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The Fishing Gear Seabed Impact Model a Tool for Assessing the Potential Adverse Effects of Fishing on Essential Fish Habitat in the Northeast Region

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The Fishing Gear Seabed Impact Model a Tool for Assessing the Potential Adverse Effects of Fishing on Essential Fish Habitat in the Northeast Region The Fishing Gear Seabed Impact Model A tool for assessing the potential adverse effects of fishing on Essential Fish Habitat in the Northeast region Photo Credit: SMAST Video Survey ‐ University of Massachusetts – Dartmouth, Dept of Fisheries Oceanography Drafted by the New England Fishery Management Council’s Habitat Plan Development Team Updated February 27, 2009 The New England Fishery Management Council’s Habitat Plan Development Team: Ms. Jennifer Anderson, NOAA NMFS NERO Dr. Peter Auster, Univ. of CT Ms. Michelle Bachman, NEFMC Ms. Patricia Clay, NOAA NMFS NEFSC Mr. Chad Demarest, NEFMC (Chair) Dr. David Dow, NOAA NMFS NEFSC* Mr. Steve Eayrs, Gulf of Maine Research Institute Dr. Steve Edwards, NOAA NMFS NEFSC* Dr. Jonathan Grabowski, Gulf of Maine Research Institute Mr. Brad Harris, Univ. of MA Dartmouth, SMAST Mr. Chad Keith, NOAA NMFS NEFSC Dr. Mark Lazzari, ME Dept. of Marine Resources Mr. Vincent Malkoski, MA Division of Marine Fisheries Mr. David Packer, NOAA NMFS NEFSC Mr. Chris Powell, RI Dept. of Fish and Wildlife* Dr. David Stevenson, NOAA NMFS NERO Dr. Page Valentine, USGS *no longer assigned to the PDT Omnibus Essential Fish Habitat Amendment Phase II – Fishing Gear Seabed Impact Model 2 DRAFT April 17, 2009 1.0 Table of contents 1.0 Table of contents................................................................................................................ 3 2.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Summary of the Fishing Gear Seabed Impact model (FiGSI)........................... 7 2.1.2 Document content................................................................................................... 9 3.0 Background and purpose ............................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Regulatory context................................................................................................ 10 3.1.2 Management history ............................................................................................ 11 3.1.3 Purpose of this document.................................................................................... 18 4.0 Evaluating the effects of fishing gears on habitats (Vulnerability Assessment)..... 19 4.1 Overview....................................................................................................................... 19 4.2 Fishing gear descriptions ............................................................................................ 19 4.2.1 Demersal otter trawls ........................................................................................... 27 4.2.1.1 Groundfish trawls........................................................................................ 29 4.2.1.2 Scallop trawls................................................................................................ 29 4.2.1.3 Shrimp trawls ............................................................................................... 29 4.2.1.4 Squid trawls .................................................................................................. 30 4.2.1.5 Raised footrope trawls................................................................................. 30 4.2.2 New Bedford‐style scallop dredges ................................................................... 30 4.2.3 Hydraulic clam dredges....................................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Fish and shellfish traps ........................................................................................ 32 4.2.4.1 Lobster traps ................................................................................................. 32 4.2.4.2 Deep‐sea red crab traps............................................................................... 32 4.2.5 Demersal longlines ............................................................................................... 33 4.2.6 Sink gill nets .......................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Habitat component descriptions................................................................................ 34 4.3.1 Geological .............................................................................................................. 34 4.3.2 Biological................................................................................................................ 36 4.3.3 Prey ......................................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Gear impacts literature review................................................................................... 40 4.4.1 Demersal otter trawls ........................................................................................... 45 4.4.2 New Bedford‐style scallop dredges ................................................................... 58 4.4.3 Hydraulic clam dredges....................................................................................... 62 4.4.4 Lobster and deep‐sea red crab traps .................................................................. 64 4.5 Estimating susceptibility and recovery..................................................................... 64 4.5.1 Geological .............................................................................................................. 66 4.5.2 Biological................................................................................................................ 74 4.5.3 Prey ......................................................................................................................... 74 5.0 Estimating effective fishing effort (Swept Area Seabed Impact model).................. 76 5.1.1 Methods.................................................................................................................. 76 5.1.1.1 Demersal otter trawl.................................................................................... 77 Omnibus Essential Fish Habitat Amendment Phase II – Fishing Gear Seabed Impact Model 3 DRAFT April 17, 2009 5.1.1.2 New Bedford‐style scallop dredge ............................................................ 78 5.1.1.3 Hydraulic clam dredge................................................................................ 78 5.1.1.4 Lobster traps and deep‐sea red crab traps................................................ 79 5.1.1.5 Demersal longline and gill net ................................................................... 79 5.1.2 Data and parameterization.................................................................................. 80 5.1.3 Results .................................................................................................................... 85 5.1.4 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 85 6.0 Estimating spatially‐defined habitat and energy (Spatial model)............................ 86 6.1.1 Base grid................................................................................................................. 86 6.1.2 Data and parameterization.................................................................................. 87 6.1.3 Substrate classification and data sources .......................................................... 87 6.1.3.1 SMAST video survey ................................................................................... 89 6.1.3.2 usSEABED database .................................................................................... 90 6.1.3.3 NMFS Trawl Survey Gear Hangs .............................................................. 91 6.1.4 Classifying natural disturbance – Critical Shear Stress Model ...................... 92 7.0 The FiGSI model: combining the Vulnerability Assessment, the SASI model and the Spatial model ........................................................................................................................ 96 7.1 Methods......................................................................................................................... 96 7.1.1 Estimating sensitivity (Se) coefficients .............................................................. 96 7.2 Results............................................................................................................................ 97 7.2.1 Geological habitat components........................................................................... 97 7.2.2 Biological habitat components.......................................................................... 104 7.2.3 Prey habitat components ................................................................................... 104 7.3 Future directions ........................................................................................................ 104 8.0 References ....................................................................................................................... 105 9.0 Appendices..................................................................................................................... 113 9.1.1 Definitions............................................................................................................ 113 Omnibus Essential Fish Habitat Amendment Phase II – Fishing Gear Seabed Impact Model 4 DRAFT April 17, 2009 Tables Table 1 – Landed pounds by gear type (1,000 lbs, source: NMFS vessel
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