontinuous distribution, but according to and abundant in many locations. Samudio and Meritt the same pattern shows up with other mammals. There is a need for survey Bradypus variegatus • LC work in the main lacuna, in eastern Ecuador and Adriano Chiarello northeastern Peru. It is found in lowland and montane forests up to 7000 feet, and is uncom- This species occurs over an immense area, but mon in dry lowland forest. It reaches up to 3300 is now extinct in Argentina • the last sighting m altitude in Costa Rica. Its range also extends there was in 1916 - and its status in Paraguay is down in long fingers on either side of the Andes uncertain. Vizcaino says there can't be a continu- in northern Colombia. There is one specimen by ous extension from Misiones, since most of the Avila-Pires listed from Aripuana, in Mato Grosso, forest there is secondary, and was modified in the but this record is a dubious outlier. The species last century. There are two subspecies in Venezu- reaches into southwestern Acre. ela. One value for density from Panama was 5-8 sloths/ha. The elevation ranges from 25-2300 m. According to Genoways and Timm (2003) there are actually two populations, and Fonseca feels Rylands notes that with such a wide-ranging spe- the northern population is probably in bad shape, cies, conservation measures should include a look given the habitat loss in Central America. Fonseca at the genetics, to find cryptic species or unrecog- wonders if we should consider these populations nized populations, and to examine the taxonomy as two subspecies, given their separation; he says at the subspecies level. According to Fonseca, the there should be studies on its taxonomic status. southernmost specimen known is from Londrina Sechrest wants a rationale for a listing: wide- in Parana. Chiarello notes that Cabrera mentions spread, and the disjunct southern population is Rio Grande do Sul, but there is no specimen and okay? Rylands notes that Lagothrix lugens is in the this has not been verified. It could have reached same area. Sechrest speculates that the two spe- northern Argentina through Parana/Iguacu, but it cies of Choloepus are competing in one area, and has been historically absent from Rio Grande do Fonseca agrees. Sul and Santa Catarina. It prefers mesic/humid Rylands points out that if the two populations are nes province. They are heavily hunted throughout indeed distinct, then the nominate subspecies in their range, especially from highways, and road- the north would be Near Threatened due to habi- kill is a serious threat; they are also threatened tat loss, since the southern population is thought by fires set for agriculture, and the regions where to be doing better. Surveys should be undertaken they occur need better fire management. in the upper Amazon and Peru. This species is a challenge for Red Listing: Vul- Cyclopes didactylus - LC nerable is not considered appropriate, so it is Adriano Chiarello, Flavia Miranda, Rafael Samudio changed to Near Threatened - widespread, but rare, with internal factors affecting its listing. There is an old record for Cyclopes from Alagoas, Some researchers will be annoyed when their spe- according to Rylands: Vieira (1955). Chiarello cies is downgraded, but this may actually stimu- says we should ask Tabarelli if Cyclopes is in either late more research, although Fonseca says this was Alagoas or Sergipe. Flavia Miranda believes Cyclo- not the rationale behind the change. pes is distinct in Recife, much lighter in color; but this lighter form is found only in Pernambuco, Tamandua mexicana - LC and nowhere else - not in Alagoas, Sergipe or Dennis Meritt, Rafael Samudio Ceara. Samudio says there are no Cyclopes in El Salvador; they haven't been mentioned in the past Roadkill is a threat to this species, as well as fire few decades, or at least the last ten years. This fits and habitat change - but they are not major a pattern, says Samudio, with what the Mexicans threats, and this species should occur in a number have found, and the Mexicans are very thorough of protected areas. Fonseca notes there are some in their surveys. taxonomic issues with several subspecies, and it needs taxonomic revision. Since it is widely-dis- There are no Cyclopes in Paraguay; the southern- tributed and well-protected, the final vote is Least most record is in Alto Beni, in northern Bolivia. Concern. Silky anteaters prefer wet tropical forest and semi- deciduous forest, according to Chiarello, and are Tamandua tetradactyla - LC also found in cerrado vegetation. Meritt says they're Agustin Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz found in "strange places," secondary growth, and the like - but not mangroves or freshwater Lesser anteaters are widely distributed from swamps. In Panama the species reaches to 1500 Colombia to northern Argentina. They are threat- m altitude. Rylands comments that there are most ened by fire and highway strikes, as well as hunting likely subspecies within its great range - and if the in some areas, but overall the species is widespread population in the Northeast were taxonomically and well-represented in protected areas. distinct, it would be Critically Endangered. There isn't much forest left around Recife, only second- Tolypeutes matacus - NT ary forest, and Rylands believes that this popula- Agustin Abba, Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, tion is highly endangered no matter what, owing Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina to heavy forest destruction. Rylands classifies the species as a whole as Least Concern - widespread, This species is now extinct in Mendoza, Argen- but possibly with distinct subspecies. tina. According to Vizcaino, drier conditions once existed further south into the pampas; but Myrmecophaga tridactyla - NT there are written records of its former presence Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands, Rafael Samudio dating from 1828, although no museum speci- mens from that time and region. The giant anteater is extinct in Uruguay, although they still exist to the north in Argentina's Misio-
10 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Rylands says hunting is a major issue, since Toly- ing to Fonseca, anything weighing 5 to 6 kilos peutes isn't fossorial. It is also a slow reproducer and scattered in patchy, degraded habitat needs - only birthing 1-2 young per year, according to attention. Meritt - and takes 3-5 years to reach maturity. Unless something is done quickly, Meritt says, Chiarello says they have a more selective diet than especially with the habitat loss, this species will other armadillos, much more insectivorous than soon reach the 30% threshold. Tolypeutes mata- omnivorous. Sechrest notes that the extent of cus actually does better with some agriculture habitat loss for this species is unknown, so Data around, but it still needs habitat of its own. Deficient is the choice.
Meritt comments that 90-95% of captured indi- Cabassous chacoensis - NT viduals will die; 80% of the ones headed for Agustin Abba, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini Europe die before they reach their destinations. Sechrest notes the need to evaluate the effects of This species is also found in Brazil, according to hunting and agriculture. Fonseca - confirmed from Mato Grosso. Cuel- lar says there are no records for this one from Tolypeutes tricinctus - VU Bolivia; as an example, she says, an average of Adriano Chiarello, Gustavo Fonseca two thousand armadillos are hunted every year from one area of chaco habitat in Bolivia, but not This species has been found in Alagoas, Sergipe, a single C. chacoensis was found among them. Piaui, Ceara, Pernambuco, Goias, Rio Grande There is no idea at all of its population size. It do Norte, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, the Distrito is occasionally found in Paraguay, according to Federal and possibly Minas Gerais. Density esti- Meritt, who has seen four individuals in twenty mates are made in Ilmar Santos' thesis, and also years of fieldwork. Its habitat there is shrubland, from early issues of Edentata, plus work by Jader which is almost desert for nine months out of the Marinho-Filho and Marilia Guimaraes. year - it doesn't occur in strict desert, but rather in chaco seco. Major threats include hunting and habitat destruction, and the species is poorly represented It suffers from habitat loss in Paraguay, and is in protected areas. Its population is suspected hunted by dogs there, according to Meritt. Porini to have dropped more than 30% in the past says that in Argentina it is taken for subsistence 10 years, so it qualifies as Vulnerable. hunting. Because of the difficult conditions, it is virtually unknown: "Somebody needs to study Cabassous centralis - DD this animal," says Meritt, "but it's impossible." Paula Lara-Ruiz, Rafael Samudio Fonseca mentions one record in Cordoba, far south in Argentina, which is not recent • it's early Samudio says this species reaches up to 1800 m historical, not to be used for the current range. in Panama. Fonseca says it prefers dry to mesic Meritt says we don't know enough about this spe- forests; it also occurs in secondary forest, accord- cies, and there is hardly any published literature; ing to Samudio, and may also be able to tolerate there are three people here at the workshop with an agricultural mix. extensive field experience who have never seen it once themselves. Fonseca notes this is one of the most fossorial armadillo species, and not common in museum Fonseca believes that given what we know, the collections • so there isn't much information populations may not be hunted that much. available for the Red List assessment. The Data Meritt says they occur in the Defensores del Deficient category calls attention to this lack of Chaco National Park - but the rangers there knowledge and helps stimulate research. Accord- hunt animals for their dinner, so there's no real protection there. Abba says there is one guard per but can be caught on camera traps. Fonseca says 15,000 hectares. it's not really found in secondary habitat, but is frequent in areas not hunted, with good habitat Sechrest asks Fonseca if he thinks habitat loss is - but not in degraded habitat. severe; Fonseca doesn't know, but doesn't believe the species is threatened right now. Abba says Fonseca says it's fairly frequent, and can tolerate there are no direct actions to protect it, but Fon- secondary habitat, if not agricultural areas. It's seca doesn't see enough information to put it into present in a number of protected areas, so Fon- a threatened category, and the trend is towards seca proposes Least Concern, and everyone else Data Deficient. Abba claims it doesn't occur in agrees. degraded areas, and is hunted throughout its range; Fonseca also mentions Near Threatened Cabassous unicinctus - LC as a possibility. Will the pressure continue over Gustavo Fonseca three generations to drop it 30%? Porini says it is losing important habitat, though he's not certain Fonseca suggests there may be two subspecies: of the primary cause. one centered in the Guyanas, and the other in the Cerrado, as described by Lund. He says it's Fonseca agrees the habitat is being destroyed quite frequent, with habitat and ecology similar extremely rapidly, owing to habitat conversion; to C. tatouay. According to Fonseca, hunting is the trends are not good, and the species is suscep- a major threat, and habitat loss is also an issue tible to disturbance. Meritt supports any category for populations in the Cerrado. Cuellar extends that would be useful in Paraguay for the wildlife the range far into south-central Bolivia; Fonseca authorities; but Fonseca says no, we don't want decides for Least Concern, and we move on. the Red List to become a conservation strategy - we need to use the information at hand, not the Chaetophractus nationi - VU hoped-for result. Sechrest says we can't go over Agustin Abba, Erika Cuellar the thresholds; is there any question that it's not Near Threatened? With habitat loss, present and According to Abba, the map is essentially correct. future, do we know it won't go over the threshold? Vizcaino asks whether it could be a subspecies of Fonseca notes that as the range becomes smaller, Chaetophractus vellerosus; he's seen the type speci- the species is more susceptible to changes. men in the British Museum, which is just a piece of shell, so he's not sure if it's a real species. Fon- Sechrest considers that it might go into a threat seca says it's intermediate in size (quoting another category with more information • he says we're source) while Vizcaino says that according to confident it's definitely not Least Concern, and Meritt, it's smaller than vellerosus. "They look Fonseca agrees, so the listing is Near Threatened. completely different from any vellerosus I've ever seen," Meritt affirms. - But there are two subspe- Cabassous tatouay - LC cies, says Vizcaino: has Meritt seen them both? Gustavo Porini Meritt says there aren't enough observations and specimens. Rylands says it occurs in the Iguazu and San Antonio National Parks in Argentina. According Abba says they reach an altitude of 3500 m at Abra to Fonseca, "this species is in almost every park Pampa. Cuellar notes they are heavily hunted as we have in Brazil." Chiarello notes it is in the the raw material for the charango, a traditional Serra da Canastra National Park. Its basic habitat Andean instrument shaped like a small guitar and is temperate forest. Fonseca claims it is hunted, built around an armadillo shell. but covered in a number of protected areas and not uncommon. Chiarello says it's difficult to see,
12 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 As for threats, Fonseca simply says, "They're in sensitive to soil disturbance, and will not tolerate trouble." Hunting is a major issue, as well as loss even a slight alteration. of habitat, since they are found in the puna. But according to Cuellar, habitat loss is not the greatest Chaetophractus villosus - LC threat • hunting is the real worry. The species shows Adriano Chiarello, Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, up in at least one park, Sajama in Bolivia - but not Gustavo Porini, Agustin Abba in any national parks in Argentina. According to Fonseca, there is tremendous pressure on it, and "Many habitats," says Abba; - "Solo en Chaco," it's reasonable to assume it will fall into the 30% counters Cuellar, who insists that they only occur criterion. Most of the population is in Bolivia, and in chaco, with which Meritt agrees: they prefer this species is listed as Endangered in the Bolivian dry land, and don't occur at all in the south or Libro Rojo. Despite this, Cuellar says, the hunting east of Paraguay. "If you are crazy," says Cuellar, continues, and worsens, and there are no laws to "you are going to study villosus'' stop it. Vizcaino says they are hunted for human subsis- Fonseca recommends we list it as Vulnerable. tence, and also persecuted by dogs. The people Sechrest asks if the population decline has really in the south of Argentina hunt more for sport, been more than 30% in ten years or three genera- but in the northwest the people eat whatever they tions; Fonseca and Cuellar both give an emphatic can. Cuellar says they occur in grasslands, semi- "Yes." Fonseca estimates they take 1-2 years arid dry forest and Chaco in Bolivia, and also in to mature, so the generation time is probably Paraguay. 3-4 years. Sechrest says they're widespread, common, and Chaetophractus vellerosus - LC should be Least Concern. Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, Agustin Abba Chlamyphorus (Calyptophractus) retusus - NT Superina notes this species is not in the south of Sergio Vizcaino, Agustin Abba, Gustavo Porini, Mendoza province in Argentina; Fonseca says it Mariella Superina, Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt doesn't reach into Brazil, and Cuellar agrees. Ana- cleto asks Cuellar if it might possibly occur in the Cuellar will soon begin camera-trapping for jag- Chaco of Mato Grosso. The species shows changes uars in far southeastern Paraguay; she knows that in its home range size - Superina says that in humid the greater fairy armadillo is widespread, but has areas, the home range is about four hectares, but no idea of the population. She has come across it its range becomes much larger in dry areas. The right in the city of Santa Cruz. Agustin Abba is not general habitat is subtropical/seco. convinced that it's so common; Cuellar thinks it's in Brazil. Rylands agrees that it probably occurs The species is threatened by hunting for charangos, in the Pantanal, in sandy areas. Cuellar adds that in Argentina; Cuellar says it's hunted in Bolivia as it occurs in the Chaco, in a huge protected area well. Meritt reports that in the central Chaco, it - which will get bigger, Meritt adds. feeds on insects in newly cultivated fields, and the population has shown a visible increase in the past Fonseca feels that it's likely this species is actually five years; they can be caught on the road now. a separate genus, representing one of two diver- Fonseca asks if they are hunted as an agricultural gent groups. He says they are convergent in terms pest, and Superina says yes. of morphology, but that according to Wetzel they aren't closely related. Vizcaino uses the name Abba says there is a more distant area around Calyptophractus, which we will officially adopt. Buenos Aires, with a great deal of habitat destruc- (No further mention of this change is made tion, and more cattle - this species is extremely during the workshop.)
13 According to Cuellar, the locals will kill it on Sechrest is unconvinced. sight, believing it's an evil sign: if they don't kill it, they believe a family member will die, and she Vizcaino says it has a wide distribution, but only can't convince them otherwise. She tells how she from this continent; he doesn't want to compare once told a driver to suddenly stop on the road it with "the feeling you are bringing from other one day; she dashed out of the truck to grab a continents." Sechrest reiterates that if we classify fairy armadillo, while the driver sat stone-faced it as Near Threatened, we need to be confident behind the wheel, staring straight ahead, and its situation is getting worse. Chiarello thinks it then slid away from her when she brought it into could be Data Deficient. Fonseca says the range the cab. Meritt then comments that he saw one in is not very extensive at all, and that it's almost an the Brookfield Zoo, which had been taken out by endemic to the Chaco; it suffers severe hunting a Peace Corps volunteer; it lived on cooked rice pressure, and he points out that the general feel- in a fish tank filled with soil. ing is for Near Threatened - "that's what I hear."
As far as the assessment, "No tenemos datos," Meritt adds that it's particular to one soil type: says Cuellar: it's very rare, but there is no solid loose soils, not the clays of the Chaco, and there information. Rylands says it has a well-known are very few areas in the Paraguayan Chaco with if moderate range. Fonseca wonders if it will be the appropriate soil. So, it is patchily distributed threatened in the near future; it doesn't qualify as as well as rare and heavily hunted, and this leads Vulnerable, but it's still fairly rare - very rare, in it to be listed as Near Threatened. fact. Cuellar emphasizes that it's persecuted wher- ever it's found. Fonseca allows that it has a very Chlamyphorus truncatus - NT small range. Sergio Vizcaino, Gustavo Porini, Mariella Superina "...Relatively," Sechrest says: but still half a mil- lion square kilometers. He notes that we have This species lives in sandy plains and dry grass- no population information, and to list it as Near land; according to Superina, in four years of field- Threatened, we need some knowledge of how it's work in Mendoza she's never seen a single one threatened. Sechrest and Rylands argue that it alive. She has heard of a few of them drowned, should be Data Deficient, since it's moderately though, and domestic cats will catch them. The common; Fonseca and Cuellar disagree. Cuellar locals don't keep them, and claim they can't be says it's naturally rare; Meritt says you couldn't kept, though they keep everything else. Dogs pay people money to find them quickly. aren't a threat - only cats. One of her friends raises earthworms, and there's a pink fairy arma- Sechrest is convinced it should be Data Defi- dillo that raids his worms. cient, and Rylands agrees; Fonseca does not, and believes it should be Near Threatened. He reiter- Meritt describes it as an "armadillo mole," and ates how rare it is, and that it's actively hunted; says they show up when a field is tilled. Supe- it might not be in immediate danger, but "if you rina says they occur in several parks; they live in forget about it," you might wake up in five years sand dunes with scrubby grass and shrubs. They and discover a problem. will live in and under logs, perhaps because of the associated insects. There is specific legislation Aguiar comments on the relentless persecution of in place to protect them in Argentina: National an already rare species. Rylands agrees it could Resolution 1089. be Near Threatened, saying it is "very rare and actively hunted" - this has tipped him over the This species is not extinct, but has a restricted edge. Meritt emphasizes that in the local culture, range. There are no real data on the population, once it's seen it has to be killed. and no idea of the dynamics. Superina says they
14 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 are nocturnal and stay in their burrows.. .she feels working on this species. Superina says no: lack of they are Near Threatened at least. Rylands asks funding. Fonseca says the choice is between Near about the rationale for the 1089 legislation. Threatened or Data Deficient; Rylands calls for a vote. Fonseca gives the decision to the Argentine Meritt and Superina emphasize that the spe- contingent, who unanimously decide for Near cies is hardly ever seen; Superina knows rangers Threatened. The reason for the change is "new who have worked in one protected area for ten and better information." full years and have only seen a single individual. Sechrest wants an estimate of habitat loss across Bradypus pygmaeus - CR the area; the habitat in question is temperate Rafael Samudio desert and temperate shrubland. Threats include the smallholder farms. Sechrest wants an estimate Samudio explains that the island group where the of population decline - we have no hard data on pygmy sloth is found is, in a sense, the Galapagos populations, but how much habitat has been of Panama. Chiarello says that only on this island converted? Superina points out that the habitat is the sloth statistically significant in cranial mea- has been degraded. surements from Bradypus variegatus elsewhere. The island is only 4.3 square kilometers all told, Fonseca: "Is this a Data Deficient species?" according to Samudio, and is mainly covered with red mangrove stands; the sloth itself is only Rylands: "I think we're getting there." found in mangroves, and a few small patches of other forest. Its entire range is thus 4.3 km2, at Sechrest asks if we could have confidence in its most, but there are no population estimates or being Least Concern. Superina states emphatically information on density. that it is not Least Concern. Sechrest reviews the choices of Vulnerable, Near Threatened or Data Samudio says the density of Bradypus variegatus Deficient; there are no data for Vulnerable, so it's is about eight per hectare; Chiarello says seven to back to Data Deficient or Near Threatened. eight, and Fonseca agrees with their high values: "What's not a leaf is a sloth at BCI." Samudio gives Meritt mentions pesticides and fertilizers and their a very rough estimate of 30% for total mangrove impact on soil organisms. Superina reiterates that cover on the island. No one lives on the island habitat degradation is considerable in this area. permanently, but fishermen and local Indians will The consensus is for Near Threatened.. .and after come to the island on a seasonal schedule, and this decision, it is revealed that the prior designa- hunt sloths when they do. There is no presence of tion had been Endangered. Fonseca doesn't like authority nor enforcement of wildlife law on the the Near Threatened judgement; he feels the spe- island, which is part of the Comarca Indigenous cies is in too much danger, and would prefer to Reserve. Sloths are hunted throughout this small list it as Data Deficient. Sechrest now argues in archipelago, but the people are generally more favor of Near Threatened status. Fonseca says this focused towards the marine environment. is putting it in a low-risk category even though it's rare and its habitat is not doing well. Sechrest Sechrest and Fonseca don't believe it's Data Defi- asks about estimates of habitat loss. cient; there is one population at a single site. Fonseca says NatureServe has it listed as G1G2, Cuellar mentions the conversion of forest to soya; critically imperiled. Sechrest says this species is Superina feels the rate of conversion to pasture Critically Endangered, since it's restricted to one is much higher. Fonseca agrees there is severe island with minimal protection, and hunting is transformation, but no real statistics; he allows an issue. Near Threatened is valid, and asks if anyone is
15 Zaedyus pkhiy - NT to agricultural land. "But further down here..." Mariella Superina Sechrest says, but Superina negates that: it's too wet, and pichis are restricted to dry areas. Superina says there are many illegal hunters in Mendoza, searching for pichis with hunting dogs. Fonseca: "I don't know, I could go for NT." - but There have been two serious droughts recently, Sechrest is not certain. 9-12 months without rain; she's had a hard time finding pichis herself, here lately. September to Abba and Superina emphasize that there is a November is the reproductive season, when they strong human presence throughout the entire should be out. There is a disease called "pichi range of this species. Fonseca says there is hunt- pest" which appears in the rainy season, but it ing in Patagonia, and we know that intensive hasn't shown up lately owing to the lack of rain. hunting impacts their population - so, it will most likely continue to be an issue. "Can we go Superina says the hunting pressure is extreme, with that?" he asks, and the agreement is for Near and also habitat change. Hunting pichis is ille- Threatened. gal, but still widespread. The species goes into torpor in the winter. They don't seem to drink Dasypus hybridus - NT any water, and always live in arid areas. They usu- Agustin Abba, Paula Lara-Ruiz, Sergio Vizcaino ally have 1-2 offspring, which take over a year to reach maturity. There may have been a great First, a discussion of Dasypus taxonomy in gen- many spontaneous abortions owing to the recent eral: Dasypus pilosus should be Cryptophractus drought. pilosus, according to Vizcaino.
Major threats include roadkill, which becomes Next, Vizcaino and Meritt note that Dasypus a strange sort of predation: "Anyone who hits a hybridus is extremely susceptible to anthropogenic pichi by car," says Superina, "will stop and pick land change and human activity - it is absent in it up and eat it." Dogs and sport hunting are also many areas now. They occur mainly in grasslands; an issue, and according to Superina some popula- Fonseca considers it a low-risk species. Vizcaino tions have been completely hunted out. says they were more widespread, thirty years ago, but there has been severe hunting throughout Sechrest points out how secure it is in the central- the range. Vizcaino and Abba believe it should south portion of its range, and says there hasn't be listed as Near Threatened; Fonseca wants their been a 30% decline in population. It's hunted rationale. Rylands points out the population is in significantly, he says, but the south is relatively decline, but Fonseca says we need a 30% decline. secure. Superina says they appear to be strin- Vizcaino says the species is going fast, and is gently solitary. They are spread thinly through very sensitive to agriculture, much more so than their habitat, and there is the same problem with others. The species is decided as Near Threatened lack of sightings in the Pampa. on account of severe hunting and rapid decline.
Fonseca is tending towards Near Threatened; Dasypus kappleri - LC Sechrest is uncommitted. Superina reminds him Teresa Anacleto that they are hunted all across their range. Fon- seca agrees that Superina is in the field, witnessing This species is found in savanna as well, but mainly a heavy decline due to hunting pressure. Superina in forest patches within the savanna. We have no says the habitat in Patagonia is also extremely idea about its population; it occurs mainly in the degraded, and there can't be that many in Chile - Amazon and Orinoco basins. It occurs in many the area around Aconcagua has all been changed protected areas.
16 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Dasypus novemcinctus - LC in secondary shrubland and adapting to human All participants disturbance.
There are no serious threats to this species, Dasypusyepesi - DD although it is often hunted. Sergio Vizcaino
Samudio says that there is a population in the Sechrest asks Vizcaino if he feels it's a valid spe- same archipelago where the pygmy sloth occurs cies. Vizcaino certainly does; but there are no - and that one island has smaller armadillos... data on its population. Its entire known range is within the northwestern Argentine provinces of Dasypus pilosus - NE Salta and Jujuy. Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini, Anthony Rylands Euphractus sexcinctus - LC Erika Cuellar After much discussion - hampered by the lack of a Peruvian biologist - it is decided that the Rylands comments that this species is heavily two southern localities are invalid, and the pre- hunted in the Cerrado, even though it tastes sumed southern population does not actually awful. It's widespread and resistant to human dis- exist. Although unable to attend, Jim Loughry turbance, he says, and should be considered Least writes afterward that they may have an extremely Concern. restricted range, as the Rio Abiseo National Park is the only place they have recently been reported Priodontes maximus - VU from. According to Abba, they are found in the Erika Cuellar, Dennis Meritt, Gustavo Porini Peruvian Departments of Amazonas, Huanuco and San Martin. A final decision is still pending Superina doubts the giant armadillo ever occurred for this species. in Uruguay. Rylands suggests it might be in the Atlantic Forest, but he's not certain about now Dasypus sabankola LC - although he's positive that it did at one point. Paula Lara-Ruiz Meritt says that in the Chaco, temperatures can Rylands notes that it's savanna-based, and occurs fall below zero: and Priodontes just goes under the in several large national parks, but not in the soil, and stays there until conditions are warmer. Gran Sabana. According to Lara-Ruiz, it is often It has a patchy distribution, widespread but with found in gallery forest associated with savannas. rarefied populations wherever it occurs - "One of those living fossils." Although they're all across the Dasypus septemcinctus • LC Amazon, there are two places where they're most Teresa Anacleto likely to be found: the zone of northern Argen- tina and the Chaco, and the llanos of Guyana. This species may prefer savanna, and Teresa Ana- cleto believes that it's common. There is no infor- According to Paula Lara-Ruiz, they're declining all mation on the population, and no one present over their range. Superina says a major problem who knows the species. is that animals are caught for the black market, but they die before they ever actually reach the Jim Loughry later wrote that he has captured black market. Meritt says that in some parts of several in the Poco das Antas National Park in its range, the giant armadillo represents the single Brazil, and they appear to be capable of surviving largest source of protein for indigenous people.
17 This is especially true in Paraguay, Argentina and Sechrest wants to know about the population Brazil: "When it's encountered, it's eaten!" parameters. What is the rate of population decline in the past twenty or thirty years? Paula Lara-Ruiz Sechrest calls this a "very difficult species," since says it has declined 50% in the past thirty years. obviously it's wide-ranging and present in many intact areas. He asks about the level of hunt- After much discussion, Sechrest asks about its ing and what impact it has, whether there are status in the Amazon. Rylands isn't sure: but any studies on these issues. Vizcaino says there wherever it's found, it's killed, and there are few has been a major decline in the past ten years. places in its range without people. Rylands specu- Superina says they have yet to reproduce in cap- lates there might be only three to five thousand tivity. Meritt replies this is because no one's had individuals in the entire Amazon. a pair together long enough, at least not until recently - no one has any idea what the genera- The population may have been reduced by 30% tion time is. over the past 20-30 years. Rylands points out that the original population has already suffered a tre- Vizcaino asserts there has been an important mendous crash; now it's stable, but dying. The reduction of the overall distribution in the past species is heavily hunted and rare; Rylands says it three generations. No one is sure what the gen- should be considered Vulnerable, or more. Meritt eration time is. notes there are not many specimens in museums, despite its immense distribution. The consensus Porini comments that you never find small ones. of the group, then, is for Vulnerable. Vizcaino is having a hard time working out the generation time; Meritt says it's six to ten years all John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity told - "only an educated guess." They have huge Science, Conservation International, 1919 M bodies, he says, with no room for many offspring. Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, No one has ever seen their young. USA. E-mail:
Illustration by Stephen D. Nash.
18 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 FIGURE 1. Bradypus torquatus. FIGURE 2. Bradypus tridactylus.
FIGURE 3. Bradypus variegatus. FIGURE 4. Choloepus didactylus.
Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG.
19 "xm acw
V* xm
\ ,-">' j » t r •;( •CW M*n
FIGURE 5. Choloepus hoffmanni. FIGURE 6. Cyclopes didactylus. Central America detail.
tma «orw M w» - V *» im acnar ecmr 4Cw ;cv» FIGURE 7. Cyclopes didactylus. South America detail. FIGURE 8. Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Central America detail. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. 20 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 •CM ..-v. «orw 01 / IO»S ^ ^ M *>» > mm k 9CS mm erv* «nv FIGURE 9. Myrmecophaga tridactyla. South America detail. FIGURE 10. Tamandua mexicana. FIGURE 11. Tamandua tetradactyla. FIGURE 12. Tolypeutes matacus. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. 21 FIGURE 13. Tolypeutes tricinctus. FIGURE 14. Cabassouscentralis. 70°W 60°W 50"W 80'W 70"W 60*W 50°W 40"W FIGURE 15. Cabassous chacoensis. FIGURE 16. Cabassous tatouay. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. 22 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 OH /' • 't t X" W% - - «ywi irw «7v» FIGURE 17. Cabassous unicinctus. FIGURE 18. Chaetophractus nationi. FIGURE 19. Chaetophractus vellerosus. FIGURE 20. Chaetophractus villosus. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. 23 FIGURE 21. Chlamyphorus retusus. FIGURE 22. Chlamyphorus truncatus. TO V» term *rw m t \ 1 W% QF «rs «« # srs l vr% Mtnr WK «•«• FIGURE 23. Zaedyus pichiy. FIGURE 24. Dasypus hybridus. 24 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 norw i*rw >tfm •rw «w «m FIGURE 25. Dasypus kappleri. FIGURE 26. Dasypus novemcinctus. South America detail. M WW 1t»W r* n _ irs X' irs - \. V w* HI •rw *V( FIGURE 27. Dasypus novemcinctus. North and Central America FIGURE 28. Dasypus pilosus. detail. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. 25 »VI *tf U H fl | -.^-, it* / »TW MVi WV( «T(V WW FIGURE 29. Dasypus sabanicola. FIGURE 30. Dasypus septemcinctus. •r f, •j .•» M7« W» fl « m irw *m in» w% \ I(y 1 w% w If - TW 1 irvi wv» «T(V »HW jrw Km term Xrm term um mrm FIGURE 31. Euphractus sexcinctus. FIGURE 32. Priodontes maximus. Note: No range map was available for Dasypusyepesi. Maps: IUCN Global Mammal Assessment and the Edentate SG. 26 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 infant showed almost no vital signs. It had been ARTICLES strongly tossed around, and presented various bruises throughout the body; it also had been bitten on the head and its lower mandible was dislocated. It was revived by means of CPR and The First Hand-Rearing of Larger Hairy placed in a human isolette with oxygen. Wounds Armadillos {Chaetophractus villosus) at the were disinfected with iodine solution (Pervinox* Temaiken Foundation 10%). Maria Julieta Olocco Diz and Ana Duggan Materials and Methods Temaiken Foundation, Ruta 25 km 0.7, (1625) Buenos Aires, As soon as the pups arrived at the nursery, they were Argentina. put into an incubator (human isolette) at 33°C (91.4°F) in order to increase their body tempera- Introduction ture, as both were suffering from hypothermia. At The genus Chaetophractus, the hairy armadil- birth they weighed 118.53 g and 108.33 g. They los, consists of three species in the family Dasy- were put inside the same plastic container and podidae, which together are distributed from covered with a warm cotton cloth. The following Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan. The larger day, as the pups began to thermoregulate on their hairy armadillo, Chaetophractus villosus, inhab- own, the isolette temperature was decreased until its southern Bolivia, northern Paraguay and the it reached room temperature (26°C / 78.8°F). At length of Argentina, excluding the Andes moun- this point they were put inside a hard plastic box tains (Parera, 2002). Mating takes place during (120 x 100 x 60 cm) with wheat straw as a bed- the spring, and according to Merrett (1983) the ding substrate and a heat lamp at one of the cor- gestation period lasts 60-75 days; the litter usu- ners, giving the pups the option of moving away ally consists of two young, often one male and or towards the heat source. After day 39, the pups one female. The young weigh about 155 g at were taken outside for sunbathing and exercising birth and are covered with a soft leathery skin when weather permitted. that gradually hardens with age. At birth the ear pinnae are not yet present, and the mouth is Nursery logs were set up to record date, time of closed except for the terminal portion. The nails day, weight (precision scale used: Model Moretti * are usually soft, and they are able to crawl and OAC-2.4: max. weight: 2.4 kg, accuracy: root in search of milk. They open their eyes after 0.2 g), formula offered, amount offered, amount 16-30 days, are weaned at 50-60 days, and reach consumed, stool and urine (characteristics and sexual maturity at nine months. Hairy armadil- frequency) and overall behaviour of the animal los are systematically hunted in areas where they at feeding. The pups were weighed before burrow extensively in loose farm soil; their flesh each feeding. is thought to be good and is frequently eaten by people (Nowak, 1999). Initially the pups were syringe-fed with an arti- ficial nipple adapted to the tip of the syringe. As of December 2002, the Temaiken Foundation These nipples were custom-made from latex by had a total of four adult Chaetophractus villosus nursery staff to approximate the shape and size of (2.2.0) in their captive facility. On December 28, the dam's nipple. After finding the pups showed 2002, a primiparous female delivered two infant a good suckle reflex, they were fed using the males in the exhibition area. Nervous and inex- same nipples but with a small plastic eyedropper perienced, the mother mistreated her pups and instead of a syringe. seriously injured one of them, and so the deci- sion was made to remove them for hand-rearing The young were fed a commercially prepared in the Temaiken nursery. On arrival, the injured powdered milk replacer (Esbilac* powder, 27 PetAg, Inc.). The formula was diluted 1:2 with by day 56 they were eating complete feed for water and warmed to 36°C (96.8°F). The for- adult dogs (PRO PAC® Mini-Chunk) mixed mula averaged 35% protein (DMB) and 44.33% with banana and milk replacer. They were taking fat (DMB). Initially the pups were given twelve formula every four hours, and from day 66 to feedings daily, one every two hours around the day 72 they received milk every six hours, until clock. From day 4 to day 18 they were receiving 10:00 pm. At day 74 they had just two daily milk just eight feedings around the clock. From day 18 feedings, and by day 76 they were weaned. onwards, feedings began at 6:00 am and ended at midnight. By approximately day 48, the pups Results were receiving chopped apples and bananas, and The newborn pups weighed 113.43 g on average. Their mean milk consumption during the first month was 15.22% of body weight on an as-fed basis and they gained 11.52 g/day. During the second month the milk consumption was 8.48% of body weight on an as-fed basis and they gained 18.54 g/day. During the fifteen days prior to weaning, this consumption dropped to 4.05% of body weight on an as-fed basis and they gained 13.56 g/day. The following events were recorded during the hand-rearing process (see numbered reference FIGURE 1. Hand-feeding an infant Chaetophractus villosus. points in Fig. 2): Mik Ccnsutnpcon Body WetflN igi nn n;c i*ae m;c . i • ;trrn 3m t ]< i tniiunttiinxit.'ttii i it u •«o«nM(io«nitiii)iiii l* it r) iGustamto ATonga FIGURE 2. Daily weight gain and milk consumption in two hand-reared Chaetophractus villosus. 28 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Day 08 - hairs begin to grow on body x in hairy armadillos should be between 50 to Day 15 - stools are found in between feed- 60 days of age. ings without stimulation 2 Day 26 - they begin to open their eyes 3 In April 2003, the same female delivered two male Day 39 - they are taken outdoors for the first pups which were parent-reared. At 16 days of age, time4 the two pups weighed an average of 318.5 g. In Day 48 - they begin eating solids 5 general, hand-reared offspring develop more Day 56 - they begin eating complete feed for slowly than those which are parent-reared (Beek- dogs 6 man et at, 1999; Gage, 2002), and our hand- Day 76 - they are weaned 7 reared infants were 26% lighter at the same age, averaging 234.95 g. Discussion In most mammals there may be little or no Our first attempt to hand-raise armadillo pups weight gain in the first 48 hours after birth, and was successful, but we have had no other cases it is not uncommon for infants to present even to streamline our protocol. We recommend a significant loss of weight, up to 10% of total that husbandry information should be shared body weight (Gage, 2002). In this case there was among zoos to improve the hand-rearing of a small loss (2.5%) in just one of the young. edentates. Once the pups adjusted to their diets and sleeping Acknowledgements: Special thanks to Viviana arrangements over their first few days, they began Quse (Senior Veterinarian) for helping us with to show a daily weight gain, steady for all but a corrections to this paper, and to Sergio Feo few days. The logs of milk consumption show (Chief Keeper) for providing the data on the an irregular pattern (Fig. 2), which was probably parent-reared infants. due to an uneven number of feedings per day, caused by delays and confusion in the schedule of References the caretakers, as well as their inexperience with Beekman, S. P. A., Kemp, B., Louwman, H. C. raising infant armadillos. M. and Colenbrander, B. 1999. Analyses of factors influencing the birth weight and neo- According to records of the Poznan Zoo in Poland natal growth rate of cheetah {Acinonyx juba- (Ratajszczak and Trzesowska, 1997) young start tus) cubs. Zoo Biology 18(2): 129-139. moving outside the nest at the age of 30 days, Gage, L. J. 2002. Hand-RearingWild and Domes- and take solid food from day 35 onwards. Even tic Mammals. Iowa State Press, Iowa. though Temaiken's hand-reared pups began sun- Meritt, D. A. 1994. Hand-Rearing Edentates bathing at day 39, they did not begin taking solid - Infant Diet Notebook. AZA Animal Health food until day 48. This delay in the solid con- Committee, American Zoo and Aquarium sumption was due to the inexperience of the staff Association (AZA), Maryland and West that developed the armadillo hand-rearing pro- Virginia. gram, and affected the growth rate of the infants Merrett, P. K. 1983. Edentates. Project for city around their fortieth day (Fig. 2). and guilds: Animal management course, Guernsey, pp. 39-48. Zoological Trust of Meritt (1994) commented that edentates in cap- Guernsey, British Isles. tivity have an especially difficult time making the Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the transition from a liquid to solid adult diet, more World. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University so than any other mammal he has worked with. Press, Baltimore. In this case the young had a very slow transition, Parera, A. 2002. Los Mamiferos de la Argentina y and were weaned at the comparatively late age la Region Austral de Sudamerica. Editorial El of 76 days. Merrett (1983) stated that weaning Ateneo, Buenos Aires. 29 Ratajszczak, R. andTrzesowska, E. 1997. Manage- nos pequeiios vertebrados en su dieta (Esberard, ment and breeding of the larger hairy arma- 2001). Son de habitos nocturnos y solitarios, dillo, Chaetophractus villosus, at Poznan Zoo. uniendose unicamente con su pareja durante la Der Zoologische Garten 67(4): 220-228. epoca de apareamiento (Tirira S., 1999). Estos animales poseen la mayor variacion de tempera- tura que cualquier otro mamifero, en rangos que Crianza en Cautiverio de Perezoso de Dos oscilan entre los 24°C a los 33°C (Nowak, 1997). Dedos {Choloepus didactylus) Choloepus didactylus puede ser distinguido de C. hoffmanni por la coloracion del pelaje, pre- Lizette Bermudez Larrazabal sentando el primero un color homogeneo en el Jefe de Fauna del Parque Zoologico Huachipa, Lima, Peru. dorso y pecho. En el Peru existe una gran can- Correo electronico: 30 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 lorn |f.II .11 KHI Itl incremento de peso de" Wendy" > "1 Pelusa" > -621. 07a ^ 4500 4000 3500 3000 2 2500 2 2000 Q. 1500 1000 500 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Edad (Meses) •••Pelusa ••• Wendy ^^ Exponential (promedto) FIGURA 1. Ganancia de peso de duas crias de Choloepus didactylus. datos de frecuencia de miccion y defecacion, Dieta y aceptacion de la dieta aceptacion de la dieta ofrecida, comportamiento Debido a que "Wendy" llego primero al zoolo- y complicaciones veterinarias mas comunes. Los gico, fue necesario probar diversos alimentos y datos para "Pelusa" fueron registrados durante determinar el grado de aceptacion a los mismos ocho meses mientras que los de "Wendy" se (Tabla 1). Algunos componentes de la dieta registraron en un periodo de 13 meses. fueron seleccionados de otras dietas descritas para la especie, utilizadas en otros zoologicos (Meritt, Resultados 1973; McCrane, 1966; Avey-Arroyo, 2002), sin embargo se probaron nuevos componentes, sus- Ganancia de peso tituyendo a aquellos que no se encontraban con Las curvas de ganancia de peso para ambas crias facilidad en nuestro pais. describen una curva de tendencia exponencial, cuya formula es: y = 621.07 e012x. Durante el primer mes se alimento a "Wendy" cada tres horas con formula lactea (ver Tabla 2) y comida Frecuencia de miccion y defecacion de manera intercalada; en esta dieta se utilizo el ali- "Pelusa" defeco y orino al quinto dia despues de mento de mayor aceptacion (pera o durazno) como su llegada al zoologico. Posteriormente la mic- cebo para que la fibra fuera aceptada. Durante el cion y defecacion fue periodica. "Wendy" orino segundo y tercer mes la formula lactea se cambio el primer dia que llego y defeco al tercer dia de su por una papilla y se disminuyo la frecuencia de ali- llegada. La frecuencia de miccion y defecacion fue mentacion hasta cuatro veces al dia; en la comida de dos a tres dias, siendo que las dos evacuacio- se le adiciono mayor cantidad de fibra. Del cuarto nes ocurrian al mismo tiempo y generalmente en al septimo mes se le incorporo mayor cantidad de la noche. Por ningiin motivo las crias defecaban fibra a la papilla, la cual fue facilmente aceptada. en el lugar que usaban como descanso (caja de Finalmente, se llego a una dieta rutinaria (Tabla material aislante termico) y cuando "Wendy" fue 2), disminuyendo la frecuencia a tres veces al dia, trasladada a exhibicion se observo que orinaba y ya que el animal ya no era llevado a casa para ali- defecaba en un solo lugar, para lo cual bajaba del arbol o percha donde se encontraba. 31 TABLA1. Aceptacion de alimento por "Wendy." Completa: el animal mentarlo de noche. Actualmente se le da la misma rapidamente lo consume sin ningun problema. Baja: el animal dieta, dos veces al dia. lo consume pero con dificultad. No aceptado: el animal no lo consume. Desde su arribo "Pelusa" fue alimentada con for- Medida de Aceptacion mula lactea y con algunas verduras y frutas raya- Alimento Completa Baja No Aceptado das, cada tres horas. A partir de los tres meses se Pina X le fue adicionando mayor cantidad de verduras y Papaya X hojas enteras. Este individuo tuvo una facil acep- Pera X tacion por la dieta rutinaria que recibia "Wendy," Manzana X por lo que no se tuvieron que probar muchas Durazno X dietas en ella (Tabla 3). En ambos ejemplares se Mango X observo una predileccion por un solo tipo de ali- Chirimoya X mento; en el caso de "Wendy" fue por el durazno Melon X y para "Pelusa" fue la lechuga. Adicionalmente a Uva X la dieta ambos animales recibieron un suplemento de vitamina D (Raquiferol) y hierro (Ferrovite en Platano X gotas) cada 15 dias. Tomate X Mandarina X Comportamiento Choclo X Ninguna de las crias mostro mucha actividad Espinaca X durante el dia o la noche hasta que cumplieron Acelga X cuatro meses y medio aproximadamente, pasando Lechuga X la mayor cantidad de tiempo durmiendo en una Zanahoria X caja de material aislante termico y con ambas Zapallo X extremidades cogidas de una almohada. Solo se Zapallo italiano X despertaban cuando tenian hambre, emitiendo Clara de huevo X un sonido de llamado. Durante este tiempo los sancochado animales fueron alimentados y acicalados por los Concentrado para perro X padres sustitutos. Pasado este periodo, el com- TABLA2. Dietas recibidas por "Wendy." Mes Dieta Frecuencia Formula: Protefna en polvo (PVM), leche de soya (Isomil), 3 cereales Primero (Cerelac), antiflatulento (Simflat), vitaminas (Octavitan). Cada tres horas Comida: zanahoria, espinaca, caucho y pera o durazno. Papilla: concentrado para perro (Alpo), Proteina (P75), 3 cereales(Cerelac), vitacalcio, antiflatulento (Simflat), vitaminas (Octavitan). Cuatro veces al dia (mahana, SegundoyTercero Comida: zanahoria, zapallo, zapallo italano, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, mediodia, tardey noche) caucho, clara de huevo. Fruta: pera, manzana o durazno. Papilla: concentrado para perro (Alpo), acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho, vitacalcio, antiflatulento (Simflat), vitaminas (Octavitan). Cuarto-Septimo Cuatro veces al dia (mahana, Comida: zanahoria, zapallo, zapallo italano, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, mediodia, tardey noche) caucho, clara de huevo. Fruta: pera, manzana o durazno. Tres veces al dia (mahana, Papilla: concentrado para perro, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho. Octavo-Treceavo mediodia, tarde). Comida: zanahoria, zapallo, acelga, espinaca, lechuga, caucho, choclo y La papilla es ofrecida tres veces manzana. porsemana. 32 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 TABLA 3. Aceptacion de alimento por "Pelusa." Completa: el animal portamiento nocturno se incremento, las crias rapidamente lo consume sin ningun problema. Baja: el animal lo comenzaron a buscar donde colgarse, para lo consume pero con dificultad. No aceptado: el animal no lo consume. cual se les colocaron diversas ramas. Al principio Medida de Aceptacion no intentaron caminar por las ramas, solo se sos- Alimento Completa Baja No Aceptado tenian con los miembros anteriores, pero despues Pina Nofue probado de unos dias lograron caminar sin problemas. El Papaya Nofue probado consumo de alimento se incremento durante la Pera X noche, consumiendo los mismos tipos de ali- Manzana X mento y colgandose con los miembros inferiores Durazno X en contra de la gravedad. Durante el dia la activi- Mango Nofue probado dad fue disminuyendo pasando una mayor can- tidad de tiempo descansando en la caja. Algunas Chirimoya X veces al percibir olores extranos se observo una Melon X conducta agresiva la cual se caracterizo porque Uva X los animales mostraban los dientes y dejaban Platano Nofue probado libre un brazo para dar un zarpazo. Inferimos Tomate Nofue probado que estos animales reconocen a sus madres por Mandarina Nofue probado el olor, teniendo en cuenta que la primera reac- Choclo Nofue probado cion de los animales ante la presencia de una Espinaca X persona era acercarsele y olfatearla; si esta le Acelga X resultaba extrana, ellos mostraban una conducta Lechuga X de agresion. Por otro lado, cuando la persona era Zanahoria X identificada como la madre sustituta, el animal Zapallo Nofue probado no mostraba ningun comportamiento agresivo, Zapallo italiano Nofue probado buscando en algunos casos treparse a ella. Clara de huevo X sancochado En el transcurso de la crianza se pudo realizar Concentrado X un pequeno etograma de la especie la cual se para perro describe en la Tabla 4. TABLA4. Etograma de Choloepus didactylus. Nombre del Patron Descripcion (d)y Patrones visuales Simbolo Funcion Motivation Frecuencia (f) a) Corporal d. El animal duerme abrazado a algo que semeje su madre o asimismo, con Buscar la proteccion de la madre los miembros posteriores y anteriores Acurrucar ACU Descanso cuando es cria y buscar calor cruzados cuando esadulto f. Frecuentemente de dia cuando es invierno o cuando son crias d. El animal duerme con miembros Dormir DOR posteriores y anteriores estirados Descanso Descansarrelajado f. Frecuentemente de dia d. El animal se desplaza en el suelo con los cuatro miembros doblados Trasladode una percha Cuando se siente en situacion de Caminar CAM hacia la parte interna a otra mas alejada peligroyquiere huir f. Rara vez continua 33 TABLA 4, continuado Nombre del Patron Descripcion (d) y Patrones visuales Simbolo Funcion Motivacion Frecuencia (f) a) Corporal d. El animal se desplaza colgado de los cuatro miembros y con la cabeza Cuando quiere trasladarse de un Colgarse COLG Desplazamiento colgada lugar a otro f. Frecuentemente d. El animal se encuentra colgado Cuando quiere colgarse de una Suspender anterior SUSan solamente de los miembros anteriores "Break" rama o percha f. Frecuentemente d. El animal se encuentra suspendido en forma invertida colgado de los Suspender posterior SUSpos Alimentacion Cuando quiere coger su comida miembros posteriores f. Ocasionalmente d. El animal se encuentra sentado Cuando quiere coger su comida con la espalda curva y los brazos Sentarse SEN Explorar o algun otro objeto que Name su relajados atencion f. Ocasionalmente d. El animal se encuentra colgado con ambos miembros con la boca abierta Balanceo BAL mostrando los dientes y se balancea Agresion Cuando quiere intimidar o agredir de atras para adelante f. Ocasionalmente d. El animal se encuentra colgado con la boca abierta mostrando los dientes Ataque ATA y con uno de los miembros anteriores Ataque Cuando ataca a otro individuo da un zarpazo f. Ocasionalmente d. El animal baja de del arbol o percha y colgado verticalmente Defecar DEF Defecar yorinar Defecar yorinar empieza a defecar f. Frecuentemente b) Gestual d. Saca la lengua, abre la boca y Cuando el animal esta agotado o Bostezar BOS cierra los ojos No definido antes de dormir f. Frecuentemente d. Con la boca cerrada el animal Cuando el animal sesiente Oler OLR mueve la nariz Olfacion atraido por un olor en particular f. Frecuentemente d. El animal abre la boca y muestra los dientes Abre boca BOC Agresion Cuando quiere intimidar f. Frecuentemente Vocalizaciones Sonido mono-sflabo, generalmente es Cuando tiene hambre o se siente mmmah - mmmah Llamado repetido 2 veces solo fuf-fuf-fuf Sonido corto y repetitivo Agresion Cuando ataca oamenaza crack-crack Sonido que realiza al rozar los dientes Ramoneo No definido 34 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 FIGURA 2. Posiciones del perezoso de dos dedos. ACU acurrucar; ATA = ataque; SUSPOS = suspender posterior; COLG = colgarse; y DEF = defecar. Complicaciones veterinarias mente y a ciencia cierta si el protocolo de crianza Durante el tiempo de crianza se pudieron obser- es el adecuado o no; es por eso que los datos col- var algunas complicaciones veterinarias en las ectados durante el proceso de crianza tienen que crias como: timpanismo, diarrea, problemas en ser tornados durante un tiempo prolongado y la piel, e hipo. El timpanismo era muy frecuente por la misma persona, para visualizar resultados. en un inicio, posiblemente por el alimento y la Comparando los datos de peso obtenidos, con los posicion en la que comian; es por ello que se obtenidos mediante la formula, se puede observar comenzo a adicionar un antiflatulento (Simflat) que los ocho primeros meses de edad los datos se en la dieta lo cual ayudo mucho a resolver este encuentran 100 g por debajo del peso ideal, ocurre problema. Tambien presento resequedad en la lo mismo si los comparamos con datos obtenidos piel, por ello constantemente se les frotaba con del registro de la crianza de perezosos en Caribe vitaminas A, E y selenio en pasta (Mucovit), para Sloth Rescue and Rehabilitation Center en Costa mantener la piel humeda. Tanto la diarrea como Rica (Avey-Arroyo, 2002). Sin embargo esta dis- el hipo se presentaron ocasionalmente y una sola minucion puede no ser significativa, ya que podria vez "Pelusa" tuvo un problema respiratorio, el deberse a que los individuos se estan adaptando a cual fue tratado inmediatamente. la dieta en cautiverio; por otro lado, se cree que los individuos de esta especie son mas vulnerables Discusion durante los primeros ocho meses de edad debido a Debido a que la especie es muy sensible a los cam- que su requerimiento proteico es mayor ya que se bios de temperatura (Nowak, 1997) y a que tienen quedan con la madre hasta los ocho-nueve meses un metabolismo tan lento, es dificil saber rapida- en vida silvestre (Veselovsky, 1966). 35 Se han probado diversas dietas y formulas para Referencias el mantenimiento de esta especie en cautiverio Avey-Arroyo, J. 2002. Sloths. En: Hand-Rear- (Meritt, 1973; McCrane, 1966; Avey-Arroyo, ing Wild and Domestic Mammals, L. J. Gage 2002) es por ello que se opto por probar una (ed.), pp. 81-89. Iowa State Press, Iowa. serie de alimentos y determinar el grado de Delsuc, E, Scally, M., Madsen, O., Stanhope, M. preferencia que el individuo tenia hacia ellos. J., de Jong, W. W., Catzeflis, E M., Springer, El uso de alimentos cebo es adecuado porque M. S. y Douzery, E. J. P. 2002. Molecular permite incrementar nuevos insumos a la dieta phylogeny of living Xenarthrans and the y que estos sean aceptados por el individuo sin impact of character and taxon sampling on mayores problemas. El presente trabajo describe the placental tree rooting. Mol. Biol. Evol. pocos patrones de conducta debido a la edad 19(10): 1656-1671. de los individuos y a la dificultad de seguir su Esberard, C. 2001. Biology and captive manage- comportamiento durante la noche, hora en la ment of sloths. En: Biology, Medicine, and cual son mas activos; sin embargo se describen Surgery of South American Wild Animals, M. los patrones mas comunmente observados en la E. Fowler y Z. S. Cubas (eds.), pp. 245-246. especie. A pesar de ser animales bastante silen- Iowa State Press, Iowa. ciosos se pudieron determinar tres patrones audi- McCrane, M. P. 1966. Birth, behavior and devel- tivos. No obstante, para el ramoneo no se pudo opment of a hand-reared two-toed sloth, Cho- determinar su contexto, ya que lo realizaba en loepus didactylus. Intl. Zoo Ybk. 6: 187-189. cualquier momento y sin ningiin motivo apa- Messias-Costa, A. 2001. Medicine and neona- rentemente. Durante todo el tiempo de la cri- tal care of sloths. En: Biology, Medicine, and anza, los perezosos no presentaron enfermedades Surgery of South American Wild Animals, M. serias, las pocas molestias que presentaron fueron E. Fowler y Z. S. Cubas (eds.), pp. 247-249. rapidamente superadas y no afectaron el desar- Iowa State Press, Iowa. rollo normal de las crias. Una de las afecciones Meritt Jr., D. A. 1973. Edentate Diets. II. Two- mas frecuentes fue el timpanismo, comiin en Toed Sloths. Intl. Zoo Ybk. 23(4): 543-545. estas especies (Messias-Costa, 2001). Es necesa- Nowak, R. M. 1997. Walker's Mammals of the rio tener en cuenta que el tratamiento y manejo World. Fifth Edition. Johns Hopkins Univer- veterinario de estas especies es dificil y requiere sity Press, Baltimore. mayores estudios. Tirira S., D. 1999. Mamiferos del Ecuador. Pub- lication Especial 2. Museo de Zoologia. Conclusiones Centra de Biodiversidad y Ambiente, Pon- Podemos concluir que la crianza de estos dos tificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador y perezosos fue exitosa y el desarrollo fue muy Sociedad para la Investigation y Monitoreo similar para ambos individuos. Para la crianza de de la Biodiversidad Ecuatoriana (SIMBIOE), cualquier animal se deben ser tornados en cuenta Quito. parametros minimos como crecimiento, ganan- Veselovsky, Z. 1966. A contribution to the cia de peso, alimentacion recibida y comporta- knowledge of the reproduction and growth miento, para determinar el exito de una crianza. of the two-toed sloth, Choloepus didacty- En el caso particular de los perezosos, los datos lus, at the Prague Zoo. Intl. Zoo Ybk. 6: deben ser tornados en un periodo prolongado 147-153. para ver resultados. El exito de la crianza en cau- tiverio nos permite dar una oportunidad de vida a los individuosy del mismo modo contribuimos al conocimiento de la biologia de la especie. 36 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 cially fruit) makes up a major portion of the diet Diet of the Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus in the Pantanal region of Brazil (Schaller, 1983). sexcinctus, in South-Central Brazil Euphractus sexcinctus is a common species ranging Julio C. Dalponte from central and eastern Brazil through Paraguay Departamento de Ciencias BioUgicas, Universidade do Estado eastern Bolivia and northern Argentina (Redford de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina 78690-000, Mato Grosso, and Wetzel, 1985). It occurs in a wide variety of Brazil. biomes, including the Amazon, Caatinga, Cer- rado, Pantanal, Chaco and the Atlantic Forest Jose A. Tavares-Filho (Silva-Jiinior and Nunes, 2001). Within these Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao biomes it most often inhabits savannas, forest Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14040-903, Sao Paulo, Brazil. edges and campos cerrados, a type of cerrado in which trees are absent and shrubs form an open Introduction layer (Eiten, 1979). The biomass of this species The 21 species of armadillos (Dasypodidae, was estimated to be approximately 19 kg/km2 for Xenarthra) show a remarkable variation in size, dry forest, flooded grassland, and open savanna geographic distribution and feeding patterns, in the Brazilian Pantanal (Schaller, 1983). In and can be divided into four groups according northeastern Sao Paulo it comprises 37% of total to their dietary specializations: carnivore/omni- mammal road kills, or 2.56 kg/km, according to vore {Chaetophractus, Euphractus and Zaedyus), a survey of paved highways in the region (J. A. generalist insectivore (fossorial) (Chlamyphorus), Tavares-Filho, unpubl. data; see below). In this generalist insectivore (terrestrial) (Dasypus), and study we examine the diet of the yellow armadillo specialist insectivore (ants and termites) (Priodon- and compare the results with available data on tes, Cabassous and Tolypeutes) (Redford, 1985). this species and other armadillos in the carnivore/ omnivore group. The three genera of hairy armadillos, the carni- vore/omnivores, show temporal and geographic Methods variation in their diet which is more pronounced The interior of the state of Sao Paulo is presently than in the other three feeding groups (Redford, covered with a mosaic of cattle pasture, cultivated 1985). Detailed and systematic studies on the diet fields (mainly sugar cane, cereals and fruit) and of the carnivore/omnivores in natural conditions exotic plantations of Pinus and Eucalyptus. Scat- are needed for finer analyses of their patterns of tered patches of cerrado and mesophytic semide- trophic specialization. While research is wanting ciduous forest (sensu Rizzini, 1963) are still found on the feeding ecology of nearly every edentate in the interior of the state. The northeast of Sao species (Redford, 1994), a notable exception Paulo is one of the most intensively cultivated among the hairy armadillos is Greegor's (1980) areas of the state. Troppmair (1975) classifies study on Chaetophractus vellerosus in northwest- the climate as Cwa according to Koppen (1936), ern Argentina. C. vellerosus combines an insectiv- characterized by a rainy season in the summer orous diet with substantial intake of plant matter, and a dry season in the winter; the rainfall varies especially Prosopis pods, in the winter. between 1100 and 1300 mm, with a period of drought from May to September, and July being The yellow armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus, is the the driest month (Caldarelli and Neves, 1981). largest member of the carnivore/omnivore group and consumes many types of animal prey, includ- From January 1981 to April 1984, 74 specimens ing carrion, small vertebrates, ants (adults, larvae of Euphractus sexcinctus were found as road kills and cocoons), and plant matter such as fruits and along paved highways in northeastern Sao Paulo tubers (Redford, 1985; Redford and Eisenberg, (within an area of ca. 30 km of radius around 1992; Bezerra et al, 2001). Plant matter (espe- the point 21°06'S, 48°27'W) in the municipali- 37 ties of Ribeirao Preto, Luis Antonio and Pradop- Acrocomia sp.), and the fourth is typically wild olis. From these, it was possible to collect eight (mangaba, Hancornia speciosd) and found in a stomachs for dietary analysis, and the stomach number of vegetation types in the cerrado. contents of another four animals were collected at two locations in Sao Paulo (municipalities of Insects comprised the bulk of the diet of R sex- Guarei and Sao Jose do Rio Preto) and two loca- cinctus, in both the frequency of occurrence and tions in Mato Grosso (municipalities of Cuiaba the amount of consumed food, representing and Vila Bela) on highways crossing cultivated more than 50% of the total volume analyzed. lands and gardens. Ants (Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae and Ponerinae) and dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) The stomach contents were preserved in the field stood out in this food group, together reaching in 10% formalin, and stored until analysis at the 57% in relative frequency and 86% of total insect Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal volume. Of the nine stomachs containing ants, de Mato Grosso, Cuiaba. The contents were washed seven had combinations of winged adults, cocoons with tap water through a metallic sieve (mesh diam- and larvae as the main content. Although other eter 1 mm). The filtrate (particles < 1 mm) included organic and inorganic residues (digested material, earth and sand), which were not included in the TABLE 1. Stomach contents from 12 individuals of F. sexcinctus, analysis. The material retained in the sieve was collected as roadkills in agricultural areas of Mato Grosso and Sao transferred to a glass plate for separation and identi- Paulo, Brazil. % % Estimated fication of the food items under a dissecting micro- Food items Frequency volume scope. The frequency of occurrence was calculated Plant matter based on how many times a selected item occurred Corn (grains) 9.6 18.9 in the total number of stomachs. We estimated the Rice (grains) 1.6 1.0 volumetric percentage of each item based on the Sugarcane (stems) 1.6 0.5 volume of an individual item in relation to the total volume of all items present in the stomachs. Orange (pulp and seeds) 3.2 1.2 Papaya (seeds) 1.6 3.2 Results Acrocomia sp. (pericarp) 1.6 1.2 We identified 21 food items (62 total occurrences) Hancornia speciosa (seeds) 1.6 0.2 in 12 yellow armadillo stomachs (Table 1), repre- Unidentified fruits 1.6 0.2 senting four main groups: plant material, insects, Unidentified plants 11.2 6.2 arachnids and vertebrates. Although plant mate- Insects rial was frequent and diversified (grains, succu- Hymenoptera (Formicidae) 14.5 22.0 lent stems and fruits), its estimated volume in the Coleoptera (Scarabaeidae) 12.9 30.7 stomachs was only about 33%. Among the iden- Isoptera (soldiers and workers) 6.4 1.0 tified plant material, the only exception in terms Lepidoptera (larvae) 3.2 6.0 of volume was corn (grains strongly chewed), Orthoptera (Gryllidae) 1.6 0.08 which represented the third most abundant item Diptera (larvae) 3.2 0.08 in the material as a whole, and was present in half Unidentified insects 6.4 1.5 of the analysed contents. Although sugar cane Arachnids dominates the cultivated landscape in northeast- Araneae 4.8 1.2 ern Sao Paulo, it was poorly represented (as mas- Vertebrates ticated stem fragments) in the dietary samples. Mammalia 6.4 2.2 Ophidia 1.6 0.8 Of the four fruits identified, two are cultivated in orchards (orange and papaya), another is asso- Aves 1.6 0.5 ciated with human settlements (macauba palm, Unidentified vertebrates 3.2 0.4 38 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 groups of insects appeared quite frequently, they the two areas (x2 = 2.129, df = 3, p = 0.5461). contributed modestly to the general abundance. We found a strongly significant difference (%2 Fragments of large spiders occurred in 25% of = 43.755, df = 3, p « 0.001), however, when the stomach contents. we compared the estimated volumes. This was due to the large quantities of plant matter in the Vertebrates made up only a small portion of the stomachs from the Pantanal, and the substantial diet. Mammal remains in the stomachs included number of insects in the stomach contents from small rodents (Sigmodontinae), armadillo plates the agricultural region. Although the same food (probably from scavenging) and skin fragments of types are consumed, the quantities evidently vary a large species of domesticated mammal, probably greatly between the two areas. Shifts in diet based a pig. Other vertebrates included a snake and a on geographic location are expected to be more bird, both small and found in the same stomach. pronounced among carnivore/omnivores than in other feeding groups (Redford, 1985), and the Discussion large geographical variation in the abundance of In the absence of other data on the diet of the certain dietary items, as documented for the two yellow armadillo, the present discussion is based areas compared here, supports this assumption. on comparisons with Schaller (1983). Of the eight E. sexcinctus stomachs collected by Schaller Omnivory is characteristic of the diet of the (1983) in the Pantanal, seven were from the euphractine armadillos (Redford, 1985), having Acurizal ranch (17°45'S, 57°37'W) in the Serra been previously registered for C. vellerosus (Gree- do Amolar. This area is covered by a variety of gor, 1980). The diet of the yellow armadillo is swamp formations, gallery forest, semidecidu- evidently similar to that observed for C. vellero- ous forest, and several subtypes of cerrado and sus, with plant matter and insects composing the savanna (Prance and Schaller, 1982). The esti- largest proportions of items in the stomach con- mated volumes supplied by Schaller (1983) were tents of both. Ants and beetles, very frequent in compared with the data for estimated volume in the diet of C. vellerosus, were the most common the present study. The occurrence of the differ- insects in the stomachs of K sexcinctus in the agri- ent dietary groups and percent estimated volume cultural areas of south-central Brazil. from the two studies were compared using %2 goodness-of-fit tests (Magurran, 1988), and the Vertebrates account for a relatively large pro- results are compared with those obtained for C. portion of the diet of Chaetophractus vellerosus vellerosus in northern Argentina (Greegor, 1980). • approximately 14% by volume in the winter Our data may represent the feeding tendencies of and 28% in the summer - when compared to the the yellow armadillo during the rainy season in northeastern Sao Paulo, in marginal road habitats. As a typical omnivorous/opportunistic feeder, the TABLE 2. Comparison of frequency and estimated volume of differ- yellow armadillo is able to change its diet geo- ent food types in the diet of F. sexcinctus in two regions of Central Brazil. graphically; and the roadside provides scavengers with an additional supply of carcasses. Food groups Schaller (1983)* Present study** % °//o /o °//o In intensively cultivated landscapes, the yellow occurrence volume occurrence volume armadillo is omnivorous, as previously reported by Plant matter 50.0 79.1 40.0 32.8 Redford (1985) and Redford and Wetzel (1985). Insects 37.5 20.5 26.6 61.3 Plant matter and insects made up the bulk of the Spiders 6.2 0.3 10.0 1.2 diet in undisturbed (Pantanal) and intensively Vertebrates 6.2 0.1 23.3 4.0 cultivated areas (northeastern Sao Paulo) (Table ' Pantanal, eight stomachs analysed. 2). We found no significant difference in the fre- '* Cultivated fields of Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso, 12 stomachs analysed. quencies of occurrence of food groups between 39 common long-nosed armadillo, Dasypus novem- The yellow armadillo has the largest and most cinctus (Greegor, 1980). Most of the vertebrates powerful teeth of any armadillo (Moeller, in consumed by C. vellerosus were small rodents, Redford, 1985), which may allow it to chew the reaching high frequencies: 23% in the summer meat, skin and small bones of a variety of car- and 19.4% in the winter. Small rodents also casses. In fact, the high biomass of vertebrate car- seem to be frequent in the diet of E. sexcinctus, casses concentrated on the highway (645,695 kg occurring in three of 12 stomachs analysed here. over a distance of 9,315 km; J. A. Tavares-Filho, A yellow armadillo collected in a soybean field in unpubl. results) suggests this would be a plentiful Goias State, Brazil, had four individuals of Calo- food source for a potential carrion eater such as mys sp. in its stomach (Bezerra et al, 2001), two E. sexcinctus. It is easily sighted in open habitats, of which were young (F. H. G. Rodrigues, pers. and aspects of its feeding ecology, in particular its comm.). foraging habits, could be easily studied. Euphractine armadillos are predators of small and Acknowledgements: We thank Dr. K. H. Redford slow-moving prey. They lack an effective killing for comments on an earlier version of this paper. bite, however, subduing their prey by standing on We also thank Dr. A. B. Araujo for the statistical it and tearing pieces with their jaws (Redford and analysis suggested and Dr. J. D. V. Hay for help- Wetzel, 1985; Redford, 1994). In captivity, E. ful corrections on the English version. sexcinctus can kill large rats (Redford and Wetzel, 1985), and captive individuals have also been References observed attacking a live deer fawn {Mazama Bezerra, A. M. R., Rodrigues, F. H. G. and Car- gouazoubird) and a young rhea {Rhea amerkand) mignotto, A. P. 2001. Predation of rodents and trying to drag them into their burrows (J. by the yellow armadillo (Euphractus sexcinc- C. Dalponte, pers. obs.). The presence of small tus) in cerrado of Central Brazil. Mammalia rodents in the diet (Bezerra et al, 2001; pres- 65(1): 86-88. ent study) demonstrates that free-ranging yellow Bisball, F. and Ojasti, J. 1980. Nicho trofico del armadillos may occasionally capture small prey. zorro Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia, Carni- In addition, one stomach of C. vellerosus con- vora). ActaBiol. Venez. 10(4): 469-496. tained four infant leaf-eared mice, Phyllotis gris- Caldarelli, S. B. and Neves, W. A. 1981. Programa eoflavus (Greegor, 1980). de pesquisas arqueologicas no Vale do Rio Pardo: 1981. Rev. Pre-Historia 3(3): 13-49. Armadillos which are carnivore/omnivores may Eiten, G. 1979. Formas fisionomicas do Cerrado. also consume small rodents as carrion, and per- Revta. Brasil. Bot. 2: 139-148. haps other vertebrates as well; but it is difficult Greegor, D. H. 1980. Diet of the little hairy arma- to determine from stomach contents whether dillo, Chaetophractus vellerosus, of northwest- remains are from predation or from scavenging ern Argentina./. Mammal. 61(2): 331-334. (Bisbal and Ojasti, 1980). Euphractine armadil- Koppen, W 1936. Das geographische System der los are known to eat rotting meat, and perhaps Klimate. In: Handbuch der Klimatologie, Vol. also the maggots associated with carcasses (see 1, W Koppen and R. Geiger (eds.), pp. 1-46. references in Redford, 1985). Larvae of necro- Gebriider Borntraeger, Berlin. phagous flies (Sarcophagidae) were found in two Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and its stomachs analysed in the present study, and in Measurement. Croom Helm, London. one they were associated with the remains of a Prance, G. T. and Schaller, G. B. 1982. Prelimi- small rodent. The remains of vertebrates in other nary study of some vegetation types of the stomach contents were not associated with sar- Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brittonia cophagid fly larvae, although the presence of 34(2): 228-251. armadillo plates and pig skin would indicate car- Redford, K. H. 1985. Food habits of armadil- rion consumption. los (Xenarthra: Dasypodidae). In: Evolu- 40 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 tion and Ecology of Sloths, Armadillos, and While following maned wolves (Chrysocyon Vermilinguas, G. G. Montgomery (ed.), brachyurus) during the dry season at Los Fierros pp.429•437. Smithsonian Institution Press, (14°33.24'S, 60°55.40'W) in Parque Nacional Washington, DC. Noel Kempff Mercado (Santa Cruz Department, Redford, K. H. 1994. The edentates of the cer- Bolivia), we discovered an isolated pampa water- rado. Edentata 1(1): 4-9. hole in a landscape depression, where mammals Redford, K. H. and Wetzel, R. M. 1985. Euphrac- come to drink. The Los Fierros pampa has been tus sexcinctus. Mammal. Species 252: 1-4. experiencing an increasingly severe water short- Redford, K. H. and Eisenberg, J. E 1992. age during the late dry season (August-October), Mammals of the Neotropics. Vol. 2. The and we have been following events at this water Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, hole for three seasons. Paraguay. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. When the water table drops below the ground Rizzini, C. T. 1963. A flora do cerrado. In: surface, giant anteaters dig down to reach the Simposio Sobre o Cerrado, M. G. Ferri (ed.), water, as evidenced by a deep, fist-sized hole that pp. 125-177. Editora da Universidade de Sao is scarred with large claw marks. This activity by Paulo, Sao Paulo. anteaters allows other animals - such as maned Silva-Jiinior, J. S. and Nunes, A. P. 2001. The dis- wolves, ocelots, raccoons, marsh deer, and birds junct geographical distribution of the yellow - to reach otherwise inaccessible drinking water. armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus (Xenarthra, Since 2002, we have been shoveling out and Dasypodidae). Edentata (4): 16-18. enlarging the hole and digging steps to enable Schaller, G. B. 1983. Mammals and their biomass mammals and birds to drink from water as deep on a Brazilian ranch. Arq. Zool, Sao Paulo 31: as 90 cm below the ground surface, held within 1-36. a layer of fine gray clay. During the wet season, Troppmair, H. 1975. Regioes ecologicas do Estado which extends from November to June, there is a de Sao Paulo. Biogeografia 10: 1-23. large pond over the site. To monitor animal activ- ity in the dry season, we set a camera trap (Trail- Master 1550 or 550) aimed at the approach to Bathing Behavior of Giant Anteaters the hole during September and October of 2002, {Myrmecophaga tridactyla) 2003 and 2004. Louise H. Emmons We have acquired over 70 photos of giant ant- Smithsonian Institution, Division of Mammals, NHB 390 eaters coming to the water hole, including many MRC 108, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, photo pairs of the same individual, first arriving USA. E-mail: 41 FIGURE 1. Giant anteater approaching the waterhole, 10 October, 2004, at 00:23 h (above); and the same animal leaving the waterhole, 00:31 h (below). 42 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 not semi-aquatic. Horses and humans bathe, both Mercado (PNNKM). We thank Fundacion of them species that sweat, and thus benefit from Amigos de la Naturaleza for their continuing washing to clean off dried salts; and both also support of research in PNNKM. Fieldwork there species that often need cooling, which is prob- was supported by the Douroucouli Foundation, ably why sweating evolved. Elephants, tapirs and The National Geographic Society, The Wildlife hippos also bathe in water: these are thinly-haired Conservation Society, and the W. Alton Jones megafauna that likely bathe to thermoregulate. Foundation through the Amazon Conservation Pigs and peccaries, generally sparse-haired, wallow Association. in mud, perhaps to thermoregulate, prevent sun- burn, repel biting flies, or all of the above. Many mammals, including the above species, also play Evaluation de una Dieta para Tamanduas in water. {Tamanduaspp.) Utilizada en el Jardin Zoologico de Rosario, Argentina y el Zoologico La Aurora, But why do anteaters bathe? They are hairy, not Guatemala large-muscled (muscles produce the body heat) and do not sweat. Moreover, they bathe (or Guillermo Perez Jimeno wallow) during the middle of the night, when Med. Vet. Coordinador, Area Ambiental Granja de la Infancia, it is cool (usually < 23 °C), and during the dry Ex Jefe del Servicio Tecnico Zoologico, Municipal de Rosario, season, when there are almost no biting flies at Agrelo 1835, S2005OPW, Rosario, Argentina. Correo elec- night. On clear nights, the pampa grass is usually tronic: 43 1964; Meritt Jr., 1976; Perez Jimeno, 2003) lo parte de esta proviene del calculo de nitrogeno que se traduce en altas tasas de mortalidad en el del exoesqueleto (Redford y Dorea, 1984). primer ano de cautiverio. La dieta natural de los tamanduas es aha en pro- Lo cierto es que a la hora de alimentar a los teinas, moderada en grasas, variable en vitami- tamanduas en los zoologicos sudamericanos la nas y baja en minerales (Tabla 1; Oyarzun et al, situacion es complicada, ya que en la mayor parte 1996). de las instituciones no poseen los conocimientos minimos sobre el genero, ademas de no dispo- Dietas ofrecidas en cautiverio ner de muchos de los productos comerciales que Para alimentar a los Xenarthras se han utilizado sugieren especialistas de USA o Europa, o los tantas dietas como instituciones los han man- costos de los mismos los convierten sencillamente tenido en cautiverio. Pero lo cierto es que solo en inaccesibles. recientemente se ha comenzado a realizar estu- dios sobre las composiciones de las mismas. En el Alimentation en la naturaleza ano 1992 Trusk et al. llevaron a cabo un estudio Montgomery (1985a) encontro en la isla de Barro en zoologicos de Sur y Norte America con el fin Colorado, Panama, que los tamanduas enfocaban de analizar las dietas ofrecidas a los tamanduas. su dieta en una especie de hormiga durante cada En dicho trabajo se determino que las dietas periodo de alimentacion, no siendo la misma en zoologicos sudamericanos se encontraban especie dia a dia o de un individuo a otro. Las deficientes en uno o mas nutrientes incluyendo hormigas preferidas por los tamanduas fueron proteina, niacina, biotina, vitamina E, hierro y Procryptocerus belti y Crematogaster sp. Estas junto zinc. Mientras que los analisis de las dietas de a una especie que no se pudo identificar sumaron los zoologicos norteamericanos revelaron un alto el 45% de las hormigas de la dieta (Montgomery, 1985a). TABLA 1. Analisis bromatologico del contenidoestomacalde taman- duas silvestres en Venezuela. Segun Lubin y Montgomery (1981: citado por Oyarzun et al., 1996) consumen tanto termitas Nutriente Valor hallado Unidad Variacion (±) como hormigas pero con aparente preferencia Proteina cruda 50.85 /o 1.64 °/ por las castas reproductivas y trabajadoras sobre Grasa cruda 11.2 /o 2.89 °/ los soldados. Dolichoderus y Azteca son insectos ADF 31.32 /o 2.68 conocidos por defender agresivamente sus nidos y NDF 32.26 °//o 0.8 aun cuando les producen dolorosas picaduras son MS 17.77 % 1.14 importantes presas para los tamanduas (Lubin y Energfa bruto 4.58 Kcal/g 0.53 Montgomery, 1981; citado por Redford, 1987). Cenizas 13.85 °//o 2.72 Pernalete (1999) opina que los insectivoros en Ca 0.11 °//o 0.03 general tienen altos requerimientos de proteinas P 0.41 °//o 0.04 alcanzando niveles de 30 a 37%, semejante opin- Mg 0.10 °//o 0.01 ion le merecen a Meritt Jr. (1976) los niveles nec- K 0.52 °//o 0.06 esarios para los tamanduas. Na 0.29 % 0.06 Fe 2748 ppm 775 Redford y Dorea (1984) publicaron que los taman- Z 190 ppm 22 duas en libertad consumen dietas con rangos de Mn 82 ppm 21 proteina que varian entre 30 y 65%, y con 10 a Cu 28 ppm 2.68 50% de grasa, debiendose estas variantes al rango Se 3.75 ppm 2.75 de diferencias bromatologicas existentes en los insectos consumidos. Por otra parte la proteina Retinol 2.52 ug/g 0.73 no es necesariamente proteina disponible, ya que ex tocoferol 44.35 ug/g 11 44 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 contenido de grasa, vitaminas A y D, y calcio en gallina, carne molida de bovino, frutas y suple- algunos casos. Por ende, podrian esperarse anor- mentos vitaminicos y minerales. Con las dietas malidades esqueleticas y mineralizacion de teji- que contienen carne suelen presentarse problemas dos blandos como resultado del consumo de las con las fibras de esta que se enredan en la lengua mismas (Graham et al, 1996). Los valores pro- de los animales causando trastornos que pueden medios obtenidos de las dietas de los zoologicos desencadenar en la muerte del individuo (Vogt, norteamericanos por Trusk et al. (1992) se deta- pers. comm.). Las dietas formuladas con alimen- llan en la Tabla 2. tos balanceados para perros y/o gatos evitan los problemas mencionados; por otra parte son mas Beresca y Cassaro (2001) reportan una dieta uti- faciles de conservar, no se contaminan con salmo- lizada en el zoologico de Sao Paulo con la cual nella y no presentan los problemas de intoleran- han mantenido satisfactoriamente sus tamanduas cia a la lactosa, que se pueden ver con las dietas en hasta la segunda generacion. La misma es simi- las que se utiliza leche (Gillespie, 2003). lar a la analizada en el presente estudio y se basa en leche de soya, alimento para perro, huevos de El desarrollo de diferentes patologias como la hiperostosis vertebral observada en tamanduas del Zoologico de Toronto, cuyas lesiones pueden TABLA 2. Valores promedios de los analisis de las dietas utilizadas deberse a excesivas concentraciones de vitamina en tamanduas (T. tetradactylay T. mexicana) de los zoos norteam- A y D en el alimento (Crawshaw y Oyarzun, ericanos. 1996) han llevado a realizar muchos cambios en Valor promedio de Nutriente Unidad las dietas ofrecidas a estas especies. las dietas Nitrogeno 3.8 % En el ano 2002, Aguilar y colaboradores reportan Protefna 24 % que dos osos hormigueros gigantes (Myrmecophaga Fibra 3.1 % tridactyld) murieron a causa de problemas cardi'a- Grasa 16 % cos similares a los provocados por la deficiencia Cenizas 8 % de taurina en gatos, por lo que este aminoacido Vitamina A 6 Ul/g debera tomarse en consideracion tambien en las Vitamina D 0.6 Ul/g dietas ofrecidas a tamanduas. Vitamina E 33 mg/kg Tiamina 6.6 mg/kg El Disney's Animal Kingdom (DAK) ha utilizado Riboflavina 6.8 mg/kg para sus tamanduas una dieta basada en jugo de Niacina 27 mg/kg manzana, bizcochos para primates, Linatone , Piridoxina 7.7 mg/kg mangos, bananas, lams cat food", y tenebrios Folacina 0.6 mg/kg {Tenebrio molitor). Esta dieta fue analizada uti- Vitamina B12 0.03 mg/kg lizando el software Zootrition y se obtuvieron Ac. pantotenico 17 mg/kg algunos de los siguientes resultados presentados Biotina 0.2 mg/kg en la Tabla 3 (Valdes, pers. comm.) Calcio 1.3 % Materiales y Metodos Fosforo 0.6 % La dieta en estudio fue utilizada para la alimen- Magnesio 0.04 % tacion de cuatro ejemplares de tamanduas en el Potasio 0.5 % Zoologico de Rosario, Argentina y el Zoologico La Sodio 0.4 % Aurora, Guatemala y a lo largo de ocho anos. En Hierro 50 mg/kg el Zoologico de Rosario se logro la reproduccion Zinc 52 mg/kg exitosa de T. tetradactyla, con un nacimiento en el Cobre 7.3 mg/kg ano 2003. La formula administrada en el Jardin Materia seca 28 % Zoologico de Rosario y La Aurora, es basicamente 45 TABLA 3. Resultado del analisis de la dieta utilizada en el Disney's La dieta recien preparada y envasada en frasco Animal Kingdom para la alimentacion de los tamanduas. seco y esteril fue remitida para su analisis el Nutrientes Valor obtenido Unidad 21 de abril de 2003 a la Universidad de San Energia bruta 2.01 kcal/g Carlos de Guatemala, Facultad de Medicina Protema cruda 26 % Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Zootecnia, Vitamina A 24.78 Ul/g Unidad de Alimentacion Animal, Laboratorio Vitamina B12 0.13 mcg/g de Bromatologia, bajo la identification "Dieta Vitamina B6 Tamandua" para su analisis. Posteriormente se 11.61 mg/kg piridoxina analizo la dieta con el programa de nutrition Vitamina C Ac. 41.39 mg/kg informatico Zootrition (Version 1.0.0, Wildlife ascorbico Conservation Society, USA, 1999). A la base de Vitamina D3 1.64 Ul Vit D3/g datos de dicho programa se agregaron los ingre- Vitamina E 100.8 mg/kg dientes utilizados en el mercado guatemalteco y Ca 1.21 % se utilizo la information nutricional del empa- P 0.81 % que de cada producto. Cu 32.43 mg/kg 1 1.18 mg/kg Resultados Fe 280.55 mg/kg Todos los animales aceptaron muy bien la dieta, Mg 0.11 /o sus heces fueron consistentes y de emision regular. Mn 82.30 mg/kg Ninguno de ellos desarrollo patologias digestivas a P 0.87 % lo largo de estos anos, como tampoco ninguno de Na 0.34 % ellos mostro signos clinicos de trastornos osteoar- Se 0.29 mg/kg ticulares. A dos de los ejemplares (Zoologico de Z 225.37 mg/kg Rosario) se les evaluo radiologicamente durante el desarrollo, y se pudo observar una buena mine- ralization de los huesos largos. la misma con pequenas variantes debidas a la dispo- nibilidad de los componentes en cada pai's. Por lo Los resultados del analisis bromatologico fueron dicho en Argentina se utilizo carne magra vacuna, expresados en Base de Materia Seca y Base de en vez de la equina utilizada en Guatemala. Materia Hiimeda (Tabla 4). Composition de la dieta analizada: Los resultados del analisis con el software Zootri- tion se expresan en dos formas. La Tabla 5 pre- • Vi banana senta los nutrientes mas importantes y la Tabla • Vi manzana 6, el total de ingredientes que el programa puede • 1 yema de huevo analizar. El total de energia bruta provisto por • 100 g de carne de caballo la dieta fue de 151.60 kcal, lo que representa • 40 g de alimento para bebe (Nestum 1.04kcal/g/M.S. 4 Cereales, Nestle ) • 40 g de leche deslactosada (Delactomy, Dos Discusion Pinos ) • 10 mg de vitamina K Proteinas • 1 tableta de vitaminas y minerales para La dieta en estudio proveyo 27.31% de proteina perro (Pet-A-Min ) cruda, valor que resulta ligeramente menor al • 350 ml de agua pura. nivel minimo (30%) que publicaran Redford y Dorea (1984), Pernalete (1999) y Meritt Jr. Todos los ingredientes son licuados hasta alcanzar (1976) como convenientes para los tamanduas la consistencia semiliquida. en condiciones controladas. Por otra parte este 46 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 TABLA4. Los resultados del analisis bromatologico. Agua M.S. E.E. F.C. Prot. Cruda Ceniza E.L.N.% Base Materia Seca 81.72 18.28 10.79 1.40 29.17 4.52 54.11 Base Materia Humeda • • 1.97 0.26 5.33 0.83 91.61 Nota: El laboratorio solo analiza los nutrientes enumerados. Referencias: M.S. - Materia Seca; E.E. - Extracto etereo; F.C. - Fibra Cruda; E.L.N. - Extracto Libre de Nitrogeno. TABLA 5. Analisis de los nutrientes mas importantes hallados por Lamentablemente en los estudios realizados no Zootrition®. se logro determinar este aminoacido. Si bien es Ingrediente Valor encontrado Unidad cierto que la carne de caballo utilizada en Gua- Agua 84.9 /o temala aporta 1.4 g/kg (Bechert et al, 2002) lo ADF 0.00 /o que podria ser suficiente para los tamanduas, en Energia 1.04 kcal/g el zoologico de Argentina la carne utilizada fue Ceniza 1.94 /o bovina, en este caso no se puede postular que la Pretoria 27.31 /o concentracion fuese suficiente. P 0.32 /o Grasas Ca 0.47 % El valor de grasa cruda encontrado por los auto- Grasa 14.39 % res (14.39%) es ligeramente inferior al publicado NDF 0.00 % por Trusk et al. (1992) de 16%, y semejante al Vit A 17.07 Ul/g o RE/g hallado en contenidos estomacales estudiados por Vit D 2.62 3 Ul/g Oyarzun et al. (1996) de 11.2 ± 2.89%. Vit E 165.94 Ul/kg Ca:P 1.46 relacion Energia bruta En la dieta en estudio se determino un valor de energia bruta equivalente a 1.04 kcal/g, con- valor fue semejante al de la dieta del DAK (26%; siderablemente menor a los 4.58 ± 0.53 kcal/g Valdes, pers. comm.) y al promedio de los zoos encontrados en los estomagos de los tamanduas norteamericanos (28%;Trusk etal, 1992). silvestres (Oyarzun etal, 1996) y casi la mitad del valor obtenido de la dieta del DAK (2.01 kcal/g), A pesar de lo expuesto el valor de proteina cruda por lo que se debera considerar el incremento de del estudio es muy inferior al encontrado por la energia bruta de esta dieta. Oyarzun et al. (1996) en los estomagos de los tamanduas silvestres (50.85 ± 1.64%). Por lo Minerales tanto habra que estudiar la conveniencia de un Los analisis determinaron un valor de calcio incremento de las proteinas en la dieta. Una posi- (0.47%) que triplica largamente al del estudio de ble fuente de proteinas serian los tenebrios (Tene- Oyarzun etal. (1996) de 0.11 ± 0.03%, y a su vez brio molitor), gusanos utilizados con asiduidad en es notablemente inferior al hallado por Trusk et dieta de otros insectivoros tales como los prima- al. (1992) de 1.3%. Mientras el valor de fosforo tes callitricidos y aves insectivoras, por aportar (0.32%) es apenas inferior al de los estomagos de concentraciones de proteina del 48%. los tamanduas (0.41 ± 0.04%); pero casi la mitad del publicado por Trusk etal. (1992) de 0.6%. A Como fuera propuesto por Aguilar et al. (2002) pesar de lo expuesto Crawshaw y Oyarzun (1996) la presencia del aminoacido taurina en la dieta recomiendan dietas con menos de 1% de calcio, de myrmecophagidos es de gran importancia. por lo que segun esa opinion se podria conside- 47 TABLA 6. Analisis del total de ingredientes evaluados por el Zootrition*5 rar aceptable el valor utilizado encontrado en la Categoria de Nutriente: Carbohidratos dieta en estudio. Nutriente Cantidad Unidad Fibra cruda 0.57 % Por otra parte se considera importante resaltar Carbohidratos solubles en agua 33.94 % la relacion Ca:P (1:1.5), que en la dieta estu- Categoria de Nutriente: Grasas diada coincidio con la relacion generalmente Nutriente Cantidad Unidad recomendada. Los valores de sodio y potasio °/ Acido araquidonico 0.06 /o obtenidos en este trabajo fueron semejantes a °/ Grasa cruda 14.39 /o los hallados en los estomagos de los tamanduas Acido linoleico 0.76 °//o por Oyarzun et al. (1996). Las mayo res diferen- Grasas saturadas 2.39 °//o cias encontradas con los valores de la natura- Categoria de Nutriente: Protei'nas leza correspondieron a cobre (1.91 contra 28 ± Nutriente Cantidad Unidad 2.68 ppm), hierro (79.67 contra 2748 ± 775 Arginina 1.14 °//o ppm), selenio (0.07 contra 3.75 ± 2.75 ppm), Proteina cruda 27.31 °//o zinc (25.57 contra 190 ± 22 ppm) y manganeso Cistina 0.25 °//o (0.00% contra 82 ± 21 ppm) siendo los prime- Histidina 0.65 °//o Leucina 1.39 % ros valores expresados los correspondientes al Lisina 1.45 % analisis de la dieta en estudio y los segundos los Metionina 0.40 % encontrados por Oyarzun et al. (1996). Estos Categoria de Nutriente: Vitaminas bajos valores concuerdan con los obtenidos por Nutriente Cantidad Unidad Trusk et al. (1992) para el cobre, hierro y zinc Biotina 0.12 mg/kg en los zoos norteamericanos. Por lo expresado Colina 13.67 mg/kg se debera rever especialmente los valores de Folacina 0.28 mg/kg cobre, hierro, selenio, zinc y manganeso de la Niacina 70.72 mg/kg dieta estudiada. Acido pantotenico 7.40 mg/kg Riboflavina 2.68 mg/kg Vitaminas Tiamina 3.58 mg/kg Los valores de vitamina A de la dieta en estudio VitA 17.07 IU A/g o RE/g son inferiores a los del DAK, pero superiores Vit Biz 2.07 mcg/g a los utilizados en los zoos norteamericanos Vit B6 piridoxina 5.78 mg/kg (Tabla 7), mientras que los valores de vitamina Vit C Ac. ascorbico 309.17 mg/kg D3 son superiores a los valores encontrados en Vit D 2.62 3 IU Vit D3/g los demas zoologicos. Adicionalmente, los valo- Vit E 24.29 IU Vit E res de ambas vitaminas son sensiblemente supe- Vit K 68.33 mg/kg riores a los niveles recomendados por Crawshaw Categoria de Nutriente: Ceniza/Minerales y Oyarzun (1996) y superiores a los niveles Nutriente Cantidad Unidad encontrados en ejemplares silvestres. El valor de Ceniza 2.84 g Calcio 0.47 % retinol hallado en los estomagos de los taman- Cobre 1.91 PPm duas silvestres fue en promedio 2.52 ug/g, lo lodo 0.34 PPm que equivale a 7.5 Ul/kg de vitamina A (factor Hierro 79.67 PPm de conversion: 0.3 ug de retinol = 1 UI). Por Magnesio 309.52 PPm todo lo expresado arriba se debera disminuir, Manganeso 0.00 °//o o quitar totalmente, la suplementacion con las Fosforo 0.32 °//o vitaminas A y D3. Potasio 0.50 % Selenio 0.07 PPm La vitamina E esta presente en la dieta evaluada Sodio 0.12 % con un valor que representa mas del doble del Zinc 25.57 PPm nivel publicado por Oyarzun et al. (1996) para 48 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 TABLA 7. Comparacion de los valores de vitaminas analizados en las diferentes dietas. Dieta en Zoosde Norte America Crawshaw y Oyarzun Tamanduas silvestres Vilamina DAK estudio (Trusketal., 1992) (1996) (Oyarzun et al., 1996) Vit.A 17.07 Ul/g 24.78 Ul/g 6 Ul/g < 8 Ul/g 7.5 Ul/kg Vit. D3 2.62 Ul/g 1.64 Ul/g 0.6 Ul/g < 0.8 Ul/g Vit. E 165.94 Ul/kg 66.08 Ul/kg Ac. ascorbico 309.17 mg/kg 0 ejemplares silvestres. Estos ultimos autores halla- Agradecimientos: Al personal del Jardin Zoolo- ron 44.35 ±11 ug/g de a tocoferol, lo que equi- gico de Rosario, especialmente a Gisela Sica y vale, en promedio a 66.08 Ul/kg de vitamina E Fabian Gauto, por la dedication y respeto puesto activa (factor de conversion: 1 ug = 1.49 UI). en el cuidado de los tamanduas. Al personal del Zoologico La Aurora, encargados del cuidado de En la dieta evaluada se determino la presencia de Tammy {Tamandua mexicana) en especial al Sr. 309.17 mg/kg de acido ascorbico, pero Oyarzun Orlando Rosales, Luis Martinez y Roberto Rabay et al. (1996) no lo hallaron al estudiar los conte- A la M. V. Lucia Llarin Amaya, por su constante nidos estomacales de los tamanduas silvestres. apoyo y colaboracion. A la Dra. Mariella Supe- rina, por sus aportes invalorables, sin los cuales No se hallaron valores de referenda para las vita- esta publication nunca se hubiese realizado. minas del complejo B en tamanduas silvestres. Los valores encontrados para dichas vitaminas en Bibliografia la dieta estudiada son considerablemente inferio- Aguilar, R., Freeland, D. y Garner, M. 2002. res a los de la dieta del DAK, y hubo grandes Dilated cardiomyopathy in two giant anteat- variaciones con el estudio de Trusk et al. (1992). ers {Myrmecophaga tridactyld). En: Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinar- Conclusion ians Annual Conference, Milwaukee, Wiscon- Los estudios realizados hasta el momento no sin, October 5-10, 2002, C. Kirk Baer (ed.), son suficientes como para llegar a conclusiones pp. 169-172. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. absolutas ni definitivas. Sin embargo la dieta en Bechert, U., Mortenson, J., Dierenfeld, E., estudio demostro a lo largo de los arios haber Cheeke, P., Keller, M., Holich, M., Chen,T. sido apropiada en su cometido. La composition y Rogers, Q. 2002. Diet composition and bromatologica de la formula estudiada resulto blood values of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx semejante a la de otros zoologicos que tampoco jubatus) fed either supplemented meat or reportaron trastornos nutricionales. commercial food preparations. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33(1): 16-28. Los valores de proteinas de la dieta estudiada Beresca, A. M. y Cassaro, K 2001. Biology and fueron semejantes a los publicados con ante- captive management of armadillos and ant- rioridad sobre las dietas de otras instituciones. eaters. En: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of El valor de grasa obtenido en la dieta en estu- South American Wild Animals, M. E. Fowler dio fue similar al obtenido por Oyarzun et al. y Z. S. Cubas (eds.), pp. 238-244. Iowa State (1992) en el analisis de los contenidos estoma- University Press, Iowa. cales de tamanduas silvestres. La dieta en estudio Crandall, L. S. 1964. The Management of Wild debera ser mejorada en su contenido de energia Mammals in Captivity. The University of bruta, el que es muy inferior a los valores de Chicago Press, Chicago. referencia. Del mismo modo se debera suspen- Crawshaw, G. J. y Oryazun, S. 1996. Vertebral der la suplementacion con vitaminas A, D, E y hyperostosis in anteaters {Tamandua tetra- acido ascorbico. dactyla and Tamandua mexicana): Probable 49 hypervitaminosis A and/or D. Journal of Zoo Redford, K. H. 1987. Ants and termites as food. and Wildlife Medicine 27(2): 159-169. Patterns of mammalian myrmecophagy. En: Gillespie, D. 1993. Edentata: Diseases. En: Zoo Current Mammalogy, H. H. Genoways (ed.), and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, pp.349-399. Plenum Press, New York. 3a edicion, M. E. Fowler (ed.), pp. 304-309. Trusk, A., Crissey, S., Cassaro, K. y Frank, E. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 1992. Evaluation of tamandua diets in zoos Gillespie, D. 2003 .Xenarthra: Edentata (Anteaters, in North and South America. Milwaukee Armadillos, Sloths). En: Zoo and Wild Animal County Zoo, Milwaukee. Medicine: Current Therapy, 5a edicion, M. E. Ward, A. M., Crissey, S. D., Cassaro, K. y Frank, Fowler y R. E. Miller (eds.), pp. 397-407. E. 1995. Formulating diets for tamandua W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. (T. tetradactyla) in Brazilian zoos. En: Pro- Meritt Jr., D. 1976. The nutrition of edentates. ceedings of the First Annual Conference of the International Zoo Yearbook 16: 38-46. Nutrition Advisory Group of the American Zoo Montgomery, G. G. 1985a. Impact of vermilin- and Aquarium Association, May 1•2, 1995, guas (Cyclopes, Tamandua: Xenarthra = Eden- Toronto, Ontario, Canada, E. Dierenfeld, J. tata) on arboreal ant populations. En: The Atkinson y E. V. Valdes (eds.), pp. 159-169. Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, Metro Toronto Zoo and the University of and Vermilinguas. Montgomery, G. G. (ed.), Guelph, Toronto. pp. 351-363. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Montgomery, G. G. 1985b. Movements, for- aging and food habits of the four extant species of neotropical vermilinguas (Mam- malia; Myrmecophagidae). En: The Evolu- NEWS tion and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas, Montgomery, G. G. (ed.), pp. The Edentate Conservation Fund - Swift Grants 365-375. Smithsonian Institution Press, for Field Research Washington, DC. Oyarzun, S. E., Crawshaw, G. J. y Valdes, E. V. The IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group works 1996. Nutrition of the tamandua: I. Nutrient to support edentate conservation by targeting composition of termites (Nasutitermes spp.) resources to projects in habitat countries. Given and stomach contents from wild tamanduas the importance of timely and accurate data from (Tamandua tetradactyla). Zoo Biology 15(5): the field, the ESG has established the Edentate 509-524. Conservation Fund, a small-grants program Pernalete, N. 1999. Alimentacion y crianza meant to support short-term field projects. The manual de osos hormigueros. Memorias IV application process will be streamlined to pro- Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Veterinarias, vide a quick turnaround and the rapid delivery of VII Congreso Nacional SOWEC. Boletin de la funds, allowing prospective researchers to begin Sociedad Veterinaria Venezolana de Especialis- their fieldwork within weeks of submitting a suc- tas en Cerdos 11(1): 284-287. cessful proposal. Although any qualified researcher Perez Jimeno, G. 2003. Crianza artificial ymanejo may apply, the Fund has a preference for support- reproductivo delos tamandua (Tamandua tet- ing projects designed and carried out by citizens radactyla) en el Jardin Zoologico de Rosario, of habitat countries. Argentina. Edentata (5): 24-28. Redford, K. H y Dorea, J. G. 1984. The nutri- The Edentate Conservation Fund will award grants tional value of vertebrates with emphasis on between US$1000-3000 for projects investigat- ants and termites as food for mammals. /. ing the ecology, behavior, distribution, genetics Zool, Lond. 203: 385-395. and/or demography of edentates, as well as the 50 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 impact of the wildlife trade and trafficking on 4. increased public awareness or educational wild populations. Exceptional proposals address- impact resulting from the project in ques- ing captive breeding or other aspects of edentates tion; in captivity will also be considered. The funds will 5. improved local capacity to carry out be available to cover specific project costs, such as future conservation efforts through food, fuel, field supplies and laboratory analyses, training or practical experience obtained but may not be applied to salaries, overhead, infra- through project participation; and/or structure or outsourced data analysis. Payments 6. modification of inappropriate policies or will be made directly to the principal investigator legislation that previously led to species of a successful proposal; financial reports will be or habitat decline. required, and any funds not directly applied to the specific project must be returned within one year All proposals submitted to the ESG Conserva- of disbursement. tion Fund should: The Edentate Conservation Fund is administered 1. Include a descriptive title that includes by Gustavo Fonseca, Chair of the Edentate Spe- the name(s) of the target species and the cialist Group and Executive Vice President for geographic location of the project (e.g., Programs and Science at the Center for Applied "Conservation of the silky anteater, Cyclo- Biodiversity Science at Conservation International. pes didactylus, in the state of Amazonas, Projects submitted to the Fund should have one or Brazil"). more of the following characteristics: 2. Describe the main objectives of the proj- ect, its specific activities, how they will 1. a focus on threatened and endangered contribute to conservation of the target edentates living in their natural habitats; species and ecosystems, and how these 2. direction and management by nationals are consistent with the Fund's mission. from habitat countries, to help increase This should be the main body of the local capacity for implementing biodiver- application and should not exceed five sity conservation; double-spaced pages. 3. the ability to strengthen international net- 3. Provide an abstract/summary of approxi- works of field-based edentate specialists mately 300 words, which a) provides the and enhance their capacity to be success- background, b) gives the purpose of the ful conservationists; and/or project, c) indicates the methods, and d) 4. projects that result in publication of infor- indicates the chief outcome of the project. mation on endangered edentate species in 4. Provide a map of the project area and rel- a format that is useful both to experts and evant published references. the general public. 5. Specify the dollar amount of the grant requested, provide an itemized budget Projects should contribute to at least one, and for the project, and confirm the total preferably more, of the following themes: budget of the project, including funds being provided from other sources. 1. enhancement of scientific understanding/ 6. Provide the time frame and schedule for knowledge of the target species/ecosystem; project implementation, including start- 2. improved protection of a key species, hab- ing date and duration. itat, or protected area; 7. Describe the project personnel and their 3. demonstration of economic benefit institutional affiliations (include a curric- achieved through the conservation of a ulum vitae of the principal investigator species and its habitat, as compared to the and identify personnel from any collabo- loss thereof; rating institutions). 51 8. Describe the specific outputs of the proj- Proposals should be sent to: John M. Aguiar, ect, e.g., expected scientific publications, IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Conserva- popular articles, conservation action tion Fund, Center for Applied Biodiversity Sci- plans, management plans, etc. Each proj- ence, Conservation International, 1919 M Street, ect should have one or more outputs of NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. this kind as one of its objectives. Inquiries regarding the application process should 9. Describe the collaborating institutions be sent to John Aguiar at 52 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 analisis de laboratorio, pero no podran ser uti- 3. Demostrar un beneficio economico alcan- lizados para sueldos, gastos generales, infraes- zado mediante la conservacion de una tructura o externalizacion de analisis de datos. especie y su habitat, comparado con su Los pagos se haran directamente al investigador desaparicion; principal de la propuesta exitosa; se requeriran 4. Aumentar la conciencia piiblica o el informes financieros, y todos los fondos que no impacto educacional como resultado del fuesen utilizados directamente para el desarrollo proyecto en cuestion; del proyecto especifico, tendran que ser devuel- 5. Mejorar la capacidad local para el desarro- tos dentro de un ano. llo de futuros esfuerzos de conservacion mediante la capacitacion o experiencia El Fondo de Conservacion de Edentados esta practica obtenida a traves de la participa- administrado por Gustavo Fonseca, presidente tion en el proyecto en cuestion; y/o del Grupo de Especialistas en Edentados y vice- 6. Modificar politicas o leyes inapropiadas presidente ejecutivo de Programas y Ciencia del que anteriormente llevaban a la disminu- Center for Applied Biodiversity Sciences de Con- cion de especies o habitats. servation International. Los proyectos presen- tados al Fondo deberian tener una o mas de las Todas las propuestas presentadas al Fondo de siguientes caracteristicas: Conservacion de Edentados deberian: 1. Un enfoque en edentados amenazados o 1. Incluir un titulo descriptivo que incluye el en peligro de extincion que habitan sus nombre (los nombres) de la especie a estu- habitats naturales; diar y la ubicacion geografica del proyecto 2. Direccion y administration por ciuda- (por ejemplo "Conservacion del oso hor- danos de paises comprendidos en el area miguero Cyclopes didactylus en el estado de de distribution de los edentados, para Amazonas, Brasil"). ayudar a aumentar la capacidad local 2. Describir los objetivos principales del para conservar la biodiversidad; proyecto, sus actividades especificas, 3. La capacidad de reforzar redes interna- como contribuiran a la conservacion de cionales de especialistas en edentados que la especie en cuestion y los ecosistemas realizan estudios a campo, y de aumentar que habita, y como estos encuadran en su capacidad de ser exitosos conservacio- la mision del Fondo. Esto deberia ser la nistas; y/o parte principal de la solicitud y no debe- 4. Proyectos que tienen como resultado la ria exceder cinco paginas con doble espa- publication de information sobre especies cio entre lineas. de edentados en peligro de extincion en 3. Contener un resumen de aproxima- un formato apropiado tanto para expertas damente 300 palabras, el cual a) des- como para el publico en general. cribe el contexto, b) presenta el objetivo del proyecto, c) indica la metodologia, Los proyectos deberian contribuir a por lo menos y d) indica el principal resultado del uno, y de preferencia a varios, de los siguientes proyecto. temas: 4. Proporcionar un mapa del area de proyecto y referencias bibliograficas 1. Incrementar el conocimiento cientifico de relevantes. la especie o del ecosistema bajo estudio; 5. Especificar el monto solicitado en 2. Mejorar la protection de una especie dolares, incluir un presupuesto deta- clave, de su habitat, o de un area prote- Uado del proyecto, y confirmar el pre- gida que habita; supuesto total del proyecto, incluyendo 53 fondos que seran obtenidos de otras 3. Un balance economico del proyecto. fuentes. 4. Cinco copias de cualquier publication 6. Proporcionar un cronograma, inclu- cientifica o popular, articulos de perio- yendo fecha de inicio y de finalizacion del dico o revista, o de informes, planes de proyecto. action, etc., que resulten del proyecto. 7. Describir el personal involucrado y a que Se incita a los recipientes de las becas del institucion pertenece cada integrante Fondo a publicar por lo menos algunos (incluir un curriculum vitae del investi- de sus resultados en Edentata, la revista gador principal e identificar el personal del Grupo de Especialistas en Edentados de las instituciones colaboradoras). de la UICN/SSC. 8. Describir los resultados especificos del proyecto, por ejemplo, publicaciones Se aceptaran solicitudes al Fondo de Conserva- cientificas, articulos para el piiblico en cion de Edentados durante todo el aiio, sin fechas general, planes de conservation, planes limite. Se acusara recibo dentro de dos semanas, de manejo, etc. Cada proyecto debe- y las decisiones seran comunicadas dentro de ria tener como uno de sus objetivos, no mas de seis semanas. Las solicitudes debe- uno o mas resultados como los arriba ran ser enviadas a: John M. Aguiar, IUCN/SSC mencionados. Edentate Specialist Group Conservation Fund, 9. Describir las instituciones colaboradoras Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conser- con las cuales el solicitante estara traba- vation International, 1919 M Street, NW, Suite jando en el pais de desarrollo del pro- 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Las con- yecto, y si posible, incluir cartas de apoyo sultas sobre el proceso de solicitud pueden ser de ellas. Esto es especialmente impor- enviadas a John Aguiar, a la direction de email tante para solicitantes que no son ciuda- 54 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Santo and Rio de Janeiro. Morphological data have The observed patterns of low genetic variability been collected from 62 wild-caught specimens, and high genetic structuring - a lack of shared and genetic sequences have been derived from the haplotypes between populations, indicating dis- mitochondrial control region (D-loop) from 45 tinct genetic lineages • might result from his- adult animals. These samples represent one popu- toric barriers to gene flow and from the species' lation from southeastern Bahia, two populations reduced capacity for dispersal. However, they from south-central Espirito Santo • one from the may also reflect other processes, such as severe lowlands and one from the highlands - and one population reductions and subsequent recov- population from Rio de Janeiro. ery (genetic bottlenecks) and the differentiation of remnant populations. These facts accentu- The morphological analysis indicates that adult ate the importance of monitoring animals in Bradypus torquatus are the largest of their genus; their remaining habitat, and also highlight the adult females are significantly larger than males genetic dangers posed by uninformed translo- and may reach weights of 10 kg or more. The cations between isolated lineages in different shape of the mane shows a previously undetected states. These results emphasize the need to thor- pattern of sexual dimorphism, in which the mane oughly investigate patterns of genetic variability is more conspicuous in males than in females. using nuclear markers (a study already in prog- Sexual dimorphism was also found in the struc- ress) • and if emerging patterns are confirmed, ture of the external genitalia of reproductively it will further emphasize the need for careful active animals; these differences are extremely genetic management to promote the recovery subtle and almost impossible to distinguish with- and maintenance of the genetic diversity of the out a great deal of experience. We also detected surviving populations. significant differences in size between individu- als from warmer and colder regions, suggesting Paula Lara-Ruiz, Fabricio R. dos Santos, Labo- that populations have adapted morphologically ratorio de Biodiversidade e Evolucao Molecular to the temperatures of their local environments. (LBEM), Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas (ICB), Examination of the animals captured, especially Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), recaptured adults, has improved our understand- Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil, ing of their biological and reproductive param- e-mail: Concerning the genetic analysis (Lara-Ruiz, References unpublished data), sequences from the mitochon- Lara-Ruiz, P. and Chiarello, A. G. In press. Life drial control region showed low levels of within- history traits and sexual dimorphism of the population polymorphism, and indicated that Atlantic Forest maned sloth, Bradypus torqua- most of the genetic diversity found in this species tus (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Journal of is due to differences between populations. Based Zoology, London. on D-loop sequences, genetic distances calculated Lara-Ruiz, P. 2004. Tamanho corporal, dimorf- among populations from the different states were ismo sexual e diversidade genetica da Preguica- high (> 0.90), while the distance found between de-coleira, Bradypus torquatus Illiger, 1811 the two populations sampled from ES was less (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae). Master's thesis, than 0.1. Accordingly, relations among haplotype Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Minas lineages present a strong geographic agreement Gerais, Brazil. and a highly discontinuous divergence pattern. 55 45650-000, Bahia, Brazil, and Programa de Pos- Research on the Maned Sloth {Bradypus Graduacao em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual torquatus) in Bahia, Brazil de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilheus-Itabuna The maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is one of the Km 16, Ilheus 45662-000, Bahia, Brazil. two species of sloths found in the Brazilian Atlan- tic Forest, and the only one endemic to this highly disturbed biome. An ecological study of this spe- Projeto Tamandua: 0 Grupo de Trabalho pela cies has been underway since January 2003 in the Conservagao do Tamandua no Brasil Ecoparque de Una, a Private Reserve owned by the Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais do Sul da >!}£•&&. Da ordem Xenarthra, os Bahia (IESB) in Una, in the state of Bahia. The tamanduas englobam tres study is being conducted by Camila Cassano, as especies no Brasil, sendo elas: part of the requirements for a Master's thesis at the tamandua-bandeira {Myrmeco- State University of Santa Cruz in Ilheus, Bahia. phaga tridactyla), tamandua- The research is being administered by IESB and is mirim {Tamandua tetradactyla) e o tamanduai financed by the Fundacao o Boticario de Protecao {Cyclopes didactylus). Sao animais de habitos cre- a Natureza and Conservacao Internacional Brasil. pusculares e noturnos, podendo ser encontrados em savanas, florestas umidas e cerrados. Three animals have been monitored with radio- telemetry in the primary forest of the Reserve for O conhecimento do manejo dessas especies e de periods lasting from 12 to 24 months. A further suma importancia, uma vez que diante das exigen- two maned sloths are now being monitored using cias ambientais, nutricionais e comportamentais radio-telemetry in neighboring properties, which desta especie, tem-se tornado dificil a reproducao include secondary forest and a cocoa plantation no cativeiro. Vale salientar que segundo a lista das shaded by forest canopy trees (cabruca). Data on especies ameacadas de extincao, publicada pelo home range and weekly path length have been Ministerio do Meio Ambiente no dia 27 de maio collected for all the animals, and data on activ- de 2003, encontra-se em destaque o Myrmeco- ity budget, daily path length and diet have been phaga tridactyla. Mediante este contexto, evi- collected for ten hours/month using focal-animal dencia-se a importancia do papel dos zoologicos sampling. como mantenedores de programas que tenham como objetivo principal a reproducao de especies The home ranges of the maned sloths have varied da nossa fauna, principalmente aquelas ameaca- from 3 to 5 ha. Leaves from trees of the fami- das de extincao. lies Moraceae, Bombacaceae, Myrtaceae, Myris- ticaceae and Fabaceae have been identified as Justificativa: components of the sloths' diet. Observations on Com o intuito de concentrar todas as informa- behavior and traveling have shown that the sloths coes disponiveis sobre as especies de tamanduas, are both diurnal and nocturnal, and spend more in situ e ex situ, de desenvolver um piano de acao than 80% of their time resting. Our observations para conservacao das tres especies no Brasil, e de and reports from local people indicate that the integrar as instituicoes brasileiras que desenvol- sloths use secondary forests and cabrucas. Moni- vam trabalhos neste sentido, esta sendo gerado o toring will continue at least until mid-2006, par- GCTB (Grupo de Trabalho pela Conservacao do ticularly to examine the relative use of primary Tamandua no Brasil), composto por profissionais forest, secondary forest, and cabruca. que atuam na area de animais selvagens e com experiencia no manejo das especies em questao. Camila Cassano, Instituto de Estudos Socio- Ambientais no Sul da Bahia (IESB), Rua Major Neste entendimento, busca-se elaborar um traba- Homem Del Rey 147, Cidade Nova, Ilheus lho que venha a ser desenvolvido a partir de uma 56 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 coletanea de dados obtidos em todo o pai's. Esse • iniciar um controle genealogico dos ani- grupo tera sede na Fundacao Parque Zoologico mais, buscando reerguer a populacao em de Sao Paulo, pois esta instituicao e pioneira na cativeiro; conservacao das especies de tamanduas no Brasil. • proporcionar parcerias com profissionais Entre outros exitos, o FPZSP registrou os primei- com experiencia in situ, buscando uma ros casos de nascimentos de tamandua-bandeira melhoria no manejo ex situ; e tamandua-mirim em cativeiro no Brasil; tern • unir as instituicoes que possuam essas espe- sido responsavel pelo maior plantel do Brasil de cies em cativeiro; tamandua-mirim e tamandua-bandeira (Censo • firmar parcerias internacionais em prol da SZB) e o terceiro plantel de tamandua-bandeira conservacao das especies. do mundo (ISIS); e apresenta na sua estrutura organizacional um quadro de profissionais reno- Para mais informagoes, favor entrar em contato mados no manejo destas especies, com publica- com Flavia Miranda, Fundagao Parque Zoo- coes nacionais e internacionais. logico de Sao Paulo, Av. Miguel Stefano 4241, Sao Paulo 04301-901, Sao Paulo, Brasil. E-mail Missao do GCTB: Fundadores: Project Anteaters in Brazil Os fundadores incluem Flavia Regina Miranda, do Fundacao Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo; Three species of anteaters are found in Brazil: Rodrigo Hidalgo Teixeira, do Zoo de Sorocaba, the giant anteater {Myrmecophaga tridactyld), the Sao Paulo; e Catia Dejuste, do Instituto Brasileiro lesser anteater {Tamandua tetradactyld) and the do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais silky anteater {Cyclopes pygmaeus). Crepuscular Renovaveis (IBAMA). and nocturnal, they may be found in savannas, cerrado and humid forests. Understanding how Consultores internacionais: to manage these species in captivity is of great Os consultores internacionais incluem Dr. importance, owing to their special nutritional, Roberto Aguilar, Senior Veterinarian, Audubon environmental and behavioral needs, and the Zoo - Audubon Nature Institute, New Orleans, difficulties encountered with their captive repro- Louisiana, USA; Marcela Uhart, Universidad duction. It is worth pointing out that on the list Nacional Del Centro de la Provincia de Bueno of endangered species published by the Brazilian Aires, Argentina e Field Veterinary Program, Ministry of the Environment on 27 May, 2003, Wildlife Conservation Society; e Delio Orjuela, Myrmecophaga tridactyla stands out. This context Medico Veterinario do Zoologico de Cali, makes clear the important role which zoos play in Colombia. maintaining programs which have as their funda- mental objective the reproduction of these repre- Os objetivos especificos do GCTB incluem: sentatives of Brazil's mammalian fauna, especially those threatened with extinction. • elaborar protocolos de manejo para conser- vacao das especies no Brasil; Justification • elaborar o studbook regional, catalogando With the intention of pooling all available infor- todas as especies existentes em cativeiro; mation on tamanduas, both in situ and ex situ • as • realizar workshops, nacionais e interna- well as to develop an action plan for the conserva- cionais, com enfase na conservacao das tion of these three species in Brazil, and to bring especies; together those Brazilian institutions which have • desenvolver pesquisa e educacao ambiental; developed projects along these lines - we have 57 created Project Anteaters {Grupo de Trabalho pela • develop management protocols for the Conservacdo do Tamandud no Brasil), composed conservation of Brazilian anteaters; of professionals who work with wild animals and • develop a regional studbook cataloguing who have experience in the management and all individuals now in captivity; husbandry of the species in question. • present national and international work- shops with an emphasis on the conserva- Therefore we plan to develop a project meant to tion of these species; coordinate data obtained from across the coun- • develop projects on research and environ- try. This group will be based in the Sao Paulo mental education; Zoo {Fundagdo Parque Zoologico de Sao Paulo), • initiate a program of controlled breeding as this institution has been a pioneer in the con- for the captive animals, in order to re- servation of Brazilian anteaters. Among other establish the captive population; successes, the Sao Paulo Zoo registered the first • develop partnerships with wildlife captive births of giant and lesser anteaters in professionals who have in situ experi- Brazil; the Zoo maintains the largest collection ence, with the goal of improving ex situ of these species in the country, and the third- management; largest collection of giant anteaters in the world. • unite the institutions which maintain The Zoo has a team of professionals on staff who these species in captivity; and are well-known for their experience with captive • establish international partnerships towards management of these species, with national and the conservation of these species. international publications. For more information, please contact Flavia The Mission of Project Anteaters Miranda, Fundacao Parque Zoologico de Sao To promote actions which support the conserva- Paulo, Av. Miguel Stefano 4241, Sao Paulo tion of Brazilian anteaters. 04301-901, Sao Paulo, Brasil. E-mail 58 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 protected areas in the Amazon over the next 10 researchers from the Regional University of Blu- years. Eighteen million ha are planned for the menau have found that the park protects 78% first phase of the program (2002•2006) which of the mammals, 38% of the birds and 47% of is supported by the Global Environment Facil- the trees and shrubs known to occur in the state. ity (GEF) of the World Bank, the KfW Banken- Source: Instituto Socioambiental, Sao Paulo. gruppe, and the Brazilian government. At the Website: 59 de Referenda em Informacao Ambiental (Cria), Thiago Romero, Agenda de Noticias da Fun- Diretor Presidente Vanderlei Perez Canhos. dacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Integrada ao Sistema de Informacao Ambiental Paulo (FAPESP), 6 de outubro de 2004. do Programa Biota/FAPESP (SinBiota), a rede, que devera permitir a integracao dinamica de dados sobre a biodiversidade paulista, comeca The Tahuamanu Biological Station alem das fronteiras do Estado: a colecao do Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro ja esta inte- The Tahuamanu Biological Station of the Amazo- grada ao sistema. nian University of Pando (Pando, Bolivia) is sited in an area of primary and secondary terra firma O sistema permite a integracao de diferentes forest, typical of Western Amazonia in both flora grupos taxonomicos por meio de bancos de dados and fauna. River floodplains and bamboo forests distribuidos e protocolos de comunicacao. Com provide additional habitat for specialized taxa. isso, sera possivel ligar, no futuro, as colecoes The fauna is representative of the region, and at biologicas a outras redes de informacao do pais e least eight species of edentate are present in the do exterior, por meio de softwares livres. A nova region, including Priodontes maximus (Alverson estrutura envolve registros de microrganismos, et al., 2000). Aquatic biodiversity is especially acaros, insetos, repteis, mamiferos, peixes e tipos rich in this region, one of the most diverse of the de madeira. A rede compartilhara informacoes de Amazon Basin. colecoes das tres universidades paulistas e de nove institutos de pesquisa, alem do Jardim Botanico A number of studies have been conducted at the Fluminense. O speciesL'mk devera ser utilizado site over the last decade, including long-term como embriao para o desenvolvimento de uma field projects on several mammal species. Census rede brasileira de colecoes cientificas. data have also been collected for large mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians as well as local "Com o objetivo de acomodar a biodiversidade flora. The station is well-suited for teaching field tanto sob o ponto de vista geografico como courses, and prior topics include primate conser- taxonomico, a expectativa e que o sistema tenha vation and ecology, herpetology, field methods, 750 mil registros ate 2006", preve Canhos. A ideia dendrology and more. e que esses aplicativos possam ajudar na resolucao de problemas como protecao de especies ameaca- The Tahuamanu Biological Station is one kilome- das, mudancas climaticas e planejamento de areas ter from the north bank of the Rio Tahuamanu de conservacao. and 60 km southwest of Cobija, the capital city of Pando; the station is three hours by road from "Com o avanco das ferramentas de analise, sin- Cobija's international airport. Located within a tese e visualizacao dos dados, as colecoes que trinational frontier, the Biological Station is only ficarem de fora de uma plataforma como o spe- a short distance from both the Brazilian and ciesLmk tenderao a ficar menos competitivas e Peruvian borders. menos visiveis para a comunidade cientifica", disse Canhos. Researchers intending to carry out fieldwork and sampling protocols will require permits from O mecanismo fisico que viabiliza o novo sistema the Bolivian Department of National Biodiver- foi estruturado a partir de servidores que permi- sity Management (DGB), which also provides tem a integracao de informacoes por meio da CITES permits. To obtain a permit, scientists Rede ANSP (Academic Network at Sao Paulo), must sign a research agreement with a local a conexao de internet avancada do Estado de Sao institution, which the Centro de Investigacion Paulo e tambem um programa da FAPESP. Mais y Preservacion de la Amazonia (CIPA) can easily informacoes: 60 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 permit applications. CIPA also offers academic Research Grants from the Center for Tropical and logistical assistance to researchers, including Forest Science /Smithsonian Tropical Research the arrangement of transportation to and from Institute the field site. The Station has shared and private cabins, a par- The Center for Tropical Forest Science tially equipped kitchen, a dining area, and teach- (CTFS) of the Smithsonian Tropical Research ing and storage facilities. The presence of local Institute (STRI) is currently accepting propos- guides and a full-time caretaker ensures safe and als for the sixth cycle of their Research Grants comfortable living and working conditions for Program. researchers and the presentation of field courses. Over 25 km of trails in an extensive grid system Purpose/Eligibility allows for easy viewing of animals. With advance The CTFS Research Grants Program is intended notice, road and river transportation can also to provide opportunities for senior researchers, be provided through CIPA at the University of post-doctoral fellows, and graduate students to Pando. For more information about the Bio- use existing CTFS Forest Dynamics Plots (FDPs) logical Station, please contact Sandra Suarez at and to conduct research with scientists associ- TABLE 1. Edentate species recorded from the vicinity ot the Application Tahuamanu Biological Station. From Alverson etal., 2000. Grant proposals should include a Research Pro- Cabassous unicinctus posal (not to exceed 1500 words), a list of collab- Choloepus hoffmanni orators, curriculum vitae, proposed referees, and Cyclopes didactylus a detailed budget. For more information on how to submit a proposal, please visit 61 animal inventories. More than 500 animal-care Conservation of the Atlantic Forest in Sao Paulo experts from zoos, aquariums and related orga- - A Rolex Award for Laury Cullen Jr. nizations worldwide will participate in the proj- ect. ISIS works closely with the International Laury Cullen Jr., Research Coordinator at IPE - Animal Data Information Systems Committee Instituto de Pesquisas Ecologicas, based in Nazare (IADISC). Paulista, Sao Paulo, is a recipient of The Rolex Awards for Enterprise, promoted by Rolex S.A. ZIMS will allow users to see collections of animal The award was announced on 29 September 2004, data in real time, and will enhance local care and in Paris. Key behind this award was his project international conservation efforts by providing "Transforming Farmers into Conservationists to faster and better accesss to species information. Preserve the Atlantic Forest and its Fauna." Over When complete, ZIMS will be available in three the last nine years, Laury Cullen Jr. has focused models; each institution can chose the model on protecting the forest fragments remaining in that is best suited to their needs. The models the west of the state of Sao Paulo, working with include: small farmers and landowners, and demonstrat- ing techniques and systems in agroforestry which ZIMS ASP model: promote the recovery of degraded soils besides Functioning like an online bank or airline reserva- the preservation and recovery of the forest frag- tion system, this application allows users to con- ments and their fauna. He is currently planning duct transactions through a dedicated website. to increase the number and extent of forest cor- This version is suitable for small to medium zoos ridors in the region, while simultaneously helping and aquaria with few users and fast internet con- to promote the economic well-being of at least nections. 400 farmers. IPE was founded in 1992 specifi- cally for the conservation of the black lion tama- ZIMS locally-hosted model: rin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, one of the many This model works like a ticketing or finance species which will benefit directly from the forest system, in that ZIMS will "talk" to other applica- restoration resulting from Cullen Jr.'s project. He tions. This model assumes that the institution is is currently researching for his doctoral thesis at medium to large in size with in-house IT exper- the Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecol- tise available. You should use this model if your ogy (DICE) of the University of Kent, UK. The institution has legal requirements to keep a copy deadline for registration for "The Rolex Awards of your own data on your own servers. for Enterprise 2006' is 31 May 2005. Websites: The International Species Information System The ZIMS Project is one of the largest, inter- (ISIS), in cooperation with other representatives national web-based projects of its kind. ZIMS of the zoological community, is designing the next will serve as the central repository for accurate generation of software for the data management and comprehensive information on two million needs of zoos and aquariums worldwide. The Zoo- animals in more than 70 countries. For more logical Information Management System (ZIMS) information on ZIMS visit the ISIS website at will replace the current ISIS software to provide 62 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 the Livro Vermelho: Bradypus variegatus (RE), A Website for Giant Anteaters Cabassous tatouay (DD) and Myrmecophaga tri- dactyla (CR). The three-toed sloth is known there The Online Anteater is a site dedicated to the from a single record in 1946, and the species was giant anteater {Myrmecophaga tridactyld). Nicely probably extirpated decades ago, owing to its organized, the site includes sections on habitat, need for primary forest and its extreme sensitivity diet, breeding, biology, behavior and history. Also to habitat alteration. Both the giant anteater and included is an extensive list of links to other sites the naked-tailed armadillo still survive in Parana, with informaton on giant anteaters, such as fact but they are threatened by agricultural expansion sheets, zoological institutions housing anteaters and habitat loss, including the wildfires and con- and articles and news. This is an excellent site for trolled burns known together as queimadas. They educators wishing to gather basic information often fall victim to domestic dogs and highway and some fun facts about the giant anteater. The strikes, and they are heavily persecuted by local site can be viewed at The Parana volume follows the publication, in RECENT PUBLICATIONS 2003, of an equally comprehensive survey for Brazil's southernmost state: the Livro Vermelho da Fauna Ameacada de Extincao no Rio Grande Threatened Edentates in Southern Brazil - Red do Sul, edited by Carla S. Fontana, Glayson A. Data Books for the States of Parana and Rio Bencke and Roberto E. Reis, and published by Grande do Sul Edipucrs, the university press of the Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul. The Instituto Ambiental do Parana has published This volume received support from a variety of the Livro Vermelho da Fauna Ameacada no Estado foundations and NGOs, including Conserva- do Parana, in cooperation with the Government of tion International do Brasil and the Fundacao Parana and the Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambi- O Boticario de Protecao a Natureza. The assess- ente e Recursos Hidricos (SEMA). Edited by Sandra ments detailed in the Livro Vermelho, resulting Bos Mikich and Renato Silveira Bernils, this 700- from more than three years of work by dozens of page volume provides the most recent assessment of specialists, were codified in state law by Decreto the conservation status of well over three hundred Estadual ns 41.672, promulgated on 11 June threatened and indeterminate species in the Brazil- 2002 and signed by then-governor Olivio Dutra. ian state of Parana. Detailed entries, each with its own map, cover 56 species of mammals, 167 birds, The Livro Vermelho of Rio Grande do Sul pro- 13 reptiles, 25 amphibians, 50 fishes, 18 bees and vides information on 261 species in five threat 15 butterflies, for a total of 344 species designated categories, including 33 mammals, 128 birds, 27 as threatened, Near Threatened or Data Deficient. reptiles and amphibians, 28 fishes, 18 insects, 17 Of all the species known to occur in Parana, 32% molluscs, 7 crustaceans and 3 sponges. Of the of the mammals are considered threatened, 28% of nine edentates originally known from the state the reptiles and amphibians, 22% of birds, and 5% - the same nine that occur in Parana - three are or less of fishes, bees and butterflies. listed as threatened: Cabassous tatouay (DD), Myrmecophaga tridactyla (CR) and Tamandua Of the 176 mammal species verified from Parana, tetradactyla (VU). Both anteater species have nine are edentates, three of which are treated in suffered from the widespread loss of habitat, 63 TABLE 1. Regional classifications for edentates in Parana and Rio Grande do Sul. Status* Threats Parana Bradypus variegatus RE Habitat loss and disturbance Cabassous tatouay DD Habitat destruction; fires; persecution Myrmecophaga tridactyla CR Agricultural expansion; fires; hunting; domestic dogs; highway mortality Rio Grande do Sul Cabassous tatouay DD Not specified Myrmecophaga tridactyla CR Agricultural expansion; fires; persecution; highway mortality Tamandua tetradactyla VU Agricultural expansion; fires; domestic dogs; highway mortality DD = Data Deficient, VU = Vulnerable, CR = Critically Endangered, and RE = Regionally Extinct. both for themselves and for the social insects maries of equal scope and value for other regions they feed on, owing to agricultural expansion in Brazil. and the queimadas. As in Parana, domestic dogs and highway mortality are taking their toll, and Threatened Edentates in Parana local people kill giant anteaters on sight for their supposed ferocity. To counter these threats, the Bradypus variegatus - RE Livro Vermelho suggests several courses of action, On the basis of a single record from Londrina in beginning with field studies to supply baseline 1946, the three-toed sloth is included among the biological and ecological information for each of fauna of Parana as regionally extinct. The species these species. Other recommendations include is closely tied to primary forest, and is sensitive to programs of environmental awareness, the cre- even slight disturbance or changes in its environ- ation of protected areas around specific habitat ment; it most likely has gone extinct in Parana complexes, and statewide surveys for surviving owing to changes in forest type and overall habi- populations - in particular of Myrmecophaga tat loss. No recommendations are made. tridactyla. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - CR These two volumes from Parana and Rio Grande The giant anteater's original distribution in Parana do Sul are the most recent additions to a small is unknown, and now it is found mainly in rem- series of regional assessments produced by indi- nant patches of cerrado and campos naturais. In vidual states in Brazil. Parana was the first state to recent years only a few sightings have been made do so, in 1995, at which time their list included from a handful of protected areas; no population 21 species of mammals (Brazil, Parana, SEMA, estimates can be made, but it has already vanished 1995). Three years later the states of Minas from one state park and its presence is uncertain Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo also released in others. Giant anteaters are able to survive in summaries of threatened species within their bor- ranchlands and pasture if ants and termites are ders (Machado etal., 1998; Bergallo etai, 1998; present, but otherwise they will disappear as well. Brazil, Sao Paulo, SMA, 1998), listing 40, 43 and The primary threats to this species in Parana, as 41 species of threatened mammals respectively. elsewhere, are the extensive expansion of agricul- All together these five states, concentrated in the ture, subsistence hunting by humans and attacks industrialized and heavily impacted southeast of by domestic dogs. Its population is also impacted Brazil, remain the only states to have produced by widespread burnings and highway mortality. current, comprehensive assessments of threatened No conservation measures are currently in place, species. We hope that other Brazilian states will but the Livro Vermelho recommends an urgent join this continuing process, and provide sum- program to map the current extent of the species 64 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 in Parana and monitor individuals in the wild, one time may have reached from Argentina to along with other ecological projects and habitat Belize • there is little evidence they survive in protection in general. Rio Grande do Sul, aside from a single individual found dead on a highway in 1999. Able to sur- Cabassous tatouay - DD vive in a tremendous variety of landscapes, from Although relatively common from Bahia to Rio humid tropical forest to dry steppes and savan- Grande do Sul, this species is little-known and nas, they nonetheless require gallery forests for rarely verified from Parana. Presumably its range access to water and sleeping trees. On account once included the entire state; today it survives in of their aggressive self-defense when threatened, a variety of habitats, from humid forests to open giant anteaters garnered a reputation for ferocity and altered areas. The main threats are uncon- among the gauchos, and they are still often shot trolled burnings and habitat destruction. C. tat- on sight as "dangerous" animals - although they ouay is also heavily hunted in cultivated areas for are rarely if ever eaten once killed. The tremen- the damage done to fields by the excavation of dous loss of habitat due to agriculture must have its burrows, which are occupied in sequence and had direct effects on their population, but has then abandoned. The only recommendations are also caused a great decline in the standing crop for research projects on its distribution, ecology of the social insects on which they survive. In the and biology. Cerrado, the most common cause of individual death is from fires, although highway mortality is Threatened Edentates in Rio Grande do Sul also a danger. The Livro Vermelho suggests three primary actions: to locate any individuals or Tamandua tetradactyla - VU populations still surviving in the state; to create In Rio Grande do Sul, historical records suggest conservation units around forests associated with the lesser anteater once occurred throughout the native grasslands, in order to provide natural state. It is still widespread, although restricted refuges; and to educate local people about the mainly to the central and southern regions. It is inoffensive nature and serious decline of giant absent from the northeast, where they are most anteaters in their state. likely extinct. Although capable of living in a wide range of habitats, in Rio Grande do Sul the Cabassous tatouay - DD lesser anteater prefers forested areas to savanna, There is no recent information on the status of and lives close to water whenever possible. Its this species in Rio Grande do Sul; there are old populations have declined along with their habi- records, but no surveys are underway. The Livro tat, which has been degraded and fragmented by Vermelho suggests C. tatouay may be declining in agriculture and widespread burnings. Domestic the west and southwest of the state, but gives no dogs have become a major predator, along with reasons for this decline nor recommendations for occasional killings by humans for no particular conservation action. reason, and highway mortality is also a serious concern. The Livro Vermelho recommends long- John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity term field studies on their diet, activity patterns, Science, Conservation International, 1919 M population density, home-range size and pre- Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, ferred habitats - an indication of how much basic USA. E-mail: 65 sistemas do Sudeste Brasileiro, Universidade the juridical/administrative status of, and names do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. of the tribes in, each of the Indigenous lands. The Brazil, Parana, SEMA. 1995. Lista Vermelha de data come from the Protected Areas Monitor- Animals Ameacados de Extincao no Estado ing Programme (Programa de Monitoramento de do Parana. Secretaria de Estado do Meio Areas Protegidas) of the Instituto Socioambien- Ambiente (SEMA), Deutsche Gesellschaft tal, and have been plotted on maps drawn up by fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit • GTZ the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statis- (GmbH), Curitiba. tics (Lnstituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica Brazil, Sao Paulo, SMA. 1998. Fauna Ameacada • IBGE), Rio de Janeiro. The database of the no Estado de Sao Paulo. Centro de Editoracao "Global Land Cover 2000" of the Joint Research (CED), Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambi- Centre (JRC) of the European Commission was ente (SMA), Sao Paulo. used to identify areas which have been deforested Fontana, C. S., Bencke, G. A. and Reis, R. E. and impacted. The map is available at the Socio- (eds.). 2003. Livro Vermelho da Fauna Amea- ambiental website, 66 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 Fernando Silveira, Departamento de Zoologia, Silva & C. H. M. Casteleti, pp.43-59; 6. Moni- Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade toring the Brazilian Atlantic Forest cover • M. M. Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Hirota, pp.60-65; 7. Conservation priorities and Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 3270-901, main causes of biodiversity loss of marine eco- Brasil, e-mail: 67 Biodiversity status of the Interior Atlantic Forest wide range of issues starting back in the eighteenth of Paraguay- F. Fragano & R. Clay, pp.288-309; century, Darwinian Heresies brings us up through 26. Socioeconomic drivers in the Interior Atlantic the time of Charles Darwin and The Origin of Spe- Forest - A. M. Macedo & J. L. Cartes, pp.310- cies all the way to the twenty-first century. It is sug- 324; 27. The Guarani Aquifer: A regional envi- gested that Darwin's true roots lie in Germany, not ronmental service - J. F Facetti, pp.325-327; in his native England; that Russian evolutionism is 28. Conservation capacity in the Interior Atlantic more significant than many are prepared to allow; Forest of Paraguay - A. Yanosky & E. Cabrera, and that the main influence on twentieth-century pp.328-354. Part V. Trinational Issues. 29. evolutionary biology was not Charles Darwin at Dynamics of biodiversity loss: An introduction all but his often-despised contemporary, Herbert to trinational issues - T. R. Jacobsen, pp.357- Spencer. The collection is intended to interest, to 359; 30. Species on the brink: Critically endan- excite, to infuriate, and to stimulate further work. gered terrestrial vertebrates - T. Brooks & A. B. Contents: 1. Introduction: Biologists on Crusade Rylands, pp.360-371; 31. Putting the pieces - Abigail Lustig, p.1-13; 2. Russian Theoretical back together: Fragmentation and landscape Biology between Heresy and Orthodoxy: Georgii conservation - C. Galindo-Leal, pp.372-380; Shaposhinikov and His Experiments on Plant Lice 32. Endangered forests, vanishing peoples: Bio- - Daniel Alexandrov & Elena Aronova, pp. 14•47; cultural diversity and indigenous knowledge - T. 3. The Specter of Darwinism: The Popular Image R. Jacobsen, pp.381-391; 33. Unwanted guests: of Darwinism in Early Twentieth-Century Britain The invasion of nonnative species - J. K. Reaser, - Peter J. Bowler, pp.48-68; 4. Natural Atheol- C. Galindo-Leal & S. R. Ziller, pp.392-405; 34. ogy-Abigail Lustig, pp.69-83; 5. Ironic Heresy: Harvesting and conservation of heart palm - S. How Young-Earth Creationists Came to Embrace E. Chediack & M. F. Baqueiro, pp.406-412; Rapid Microevolution by Means of Natural Selec- 35. The effects of dams on biodiversity in the tion - Ronald L. Numbers, pp.84-100; 6. If This Atlantic Forest - C. Fahey & P. F Langhammer, Be Heresy: Haeckel's Conversion to Darwin- pp.413-425; 36: Populating the environment: ism - Robert J. Richards, pp. 101-131; 7. Adap- Human growth, density and migration in the tive Landscapes and Dynamic Equilibrium: The Atlantic Forest - T. R. Jacobsen, pp. 426-435; Spencerian Contribution to Twentieth-Century 37. Mercosur and the Atlantic Forest: An envi- American Evolutionary Biology - Michael Ruse, ronmental regulatory framework • M. Leichner, pp.131-150; 8. "The Ninth Mortal Sin": The pp.436-443; 38. A challenge for conservation: Lamarckism of W. M. Wheeler • Charlotte Sleigh, Atlantic Forest protected areas - A.-V. Lairana, pp.151-172; 9. Contemporary Darwinism and pp.444-457. Part VI. Conclusion. 39. Outlook Religion - Mikael Stenmark, pp. 173-192. Avail- for the Atlantic Forest - C. Galindo-Leal, I. de able from: Cambridge University Press, 40 West Gusmao Camara & P. J. Benson, pp.461-464. 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA, Fax: 1-212-691-3239. General Address (Orders & Darwinian Heresies, edited by Abigail Lustig, Customer Service): Cambridge University Press, Robert J. Richards, and Michael Ruse. Cam- 100 Brook Hill Drive, West Nyack, NY 10994- bridge University Press, New York, 2004. 208pp. 2133, USA, Tel: 1-845-353-7500, Fax: 1-845- ISBN 0521815169 (hardcover), $65.00. Dar- 353-4141. Website: 68 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 de pesquisa, com o objetivo de desenvolver uma Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) do Parque Nacio- estrategia para inventariar e monitorar a biodi- nal do Jau. II - A. L. Henriques, pp.143-151; versidade, e o uso dos recursos naturais, pelos 10. Formigas do Parque Nacional do Jau: Uma residentes do Parque Nacional do Jaii. O pro- primeira analise - H. L. Vasconcelos, N. J. Fraga jeto conta com a participacao de pesquisadores & J. M. S. Vilhena, pp.153-160; 11. Anfibios, de varias instituicoes, como o Instituto Nacional lagartos e serpentes do Parque Nacional do Jau de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Universidade - S. Neckel-Oliveira & M. Gordo, pp.161-173; Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Universidade de 12. Inventario de aves no Parque Nacional do Jau Campinas (UNICAMP) e Universidade de Sao utilizando a abordagem do Projeto Janelas para a Paulo (USP). O Projeto "Janelas para a Biodiver- Biodiversidade - S. H. Borges, pp. 177-192; 13. sidade" foi implementado pela Fundacao Vitoria Levantamento de mamiferos diurnos de medio e Amazonica (FVA) entre 1999 e 2002, em parceria grande porte no Parque Nacional do Jau: Resul- com o IBAMA, apoio da WWF-Brasil e do Pro- tados preliminares - S. Iwanaga, pp.195-207. grama USAID. A experiencia do projeto e relatada Secao 4 - Uso de Recursons Naturais. 14. A caca em um livro editado em 2004 pela FVA, na e a pesca no Parque Nacional do Jau - J. C. B. expectativa de que seja util para outras entidades e Pezzuti, G. H. Rebelo, D. F. Silva, J. P. Lima & agendas ambientais que trabalham na Amazonia. M. C. Ribeiro - pp.213-228; 15. O extrativismo O livro reune contribuicoes de 31 pesquisadores de cipos (Heteropsis spp., Araceae) no Parque das areas biologicas e sociais representando a FVA Nacional do Jau - C. C. Durigan & C. V Cas- e outras importantes instituicoes de pesquisa. Ao tilho, pp.231-242; 16. Praticas agriculturais dos comprar um exemplar voce estara contribuindo moradores do Parque Nacional do Jau - S. H. para projetos de conservacao na bacia do rio Borges, F. Filoni & I. C. Siqueira, pp.245-253. Negro. Sumdrio: Apresentacao - J. T. da Frota Secao Final - Sintese e Avaliacao. 17. Projeto Alves Neto & C. C. Durigan, pp.vii-viii; Prefa- Janelas a Biodiversidade: Avaliacao e perspectivas cios - M. Saragoussi & J. A. A. Gomes, pp.ix-xii. - J. L. C. Camargo, S. H. Borges, C. C. Durigan, Secao 1 - Definindo a Metodologia. 1. Plane- M. R. Pinheiro & S. Iwanaga, pp.259-273. Para jando o estudo da biodiversidade na Amazonia comprar: ligue para (0xx92) 642 7866/4559 ou brasileira: Uma experiencia no Parque Nacional escreva para 69 tion on edentates in particular is quite remark- especies tan raras y dificiles de fotografiar como el able; the photographs must be among the best pichiciego (Chlamyphorus truncatus) y el tatu car- ever published for edentates, especially of such reta (Priodontes maximus). Cada especie incluida rare and camera-shy creatures as the fairy arma- en el libro esta presentada mediante una extensa dillo and giant armadillo. Each species profiled ficha, la cual incluye medidas corporales y una in the book is given a thorough dossier, includ- descripcion de las preferencias de habitat, distri- ing body measurements and description, habitat bucion geografica - incluyendo excelentes mapas preferences and geographic distribution - with de distribucion - comportamiento, ecologia y excellent range maps - and behavior, ecology and estado de conservacion. Parera tambien recopilo conservation status. Parera has also assembled a una muy amplia bibliografia sobre investigaciones formidable bibliography of research on Argentin- cientificas realizadas sobre mamiferos argentinos; ean mammals, many citations of which are not muchos trabajos incluidos en su lista son poco well known in North America. The edentates conocidos en America del Norte. Los edentados profiled in the text include Dasypus novemcinc- presentados en el texto incluyen Dasypus novem- tus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Chaetophractus villosus, cinctus, Euphractus sexcinctus, Chaetophractus villo- Zaedyus pichiy, Tolypeutes matacus, Priodontes sus, Zaedyus pichiy, Tolypeutes matacus, Priodontes maximus, Chlamyphorus truncatus, Myrmeco- maximus, Chlamyphorus truncatus, Myrmecophaga phaga tridactyla and Tamandua tetmdactyla, with tridactyla, y Tamandua tetmdactyla, con foto- additional photographs of other edentates from grafias adicionales de otros edentados del sur de southern South America. Aside from its value as a Sudamerica. Ademas de su gran valor como com- compilation of Argentine mammalogy, this book pilacion sobre la mastozoologia argentina, este is a wonder to page through, and - rare among libro es una maravilla que vale la pena hojear. books in this field - would be just as appropriate Y como rareza entre los libros sobre esta tematica, for a child who delights in mammals as for the se lo podria recomendar tanto a un niiio al que le adult who studies them. Available from the pub- gustan los mamiferos como a un adulto que los lisher's website at 70 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 vation of maned sloths, Bradypus torquatus Martins, J. R., Medri, I. M., Oliveira, C. M. and (Xenarthra, Bradypodidae). Biological Con- Guglielmone, A. 2004. Ocorrencia de carra- servation 118(4): 421-430. patos em tamandua-bandeira {Myrmecophaga Codon, S. M., Estecondo, S. and Casanave, E. tridactyla) e tamandua-mirim {Tamandua B. 2003. Histological study of the salivary tetradactyld) na regiao do Pantanal Sul glands in Dasypus hybridus (Mammalia, Mato Grossense, Brasil. [Occurrence of ticks Dasypodidae). International Journal of Mor- on giant anteater {Myrmecophaga tridactyla) phology 21(3): 199-204. and collared anteater {Tamandua tetradactyld) Domeniconi, R. E, Fernandes de Abreu, M. A., in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul Benetti, E. J. and da Silva Villaca, J. 2004. State, Brazil] Ciencia Rural34(1): 293-295. The contribution of the aortic branches Merriam, D. E 2002. The armadillo {Dasypus in the vascularization of cervical regions, novemcinctus (Linnaeus)) invasion of Kansas. during the development of the nine-banded Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science armadillo {Dasypus novemcinctus, L. 1758). 105(1-4): 44-50. International Journal of Morphology 22(2): Monteiro, R. V., Fedullo, L. P. L., Albuquerque, 113-118. C. E. and Lilenbaum, W. 2003. Leptospiro- Estecondo, S., Codon, S. M. and Casanave, sis in a giant anteater {Myrmecophaga tridac- E. B. 2001. Scanning electron microscopy tyla, Linnaeus, 1758) in Rio de Janeiro Zoo, study of the dorsal surface of the tongue in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Veterinaria Chaetophractus vellerosus (Mammalia, Dasy- 10(2): 126-127. podidae). Revista Chilena de Anatomia 19(3): Noss, A. J., Cuellar S., E. and Cuellar S., R. L. 2003. 245-252. Hunter self-monitoring as a basis for biological Gaudin, T. J. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships research: Data from the Bolivian Chaco. Mas- among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tar- tozoologia Neotropical 10(1): 49-67. digrada): The craniodental evidence. Zoo- Noss, A. J., Pena, R. and Rumiz, D. I. 2004. logical Journal of the Linnean Society 140(2): Camera trapping Priodontes maximus in the 255-305. dry forests of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Endan- Genoways, H. H. and Timm, R. M. 2003. The gered Species Update2l{2): 43-52. Xenarthrans of Nicaragua. Mastozoologia Notarnicola, J. and Navone, G. T 2003. System- Neotropical 10(2): 231-253. atics and distribution of Orihelia anticlava Hebeler Barbosa, E, Montenegro, M. R. and (Molin, 1858) (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) Bagagli, E. 2003. Virulence profiles of ten from dasypodids of South America. Acta Par- Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates obtained asitologica 48(2): 103-110. from armadillos {Dasypus novemcinctus). Pepato, A. R. and Tiago, C. G. 2004. The genera Medical Mycology 41(2): 89-96. Acaromantis and Simognathus (Simog- Hilario, S. D. and Imperatriz Fonseca, V. L. 2003. nathinae, Halacaridae) on the north coast of Thermal evidence of the invasion of a sting- Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Zootaxa 615: 1-16. less bee nest by a mammal. Brazilian Journal Platt, S. G., Rainwater, T R. and Brewer, S. W. of Biology 65{3): 457-462. 2004. Aspects of the burrowing ecology of Jimenez Ruiz, F A. and Gardner, S. L. 2003. nine-banded armadillos in northern Belize. Aspidoderid nematodes from Bolivian arma- Mammalian Biology 69(4): 217-224. dillos, with the description of a new species Saggese, M. D. and De Lucca, E. R. 2004. Live of Lauroia (Heterakoidea: Aspidoderidae). mammal prey {Zaedyus pichiy) in a nest of Journal of Parasitology 89(5): 978-983. the black-chested buzzard eagle {Geranoae- Machicote, M., Branch, L. C. and Villarreal, D. tus melanoleucus). Journal of Raptor Research 2004. Burrowing owls and burrowing mam- 38(1): 101-102. mals: Are ecosystem engineers interchange- Schimming, B. C. and Fernandes de Abreu, M. able as facilitators? Oikos 106(3): 527-535. A. 2001. Systematization of the arteries in 71 the splenic hilus of the armadillo {Dasypus para la conservacion ex situ de la biodiversidad. novemcinctus, L.). Revista Chilena de Anato- Los resumenes deben ser enviados por correo mia 19(2): 149-154. electronico antes del 10 de setiembre de 2004 a: Strauss, G. 2004. Extractio dentis bei einem Congreso Nacional de Conservacion de la Bio- 2005 CTFS Symposium: Forest Dynamics diversidad, 16•19 noviembre de 2004, Escobar, Research Around the Globe, 4•5 June, 2005, Argentina. Organizan: Fundacion Temaiken, STRI, Panama. Co-hosted by the Center for Trop- Fundacion de Historia Natural Felix de Azara, y ical Forest Science and the Smithsonian Tropical Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas de la Uni- Research Institute (STRI), this two-day sympo- versidad CAECE. Sede: Temaiken, Ruta Provin- sium will highlight recent findings from individ- cial 25 Km. 0,700 (1625) Escobar, Provincia de ual Forest Dynamics Plots of the CTFS network Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pagina web: 72 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Conser- acceptance: 1 May, 2005. Late registration until vation Biology, 15•19 July, 2005, Brasilia, Brazil. 1 June 2005. For more information, write to: The meeting will be held at the Universidade de IEC2005, Department of Ethology, Eotvos Uni- Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil, with the central theme versity, 1117 Budapest, Hungary, or subscribe to of "Conservation Biology: Capacitation and the e-mail newsletter at 73 offers a variety of rooms and rates. The deadline common key statistical concepts underlying the for registration is 1 August, 2005; for more infor- methods, use custom-written simulation software mation, email a request to <[email protected]> to understand how the methods work, and discuss or visit their website at 74 Edentata no. 6 • December 2004 o< (( ante IMAOINr tlMASI Inixk4 ok migratory birds, sIMA LHAVDrs PARVADAS it iVCS milWis ill winp M KISS ihr win nsagraiorias, millonci dc alas cruzando d sol... vnHMiosn oa (siiinm si ffUmM MIGKAIIOMS on the plains las planicics Atricjnu. alcanzando del of Africa, readiing across ihr hnrMon... liorifivnrc... ILUHIIN. MHOUIS (It HOUMl M> Di MIII ANtti < MM MI si% t>i anmquek, dense the ocean seems alitsr.... lan demos que d oceano parece vivo... BRI111AST VI IS UK II mm Hi i ns liRlllssiit wnirmn MMMIIH draping forest groves, living least:* of decorando lt» arbolct dd botquc. hojas ortv autumn hue... vivirmo dc mam ixoii.il v . . . JLSI a rat irrcrTArij-t that moot have vta LOS CSPCCTACIIUM i|ue la trutoria nunca lun or imagined could exist.... prcsenciado o imaginado que pucdan exitrir... CONSERVATION Wridtife Spectacles is the fourth Espectacutos de Vida Sitvestre Co N v i i\ « t i O N IsirRStllONAL pubheation by Conservation es la cuarta publicacion de I N I i • N A t: l u N A i presents a new. full-viJut Interratonal and Agrupacion Conservacion Internacional proentj un nucssi I thro i lodo book which explores wildlife Sierra Madre to bt sponsored y Agrupacion Sierra Madre. color, que cxplora la conserva is-.umn in J iitmfikirly by CEMEX. an international financiada por CEMEX una don de li vida sils-cstrc en una dirfrrem war: by highlighting cement company that has conpania internacional de forma completamcnte dife- the inuncritc loitgrrgal tons become a conservation leader cemento que se ha corivertido irsaluisdo Us inmentaai at aninuli we call "Wildlife in the corporate community en un lider de la conservacion congregaciorKs de inimiles a Spectacle* ' WMMe Spectacles follows denlro de la comunidad de las t ILimamos *l'.s|vitasii- the successful three-volume corporaciones Espectacuios los de Vida Nilvcsrc" The force and mystery of set ol MegaoWersity, Hotspois de Vida Sitvestre s>gue al exito- these cxccpistinal gatherings La fuerrj y mittcrio de rstas and Wilderness, and continues so conjurrto de tres vohjmenes • the most d/jiiuin. events agrupi ,H.mtules • their tradition ol presenting de Megari/vvrstty, Hoispots Ins rvrntos mi* dramirnot in all the living world • have critical conservation issues y Wilderness, y contmua su inspired and fascinated us dd mundo vhientc • nos in an accessible and visuaHy tradicion de prcsentar temas (hfougl"-ii Inc.n Only •u-i nsptradii y ratsinadu a straung format. criticos sobre conservacion en a few of these congregating trarcs de L l.m. .ru fin las un forrnato accepble y visual tpcevs nw in pnxevleil ire*, pnxcpdax stilii rtisirn mente sorprendente. areas; the great majority are unas pocas de estas especies gnigij|ifiiijll) WIUVS|MI-.III «|iic truMtgieti .. I.. u'i- " '• sKTu«.p«igiafkjirtenie y. and at hrvt glance their survival might seem secure But these a primcra tista. su sobrevivencia puedc parccer segura Sin embargo, spews, fin all then numbers, may •«.• unexpected ilin-.u. ••• then estas csjvi «.-s pueden eiit'ieisut jinm. nuu *£• •, existence when so many ol them assemble at only a handful of tamos individuos en tan solo un punado de SUMS no protepdos. unprotected sites. Con 36 capitulrts de jlgunm de los cientincos mas nxonocidos en d With .16 chapters from tome of the world's tincst b»».i tmindo que trahajan sobre baodrtenudad. /J/vri rji wXw dt Vida .WNI. Hscmistv WMM/r Sfrrtmin cmbado on the great challenge "•' fr »e rmharca en d reto de identifkar a rstas especio y los lugarrs en identifying these species and the locations where they convcrgc. domic estas comet gen. EipeaJictttat dr Vtdtt Silnom busca cuimular U i&tiilr Sptruiin seeks to stimulate further research HMO the dangers iimwigati-ni futura sobre los pdigro* que estas espntet rnlrentan they now face and to discover ways in which we may ensure their actualmciMc•y descubrir las tor mas en Las que podamos asegurar su survival Use authors luipr 1K11 this ls>l will entourage wildlife mliri-tisriu II I J is .mtiwi-s esperai iw ihn esl mule a lea entii- enthusiasts around the globe to become more involved in the siastas dc la vida ahssttfe alresledor del mundo para involucraise en • •I hiodisvrsily «.onsetsalmis, .mil tn ijioiciulv I .. MII J»I»- It causa .1. la uu de la IMHIIH-IVISIMI. » apreciat la unadomed wonder ol wildlife in its greatest magnificence. marariHi simple tie la vida ulsestre en su maximo esplendor. })) Wildlife Spectacles Mail and Fax Order Form Wildlife SpeaaiUs by Kusscll A. Mittcrmcicr, Patricio Roblcs Gil, Cristiru G. Mittcrmcicr, Ihomas Brooks. Michael Hoffmann. William R. Konstant. Gustavo A. B. da Fnnscta. Rodcrii B. Mast. Pretaic by Peter A. Seligmann. FofCWOfd bjr VCilliam G. Conway. ISBN: 968-6397-72-8. Hardcover. Price: S50.00 (includes UPS (iround shipping within the continental United States). Orders requiring lastcr service than UFS( Iround will he charged SMI llll plus all shipping costs. Overnight shipping, wholesale orders, shipping outside nt the continental United States, and/oi Spanish versions. pIuM. tall PLMcnait (202) 912-1208 Please complete the following form and mail or tax to: Jill Lucrna Conservation International 1919 M Street NW. Suite 600 Washington. DC 20036 USA Phone (202)912-1208 Fax:(202)912-1026 Email: j lucervaftcomrrvation org Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery. First name: Last Name: Company: _ Mailing address City State: Zip: Telephone: Fax: Email: Title: Wildlife Spectacles (hardcover) Quantity: x $50.00 / per copy (US dollars) Total: $ ($50.00 price per copy includes UPS Ground shipping within continental US) Oieinght shipping. Viccmg outside of tne contnenta) US. wholesale orders, anoVor Spanish versens, please cal Jl Luccru at (202) 912-1708. J Payment enclosed (check or money order payable to Conservation International in US dollars) Please charge my credit card: J VISAC J Mastercard0 Name as it appears on card: Card number: Expiration date: Signature: NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS Scope News Items Edentata, the newsletter of the Edentate Specialist Please send any information on projects, field sites, Group, aims to provide a basis for conservation infor- courses, recent publications, awards, events, etc. mation relating to edentates. We welcome texts on any aspect of edentate conservation, including articles, References thesis abstracts, news items, recent events, recent publi- Examples of house style may be found throughout this cations, and the like. newsletter. Please refer to these examples when citing references: Submission Please send all submissions in English, Portuguese or Journal article. Carter, T and Encarnacao, C. D. 1983. Spanish to: John Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodi- Characteristics and use of burrows by four species of versity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M armadillos in Brazil./ Mammal. 64(1): 47-53. St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel: (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: Chapter in book. Wetzel, R. M. 1985a. The identifica- Figures and Maps Articles may include small high-quality black-and-white photographs, figures, maps, and tables. Image resolution MIO HAP f»M» © should be 300 dpi or higher in any of the following elec- ctsrr; tronic file formats: .jpg, .tif, .eps, .pdf, .psd, or .ai. We •*>-•<•• -.•«• also accept original artwork, photos, or slides to scan and return to the owner. Please contact Kim Meek at (202) 1.1*0 I 7W *4« 912-1379 or via e-mail at The 2004 Edentate Species Assessment Workshop 1 Introduction Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and John M. Aguiar 3 Species Summaries and Species Discussions John M. Aguiar Articles 27 The First Hand-Rearing of Larger Hairy Armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) at the Temaiken Foundation Maria Julieta Olocco Diz and Ana Duggan 30 Crianza en Cautiverio de Perezoso de Dos Dedos (Choloepus didactylus) Lizette Bermudez Larrazabal 37 Diet of the Yellow Armadillo, Euphractus sexcinctus, in South-Central Brazil Julio C. Dalponte and Jose A. Tavares-Filho 41 Bathing Behavior of Giant Anteaters {Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Louise H. Emmons, RolyPeha Flores, SixtoAnguloAlpirre and Matthew J. Swarner 43 Evaluacion de una Dieta para Tamanduas (Tamandua spp.) Utilizada en el Jardin Zoologico de Rosario, Argentina y el Zooldgico La Aurora, Guatemala Guillermo Perez Jimenoy Gustavo Gonzalez Gonzalez 50 News 63 Recent Publications 72 Meetings