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A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1 Stanley G THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1 Stanley G. Payne COPYRIGHT Copyright © 1973 The Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission from the University of Wisconsin Press; use is limited to personal and educational, non-commercial purposes. THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1 Stanley G. Payne Preface [xv] This work has been prepared in an attempt to meet the need for a reasonably full and up-to-date comprehensive history of Spain and Portugal. It has been conceived both for use as a textbook in courses on Spanish history and as an interpretive account for other readers. It is based on the most recent scholarly literature in the field, and brief bibliographies for each chapter are appended. This account deals with political and institutional history and with social and economic history, but does not attempt to treat literary and art history in any detail, for these are the only aspects of Hispanic affairs that are intensively studied outside the peninsula, while it is to remedy deficiencies in the treatment of the ordinary areas of Spanish and Portuguese history that the work was undertaken. Similarly, it does not deal in detail with the rise of the Spanish and Portuguese empires overseas, about which there is an abundant literature, particularly with regard to Spanish America. I want especially to thank four people for their assistance: C. Julian Bishko, dean of Spanish historical studies in the United States, who read the first three-fifths of the manuscript with great care and saved me from many mistakes; Juan J. Linz, who has done so much to stimulate contemporary Spanish political and social studies and has greatly influenced my thinking about recent Spanish history; Thomas Glick, who read the entire manuscript and offered some important [xvi] new insights; and my wife Julia, who made many suggestions about the preparation of the manuscript and assisted in a multitude of ways. Though they have not been able to rescue my work from all its shortcomings--for which of course I bear responsibility--I am extremely grateful to them. Madison, Wisconsin July 1972 Stanley G. Payne THE LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE A History of Spain and Portugal Volume 1 Stanley G. Payne Illustrations 1. Roman theater at Mérida, capital of Roman Lusitania 2. Roman aqueduct at Segovia 3. Palace of Ramiro I on Monte Naranco above Oviedo 4. Late medieval painting of Alfonso III el Magno of Asturias 5. Interior of the Great Mosque at Córdoba 6. Alfonso X el Sabio of Castile 7. Scenes of medieval Spanish peasant life 8, Cathedral of Burgos 9. Castle of La Mota (Medina del Campo) 10. Castle of Belmonte (Cuenca) 11. The Alcázar of Segovia 12. Auto de Fe Presided Over by Sto. Domingo de Guzmán, by Pedro Berruguete (El Prado) 13. Cardinal Cisneros 14. Fernando and Isabel, the Catholic Kings 15. Carlos V 16. Title page of Pedro de Medina's Regimiento de Navegación 17. Sixteenth-century galleons 18. Felipe II, by Sánchez Coello (El Prado) 19. Felipe IV 20. Carlos II, by Juan Carrefío de Miranda (Hispanic Society, New York) 21. The Infante D. Henrique. Detail of the polyptic by Nuno Gonsalves 22. Vasco da Gama. Portrait in the collection of the Sociedade da Geografía 23. Afonso de Albuquerque, Viceroy of the Indies 24. Royal cloister in the great monastery at Batalha, in Manueline style 25. Manueline exterior of the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, Lisbon 26. Sebastiâo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. The Library of Iberian Resources Online A History of Spain and Portugal Volume One Stanley G. Payne Contents Preface Chapter One : Ancient Hispania Chapter Two : Al-Andalus (The Amina Dictatorship 967/981-1008, 26; Breakup of the Caliphate 1008-1031, 28; The Taifa Kingdoms, 29 ;Parallel between the Caliphate and the Later Spanish Empire, 30) Chapter Three :The Early Christian Principalities and the Expansion of Asturias-León (Origins of the Kingdom of Asturias, 32 ;Formation of the Pyrenean Counties, 34 ;The Basque Principality of Navarre, 35; Expansion of Asturias-León, 36; The Emergence of Castile, 38; Crown and Aristocracy, 39; The Peasantry, 41; Social Associationism, 44; Early Extension of Seigneurial Domain, 45; Castilian Frontier Society and Resettlement, 46 ;Immigration into the Hispanic Principalities, 47; Towns, 48; León During the Tenth Century, 49; The Autonomy of Castile, 50; The Expansion of Navarre, 51; Underlying Unity of the Hispano-Christian Principalities, 53) Chapter Four : Castile-León in the Era of the Great Reconquest ((Stages of the Hispanic Reconquest, 55 ; The New Power Balance and Renewal of Leonese-Castilian Imperialism, 56; Resettlement of the Region between the Duero and Tajo: The Concejos of Castile and León, 59; Prominence of the Medieval Hispanic Venturero, 60; The Reconquest Checked: Rise of the Almoravid Empire, 61; The Epic of the Cid, 63 ; The Succession Crisis and the Social Revolt of 1109-1117, 64; The Crusade and the Crusading Orders, 66; Institutional and Social Change in Twelfth-Century Castile and León, 68; Rise of the Muslim Almohad Empire, 70; The Apex of Hispano-Muslim Culture, 71; The Reign of Alfonso VIII (1158-1214), 72; The Great Reconquest of San Fernando III (1217/1230-1252), 73; The Mudejares of Castile, 73; Castilian Repopulation and Resettlement in the Thirteenth Century, 74; The Triumph of Seigneurial Domain, 75; The Economy of Thirteenth- Century Castile, 76; The Castilian Sense of Wealth, 77; The Incorporation of Hispanic Jewry, 78; Cultural Achievements of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, 78; Codification of Fueros and Expansion of Royal Law, 79; The Political Failure of Alfonso el Sabio, 80; Origins of the Castilian Cortes, 81; Constitutional Status of the Basque Region, 83) Chapter Five : The Rise of Aragón-Catalonia (Evolution of the Catalan Counties, 85; Origins of the Kingdom of Aragón, 88; The Aragonese Succession Crisis and the Union of Aragón and Catalonia, 92; The Great Catalan Reconquest of Jaume the Conqueror, 95; Constitution and Society of Aragón in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, 96; The Kingdom of Valencia, 99; The Balearic Islands, 100; The Economy of Medieval Catalonia, 102; Society and Institutions of Medieval Catalonia, 103; Medieval Catalan Culture, 106; Expansion of the Aragonese Mediterranean Empire, 109) Chapter Six : The Emergence of Portugal (Medieval Portuguese Society, 120; Portuguese Catholicism, 123; Maritime and Commerical Affairs, 125; The Sesmarias, 126;; The Monarchy in the Fourteenth Century, 127 The Succession Crisis of 1383-1385, 128; Joâo I (1384-1433), 129) Chapter Seven : Medieval Hispanic Catholicism Chapter Eight : Castile and Aragón in the Late Middle Ages (Preeminence of the Aristocracy in Castile, 141; Restoration of Royal Authority under Alfonso XI (1325-1350), 143; The Southern Frontier, 145; Nasrid Granada, 145; Pedro the Cruel (1350-1368) and the Great Castilian Civil War, 147; Structure of the Trastámara Monarchy, 148; Apogee and Decline of the Castilian Cortes, 149 Extension and Consolidation of Aristocratic Domain, 152; The Castilian Economy of the Late Middle Ages, 155; Foreign Involvement: Cas- | tile in the Hundred Years' War; The Southern Frontier, 158; The Decline ofAragón-Catalonia, 159; Juan II and the Catalan Revolt of 1462-1472, 163; Comparison between Castile and Catalonia in the Fifteenth Century, 168 ) Chapter Nine : The United Spanish Monarchy (The Ordering of Castile, 172; The Ordering of Aragón and Catalonia, 176; The Predominance of Castile in the United Monarchy, 178; The Sixteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy, 178) Chapter Ten : The Expansion Chapter Eleven : The Apogee of Hispanic Catholicism (The Inquisition, 207; The Moriscos, 213; Expansion of Catholic Learning, 215; Spanish Erasmianism, 216; Counter-Reformation Religious Policy in Spain, 216;Sixteenth-Century Spanish Thought, 220; The Struggle for Social Justice in the Colonies, 221; Spanish Religiosity in the Later Sixteenth Century, 222) Chapter Twelve : Sixteenth-Century Portugal (Restoration of Strong Central Authority under Joâo II (1477/1481- 1495), 225; Manuel I the Fortunate (1495-1521), 225; Decline of the Portuguese Cortes, 227; Portuguese Humanism, 227; Religion, 228; The Thalassocracy, 232 ;Portugal under Joâo III (1521-1557), 238; The Portuguese in Morocco, 239; D. Sebastiâo (1557-1578) and the Disaster of Alcázarquivir, 241; The Portuguese Succession Crisis and the Union of the Crowns, 242; Sebastianism, 244; The Continuity of Portuguese History under the Habsburg Crown, 245) Chapter Thirteen : The Spanish Empire 246 ( Administration of the Spanish Habsburg Empire, 254; The Reign of Felipe II, 256; Imperial Affairs under Felipe III (1598-1621), 263; The Black Legend, 264) Chapter Fourteen : Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age ( The Catalan Economy during the Imperial Age, 275; Expansion and Decline of Sixteenth-Century Agriculture, 211; Growth and Decline of Castilian Commerce and Industry, 279; The Pnce Rise, 281; The Fiscal System, 282; Social Psychology, 285; Suppression of the Moriscos, 286; Conclusion, 288) Chapter Fifteen : The Seventeenth-Century Decline (The Economic Decline, 292; Spanish America and the Colonial Trade, 295; Spanish Society in the Seventeenth Century, 298; Religion and Culture, 303;; Government under Felipe HI (1598-1621), 306; Felipe IV (1621-1665) and the Leadership of Olivares, 308; Final Eclipse of the Castilian Cortes, 311; Spanish Imperial Defense and the Catalan Revolt of 1640-1652, 312 ;The Secession of Portugal, 314; The Resignation of Olivares and the Balance of the Reign of Felipe IV, 1643-1665, 315; Government during the Minority of Carlos II, 1665-1675, 318; Final Triumph of the Aristocracy, 319; The Trough of the Depression: Castile's Disaster Decade, 1677-1687, 321; Recovery in Catalonia, 322; Aragón and Valencia, 323; Government Reform, 1680-1691, 323; The Dynastic Succession, 325; Signs of Regeneration, 326; Spain in Seventeenth-Century Europe, 328) Bibliography : Please note that the bibliographical entries for each chapter are located at the end of the text for that particular chapter.
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