Striving Toward Gender and Nature Balance Through Bonding in Disney's Frozen and Maleficent Sarah Chase Crosby Iowa State University

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Striving Toward Gender and Nature Balance Through Bonding in Disney's Frozen and Maleficent Sarah Chase Crosby Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2016 Letting gendered spaces go: striving toward gender and nature balance through bonding in Disney's Frozen and Maleficent Sarah Chase Crosby Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, Folklore Commons, and the Gender and Sexuality Commons Recommended Citation Crosby, Sarah Chase, "Letting gendered spaces go: striving toward gender and nature balance through bonding in Disney's Frozen and Maleficent" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 15162. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/15162 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Letting gendered spaces go: Striving toward gender and nature balance through bonding in Disney’s Frozen and Maleficent by Sarah Chase Crosby A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: English (Literature) Program of Study Committee: Michèle A. Schaal, Major Professor Abby Dubisar Jeremy Withers David Zimmerman Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2016 Copyright © Sarah Chase Crosby, 2016. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. vi INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. PATRIACHAL VERSUS MATRIARCHAL SPACES .................... 6 Disney Castles as Masculine, Public Spheres ..................................................... 9 Nature as Feminine, Private Sphere .................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 2. FEMALE BONDING DESEGREGATES SPACES ......................... 49 Rivals No More: Female Bonding Fosters Empowerment .................................. 52 Male Characters as Allies for Gender Spatial Desegregation ............................. 72 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 92 WORKS CITED ........................................................................................................ 98 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Michèle A. Schaal, for her guidance throughout the course of this project and my committee members, Dr. Abby Dubisar, Dr. Jeremy Withers, and Dr. David Zimmerman for their support. In addition, I would like to thank my colleagues, faculty, and staff within the English Department and Women’s and Gender Studies Program for making my time at Iowa State University a wonderful experience. Finally, thanks to my parents and friends for their encouragement and to my husband for his hours of patience, respect, and love. iv ABSTRACT From Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) to more contemporary releases such as Brave (2012), scholars have extensively examined the portrayal of gender in the Disney Princess films. A significant shift in representation started to occur in the 21st century with a greater portrayal—albeit still problematic—of gender roles. Two recent films, Disney’s animated Frozen (2013) and live-action Maleficent (2014), significantly illustrate how society’s views of women have shifted, causing Disney to adjust its Princesses so as to mirror contemporary, more egalitarian ideals. In this thesis, I will demonstrate how the depiction of sisterly love in Frozen and the portrayal of motherhood in Maleficent as more important than romantic love establishes a deviation from Disney’s prior portrayal of female characters while parodying “traditional” gender depictions. Although both films still lack diversity, patriarchy and gender roles are challenged by female bonding and the desegregation of gendered spaces. Due to the impact of space or location on gender roles and familial relationships, change must take place at a private and public level to be truly effective. Dualisms— gendered respectively in the masculine and feminine—are present but eventually challenged by Elsa and Anna in Frozen, as well as Maleficent and Aurora in Maleficent: these characters destabilize the spatially connected patriarchal structures by utilizing personal and political power in both public and private spheres. Therefore, Frozen and Maleficent, through the emphasis on familial, female bonding and desegregation of gendered locations, depart from previous Disney depictions of gender roles, dualistic spaces, and the notion of “happily ever after” as achieved through heterosexual romance and marriage. 1 INTRODUCTION From Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) to more contemporary releases such as Brave (2012), scholars have extensively examined the portrayal of gender in Disney Princess films.1 With a few exceptions, including Amy Davis, much scholarly emphasis focused on the negative, normative display of femininity and historically specific gender roles.2 For example, Kay Stone and Marcia Lieberman critically analyzed the gendered dichotomies of princess and evil queen roles in folk and fairy tales that are the basis of 20th century Disney films.3 In particular, foundational research demonstrated that these animated features primarily relied on the passive protagonist versus active antagonist binary.4 This duality, in turn, created a need for the active male hero to defeat the—usually evil and female—antagonist and provide the passive female protagonist with her “happily ever after” ending, namely fulfillment through heterosexual love and marriage. In addition—with the exception of The Princess and the Frog (2009)—Disney princesses have shown little 1Disney princess movies from the official Disney Princess Franchise include: Snow White, Cinderella (1950), Sleeping Beauty (1959), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), Pocahontas (1995), Mulan (1998), The Princess and the Frog (2009), Tangled (2010), and Brave—with Frozen (2014) expected to join soon, according to Disney. Maleficent is a live-action retelling of Sleeping Beauty that continues the emerging pattern of increased empowerment in recent, animated Disney Princess films such as Brave. 2 Davis argues in Good Girls and Wicked Witches: Women in Disney’s Feature Animation (Eastleigh: Libbey, 2006) that even Disney “princesses” commonly seen as passive (Ariel, Jasmine, and Pocahontas) were active and interested in life beyond their love interests (9-10). See also Sharon Downey’s “Feminine Empowerment in Disney’s Beauty and the Beast” (185-212) and Jill Birnie Henke, Diane Zimmerman Umble, and Nancy J. Smith’s “Construction of the Female Self: Feminist Readings of the Disney Heroine” (229-50), among other studies, who highlighted empowering aspects of Disney gender depictions along with their problematic elements. 3 See namely Stone (“Things Walt Disney Never Told Us”) 44-49; and Lieberman (“Some Day My Prince Will Come’: Female Acculturation through the Fairy Tale”) 384-394. 4 Along with texts like Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s The Madwoman in the Attic (New Haven: Yale UP, 1979), Disney-specific works such as Jack Zipes’ “Breaking the Disney Spell” (21-42) and Elizabeth Bell’s “Somatexts at the Disney Shop: Constructing the Pentimentos of Women’s Animated Bodies” (107-24), are foundational analyses that explore this binary. 2 diversity: most of them are white women from, as royal figures, privileged social classes who conform to normative beauty standards (young, thin, able-bodied).5 A significant shift in representation started to occur in the 21st century with a greater portrayal—albeit still problematic—of gender roles. For example, Disney/Pixar’s Brave features an active mother-daughter relationship without focusing on a love interest. Two recent films, Disney’s animated Frozen (2013) and live-action Maleficent (2014), also significantly illustrate how society’s views of women shifted, causing Disney to adjust its princesses so as to mirror contemporary, more egalitarian ideals.6 I argue that the depiction of sisterly love in Frozen and the portrayal of motherhood in Maleficent as more important than romantic love establishes a deviation from Disney’s prior portrayal of female characters while parodying “traditional” gender depictions. Although both films still lack diversity, I posit that patriarchy and gender roles are challenged by female bonding and the desegregation of gendered spaces. In particular, I use the female-nature connection and the subsequent familial bonding to demonstrate the women’s final empowerment. Their success builds throughout the films and results in the dissolution of gendered spaces in Frozen and Maleficent. Due to the impact of these areas on gender roles and familial relationships, I study the influence of such locations on the protagonists’ individual and communal empowerment. Greta Gaard and Patrick D. Murphy provide a definition of ecofeminism focusing on those personal and group connections: “A practical movement for social change arising out of the struggles of women
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