E968 Volume 6
iNITYP_7~PY-IKi¶? L IATA Public Disclosure Authorized
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD-SECURITY
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RBMSIIP) Public Disclosure Authorized
SMALLIIOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT COMPONENT
KAMBI YA TANGA IRRIGATION SCHEME Public Disclosure Authorized
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT
DR.A ' r- REPORT
November 2003
Enisironrmental RPesources ConsutPancv Public Disclosure Authorized
FILE COPY * 1
Table of content LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS ...... V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VII
1. BACKGROUND ...... 1I 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... I 1.2 UJNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY ...... 2...... 2 1.2.1 Objective of the Study ...... 2 1.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH ...... 2 1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach ...... 2 1.3.2 FarmingSystem Approach ...... 2 1.3.3 ParticipatoiyApproach ...... 3 1.4 METHODOLOGY ...... 5 1.4.1 Consultation...... 5 1.4.2 Analytical Tools ...... 1.5 LIMITATIONS ...... 6...... 6
2.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEME AREA ... 7 2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ... 7 2.1.1 Location .7 2.1.2 History of the scheme .7 2.1.3 Existing land use .8 2.1.4 Land Tenure .8 2.2 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ... 10 2.2.1 Climatic Data.10 2.2.2 Water Resources.10 2.2.3 Soil .13 2.2.4 Biodiversity at the scheme .14 2.3 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ... 14 2.3.1 Population.14 2.3.2 Energy Supply .15 2.3.3 Marketing and information.16 2.3.4 Education.16 2.3.5 Existingfacilities near the irrigationschee .16 2.3.6 Extension Services .17 2.3.7 Social Capital 18 2.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ..... 18 3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES STAKEHOLDERS ...... 19 3.1 SOIL CONSERVATION AND AGRO-FORESTRY PROJECT ...... 19 (SCAPA) ...... 19 3.2 WATER USERS ASSOCIATION ...... 19 3.4 STAKEHOLDER'S ROLE ...... 20 3.4.1 Identified stakeholders ...... 20 3.4.2 Analysis ofstakeholders ...... 20 3.4.3 Involvement of stakeholders in environmental audit and implementation of ESMP ...... 20 3.4.4 Ensuring inco7poration of concerns ofstakeholders in ESMP ...... 21 4. COMPLIANCE WITH TANZANIA'S POLICIES, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WITH WORLD BANK'S SAFE GUARD POLICIES... 22 4.1 NATIONAL POLICIES ...... 22 4.1.1 National Environment Policy of 1997 .22 4.1.2 Agriculture Policy 1997.22 4.1.3 Land Policy of 1995.22 4.1.4 Water Polic)y of 2002 .23 4.1.5 Forest Policy of 1998 .23 4.1.6 Wildlife Policy of 1998 .23 4.1.7 Energy Policy of 2002 (Draft) .23 4.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 24 4.2.1 Environment Legislation.24 4.2.2 NEMCAct no.19 of 1983 .24 4.2.3 Land Act no. 4 and Village LandAct no. 5 of 1999 .24 4.2.4 Wildlife Act 1974 (with amendments of 1978) .25 4.2.5 WaterActs of 1974 .25 4.2.6 ForestAct 1974 .25 4.2.7 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956. 25 4.2.8 Local Government Act (District antd Urban Authorities) Acts of 198225 4.2.9 Land Use PlanningCommission Act of 1984 .26 4.2.10 The Land Acquisitions Act of 1967 .26 4.2.11 By-Laws .26 4.3 NATIONAL STRATEGIES ...... 26 4.3.1 Government Development Vision 2025 ...... 26 4.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 2000 ...... 27 4.3.3 Rural Sector Development Strategy (RDS) of 2000 ...... 27 4.3.4 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001 ...... 27 4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ... 27 5.0 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING AND .30
ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .. 30 5.1 INTRODUCTION .30 5.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT .30 6.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND FARMERS .31 6.1 INTRODUCTION .31 6.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS: MEN DISCUSSION ...... 31 7.0 IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS .35 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 35 7.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS ...... 35 7.2.1 Demographic trend (population changes) . .35 7.2.2 Hydrological changes.36 7.2.3 Catchment degradation.38 7.2.4 Impact of water quality on downstream users .39 7.2.5 Socio-economnic impacts 071 downstream usrs.40 7.3 IRRIGATION LEVEL IMPACTS ...... 41
ii 7.3.1 Soil Quality...... , , ...... 4...... 1.,41 7.3.2 Water quality and trends .. . 41 Attention should be paid to the control of humnan excreta upstreamz and within the farms... 41 7.3.3 Pesticide andfertilizeruse .. . 43 TABLE 7.11: FERTILIZERS USED . .. 43 7.3.4 Waterborne diseases... 43 7.3.5 Drinking water and quality of sanitation...... 44 7.3.6 Socio-economic:positive and negative impacts of villages withiin the scheme 44 8 IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 46 8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 46 8.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ...... 46 8.2.1 Environmental Management...... 46 8.2.2 Enhancement of social economic activities ...... 46 8.3 IRRIGATION SCHEME LEVEL ...... 47 8.3.1 Environnmental management ...... 47 8.3.2 Improving health situation...... 47 8.3.3 Improving water quality ...... 48 8.3.4 Revisiting engineering designs and/or construction stages .. 48 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP). 49 9.1 INTRODUCTION .49 9.2 OBJECTIVES .49 9.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES . .50 9.4 DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS OF MONITORING PROGRAM ...... 51 9.5 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY ...... 56 9.6 INPUTS REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS ...... 57 9.7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MITIGATION MEASURES ....57 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 62 10.1 CONCLUSION ...... 62 10.1.1. General conclusion ...... 62 10.1.2 Specific conclusions...... 62 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 63 REFERENCES ...... 65
iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The team wishes to acknowledge with thanks the contributions of various staff members of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security's Directorate of Irrigation and Technical Services, during the different stages of the preparation of this report the Project Coordinator of Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Mr. Masija, the Head of Environmental Unit Cell, Mr. Simukanga, and other staff. The team also extends its appreciation to the District Officers, in particularly the irrigation teclnicians who are in charge of the eight schemes, at Arumeru, Moshi Rural, Simanjiro, Korogwe, Iringa Rural and Mbarali Districts.
Thanks also go to the scheme management committees, farmers and other stakeholders of the eight schemes and the community members who actively participated in the discussions and helped to provide information that was very useful during the preparation of the Environmental Audit.
The team appreciates to more than 50 people who participated in data collection and analysis, especially the facilitators, research assistants, enumerators, water and soil staff, data analysts, etc. Finally yet importantly, our appreciations go to ERC's internal staffs who directly or indirectly contributed with enthusiasm to the EA reports.
iv List of Tables, Figures, and Maps
Tables
Table 2.1: Size of farm (acre) per household Table 2.2 Number of farms per household Table 2.3 Sununary of Agro-climatic parameters for KIA meteorological station Table 2.4 Summary of measured flow at station 1dd55 Table 2.5 Distance to the domestic water points Table 2.6 Soil data Table 2.7 Population characteristic (by sex) Table 2.8 Occupational status Table 2.9 Types of energy resources available Table 2.10 Education Level Females Table 2.11 Education Level Males Table 2.12 House hold income generating activities Table 2.13: Livestock number in the scheme area Table 2.14: Extension officer availability Table 2.15: Availability of village extension services Table 7.1: Summary of key environmental and social/impacts for Kambi ya Tanga Table 7.2: Variability analysis test results for river flow stations in rivers upstream of Kambi ya Tanga scheme Table 7.3: Variability Analysis of Kikuletwa Catchment hydrological variables Table 7.4: Top ten diseases in upstream of Kambi ya Tanga Table 7.5: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2000 Table 7.6: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2001 Table 7.7: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2002 Table 7.8: Soil Sites and Results Table 7.9: Water quality at the irrigation scheme Table 7.10: Types of fertilizers used Table 7.11: Fertilizers used Table 7.12: Insecticides used Table 7.13: Reported cases of waterbome diseases in percentage Table 7.14: Water source for domestic use Table 9.1: Environmental and social impacts mitigation measures Table 9.2: Monitoring Plan Table 9.3: The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Table 9.4: Implementation plan time schedule
Figures
Figure 1. I Basic Approach to the Study Figure 2.1 Land acquisition Figure 2.2 Stations Idd55 data Figure 2.3: Year(s) residents inunigrated to the area Figure 7.1: Plots showing evolving trends for three months of Tengeru flow Figure 7.2: Annual rainfall series at Tengeru (1947 - 1998)
Maps
Map 2.1: Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme: Location map Map 2.2: Map of analysed water sample locations Map 7.1: Kambi ya Tanga catchments area land use/vegetation maps Map 7.2: Igomelo soil sample locations
v List of Abbreviations
a.m.s.l Average mean sea level ASDS Agriculture Sector Development Strategy CBO Community Based Organization CDTF Community Development Trust Fund DALDO District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer DED District Executive Director EA Environmental Audit ECU Environmental Cell Unit EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ERC Environmental Resources Consultancy FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GIS Geographical information systems IEE Initial Environmental Examination IPM Integrated Pest Management KIA Kilimanjaro International Airpolt LDC Less Developed Countries MAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MBUKITA Umoja wa Wamwagiliaji Msitu wa Mbogo, Kikuletwa na Kambi ya Tanga (an Irrigators Association) MWL Ministry of Water and Livestock MWLD Ministry of Water and Livestock Development NEMC National Environmental and Management Council NGO Non Govermnental Organization NIDP National Irrigation Development Plan NLUC National Land Use Commission NMA National Meteorological Agency PO-RALG Presidentss Office--Regional Administration and Local Government PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RBMSIIP River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project RDS Rural Sector Development Strategy SCAPA Soil Conservation and Agro-forestry Project SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SIIC Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component SIRSC Shamima Irrigation Rural Savings and Credit Society SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science software TMA Tanzania Meterology Agency ToR Terms of reference TPRI Tropical Pest Researchlnstitute UCLAS University College of Land and actectral studies UNDP United Nations Development Prograrmnme URT United Republic of Tanzania UWAMALE Ushirika wa Wamwagiliaji Maji Kambi ya Tanga (Cooperative IririgationSociety for Kanibi ya Tanga) VEO Village Executive Officer WEO Ward Executive Officer WMA Wildlife Management Areas WUA Water Users Association ZIO Zonal lirigation Office
vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Govemment of Tanzania (GoT) through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) has taken various initiatives to improve agricultural sector in the country. One of these initiatives is undertaking the River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP); in context with which, is the Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC). Among others, the need to undertake the RBMSIIP arose out of a nation-wide realisation that the ecosystems of country's river basins (especially those of the Rufiji and the Pangani Rivers) are not being properly managed, leading to extensive environmental degradation and loss of potentialities of these vital ecosystems. Moreover, it was also realised that in view of the above-mentioned loss of potentiality, smallholder traditional irrigation schemes are the worst affected; hence the need arose to undertake also the SIIC.
Support to smallholder traditional ilTigation i mprovement a nd rehabilitation i s, therefore, one of the major components of this RBMSIIP programme. The SIIC component focuses on improving management of water resources and crop husbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigation schemes. This can be achieved, among others, through improvement of natural resources, land and water, during implementation of the rehabilitation and upgrading of ilTigation schemes.) SIIC is geared at improvement of water management in smallholder ilTigation schemes to ensure sustainable use of land and water resources and ultimately yield increase with minimal environmental degradation.
Under the auspices of the SIIC both the Scheme Environmental Assessment (SEA) as well as an Environmental Audit (EA) were carried out for the Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme. Among others, both the assessment and the audit were based on the Initial Environmental Assessments (IEE) studies carried out by the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the of the Irrigation Section of the MAFS. This report presents the findings of the study.
The objective of the study was identifying changes that have taken place before/after scheme improvement, assessing and quantifying thereto environmental and social impacts, also duly preparing an environmental and social management plan as well as developing an environmental and social management and monitoring system. According to the ToR, the expected outputs of this study are two in one interrelated reports i.e. covering both Environmental Audit (EA) as well as Scheme Environmental Assessment (SEA), analysing e.g. socio-economic, socio-cultural and engineering factors in order to provide quantitative information.
Furthermore, the report incorporates an assessment of compliance of the scheme's improvement to the Tanzanian policy and legislation framework, as well as the World Bank's relevant environmental safe guard policies (especially on OP 4.01).
Different methodologies were employed in carrying out the task, including the following:
* Desk review of recommended documents * Questionnaire administration to key stakeholders * Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
At different stages of the study the following approaches and analytical tools were applied
* Participatory data collection * Key infornmiant interview * Trend analysis * Geographical information system
Describing the location of the scheme, the study found that the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme is situated at low-lying areas at the fort of Mt. Meru about 40 km south east of Arusha municipality. Its coordinates are latitude 030 32 South and longitude 36° 53 East, and are at an altitude of about 1 100m above mean sea level. It comprises the following villages: Manyata, Tengeru, Nkoannua, Ngurundoto, Songoro, and Karanga Ndogo
vii - Increased incidences of waterbome diseases. activities:
Preparing and implementing a participatory land use plan (i.e. PLUM)
Category: Improving health situation
* Promoting awareness on waterborne diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, * Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services.
Irrigation scheme level impacts Category: Environmental Management * Establishing effective water management - Poor soil quality system by controlled allocation and distribution - Poor water quality of water - Increased fertilizer and pesticides use * Training of farmers and village extension - Increased incidences of waterbome diseases. officers on good agronomic practices. * Training of farmers in operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. * Conduct environmental awareness campaigns and education to all water users. * Improved soil fertility management
Category: Improving health situation
* Promoting awareness on waterbome diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, * Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services.
Category: Revisiting engineering designs and/or construction stages
Aligning the main canal to reduce the water loss especially Kambi ya Tanga main canal Providing proper levelling on farms to ensure continual flow
The monitoring program comprises the following attributes: water quality, groundwater, soil conservation, biodiversity, crop diseases, afforestation, socio-economic and health indicators
Additionally, the environmental audit main conclusions and recommendations are: In up-stream areas of the scheme, the key impacts constraining sustainability intensive up-stream socio- economic activities leading to extensive pollution of water e.g. use of up-stream drainage water as source for the scheme. In within-scheme areas the constraints are general poor soil fertility. In down- stream a rea su stainability i s mainly c onstrained b y i nadequacy o f water a nd i nappropriate i rigation practices. It was also found that the location of the scheme enhances sustainability of the scheme. This is because the scheme is located near rapidly growing settlements of Mererani (which has relatively strong monetary strength) Mbuguni and Msitu wa Mbogo all of which have reliable transportation services to Usa River, Arusha and Moshi where many marketing opportunities exist.
Most of the identified mitigation measures are related with local community-based effective structural -organization. This means therefore that most of the measures can be implemented by local govermment authorities themselves with financial and technical assistance of funded projects e.g. .RBMSIIP, NGOs and CBOs.
ix Villages around Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme have a total population of 2800 people. The main ethnic groups in the scheme area are Wachaga, Wapare, Wasambaa, etc., and other smaller groups. The majority of these are agriculturalists. Few are livestock keepers. The land use in the adjacent villages of Kambi ya Tanga is mainly irrigation as well as rain-fed cultivation and grazing.
The source of irrigation water for the Kambi ya Tanga scheme is Kikuletwa River. This river is formed by joining of Usa stream, Maji ya Chai spring, Tengeru and Mohoha spring. The mean annual flow of the Kikuletwa River (during 1977 - 81) was 0.89 cumecs compared with current 5.96 cumecs.
Conflicts over water use have been recorded in the study area, especially in the dry season when river flows are at the lowest.
With t he i rrigation structures i mprovement a nd p rospects for h igher i ncome e amings from irTigated agriculture, there is greater loyalty to the leadership of Water Associations. Since most of the people are irrigators and members of the associations, the latter has greater influence beyond irrigation matters.
The following are some of the positive effects:
* Crop production has improved a great deal * Water availability has improved with more areas obtaining water than used to be in before improvement. * Strengthened existing Water Users Association. * Temporary employment oppoltunities were created during the construction phase. * Some farmers have attended on farm training and exchange visits to other areas to share experience with other farmers as well as leaming new skills.
A summary of identified impacts differentiated at up-stream, down-stream and within scheme levels for resulting from C hapter 7 and appropriate mitigation measures are sunimarized in the E nvironmental and Social Management Plan as follows:
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES
Up-stream impacts: Category :Environmental Management:
- Demographic trend (population changes * Embarking on anti-pollution and environmental - Hydrological changes protection program in up-stream areas - Catchment degradation * Promotion of agro-forestry, afforestation and or - Increased level of water pollution right at intake reforestation activities in up-stream areas. of scheme * Strengthening enforcement of abstraction regulations
Category: Enhancement of social-economic activities:
* Promoting environmental consciousness in all social -economic activities, * Strengthening mechanisms for controlled acquisition and of land use- related social- economic practices,
Downstream impacts: Category: Environmental Management:
- Hydrological changes * Improved water management practices - Poor water quality Category: Enhancement of social-economic
viii 1. BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Govenmment of Tanzania, through the Ministry of Agriculture and F ood S ecurity (MAFS), has undertaken various initiatives to improve the agriculture sector in the country. One of these initiatives is the River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP). The Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC) is included within the scope of RBMSIIP. RBMSIIP was developed in response to a water shortage crisis prevalent in many parts of the country. Water demands often exceed available resources; this is especially true in the Pangani and Rufiji basins.
Support to smallholder traditional irrigation improvement and rehabilitation is one of the major components of this project. SIIC focuses on improving the management of water resources and crop husbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigation schemes. This is achieved through, among other things, the improvement of natural resources (land and water) during implementation of the rehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes.
The SIIC undertaking supports the objectives of the National Irrigation Development Plan (NIDP), which was formulated and adopted in 1994. The plan includes a management and decision-making framework that is based on the comprehensive ranking of schemes within each management unit (river or drainage basin).
Under NIDP, the order of priority for irrigation development is as follows: * Improvement/rehabilitation of Traditional Smallholder Irrigation Schemes; * Water Harvesting Technology; * Opening of New Smallholder Schemes; * Large Scale Irrigation Schemes for Private Sector.
SIIC focuses on the improvement of water management in smallholder irrigation schemes to ensure the sustainable use of land and water resources. Ultimately, SIIC aims to facilitate increases in crop yields while minimizing environmental degradation. According to World Bank guidelines, the irTigation schemes in the Rufiji and Pangani basins are classified as Category B. Under this category, no major adverse environmental impacts are permitted and mitigation measures must be incorporated into the scheme design, implementation and operation.
Under the auspices of the SIIC, a feasibility study was carried out that resulted in the preparation of the Project Implementation Plan for 1996/97 - 2001/02. This plan, produced in October 1996, contains an assessment of environmental issues together with proposed environmental mitigation measures.
Under World Bank advisement, the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security conducted an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the irrigation schemes. The IEEs were used a s the b asis for the S cheme Improvement A ssessment Studies. The c onsultants, i n collaboration with ECU, have been charged to conduct environmental audits in seven Category B sites: Ruanda Majenje, Igomelo, Mangalali, Nyamahana, Soko, Kambi ya Tanga, and Mahenge. An additional site, Lemkuna, only required the development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan. This report is focused on presenting the findings of the environmental audit that was conducted for the Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme.
This report draws heavily on intensive field observations by the study team. Discussions were held with farmers and other local people, village and district officials, and project staff. A review of various existing documents was also conducted in the preparation of this report. 1.2 UNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY
1.2.1 Objective of the Study
The objective of the study is to get a better understanding of the present environmental conditions and relevant i mpact a reas ( environmental a udit) within t he s cheme. I ncreased a wareness will a llow for improved monitoring of both negative and positive changes over time and will assist in the formulation of more effective mitigation measures. The environmental audit will also be the basis for the preparation of an environmental and social management plan and monitoring system.
Specifically, the study will undertake the following:
* Assess and quantify baseline environmental and social conditions * Assess and quantify environmental and social impacts * Conduct environmental audits in order to comply with existing Government of Tanzania and World Bank environmental and safeguard policies * Prepare an environmental and social management plan * Develop an environmental and social management and monitoring system * Conduct public consultations
1.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH
The consultant's enviromnental audit of the Kambi ya Tanga ilTigation scheme was characterized by tlhree a pproaches: e cosystem, fa,-niing system a nd p articipatory. T he b asic a pproach o f t he s tudy i s illustrated in Figure 1-1.
1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach
In view of the fact that the project activities are wholly based in a rural area, potential conflicts between the project and the environment are likely to arise. Thus, issues pertaining to the use of natural resources (e.g. livestock grazing, agriculture, irrigation, water source protection, agro-forestry, etc.) have to be studied.
In applying the ecosystem approach, the consultant not only focused on the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme but also on all the ecosystems upstream and down stream that impact the environmental and social characteristics of the area. To accomplish this, the study sought an understanding of all activities taking place within the irrigation scheme's water catchment area. River pollution, sedimentation, flash floods, deforestation, destabilization of riverbanks, erosion, salinity, land degradation, and waterborne diseases (among others) are all contributing to degradation of the catchment area. In suggesting mitigation measures, sustainable practices for the use of water and land resources must be adopted to prevent and control environmental and social problems.
1.3.2 Farming System Approach
On the irrigation scheme level, a farming system approach was used to describe and analyse environmental and socio-economic conditions. Issues related to soil contamination, water pollution, the use and dangers of pesticides and fertilizers, health, and others have been identified. It is clear that the irrigation activities will transfonn village life and the whole farming system in the Kambi ya Tanga area.
The success of the proposed mitigating measures will therefore depend on community involvement, improvement of the socio-economic situation, capacity building, and proper upgrading, maintenance and operation of the irrigation infrastructure. The latter should take into account the local environment as well as the prevailing institutional, economic and social conditions.
2 1.3.3 Participatory Approach
A participatory approach was adopted in preparation for the environmental audit. This entailed seeking information/experience from stakeholders (i.e. farmers, district and regional officers, R BMSIIP and other institutions who have been involved in the project). In order to ensure effective participation and cooperation it was necessary to inform stakeholders prior to the audit of the environmental and socio- economic problems to be addressed. Their inputs have contributed to the development of more realistic and appropriate mitigation measures.
3 BASIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY
Figure 1.1
Mag IEE of eight schemesP
Consultations g psra > ontrea > n-fam ( Focus groups ) tcatchmn, vcthent leve In,terview
Environmnta roienalAui
Environment & > ater qualiy si& Voces o ( Socio-economic ) ( socio-economic ) frmer
Cos aMniorngsytmn
Environmental & Social Management Plan
| Monitoring system l
4 1.4 METHODOLOGY
The methodology follows Tanzanian policy, legislation, and the World Bank's policies on environmiental assessment (OP/BP 4.01 and related policies and guidance documents).
Available reference documents were reviewed for purposes of identifying pertinent environmental and social i ssues. I nformation was o btained o n t he K ambi ya Tanga i rrigation scheme b efore a nd a fter construction as well as during operation. Several meetings were held with SIIP project staff. In particular, the ECU team, which was involved in the Scheme Environmental Assessment, was consulted to discuss background and potential issues. Subsequently, a ten-day field mission was conducted in A ugust by the study t eam and m embers of E CU. The team w as u sed to: 1) complete further fieldwork at various sites in the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme, 2) collect additional information, 3) work with the irrigation scheme management team, and 4) to liaise with the various stakeholders including the district officials. During the field visits, the Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan for disseminating the results of the Draft Environmental Audit were developed with the ECU staff.
1.4.1 Consultation
Public c onsultations took p lace in two p hases. The first p hase took p lace during the E nvironmental Audit (EA) preparation process. This initial stage allowed for the identification of the key environmental issues and involved the gathering of information on stakeholder concems and views of potential environmental and social impacts. During the second phase, consultations allowed stakeholders to review findings and give their comments.
1.4.2 Analytical Tools
The following methodologies were applied in the process of the study: * Participatory data collection * Key informant interviews * Socio-economic and environmental analysis * Trend analysis of river flow and rainfall * Water and soil quality analysis * Geographical information systems (GIS)
Participatory Data Collection
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) involves problem analysis, ranking, proposal planning, role assigning and timing. The role playing consisted of a facilitator who played the role of an advisor on the different matters raised during the workshop (those which the team was not informed a bout or aware of). In the final analysis, a Logical Framework Approach workshop (also known as ZOPP) produced the Environmental Action Plan for the irrigation scheme.
Key Informant Interviews
In addition to group discussions, information was also obtained from key informants. These were generally staff from the Zonal Irrigation Office (ZIO), the District Executive Director (DED), farmers of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme, village officials (including village leaders), and others (agriculture and irrigation officers who are residents in the community). Any inconsistent information was cross- checked to ensure accuracy. Various officials conducted the crosschecking of information while members of the study team facilitated the group discussions.
Socio-economic and Environmental Analysis
A total of 100 household questionnaires (sample size) have been administered using the random sampling method. This represents. Percent of households of the study area (upstream, down stream and scheme level) 80 percent (80 questionnaires) of selected sample size has been administered at Igomelo village (scheme level), where as 10 percent (10 questionnaires) has been administered at Manyatta
5 village (upstream village) and 10 percent (10 questionnaires) has been administered at Migungani village (downstream village).
Quantitative data relating to the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the scheme was collected and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software.
Trend Analysis of River Flow and Rainfall
An investigation was conducted upstream and downstream on rivers that feed the scheme. Both statistical and visual interpretations of variability analysis were applied. To further reveal any existence of severe abstraction or flow regime changes, variability analysis was done month to month. Any possible causes for the change in the flow regime were quantified. In this regard, annual rainfall variability for stations in or around the study area was noted. Three approaches were followed to tackle the impacts problem:
* Visual interpretation - Understanding and interpreting the annual time series and percent deviation time series from the annual mean.
* Testing randomness on the annual and monthly time series data - This test indicates that if the null hypothesis tested for randomness is accepted, no flow regime change prevails in the record; otherwise, it shows the flow regime is changed or there is a likely impact on the river upstream or downstream.
* Testing of breaks - At times a break or jump may be observed in the time series of flow. If, for example, a huge volume of water is suddenly diverted to an irrigation area, segments before and after the diversion can have different means.
Subsequent sections provide scheme level variability analysis and interpretation of the results for both flow and rainfall.
The flow and rainfall data were collected from various sources. Rainfall data were collected partly from Tanzania Meteorology Agency (TMA) and partly from the Ministry of Water and Livestock Development (MWL). Flow data were partly collected from the Ministry of Water and Livestock (MWL) and partly from previous reports.
Water and Soil Analysis
Water and soil samples were analysed at the laboratory of the Department of Environmnental Engineering, University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS) and Mlingano Soil Laboratory. Procedures and analysis were done according to the International Standards of Water and Soil Analysis.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Overlay maps and GIS were used to analyse sensitive/significant/relevant features of the irrigation scheme area. Attributes and features that were mapped and analysed included water bodies, land use pattems, vegetation cover, and cultural structures. The technique involved the physical overlaying of individual topographic maps to provide a composite picture of the overall environmental and social situation. Using ArcView 3. 1, analysis was carried out to link spatial and non-spatial data.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
Data quantification proved a difficult exercise due to the following reasons: (i) There was insufficient baseline data related to environmental and socio-economic parameters. (ii) Updated meteorological and hydrological data were not available.
6 2.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEME AREA
2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1.1 Location
The Kambi ya Tanga irrigationi schemiie is located in Mbuguni Ward. Nlbugunli Division. Arimeru District. Arusha Region about 40 km south-east of Arusha Municipality, Ilies at latitLude 030 32' south and at longitude 360 53' east. Kambi va Tanga schemlie is situated at an altitude of approximnately 1. l(N)m above sea level.
MNap 2. I : Kimibi va Tanga Irrigation Scheme. Location Map 2-40[0002 2e.3000 270oro 2r:0
+
location- 4 LegendeSchem e
.__ t 4Kz ) t/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Rivers Catohm entArea Afiiii,"u u .stri5 'Background m '-Armu-iet District l\H a.
F1<- Msitv wa mto
a> I D .4aIlnee-- f_ ;_ t_..
a - 24tO0O/ 26 JORll ~~~250010Q 276c0 -J 2sbjooo
2.1.2 History of the scheme
The existing schelmie intak-e is located about 200 mido-wnstreanm of Msitu wa Mbogo headw orks (tlie structure was rehabilitated by KZIU in 1989 under project URT/86/0 17). The Government and UNDP/FAO funded rehabilitation of the traditional irrigation project in Anusha and Kilimanjaro. The diversion of irrigation water througlh the traditional intake is affected by the presence of stones, trash and banana stems which are dumiiped along the ri-er, which then becomle washed aw ay during high river flows. There was no gated structure to control water extraction into the main canal, whlich started at rather deep excav-atioaL then recovTered slow-ly illto normal excavation at drainage 2406 in from the intake. From the intake, tle Kamibi va Tanga maini canal flowvs towiards the south anid then branches to Kikuletwa secondary canal at about 1180 in from the intake. In general. there w-as a long netwvork of
7 earthen canals of various lengths and sizes. These situations had caused excessive water losses and, hence, a shortage of irrigation water to expand into other areas.
2.1.3 Existing land use
The people in the area use their land for various socio-economic activities: agriculture (both rain-fed and iirigated), livestock keeping, mining, and gem dealing. Some of the people of these villages are engaged in more than one activity.
The upstream catchment area of the scheme includes Manyata village, Lakitatu village, a part of Kikwe village and USA river village. The catchment watercourses join the Kikuletwa River in the Kikwe ward. These villages and environs have many large estates, houses, hotels, restaurants and bars.
Downstream of the scheme is Mikungani village. This village is very close to the Mererani settlement where a small number of Tanzanite miners are living.
Upstream of the scheme there are three other irrigation schemes: Olbuso, Sun Flag and Tajiri Ali. There is another irrigation scheme downstream called Mbuguni Shango which also uses water from Kikuletwa River.
The p otential a rea for irrigation u pstream a t M anyata a nd L ekitatu i s 1 080 h a, b ut o nly 9 60 ha are actually utilized. At Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme, the potential area for irrigation is 640 ha, but the utilized area is only 540 ha.
Crops cultivated upstream are paddy, maize and vegetables. At Kambi ya Tanga, cassava, maize, beans, vegetables, bananas, pigeon peas, sweet potatoes and mixed fruits are all grown.
2.1.4 Land Tenure
The indigenous ethnic groups are the Maasai, Waarusha and Wameru. These initial inhabitants of the area settled the land for farming and grazing. The Maasai occupied the steppes or plains while the Waarusha and Wamelu settled on the slopes of Mount Meru. Wanyamwezi, Wasukuma, Wanyaturu and Wanyiramba who were brought in to the area as labourers for neighbouring plantations were the first to pursue irrigation activities.
During Tanzania's Ujamaa period, all the unoccupied land was allocated to landless villagers and the Wachagga who migrated from Kilimanjaro.
There are four ways of land ownership in the area: 68%, 35%, 9% and 6% are acquired through inheritance, buying, village government and bush clearing, respectively, as shown in the figure below.
8 Fig 2.1: Land acquisition (°/Oi LAND ACQUISITION (in percentage)
80% ii__ 8 70% ------
50%
40% . - .- 35% +- 300/ 200/: -- . ---.-
10% 9 ; l_ 1_7 e
Bush Inherited Buying Through clearing village
______government
The land holdioig size per fanner ranges from less thani I acre to above 20 acres The average land holding size is 2 acres.
Table 2.1: Size of farm (acre) per houselhold Percentage (%) Less than 1 9.( Ito 1.9 20 ) 2 to 2.9 16.) 3 to .9 15i. 4 to 4.9 10.( 5to5.9 8.0 6 to 10 13.( 10 to 20 5.0 Above 20 410 Total 100.0
Table 2.2: Number of farms per household Frequency Percent ('%f) None l 10 One 49 49.0 Two 32 32.0 Three 13 I.0 Four ior more) 5 5.0 Total 100 1(0.0
9 2.2 THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
2.2.1 Climatic Data
The nearest meteorological station to the scheme from which climatic data could be collected is located at the Kilimanjaro Airport (Station No. 09335115). The geographical position of the station is at latitude 030 25' and at longitude 370 04'. The station is 891m above sea level.
In Tanzania, collection of meteorological data is the responsibility of the National Meteorological Agency (NMA). It is expected that data should be collected at the local stations and then forwarded for processing and storage at the agency's head office in Dar es Salaam. For stations, which are operated by the Ministry of Water and Livestock Development (MWLD), data is available at the Regional Water Engineers' offices and at the Ubungo headquarter office in Dar es Salaam.
For the Kambi ya Tanga scheme, climatic data from five different stations in the project area was collected and duly analysed. The stations included Kilimanjaro Airport and Tengeru. The most representative station was selected as Kilimanjaro airport because of similarity of topography, proximity of the station to the scheme area and the length and continuity of the records. The data for this station was used for the detailed analysis of agro-hydro meteorological parameters.
Kambi Ya Tanga scheme is located at lowland agro-ecological zone (below 1200 average mean sea level.) in Aremeru District. The scheme lies in the marginal area where the annual rainfall is in the range of 400 mnn to 800 mm. The temperature ranges from 17 to 25° C. The seasonal distribution of rainfall is bi-modal in nature with the main rain occurring from March to May and minor rain occurring from December to January. The most representative climatic station for Kambi ya Tanga scheme is a station located at Kilimanjaro International Airport. Summnary of the climatic data are given in the table below.
Table 2.3: Summary of Agro-climatic parameters for KIA meteorological station [Source: SIA for Kambi Ya Taniga, 19981 ---- months Jan Feb Mar Apr May TJun | July | Aug | Sep Oct [Nov Dec Pararneters= _ _ Rainfall (mm) 66 70 132 218 101 15 6 7 7 24 97 102 Temperature (° 21.1 21.5 21.9 20.9 19.4 17.6 17.3 18.0 19.4 20.6 20.9 20.7 C) Relative 65 65 68 77 79 76 71 69 64 62 67 68 humidity (%) I ___ Sunshine (Hrs) 8.1 8.2 7.5 6.1 5.9 5.4 6.2 6.8 7.8 8.5 7.6 7.1 Wind Speed 109 116 135 138 145 138 151 166 180 186 147 107
(k mi/d ay)______Pan Evaporation 5.0 5.0 5.3 4.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 4.6 5.5 5.9 5.0 4.3 (mm/day) =
2.2.2 Water Resources
The source of irrigation water for Kambi Ya Tanga scheme is Kikuletwa River. This river is formed by the confluence of the USA stream, Maji Ya Chai spring, and Tengenr and Molala springs.
The river is perennial with significant base flow contribution to the total flow of the river during the dry season. Kikuletwa is gauged at Idd55-a station just downstream of Kambi ya Tanga. Though flow measurements at this station were started in 1977, it appears measurements were not taken from 1982 to 1993. As a result, variability and other hydrological conditions in this period are difficult to predict. The problem is further compounded by the significant flow increases during the 1994-1999 period compared to the previous period of 1977-1981. The mean annual flow from 1977 to 1981 is 0.89 m3/s where as that of 1994 to 1999 5.96 m3/s. Table 2.4 and Figure 2.3 illustrate the difference. The consultant thinks this variation might be caused due to an error in the rating curve measurements.
10 Table 2.4: Summary of measured flow at station IddS5 [Source: MN LDI-1 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Juni Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov- Dec Annual 1977 2.29 L1.0 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0.34.0.27 0.2 0.16 0.71 0.19 ().90 1978 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0. 34 0.27 0.2 0).16 0.71 0.19 0.90 1979 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0.34 0.27 0.2 0.16 0.71 0.19 0.90 198() 2.29 1.06 0.46 0.37 1.28 0.75 0.34 0.27 0.2 0.16 0.23 0.18 )0.63 19SI 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.48 3.83 0.76 0.34 0.27 0.2 (.16 0.71 0.19 0.90
Mean] 2.29 1.05 0.47 0.46 3.32 0.76 0.34 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.61 0.19 0.84 1994 1.44 1.86 1.94 -3.90 6.90 4.53 3.81 3.12 2.47 1.94 2.05 2.51 .04 1995 1.57 1.74 1.98 9.97_ 1997 2.05 1.62 2.35 8. 3 11.28 S.43 6.80 5.90 4.30 4.55 6.73 9.98 6.03 1998 14.57 11.44 8.13 17.46 2 3.13 9.59 7.07 13.06
1999 __2.23 3.03 12.42 2.18 1.66 1.18 0.91 10.99 ).82 1.71 Mean 2 4.91 4.1 7 3.60 8.37 11.08 5,13 5.60 4.44 12.65 12.4f7 3.26 4.44 5.96
Fig 2.2: Stations Idd55 data
Station 1dd55
12 -- -- __ __ mean (1977-1981) * mean (1994-1999)
e 8 < - - - l-----1
2 6 ------______
I 21_
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months
Domestic wvater supply The irrigation canal (Kikuletwi-a River) pro-vides the main source of drinking wvater for the comniiulihN and their domestic animals. The -villagers also depend on the iffigation water for other domestic needs. The quality of water for domestic consumption is questionable due to riv-er pollution. The w-ater does not receiv e any kind of treatment prior to its use by humanis. Livestock also use water directly from the irrigation canals as there are no specific w-atering points for livestock. As depicted in the table below, a majority of the water users have to travel more than lf0Om to a reach a w-ater source.
11 Table 2.5: Distance to the domnestic water points
Distance (m) Perent (%l = Less than 100 36.0 100 to 500 51.0 50 1 to 1 000 11.( Mlore tIhani 1000 2.0 Total 1l0.0
Water use conflicts Water rights are accredited to the village government but land is individually owned. The Kaambi va Tanga fanrers complain about use of wvater by upstreaim fanners nwlo have no w ater right. In additioni there has been some continLuous tensioni and conflicts betn-een the irrigators and large-scale farmers wvho extract wN-ater from the river.
Water quality A total of six w-ater samples were collected from the Kaiinbi va Tanga irrigation scheme. The sampling locations wvere systematically chosenl so as to track the quality of water as it trickles down the irrigation scheme. Samples were taken from the intake and downstream end. Others wvere collected within the irrigation fanrs (channels) themselves. The samples were taken on 3 September 2003. There locations are shownn in a map below.
Map 2.2: Map of analysed water sample locations
Mapshowi-g water sampIe Incatrens (t okenlfor water arta,,sic,
l k e ~~~~~~~~Samplledlocatllons for loafer anlalysts
r C1BacRQonottln[
non n non~~~~K1111y Tag oo ht ) ______RNe1 """"""Y"~~~~~~~~~1 2.2.3 Soil
The soils of the area were found to be alluvial deposits of volcanic origin carried by the Nduruma and Kikuletwa rivers. The average slope ranges between I and 1.5%. The area is ranked Class 4. Crops grown under both rainfall and irrigation are: cassava, maize, beans, vegetables, bananas, pigeon peas, sweet potatoes, mixed fruits and coffee. A soil survey was carried out on 3 September, 2003. As the survey was conducted during the dry season, it was not possible to assess the crop yield.
The soil characteristics are: dark brown colour; slightly hard when dry; friable when moist; sticky and plastic when wet; medium sub-angular blocky structure; no out crop; and no concretions. Soil pH is more than 8.3; thus, it is strongly alkaline. Fertility is low, although there is good mineralization. Availability of phosphorus is low to medium. Cation exchange capacity ranges from high to very high. Exchangeable calcium is very high. Exchangeable magnesium is high while exchangeable potassium and sodium are both very high. The table below shows the analysed data.
Table 2.6: Soil data
LOCATION (S 1) (S 2) (S 2) (S 3) (S 3) (S 5) KAMBI YA TANGA (S 5) DEPTH [CM] 0-20 40-60 0-20 40-60 0-20 40-60 0-20 40-60
LAB No. 43947 43948 43949 43950 43951 43952 43953 43954
Course fraction T Clay 6 26 15 9 15 12 4 4 e Fine silt Course silt 51 39 49 57 41 37 32 32 Very fine 16 14 13 16 17 16 18 18 t sand Fine sand 19 19 11 11 12 17 24 30 U Medium sand 5 5 5 6 3 6 7 12
r Course sand 2 2 4 4 2 3 3 4 Very course I I 1 2 1 1 1 1 e sand I Texture SiL CL CL SiL CL CL L L
P H in H1 0 |8.5 ]8.5 18.3 [8.3 |8.3 ]8.6 |8.4 [8.4 strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly strongly alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline alkalile
ECe rnS/cm 0.10 0.10 1.04 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.10
non- non- non- non- non- non- non- non- saline saline saline saline saline saline saline saline
Organic Carbon 1.73 1.52 2.25 1.05 2.06 1.38 1.71 1.49
medium medium medium low medium medium medium medium
13 Nitrogen J0.12 0.13 [ 0.22 0.10 | 0.18 [ 0.12 0.14 | 0.12 low [low [medium |low [low [low |low ] low C/N Ratio 14 12 10 11 11 12 12 12
moder- good good good good good good good ate quality quality quality quality quality quality quality quality
Available P Olsen 19.88 1.25 13.71 2.22 9.70 1.01 7.82 5.29
Ihigh low high low medium low medium medium CEC NH4AOC | 30.23 32.50 37.37 36.36 41.08 42.55 36.66 32.16 ME/IOOg 1
high high high high very high very high high high
Exch Ca me/lOOg 23.1 22.2 30.8 26.8 27.9 24.3 22.4 20.6
very high very high very high very high very high very high very high very high
Exch Mg me /lOOg 2.4 4.6 6.0 5.5 2.6 5.6 5.3 4.4 medium high high high medium high high high
ExchK me/lOOg 17.77 19.12 14.71 17.77 28.80 28.80 20.83 16.67
very high very high very high very high very high very high very high very higl
Exch Na me/lOOg 2.08 .2.83 1.93 3.12 6.40 6.40 5.36 5.60 very high very high high very high very high very high very high very high
ESP % 6.88 8.70 5.16 8.58 15.57 15.04 14.62 17.41
slightly slightly slightly slightly moder- moder- moder- strongly sodic sodic sodic sodic ately ately ately soi sodic sodic sodic sodic 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2.2.4 Biodiversity at the scheme
The Kambi ya Tanga area is mainly covered by farmlands due to many years of agricultural activity. There is very little natural woodland left. A few wild animals are around but these are mainly monkeys.
2.3 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
2.3.1 Population
The residents of Kambi ya Tanga are composed of various ethnic groups such as Wapare, Waarusha, Wanyiramba, Wachaga, Wanyaturu and many others. The total population in the area is now estimated to be over 2800.
14 Table 2.7: Population characteristic (by sex) Number Pcrcentage Male 3.88 56.6( Female 297 43.4 Total 685 | 100.0
Figure 2.3: Year(s) residents immigrated to the area The year(s) residents came to the area
After 1990 Not stated (11 %) (8%)
1981 - 1990 (7%)
himi Before 1950 _ & ~ ~ ~~~(24%) ~~~ 1971 - 1980 (20%)
1950- 1960 (10%)
1961 - 1970 (20%)
Unlike other irrigation schemes w-here residential areas are awaay from the farms. farmers in Kambi va Tanga live on their farm plots. This calls for strategic participatory land use planuning in the area. A large segmenit. 52% percent of the population, is engaged in farmitig. Fifty-nine percent (59°%o) can-v out other activities such as trading. carpentry. and formal employment (e.g. teachers).
Table 2.8: Occupationlal statuis
Usual occupation Sex Total Female Male Fanning 52.0% 42.1% 94.1 % Other occupation 2.0/o 3.9% 5.9% Total (%) 54.0% 46.0% 100.0% Source: Field Data
2.3.2 Energy Supply
Firewi-ood and charcoal are the main sor-ces of energx at Kamibi ya Tanga. Charcoal is. considered rather expensive. Electricity and kerosene are used for lighting.
15 Table 2.9: Types of energy resources available Percentage Electric 2.0 Firewood and charcoal 33.0 Firewood 62.0 Firewood, charcoal and electric 1.0 Firewood, charcoal and kerosene 2.0 Total 100.0
2.3.3 Marketing and information Findings show that farmers' access to markets and market information is not a problem. It was found out that 56.9% of the farmers depend on local buyers, 13.7% sell directly to consumers, 7.8% to non- local buyers and the rest produce for their own domestic consumption.
2.3.4 Education
The people of Kambi ya Tanga have varying levels of education. Tables 2.10 and 2.11 summarize the education levels attained, female and male respectively, in percentages.
Table 2.10: Education Level Females Education Level Percentage No school education 11.7 Not completed primary education 21.8 Completed primary education 62.5 Completed secondary education 3.9 College 0.0 Total 100.0
Table 2.11: Education Level Males
Education Level Percentage No School Education 14.9 Not completed primary Education 23.2 Completed primary education 57.9 Completed secondary education 2.9 College 1.1 Total 100.0
2.3.5 Existing facilities near the irrigation scheme
There is one private primary school within the scheme area but it caters mainly to pupils from outside the s cheme. T he r est o f t he c hildren g o t o N datu, L eganga a nd M anyatta p rimary s chools, s ome o f which are quite far (up to 5 km). During the rainy season, some pupils are not able to go to school due to inaccessibility.
There is no health facility within the scheme. Villagers go Leganga Health Centre in USA River Township which is about 2 km away. There is also a hospital belonging to a religious institution and several private dispensaries in the township.
Farmers in Kambi ya Tanga area lack adequate social services in the vicinity of the scheme area.
16 The state of sanitation in Kambi ya Tanga village is generally poor to moderate in quality. Most of the villagers neither own nor use the improved latrines (i.e. those with roofs and walls constructed of earth bricks). They use traditional latrines, which do not have adequate roofing and have poorly const-ucted walls.
Income activities 85% of income activities are related to irrigation while only 15% are from irrigation/non-irrigation activities as revealed in the table below.
Table 2.12: Household income generating activities Percentage Non irrigation 1.0 Irrigation 85.0 Irrigation and non irrigation 14.0 Total 100.0
Most farmers in the scheme area keep cattle and other animals for income generations. The table below shows the number of livestock.
Table 2.13: Livestock number in the scheme area
Number Percentage Chicken 813 38.8 Duck 68 3.2 Cat 5 0.2 Cattle 400 19.1 Goat 550 26.3 Rabbit 21 1.0 Donkey 2 0.1 Sheep 205 9.8 Dog 29 1.4 Total 2093 100.0
2.3.6 Extension Services
The farmers benefit from access to extension services where three agricultural officers, one divisional agricultural officer, assisted by two ward agricultural officers. The villagers are advised on the type of fertilisers to use, depending on the type of crops they are planting and on the type of pesticides.
Table 2.14: Extension officer availability percentage Available 93.0 Not Available 7.0 Total 100.0
Table 2.15: Availability of village extension services
ercent Always available 78.0 Some times not available 22.0 Total 100.0
17 The co-operative society serves its members mainly. However, other farmers also get some services from the society, e.g. training on good methods of green vegetables and paddy cultivation.
2.3.7 Social Capital
The s cheme u sed t o b e d irectly managed b y the village govemment through a nominated i rrigation committee, which shows that it has been working well. In 1997 the farmers formed an ilTigators organization called MBUKITA (Umoja wa Wamwagiliaji Msitu wa Mbogo, Kikuletwa na Kambi ya Tanga). An interim committee was elected to spearhead the farmers towards formation of registered irrigators Cooperative Society. The leadership is composed of a chairman, secretary, Treasurer and committee members.
Ushirika wa Wamwagiliaji Maji Kambi ya Tanga (UWAMALE) was established in 1997 and registered in 1999 as a Cooperative Society with 48 members. Now it has 100 members. The leaders occupy their positions for 3 years and are elected by the members. The organisation is still establishing itself in the village, considering the number of the farmers that reaches 2,800.
2.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS
Consultations/interview with local communities and authorities, as well as responses from questionnaires and group discussions revealed that in villages around Kambi ya Tanga, there are no environmentally sensitive areas of special or unique scientific and/or cultural value
18 3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES STAKEHOLDERS
3.1 SOIL CONSERVATION AND AGRO-FORESTRY PROJECT (SCAPA)
The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) established the project in February 1989. The main objectives of the project in Arumeni district were:
* To improve and increase agricultural production. This is with emphasis on small holders in the medium and high potential areas * Formulate a sustainable integrated soil conservation * Extension package for rural development; and * Provide sites/centers for training and demonstration of soil conservation practice
One of the most important achievements of SCAPA is that of creating awareness of soil erosion problenmis among farming communities in Arumeru district. About 120 villages out of 137 in the district have been covered by the project.
3.2 WATER USERS ASSOCIATION
The farmers organized themselves into cooperative society known as Irrigators Rural Savings and Credit Cooperative Society (MBUKITA). It was registered on 16th Febniary 2001 with registration number AR 384.
Organizational Set up: MBUKITA has adopted a well spread field representation were by there are channels of communication and interaction among farmers. It also promotes a wide scope for farmer's participation in different activities of the association and ensures well spread farmers representation at all field levels. It is composed of a General Assembly, Executive Committee and Canal/Sub group Committee.
It comprises total of twelve members eight being men and four women, including Chairperson, vice chairperson, secretary and treasurer.
The sub-group committees These are grassroots level committees where in the scheme there are three canal/sub groups. These are Msitu wa Mbogo, Kikuletwa and Kambi ya Tanga. Members differ from one subgroup to another, and for instance, Msitu wa Mbogo has eight members, Kikuletwa has 22 members and Kambi ya Tanga 18 members. Subgroups comprises of manager, secretary, water distributor (Bwana Maji), elder of the canal (Mzee Mshauri), clerk and inspector of irrigated area (Mkaguzi wa mashamba).
In general, the leadership overseas all issue pertaining to development of Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme including water management and distribution.
One of the most important achievements of SCAPA is that of creating awareness of soil erosion problems among farming communities in Arumeni district. About 120 villages out of 137 in the district have been covered by the project.
Another community-based organization is the Shamima Irrigation Rural Savings and Credit Society (SIRSC) registered in May 2003 of which its main objectives are: * To promote rural savings * To increase opportunities for provision of credit. * To provide education on cooperative management
Members of the association belong to following villages: Kikuletwa, Mikungani and Mbuguni.
19 3.4 STAKEHOLDER'S ROLE
3.4.1 Identified stakeholders
In order of vested powers in decision-making roles and enforcement, the identified stakeholders are as follows: * District Council's i.e., through the District Executive, Director (DED) with his/her relevant committee and functional officers e.g. District Agricultural and Livestock Development Officer (DALDO), District Water Engineer, District Council Development office, etc. * Ward Executive Officers i.e., through the Ward Executive Officers (WEO) with their relevant conmmittee and functional offices, e.g. Ward Agricultural Officer. * Village Executive Officer i.e. through the village Executive Officers (VEO) with their relevant committee and functional officer e.g. Village Agricultural Officer. * Water users association. * Farmers' groups/associations. * Private organization, e.g. NGOs, CBOs, etc * Donors
3.4.2 Analysis of stakeholders
In general for sake of sustainability influential role of all the identified stakeholders is synergetic. For example, at the highest level, the District Council chaired by the council chairman/woman and all its relevant committees and functional officers are fully involved so that they can put in their agenda and plans financial issues of the scheme. In that way further development of the scheme gets both the support and the authority it requires.
Likewise even at the lowest level (i.e. at village government/farmers associations level) the stakeholders need to be fully involved because being at grass-roots, they are capable of providing solution on a routine bases.
3.4.3 Involvement of stakeholders in environmental audit and implementation of ESMP
In view of the above therefore different stakeholders were and will be involved in environmental auditing and implementation of ESMP as follows:
Water users association Managing water resources within schemes
Farmers associations/groups Carrying out routine activities/controlling actions Identifying/formulating required action to VEO. Savings and credit organisations.
Village Executive Office (VEO) Grass-roots representation of local government system. Mobilizes, receives, identified required action and forwards them to WEO for considerations.
Ward Executive Officer (WEO) Grass roots representative of local government system. Mobilizes, receives checks and controls identified required action and forwards them to District Council (through relevant its committees).
District Council District development planning. Mobilizes, receives and deliberates identified required action and incorporates them into the district development plan for financing. Finance/overseas implementation of the identified actions.
20 Private Organization/NGOs/CBOs Promotes identification and implementation of identified action. Helps to secure funding of the actions.
Donor agency Promotes development cooperation. Finances/overseas implementation of action plans
3.4.4 Ensuring incorporation of concerns of stakeholders in ESMP
The concern of stakeholders are incorporated in ESMP, it is proposed that the following measures be taken after finalization/submission of the ESMP:
Seeking government approval of ESMP This government approval of ESMP is imperative because the councils are not allowed to implement a plan unknown to the government. Under these circumstances the ESMP has to be approved firstly by MAFS, NEMC and then by PO-RALG.
Dissemination of the ESMP to relevant district After government approval, then the ESMP should be disseminated to relevant districts for implementation. This should be followed by a series of workshops, seminar, etc. to enable public discussion on the ESMP. The discussion should start at district level then percolate to lower and lower levels as indicated above.
21 4. COMPLIANCE WITH TANZANIA'S POLICIES, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WITH WORLD BANK'S SAFE GUARD POLICIES
4.1 NATIONAL POLICIES
Relevant policies with a bearing on agricultural and rural development in general, and irrigation in particular, and therefore Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme, have been examined. These include the National Environment policy, the Land policy, the National Water policy, the Energy policy, the National Agriculture policy, Draft Rural Development Policy, Poverty Reduction Strategy, Draft Rural Development Strategy, Agriculture Sector Development Strategy, the Forest policy and the Wildlife policy. These policies affect direct key sectoral activities and they were examined because they automatically affect important land uses in the area vis-a-vis: agriculture, water, livestock, energy, forest and wildlife.
4.1.1 National Environment Policy of 1997
Implementation of the river basin management and smallholder irrigation project and particularly the irrigation schemes under operation is consistent with the overall objectives of the National Environment Policy. The policy provides a framework for multi-sectoral participation and cooperation to achieve sustainable development; and seeks to ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources for meeting the basic needs of present and future generations, without degrading the environmental resource base or risking health and safety. The policy emphasize the need to prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air which constitutes our life support systems. This is so as to conserve and enhance our natural and man made heritage; including biological diversity; to improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas including rural and urban settlements; to raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development and promote individual and community participation in environmental action, among others.
Furthermore the policy calls for improved agricultural practices, and better utilization of the scarce water for irrigation, ensure efficiency, minimize looses and avoid salinisation as well as proper use of agrochemicals to minimize reduce/pollution of water sources.
The design, re-construction and operation of the schemes have taken into account the above considerations. Additionally, planned training of farmers in effective and efficient management of water resources intends to contribute to achievement of the objectives of the environment policy.
4.1.2 Agriculture Policy 1997
The implementation of the RBM-SIIP based on farmer groups and rural commnunity participation is consistent with the Agricultural and Livestock Policy (ALP) of 1997, which provides policy guidance on the development of the agricultural sector. The policy seeks to ensure that the direction and pattem of development in the sector meets economic, social and environmental objectives. The policy aims at accelerated growth of production and exports through among others, assuring national food security, developing and introducing new teclnologies, which will increase productivity of labour and land; promote integrated and sustainable use and management of natural resources and providing agricultural support services.
The smallholder irrigation projects aims at providing agricultural support services; improve income of the rural poor, promote rational use of water resources and introduce appropriate technologies among others.
4.1.3 Land Policy of 1995
The National Land Policy of 1995 provides incentives for efficient use of land and its resources. It seeks to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system, encourage optimal use of land resources and facilitate broad-based social and economic development without up setting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment. Farmer groups and communities participating in the project
22 have acquired customary rights of occupancy from their respective villages and some villages are processing granted rights. Both granted and customary rights of occupancy secure land ownership add incentives for farmers to maintain and develop their farms accordingly, reduce land use conflicts and increase the value of land.
4.1.4 Water Policy of 2002
The National Water Policy (2002) provides a comprehensive framework for promoting optimal, sustainable and equitable development and use of w ater resources for sustainable development. The policy seeks to ensure supply of good quality of water to meet domestic, environmental and other priority development purpose. Emphasis is placed on the need to ensure more efficient utilization of existing water resources through institutional improvements, proper soil management to prevent soil erosion and flooding and improved monitoring to control water quality and contamination from industrial sewerage and excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. These objectives requite on integrated a nd holistic p lanning a nd management i n a reas, water use a nd d isposal o f e ffluents. T he planned project objectives are supportive of the objectives of the water policy through education, awareness and training on better agricultural practices, effective and efficient utilization of water, water conservation, and application of agrochemicals to minimize pollution of water sources to mention a few.
4.1.5 Forest Policy of 1998
The main objective of the National Forestry Policy is to enhance contribution of the forestry sector in sustainable socio-economic development of the country, as well as conservation and management of the natural resource-base for the benefit of both the represent and future generations. In view of the general objective, the policy focuses its intervention in the following four area (i) forestland management
Conservation of the forestry resources in the upper catchment is crucial for ensuring sustainable flows of water for irrigation purposes and other uses. The establishment of the scheme is thus an extra incentive for undertaking conservation measures in the catchment area of Mt. Meru.
4.1.6 Wildlife Policy of 1998
The main Wildlife Policy is to seek involvement of a broader section of the society in wildlife conservation, and in particular the rural local communities, as well as the private sector with only a role of stimulating and duly guiding both the rural local communities and the private sector by administering, r egulating a nd p romoting management o f wildlife r esources. I n view o f t his general objective, the policy facilities it interventions in the following area: (i) wildlife protection (i.e. incorporating management and development of protected areas) (ii) wildlife utilization (i.e. incorporating promotion of establishment of Wildlife Management Areas conservation as well as management measures and (iii) intemational corporation and coordination. Within the scheme, there are no wildlife management areas. The developments have also concentrated on the already existing scheme, with therefore little likelihood of encroaching into wildlife areas.
4.1.7 Energy Policy of 2002 (Draft)
Sufficient and efficient supply of energy is crucial for national development. The objective of the energy policy is therefore to contribute to the national socio-economic development process by providing an efficient energy production, procurement, transportation, distribution and end-use system in an environmentally sound manner and with due regard to gender issues.
Provision of energy for scheme farmers in a convenient manner will allow more time for women farmers to participate in farm activities. It is against this background that communities are being encouraged to use fuel-efficient charcoal and wood stoves.
23 4.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The smallholder irrigation project will be implemented in the overall context legal framework that govemns agricultural and rural development. Some of the few legal frameworks that are supportive of the project include but not limited to:-
4.2.1 Environment Legislation
Currently Tanzania lacks a single comprehensive environmental legal framework or environmental law. Efforts are underway to prepare such a framework. To-date, the management of environment and natural resources is governed by fragmented sectoral pieces of legislation that are yet to be fully harmonized.
There are some guidelines on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Govemunent is working on an act to make ElAs mandatory for all development projects. In this regard, an enviromnuental legislation aimed at "promoting and managing environmental conservation in the country" is in the making
The term "environmental" legislation incorporates nearly one hundred acts and ordinances and several additional subsidiary legislation from all sectors of the economy, which affect the environment. However, given the broad policy goal of achieving sustainable development and the specific policy objectives, issues of unsustainable utilization of resources, deforestation, desertification, salinization, land degradation, pollution of water resources, and impacts on rural land use have been emphasized.
The design and operational strategy of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme have taken these legal considerations into account.
4.2.2 NEMC Act no.19 of 1983
This act establishes the National Environment Management Council as a statutory body responsible for advising and coordinating environmental management issues. Among the many functions of the Council, the act seeks to provide a framework for evaluation of existing and proposed development policies, programmes, plans and activities of both public and private that are likely to affect the environment and recommend measures to ensure adequate account of environrnental effects. Furthermore, the act provides for the specification of environmental standards, norms, criteria, and guidelines for the protection and maintenance of the quality of the environment, cooperation between government, local authorities and bodies engaged in environmental programmes and stimulate public and private participation in environmental and natural resource management.
Relevant legislation pertaining to agricultural development in general, and irrigation in paiticular and how it relates to the proposed projects, including Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme was examined and the following are the sectoral environment legislations.
4.2.3 Land Act no. 4 and Village Land Act no. 5 of 1999
Both laws became operational in May 2001, following the approval of their regulations. The acts seek control land use and clarify controversial issues pertaining to ownership of land and land-based resources, transactions on land and land administration. The new land act identifies thu-ee categories of land i.e. village (customary land); public/gazetted land (i.e. national parks, forest reserves) and general land that does not fall in any of the above two categories for private investment.
Implementation of the project is consistent with both legislations. For purposes of controlling land in the village and protecting it from alienation to foreign investors, village governments would be given documents indicating their boundaries. However, in order to give value to land there is a need for completion of the process of land survey and demarcation, which amounts to land, titling and allocation to different land use categories to speed up investment in agriculture.
Land allocation at the Kambi ya Tanga scheme was guided by existing land tenure aiTangements that are in line with these legal provisions. Both men and women have received irrigation plots.
24 4.2.4 Wildlife Act 1974 (with amendments of 1978)
Wildlife act provides for protection, conservation, development, regulations and control in both acquisition and utilization of products of both fauna and flora. To this end, therefore the Act stipulates "modus operandi", i.e. required restrictions in the following areas (i) in protected areas: namely game reserves, game controlled areas, partial game reserves, national parks, etc. (ii) proper procedures in hunting, capturing and photographing of wildlife and (iii) proper handling of trophies. Furthermore, in the wake of the Wildlife policy, which stipulates for villagers' involvement in Wildlife Management Areas (WMA), the Act also provides modalities and procedures for designation, operation and involvement of local communities in the management of the WMAs. Within the scheme, there are no wildlife management areas.
4.2.5 Water Acts of 1974
As mentioned before the Water Acts principally seek to ensure that water is utilized without sectoral conflicts, and without causing pollution. This is the spirit of both Act no. 42 of 1974 and Act no. 10 of 1981. They were enacted to control and protect water resources. The legislation defines "water" as all water flowing over the surface of the ground or contained or flowing in or from a spring or stream or natural lake, swamp or beneath a watercourse. The Act places a regime of water rights to govem access to water use. Pollution control nomis and standards are embodied in the water rights.
Apart from incorporating pollution control and having prevention conditionality in the water rights, the Act goes a step further by putting in place a regime in consent with discharge of effluent. Under Section 15 A (1) of the Act, no person may discharge of effluent from any commercial, industrial or other trade waste systems into receiving waters without a consent duly granted by a Water Officer. The Act also contains two schedules, which set standards for receiving waters and effluent. The Kambi ya Tanga irrigation has a water right in which the rights and obligations of scheme operators, the farmers, are stipulated.
4.2.6 Forest Act 1974
The Forest Act deals with the protection of forests and forest products in forest reserves, restrictions, and prohibitions in forest reserves. The forest management plans are administered under the Forest Ordinance (1957). Any contravention of the restrictions and prohibition is considered an offence under this ordinance and subject to enforcement. However, the law is being revised to meet new requirements under a new Forest Policy. There is no forestland within the scheme area.
4.2.7 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956
The Town and Country Planning Ordinance Cap 378, Part IV provides for control of urban development while implementing a scheme of land development. Important aspects include the designation and allocation of adequate land for solid waste disposal in any urban scheme. The law further stipulates the design of a good sewerage system to manage liquid waste from various major water consumers. The law empowers local authorities to enforce such schemes and punishments as stipulated in the Act. The law further empowers neighbours and any individual to take to court anyone who injuriously affects others due to his/her unhygienic activities. The Water Users' Association at the scheme may p ass b y-laws t o this e ffect. H owever, they would need support from I ocal authorities, particularly with regard to enforcement.
4.2.8 Local Government Act (District and Urban Authorities) Acts of 1982
This Act provides detailed responsibility for urban and district councils in the administration of their day-to-day activities. Waste management is pointed out as one of the activities to be managed by urban authorities. This Act is the backbone of the Village Government's operation, powers, responsibilities of various local authorities and structure. The law requires that the Village Assemblies act as the apex authorities in decision-making processes at the village level. However, such meetings rarely take place in most villages, leaving decisions to be made by few leaders without having consulted with the village public. This being the case, many Village Governments fail to bring about development for their villagers.
25 4.2.9 Land Use Planning Commission Act of 1984
The National Land Use Conmmission (NLUC) was established under this Act as the principal advisory organ of the Government on all matters related to land use. Among other things, it recommends measures to ensure that the Government policies, including those for development and conservation of land are in harmony. It also takes adequate account of their effects on land use and seeks for the advancement of scientific knowledge of changes in land use; it encourages the development of technology to prevent, or minimi-ize adverse effects that endanger man's health and his/her welfare; it also specifies standards, norms and criteria for the protection of beneficial uses and the maintenance of the quality of the land.
In accordance with the functions mentioned above, the Commission can indirectly help to prevent or minimize pollution by restricting location of potential and actual pollutioni sources. The major issue is the sectoralisation of the Govermnent's operations while neglecting holistic view of each activity on land and their impacts on others. There is a tendency of each sector making decisions without consulting t he o thers. F or e xample, W ildlife D ivision c an d esignate an a rea for g ame conservation without consulting the Agriculture and Food Security Divisions to avoid grabbing land for agriculture activities.
The Kambi ya Tanga scheme is included in the National Irrigation Development Plan, which has been officially adopted by the Government.
4.2.10 The Land Acquisitions Act of 1967
The L and A cquisition A ct g ives p owers t o t he P resident t o t ake " land" from p rivate o ccupants f or public purposes when the public's interests to do so. The new Land laws declare all land in Tanzania as "Public Land" and vested to the President as trustee of all citizens. However, the Land Acquisition law has been watered down by the New Land Laws, which restrict the President's powers not to acquire land without negotiation with the owners. Again, the new laws stipulate detailed compensations to be paid on any acquired land that amounts to deterring the President to do so without careful considerations.
4.2.11 By-Laws
All villages in Tanzania are allowed to form by-laws. This has been done in Kambi ya Tanga village whose by-laws address proper use of land and water to ensure public health.
4.3 NATIONAL STRATEGIES
In order to guide national development more effectively and systematically, Tanzania has prepared a number of strategies aiming at operationalizing the various policies in key sectors. Some of the strategies that have a bearing on irrigation development and discussed below include the Government Vision 2025, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Rural Sector Development Strategy and the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy.
4.3.1 Government Development Vision 2025
The Government Development Policy 2025 is guiding framework for national development to the year 2025. It aims at achieving a high quality livelihood for the people, characterized by sustainable and equitable growth. It also aims at attaining good governance through the nile of law and at developing a strong and competitive economy by moving from a less developed country (LDC) to a middle-income country by 2025.
Scheme irrigation committees and water users' associations are potential nuclei for promoting good governance and democratic practices in rural villages. By adhering to common practices and cropping pattems, farmers will realize higher incomes.
26 4.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 2000
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) concentrates on efforts aimed reducing income poverty; improving human capabilities, survival and social well-being. The PRSP has set medium term goals to be achieved by the year 2010 through sustaining macroeconomic stability, rural s ector developmnent and export, and private sector development.
Improvement of food supply and security is key to infant and matemnity health as well as to income generation. A number of activities, including construction and consultancy services have been performed by the private sector. This has contributed to local capacity building.
4.3.3 Rural Sector Development Strategy (RDS) of 2000
The Strategy aims at reducing rural poverty as means of managing resources sustainably, since widespread poverty in rural areas compels people, in search for survival, to over-exploit the natural resources. The RDS envisages the following:
* Revising legislation and regulations with a view to enhancing community participation in management and utilization of natural resources. * Revising the licensing procedures related to utilization of natural resources. * Introducing procedures for cost and benefit sharing of natural resources. * Introducing EIA as a pre-requisite for all development projects. * Developing procedures for natural resources with regard to entitlement of the state, communities and individuals. * Developing procedures for conflict resolution in matters of natural resources utilization.
The Kambi ya Tanga scheme will contribute to the principle objective of the RDS of poverty reduction thuough raising incomes and better resource utilization. The work of the water users' association involves a number of elements targeted by the Strategy.
4.3.4 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001
The ASDS, which was formulated through a broad based consultative process, aims at transforming the agricultural sector into a m odemized, commercial, highly productive and profitable sector that shall utilize natural r esources i n a sustainable manner a nd sh all a ct a s a n e ffective b asis f or i ntersectoral linkages.
The ASDS will address the key weaknesses facing the agricultural sector, which include low productivity, poor coordination and limited capacity, underdeveloped supporting facilities, erosion of the natural resource base, inappropriate technology, dependency on rain fed agriculture, impediments to food market access as well as low public and private expenditure levels.
The investments and other interventions made in improving the irrigation system at Kambi ya Tanga are highly relevant and well in line with the targets of the ASDS. These improvements will contribute to higher productivity, income generation, better water and land utilization, all of which are targets of the Strategy.
4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
A list of World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies is listed in Appendix 2. This part of the report contains an analysis of the compliance of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme with the Bank Safeguard policies. It is based on intensive field observation by the study team, during which discussions were held with the farmers and other local people, Village and District officials and project staff. The report is also based on the review of various existing documents.
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) In order to ascertain that project proposals submitted for funding are environmentally sound and sustainable, the Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of the proposals. An Environmental Assessment (EA) of Kambi ya Tanga Scheme was carried out as part of the overall base line study of
27 the scheme. The assessment also built on the work done earlier by the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.
The findings of the study were discussed with farmers and their leaders at meetings held at the scheme and with District officials. Their opinions and ideas were taken into account in finalizing the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan.
The farmers, through their cooperative society and with support from extension staff are responsible for implementation of the recommended mitigation measures in accordance with the Environmental and Social Management Plan.
The rehabilitation will improve the iiTigation efficiency from the earlier estimated rate of between 10 and 20% to 30%. The improved system, together with fuirther farmers' training in water management and scheme maintenance, plus the effectiveness of the Water Users' Association will result in use of less irrigation water.
From the above-mentioned observation the Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme is considered to be in compliance with the Bank Environmental Assessment.
Natural Habitat (OP/BP 4.04) Kambi ya T anga irrigation sc heme i s a relatively o ld e stablished s cheme. I t has o nly recently b een rehabilitated and improved. It expansion is restricted on all four sides in an extensively cultivated areas. There are therefore no neighbouring natural habitats that require protection and conservation. The scheme does not therefore trigger this safeguard policy of the Bank.
Pest Management (OP 4.09) Use of pesticides at the Kambi ya Tanga scheme is currently at low level. The farmers, thu-ough the extension service, are encouraged to apply IPM approaches. Farmers are also trained on the safe use, storage and disposal of chemicals. These efforts will lead to greater compliance with the Integrated Pest Management policy of the Bank.
Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) Kambi ya Tanga is an old scheme which been rehabilitated. The scheme farmers have been living in the area since the end of the World War II, when they migrated to the area, the place was only bushland. There was therefore no resettlement undertaken. The scheme does not trigger the Involuntary Resettlement safeguard policy.
Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) The farmers of Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation Scheme belong to different ethnic groups, where mainly are Waarusha, Wachagga, Wapare, Wanyiramba and Wanyaturu. They are permanently settled in the area. These are not considered as indigenous people in the sense of this safeguard policy. There is full compliance with this policy.
Forests (OP/BP 4.36) The ilTigation scheme has no potential impacts on forested areas. The scheme may not trigger by this Safeguard policy.
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) There are no large dams upstream of Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme. The scheme does not trigger this policy.
Cultural Property (OPN 11.03 - draft OP 4.11) The scheme does not have movable or immovable objects, sites, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, palaentological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or cultural significance. Therefore, the scheme is not triggered by this safeguard policy.
Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) The scheme is using Kikuletwa River which does not flow to other states. It is not therefore triggered by this safeguard policy.
28 Project in Disputed Areas (OP[BP 7.60) The scheme is not in disputed areas and it does not therefore trigger this safeguard policy.
Consultation and Disclosure Requirements (BP 17.50)
The baseline study findings and recommendations have been discussed with farmers' representatives at the scheme. They endorsed these findings and recommendations. The revised Environmental Audit report will be submitted to the relevant government authorities for review and approval prior to the disclosure through newspapers, district offices, Kilimo and government websites.
29 5.0 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING AND ANALYZING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION There are several tools and techniques recommended for prediction of environmental and social impacts: * Checklists * Interaction matrixes * Networks * Geographical Information Systems * Mathematical modelling
Checklists The environmental checklist is used for physical observations in the assessment of the irrigation scheme. In undertaking the assignment, the following tools and techniques were applied for assessing and analyzing of environmental and social impacts of the irrigation scheme in the process of the EA study:
Geographic Information system (GIS) GIS has been used in analysing hydrological changes and trends in water quality and soil study of the ilTigation scheme.
5.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT Impact assessment is a complex activity and mainly utilizes a wide range of baseline data. Depending on available baseline data, many techniques can be applied to the study: * Mathematical models (such as groundwater and river models, noise propagation models, air and water dispersion models, income multipliers) * Physical models (such as hydrological models for trend analysis, wind tunnels and hydraulic models for estuaries) * Scientific experience, judgment and observations * Structured/semi-structured approaches (e.g. changes in landscape and social impacts) Impacts analysis and assessment must also provide information on the following aspects: * Duration (time period over which they will occur) * Likelihood or probability of occurrence (very likely or unlikely, etc.) * Reversibility (natural recovery or aided by human intervention) * Area affected (size and whether near or far from the project) * Number (and characteristics) of people likely to be affected and their locations * Trans-boundary aspects (whether impacts cross-national borders) Due to a lack of baseline data and time constraints, the consultant was not able to conduct an impact assessment utilizing mathematical and physical models. For environmental and social impacts, structured/semi-structured approaches, focused group discussions, scientific experience, observations, judgment, and GIS were used to quantify and evaluate impacts.
30 6.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND FARMERS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Meeting At the village During the environmental auditing meetings held at district, village and scheme levels. meetings. The level the govermment leaders and the irrigators' association leaders participated in the to major aim of this meetings include the brief purpose of the environmental auditing, but also issue in the understand the District Development Plan how it has tackled environmental at social purpose of the iirigation scheme, while at the village level the major aim was not only to brief on the and how to environmental audit but to understand the major environmental and social problems mitigate them. was met by the team prior On the th August 2003 the acting District Executive Director of Arumeru 28 the Arutsha to field visit to the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme. The team has also held meeting with ya Tanga water office for the Pangani river data. At the same day we held a meeting with the Kambi including the government leaders and farmers at the scheme office. There were about four members village chairperson, secretary of the scheme, one farmer and extension officer.
Focused Group discussion of men, The Kambi ya Tanga irrigation focus group discussions was conducted separately for groups their women, and the youth. In doing so it was noted that each group uniquely presented and prioritized major problems.
Participants (23) The Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme participants comprised of eleven (11) women, twenty-three men, and thirty-four (34) youths, thus totaling sixty-eight (68).
6.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS: MEN DISCUSSION
Water related diseases because there The scheme has got chronic water diseases such as amoeba, typhoid and malaria. This is and they use is no any safe and clean water for domestic use, but also people lack health education therefore low unclean water. This has increased water related diseases and farmers become weak and production.
Dust This Most of the scheme roads generate dust especially when animals and vehicles pass through. for example creates a lot of dust in the environment, which has increased respiratory infection diseases, tuberculosis and coughing symptoms.
Soil erosion h as The farmers explained the absence of proper bridge and crossing f or both human and I ivestock increase the rate of soil erosion but also the problem of unlined canals and floods during rain season has influence soil erosion too. The effects include destruction of infrastructures.
Lack of agricultural inputs this In this scheme inputs are very expensive and sometimes are not available at the scheme area, hence has created increase in low production and income.
Deforestation In the scheme there are no alternative sources of energy, but also no environmental conservation erosion has training/education. The effects are little amount of water is available for ilrigation; increased due to the destruction of the river and canal banks.
31 Canals destruction Canal destruction occurs due to number of livestock, type of the soil but also other farmers cultivate up-to canal banks. Poor cleaning of the canals has also reduce water availability in the field and cause water related diseases due to stagnant water example; malaria.
Lack of knowledge In the scheme there is inadequate ilTigation extension services, but also poor farmer participation in the meeting. This has major effect on the income and production in general.
Lack of market There is a weak farmers organisation and hence the major effect include low prices and farmers are discouraged to produce more.
Youth discussion Soil erosion of canal banks There i s I ivestock i ntrusion t o i rrigation c anals s earching for water, t his has c reate a ccumulation o f sands in canals (siltation)
Water shortage In this scheme there is shortage of water during the dry season while wastage of water during the rain season.
Scarcity of lands The population of the scheme is increasing and the effects are high number of youth unemployed have been observed, thus the villager government is responsible to allocate land any time when it will be available.
Lack of safe water The water system is no longer functioning and also there is inadequate water and sanitation education to most farmers, The effects include increase incidence of water related disease example; typhoid, schistomiasis, cholera and amoeba.
Deforestation This has major source of environmental degradation, therefore tree planting and environmental education is need to control moreover there is a need to introduce other energy alternative sources.(where ? how much?)
Lack of Market There is umueliable market due to bad roads condition; hence farmers get loss especially with vegetables crops goods.
Lack of capital In the scheme there is no any credit facilities or institutions, therefore they lack of ability to purchase inputs and hence low production, therefore they decide to establish SACCOs done by farmers themselves immediately.
Increase of Human diseases There are common disease such as typhoid, schstomiasis, cholera and malaria. This is because there is lack of clean and safe water; lack of sanitation and health education. Hence there is increase of death rate and loss of labour.
Environmental degradation This is caused by excessive and incorrect use of agrochemicals within the scheme and upstream, but also floods during the rain season favour the condition. The impacts include waterborne disease.
Inadequate extension services The scheme has poor extension services, which cause low production.
32 Siltation in canals This problem has been caused by livestock drinking in the canals but also degradation in the upland has lead to soil erosion with sediments loads entering the canals.
Water conflict. This is caused by scarcity of water during the dry season and hence low production therefore they suggest to reduce area of production and abstract water according to water right, which will be supervised by MBUKITA.
Plant pest and disease The farmers do lack knowledge of capital and it's source, hence they face low production the meeting planned to find the capital sources and will be done by MBUKITA and District council in collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.
Thefts of agricultural products and livestock The problem has raised due to the high unemployment of young age group, many of which were previously where employed at Mbuguni Mining hence this has created poverty among the majority of youth and theft is their immediate solution, therefore there is a need to enforce by-laws to take care of the problem which will be done by the village government and MBUKITA.
Government leaders' discussion In general this scheme does have a total of 600 hacters and a total number of 600 farmers whereby 165 farmers are from Msitu wa Mbogo, 450 Kambi ya Tanga while Kikuletwa do have 68 farmers.
The upstream of this scheme do comprise of the following users Kamo mama, Arku, Kwaugoro, Kipilipili Duhuli Estate and Usa while at the downstream has Patanumbe, Shamuma (mbuguni shango), Makiba, Naisinye (mererani)
The Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme formally had problems with siltation but after the rehabilitation and with the presence of the furrows, the drainage has reduced the siltation up to 90%.
Moreover, after the rehabilitation the amount of water has increased and allows most fields to be irrigated easily together with the help of the gate control. Therefore, because of the availability of water the production per acre has also increased from 7-10 bags of maize per acre to 15-20 bags per acre, the water is not the only factor but also farmers training, extension services, improved plant spacing and water management. The scheme has been having services from the world vision concerning the use of Mijingu phosphate, planting techniques for their crops and the harvesting technique. However there are some problems associated with the scheme improvement.
Lack of inputs In this scheme they are facing problem of high prices of inputs, it is approximate to have up to 16,000/= per bag, and most farmers can only afford to buy only 10 kilos which do not fulfil the requirement per production area.
Pollution The upstream users have been draining the excess water, which is contaminated with chemicals, to the river which c reates water p ollution, t his i s d one mostly b y t he b ig e state a nd n ot t he sm all f armers because their excess water does not poured back to the river.
Water shortage The upstream users take high amount of water, and at the same time there are illegal water users who take the water during the night and create water shortage to downstream users especially at the scheme level.
Water borne disease The scheme do not have any source for the domestic water, hence the rely on the water from the river, but also the water table for this scheme is to high and the water found is easily contaminated, because of the coffee growers who usually spray chemicals which are easily washed and enter to the near by water and the river in general.
33 group discussions is Participatory environmental action plan developed by farmers during focus presented in Appendix 3.
34 7.0 IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 7.1 INTRODUCTION
Key environmental and social issues/impacts identified for the Kambi ya Tanga scheme were based on the following sources: field observations, IEE reports of 1998, and focus group discussions. Table 7.1 presents a summary of the issues that are considered pertinent and significant now and in the future.
Table 7.1: Summary of key environmental and social/impacts
IDENTIFIED ISSUES BASED ON FIELD IDENTIFIED IDENTIFIED ISSU'ES IDENTIFIED OBSERVATIONS PROBLEMS BASED ON FOCUS QUANTIFIABLE/ Upstream Irrigation Down BASED ON GROUP NON- UpstreamvIrr n stream IEE REPORTS DISCUSSIONS QUANTIFIABLE OF 1998 IMPACTS IN ESMP Misuse of e Water use * Lack of * Waterborne * Environment of river Upstream agro- conflicts inputs diseases (e.g. banks trend clhemicals l Waterbome * Lack of bilharzias) * Water shortage - Demograpihic diseases credit *Water pollUtion * Inadequate lanid (population changes services coupled witls resources - Hydrological chaniges Water use destruction of - Conflicts over resource - Catchment coonflicts irrigation use between livestock degradatioon structures by keepers and farmers - Increased level of livestock * Poor access to water pollution right markets/transportation at intake of scheme
Irrieation level - Hydrological changes - Poor water quality - Increased iscidenices of waterbome diseases.
Downstream
- Poor soil quality - Poor water quality - Increased fertilizer and pesticides use - Iicreased incidences of water-bom-ne diseases.
This chapter presents a brief description of identified enviromnental and social impacts of the irrigation scheme. The impacts are based on changes, which have or are expected to occur, prior or post improvement of the scheme. Attempts have been made to indicate both positive as well as negative impacts, but for the sake of preparing an effective Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), negative impacts have featured more than positive impacts. The impacts may also be categorized (based on localities) as follows
* Upstream and downstream impacts * Scheme level impacts
7.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS
7.2.1 Demographic trend (population changes)
As mentioned earlier, farmers in Kambi ya Tanga reside within the farms; this, therefore, creates serious land use competition for agriculture (both rain-fed and irrigated), human settlements, and
35 social/economic infrastructure d evelopment. As t he p opulation i ncreases d ue t o n atural r egeneration and inumigration, a severe land scarcity is likely to emerge. This calls for better land and water management and sound participatory land use planning in order to optimise the use and productivity of the existing land.
* The scheme draws beneficiaries from Msitu wa Mbogo, Mbuguni and Kikuletwa villages. According to results of the population census of 2002, the population of Mbuguni ward was 14,880 (7853 nmale and 7027 female). However, according to an assessing improvement report of 1998, the population of the villages around the scheme was 6276. The breakdown is: * Kambi ya Tanga: 2812 * Kikuletwa: 1917 * Msitu wa Mbogo: 1547
Population figures of other villages of Mbuguni ward could not be obtained. In any case, it is evident that there is rapid population growth in the area. The growth is believed to be due to improved agriculture and the presence of Tanzanite mining at Mererani.
Upstream of this scheme, there are big coffee and flower estates (Kamo Mama, Arku, Kwaugoro, Kipilipili, Duhuli, and Usa). Downstream, the estates of P atanumbe, Shamuma (Mbuguni Shango), Makiba, Naisinye (Mererani) are found. The upstream estates are causing various problems: * High levels of water pollution are created because of the large amounts of agrochemicals and fertilizers used in the coffee and flower farms. * Water shortages are created downstream due to the high amounts of water off-take. The upstream farmers illegally off-take water at night.
7.2.2 Hydrological changes
As shown in the variability analysis table for the major tributaries of Kikuletwa, it appears there is a hydrological regime change in some of the tributaries. The Tengeru flow has decreased over time from 3 a mean of 1.7 m3/s (1978-1979) to I m3/s (1980-1989) to 0.67 m /s (1990s). The same change was experienced with Maji ya chai. Other tributaries have either few records or showed a tendency of increased flow as is the case for the Usa River. Further analysis of Tengeru River shows that the annual flow reductions was most visible in the months of May, June and October (Figure 7.1).
Table 7.2: Variability analysis test results for river flow stations in rivers upstream of Kambi ya Tanga scheme
Annual Autocorrelation a sg) Rank Jump Segementation Period Maf 3 Flows 1 2 3 4 (Break) (no. of (m /s) l______I .____segments) Tengeru -0.07 0.03 0.29 No No 3 1978-1979 1.70 (ldd24) trend break 1980-1989 1.00 1994-1995 0.67 Maji ya 0.40 0.23 0.12 -0.24 No No 2 1980-91 0.33 Chai _ trend jump 1992- 1999 0.05 Usa River 0.64 0.48 0.67 -0.04 Slight No 2 1981-1991 1.46 (ldd35A) trend jump 1992-1999 2.15 Malala 1994-1996 0.47 Ngaresero 0.66 0.20 -0.08 -0.16 No No 1 1962-1995 0.52 (I dd47A) trend jump l Kikuletwa . .
36 Figurc 7. 1: Plots show-ing evolving trends for tlhree months of Tengeru flox
| - G.000 -T ------.. | .000 Tengeru j DMay 5.000 i June L o~~~~~~~~Oct 4.000 -
3.000 -
o 2.000
1.000 -i
years
Rainfall variability analysis wNas also conducted to investigate thec cause of the flow. regimne chiange. As showni in Table 7.3 and Figuire 7.2- there is nio indlication of non-randomn-uess in the tiine series. This coiifirmls the main cause of the regiiie change as increased anithropogenic effect in the formu of irrigation extractioni.
Table 7.3: Variabihit Analvsis of Kikuletwa Catclimnent hydrological variables
Aiintal Autocorrelation (lag) Ranik Break Segmientation Period Mean (JUMP) (ino. of ______~~~~segments) ______Rainfall -0.13 -0.03 0.12 -0.15 0.93 No 1 1947-1999 1052 (mm) . t~~~~~~~~~Randoii)break Rainfall -0. 13 -0.01 0)34 -t).15 0.30 No 1 1975-1999 1057 (mm11) I ______(Random) breakI FloW 0.27 0.20t - - Not No 1 1977-1999 31.11 (m7s) ~~~~~~~~~Randoniatbreak ______~~ ~~~~99 %/
3 7 Figure 72: Annual rainfall series at Tengeirn (1947 - 1998)
2500 - -- _| _Annual -MAR E 2000 l
1500 1000Allllll l sl I sahII,|I.I ~~~~~i i. . . Cs Io co cs GD O t N CD O eF CO i I w- lo u X 1D t c WLco 0I a a) a) a) o) c) 0) aa e a) CD Cb a) a Year 0a iliiLitY Majior uipstreami clhauiges. -lhichl may influence ensvironmental impacts of K At least three schiemes are located dowrnstreaml of Kaimbi yva Tanga that dra-w water: from the Kiik-uletIN-a River: Pata Nuimbe. Shami (Bugunii Shango) and Makiba sclieiiies. During the drv seasoni these schemes as trell as Kawibi T mainuga face shortages ofneatcra Representatives froa the village of Mikwgsani ar-hic is locatrd close to the Mererati i settic cnts claita that she mikuletsva Rieer usualdn dtres p during theTaonthas froam Ategust to Marcthi The v illagers, as a result. face serious shortages of domestic water dtring this period. 7.2.3 Catchment degradation Although it wvas not possible to quantitatively establish the rate at which1 deforestation is takinig place upstream. it is clearly evident that the natural forests are disappearing very fast. The catchment of the Kambi va Tanga scheme incorporates upstreami areas as far away as the Mt. Meru upland areas that lie about 50 kin northwest of the scheme. Catchinent degradation of the sclheme, therefore. encomipasses suchI places as Mt. Meru and all schemes that lie on the wAay before the Kikulet-wa River reaches the Kambi ya Tanga scheme for a distance of about 50 km. In v-ie of the extensive social-economic activities along the pathl catcluhient degradation in the area is quite likely to continue: but at the same time. since this is also the area in wlhich activities of other controlling authorities focus their wvork (e.g Pangani River BasiwL Tanizania National Parks. etc) solutions to amn arising problems can easily be found. 38 Map 7. 1: Kambi va Tanga catcheacets area land use/vegetation maps ')d t' L,g, EJ T,-4N!:tre~~~~~~~~~~~ouvI,rLetr A topograpliical muap of 1982 indicates tIat, as of 1982 bath upstream/downstream areas of the present day Kaiibi v-a Tanga schiem-e -were characterized by scruiblands anid scattered cultivation. This included also the areas within thec schieme. Ecologically. this indicates that the area has poor soil fertility. Satellite imagery of 1998 indicates that the land use/vegetation cover of d.e upstream area of the presenit day Kambi va Tanga schemie are niuchi divsersified: * Mediumi sized herbaceous crops. Tree crops,_ closed anrd hrerbaceou s. * Tree crops. opein and deciduouis. * Urban areas Withiin schiemie areas- large-scale hierbaceous crops chiaracterize land use/vegetation cover. In the dowinstreamn areas. smiall-scale herbaceous crops domiinate. 7.2.4 Impact of 198aterqualitv on downstream users The salinity is 0.2 % thiroughout the entire schemie. TDS ranges betwveen 164.1 mig/i to 165,1 mng/I. This is fresi water that has started to show sigas of degradation. This fact is fnrther supported by low values of total ihardness (32-68 mg/e as CaCOl). The turbidite ranges from 19 NTU to 32 NTU. The colour of the water is appreciably elevated (83-132 Haze/s). The water is also relatively organicallf polluted wiith chiemiical oxygen demanid (COD) shiowinig elevated lev-els (140-372 mng/I). though thecse are generally considered to be normal values for irrigatiol schemes. Faecal conitamiation level ranges from 119 to 408 FC/100ounean/animal mn.*these values indicate possible increased waste pollution. Coisultations/discussions wtl i farers indicated thoat cases of waterborne diseases have increased about 25%. 39 7.2.5 Socio-economic impacts on downstream users Activities including washing, cultivation along the river, and livestock rearing are contributing to water pollution for downstream users who depend on the river for domestic and other purposes. The top ten diseases upstream/downstream for above and below 5 years of age are depicted in the following tables: Table 7.4: Top ten diseases in upstream of Kambi ya Tanga Diagnosis Number of patients > 5 Number of patients < 5 Malaria 2221 958 ARI 787 446 Oral care 378 269 UTI 306 106 Minor Surgical 279 71 Diarrhoea 272 56 Pneumonia 203 34 Skin infection 193 34 Other Diagnosis 113 20 CVS Diseases 95 20 Source: USA seminary hospital. 2003 Table 7.5: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2000 Diagnosis Number of patients < 5 Number of patients > 5 Malaria 2120 4671 Pneumonia 867 629 ARI 717 610 Diarrhoea 432 543 Ill define 288 342 Minor surgery 285 325 Skin infection 269 304 Other Diagnosis 260 133 Worm infection 155 51 Eye infection 153 33 Source: Mbuguni Health Centre 2003 Table 7.6: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2001 Diagnosis Number of patients < 5 Number of patients > 5 Malaria 3079 5764 ARI 527 436 Pneumonia 480 399 III Define 281 85 Minor Surgery 276 271 Skin Infection 257 124 Other Diagnosis 255 107 Diarrhoea 184 85 Worms Infection 89 66 Eye infection 72 59 Source: Mbuguni Health Centre 2003 Table 7.7: Diseases downstream of Kambi ya Tanga 2002 Diagnosis Number of patients < 5 Number of patients > 5 Malaria 5764 5073 Pneumonia 436 354 ARI 399 323 Minor Surgery 85 307 Skin infection 271 253 40 Other Diagnosis 124 244 DialThoea 107 239 Worm Infection 85 226 III Define 66 173 Non-Inf-Git 59 154 Source: Mbuguni Health Centre 2003 7.3 IRRIGATION LEVEL IMPACTS 7.3.1 Soil Quality Four representative soil samples were collected from Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme to evaluate physical and chemical properties of the soil. Special attention was given to the checking of the presence of salinity as well as soil trends. This is due to the fact that the top soil layer where the roots concentrate for all crops. The sample sites and results of the soil tests are shown in the table and map below. Table 7.8: Soil Sites and Results S/N pH EC SOLUBLE SALTS P C N C/ Particle size % Texture MS/ Mg/k % % N cm _ _ _ _ _ Ca Mg K Na sand silt clay KYT 8,5 0.10 23.1 2.4 17.77 2.08 19.88 1.73 0.12 14 43 51 6 SiL KYT 8.3 1.04 30.8 6.0 14.71 1.93 13.71 2.25 0.22 10 36 49 15 SiL KYT 8.3 0.11 27.9 2.6 28.80 6.40 9.70 2.06 0.18 _1 44 41 15 SiL KYT 8.4 0.15 22.4 5.3 20.83 5.36 7.82 1.71 0.14 12 64 32 4 SiL The upstream soils are very alkaline over the whole farm (i.e. pH 8.3-8.5). This is related to the presence of high levels of calcium, magnesium and sodium contents in the soil. Soils of test site No. 4 have moderately sodic soils. Soil fertility ranges from very low to medium. 7.3.2 Water quality and trends Water quality results for samples collected from Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme are presented in the table below. The pH ranged between 7.13 and 8.51, which is near the neutral pH band. The dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 7.04 mg/I to 7.55 mg/l, indicating good aeration and might be fairly low in organic pollution. The salinity and total dissolved solids (TDS) values of the incoming water (measured from the intakes) indicate that the water used for irrigation is fresh and very suitable for that matter. The salinity is 0.2% throughout the entire scheme, while TDS range between 164.1 mg/l to 165.1 mg/I. This is fresh water that has started to show signs of degradation. This fact is further supported with low values of total hardness (32-68 mg/l as CaCO3 ). Attention should be paid to the control of human excreta upstream and within the farms. 41 Table: 7.9: Water quality at the iiTigation scheme S/N PARANIETER UNIT Irrigation Level TCI TC2 TC3 TC4 pH 7.54 8.51 7.96 7.13 2. Temperature Celcius 21.7 22.6 22.2 22,2 3. Electric uS/cm Coniductivity 329 330 331 331 4. Salinity % 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 5. Colour Hazen' 20 24 26 24 6. Turbidity NTU 91 107 115 115 7. Dissolved mg/I Oxygen 7.51 7.04 7.32 7.13 8. Total Dissolved mg/I Solid 164.8 165,1 165 165.5 9. Nitrate- mg/l Nitrogen 1.38 1.25 1.15 1.65 10. Nitrite- mg/l Nitrogen 0.058 0.063 0.053 0.050 1 1. Ammoniia- mg/I Ni trogen 0.49 0.51 0.42 0.40 12. Phosphate mg/l 0.45 0.52 0.64 0.50 13. Sulphate mg/l 10.0 10.6 10.0 10.0 14. Total Alkalinity mg/l 176 146 146 158 15. Total Hardness mg/I 45 asCaCO3 37 68 65 16. Calcium (Ca) mg/l 31 30 28 31 17. Acidity as mg/I 32 CaCO3 33 36 37 18. Chloride mg/I 23 22 21 21 19. Faecal coliform Count/100 ml 119 325 311 279 20. Chemical mg/l Oxygen 330 211 237 117 Demand COORDIN 0333279E 0333112E 0332988E 0332869E ATES 9616244N 9616083N 9615965N 9615842N ELEVATIO 723M 728M 727M 731M 42 7.3.3 Pesticide and fertilizer use Farmers utilize to a significant degree farmyard manure in fertilizer use, where as, the use both biological and pest control methods. Maintaining certain levels of water is working to suppress some weeds. About 48% of the farmers are using manure while 31% use a combination of manure and industrial fertilizers. Table 7.10: Types of fertilizers used Fertilizer type Percentage None 14.0 Manure 48.0 Industrial fertilizers 7.0 Manure & industrial fertilizers 31.0 Total 100.0 Table 7.11: Fertilizers used Name of Fertilizer Proposed Kilo/acre Danger Remarks kilo/acre used Urea (46%N) 62.5 50 Soil degradation Mostly used Minjingu phosphate 50 50 Soil degradation Rarely used Sulphate ammonium (21.5%N) 100 50 Soil degradation Rarely used Foliar fertilizers I litre 1 litre Soil degradation Mostly used Table 7.12: Insecticides used Name of Insecticides Proposed Amount/acre Danger Remarks amount/acre used Thionex 1 litre I litre Skin infection Used in vegetables Vegetables and Crops Selecron V2 litre 1/2 litre Chronic flu Rogo 500 cc 500 cc Stomach infection Rarely used 7.3.4 Waterborne diseases Malaria is the leading disease in Kambi ya Tanga, followed by diarrhoea and urinary problems. From the table below, high rates of malaria are observed between March and June (i.e. during the main rainy season and during the short rains from November to December). During the dry season, malaria cases are relatively low. Outbreaks of diarrhoea are often associated with the quality of water the villagers use for domestic purposes. The village conmmunity members depend on water from the irrigation canals and rivers for domestic use. Activities taking place in the river such as drinking, washing and bathing are contributing in one way or another to the increased cases of waterborne diseases. 43 Table 7.13: Reported cases of waterbome diseases in percentage Diseases 2000 2001 2002 -5 +5 -5 +5 -5 +5 Malaria 85.9 89.8 87 90 88.9 91.7 Diarrhoea 12.6 8.5 11 8.4 9.8 7.0 Urinary 1.5 1.7 2 1.4 1.2 1.2 Schistosomiasis - - - 0.1 - 0.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 7.3.5 Drinking water and quality of sanitation Most of the villagers (68.8%) use the irrigation canal as their water source for drinking. Other sources are: river, rainwater harvesting, groundwater, etc. The survey report indicates that 5% of households have no toilets; 20% have toilets but in poor condition; 75% have good toilets. Table 7.14: Water source for domestic use Water source for domestic use in irrigation villages Total Irrigation canal River Rainwater Ground water Others harvesting 68.8% 28.7% 1.0% 0.2% 1.3% 100% and a Downstream of Kambi ya Tanga at Mbuguni village, villagers are using water from the canals the locally dug well. About 30% of the villagers use water from the dug well and 70% use water from canals. Before, there was taped water from Tengeru, but due to leaking pipes and no regular maintenance, the water is no longer reaching Mbuguni. According to Doctor Noha, who is the medical officer in charge of the area, there are so many patients f rom that staff c annot a dequately attend t o t he n eeds o f p atients. M ost o f the p atients a re su ffering well. waterbome diseases because they are drinking untreated water from the river and the locally dug in Before, there was a standard well made by SCAPA, but it has since gone into disrepair. Sanitation this village is poor because some villagers do not have normal pit latrines or the pit latrines have been built too close to the dug well, thereby contaminating the drinking water. 7.3.6 Socio-economic: positive and negative impacts of villages within the scheme Positive impacts The scheme at Kambi Ya Tanga is found to be operating well. There have not been any complaints team about the rehabilitated system. The Bwana Shamba and other fanmer groups have informed the that productivity has increased from 7-10 bags of maize prior to rehabilitation to 15-20 bags of maize per acre after. Additional factors responsible for the increased productivity include: farmer training, upgraded extension services, improved plant spacing regimes, and better water management practices. Other positive impacts are: Positive impacts * Trained farmers * Increased income * Better organized farmers (e.g. development of cooperative society, and savings and credit schemes) * Women groups established * Improved seed varieties introduced * Better housing created * Closer water accessibility for the community 44 * Increased crop production (from 7-10 to 15-20 bags per acre) * Extension services improved * Broader institutional interest in the scheme (e.g. World Vision's promotion of Minjingu Rock Phosphate) * Improved socio-economic infrastructure (e.g. establishment of conmmercial centres) * Reduced siltation * Better organized village government (e.g. maintenance of school, roads, and in-igation canals) Negative impacts * Impediment to movement for humans and cattle * Increase in malaria and other waterbome infections * Conflict over water use between irrigators and upstream and downstream users * High population density increases the level of water pollution in the canals through the washing of clothes and bathing. Use of agrochemnicals and fertilizers in the scheme, which are subsequently washed away, enter watercourses causing potential health problems for people. The pollution risk is greater and greatest for people living within the scheme area and downstream respectively. * Deforestation in the area is deteriorating air quality from increased levels of dust. 45 8 IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES 8.1 INTRODUCTION This section presents a brief description of the identified impacts and subsequent mitigation measures. The description addresses itself to three categories of identified impacts as presented in previous chapter, as well as four categories of identified mitigation measures. The categories of identified impacts include the following: * Impacts in up-stream areas of scheme * Impacts at scheme areas * Impacts in down areas of schemes Furthermore, the categories of identified mitigation measures include the following: * Environmental management * Enhancement of social -economic activities * Improving health situation * Revisiting engineering designs and /or construction. 8.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM 8.2.1 Environmental Management In general, environmental management involves adoption of integrated approaches in natural resources management. The mitigation measures, among others, include: * Soil and water conservation * Afforestation /reforestation * Enforcement of regulations in abstraction of water resources. * Establishment of mechanisms for resolution of conflicts Upstream rivers' watersheds are increasingly subjected to threats due to various human activities, (farmring, cutting trees and human settlement development). Their ecological balance and functions are in danger. There is, therefore an urgent need to establish sub-catchment watershed management programmes for these rivers, including the protection of the natural springs are protected form human interference, with to maintaining river water low volumes on a sustainable basis. The watershed management programme should encompass: * Community forestry management * Agro-forestry approaches * Enacting and enforcing by-laws * Provision of alternative sources of livelihoods (water and energy) * Environmental training and campaigns Introduction and promotion of energy-saving technology is another measure that could supplement watershed management programme; e.g., efficient stoves, which can use rice husks and corn cobs should be introduced to Kambi y a Tanga community to reduce fuel wood and charcoal demand for domestic energy. This should go hand in hand with afforestation and reforestation activities. Awareness campaigns on natural resources management should be conducted. 8.2.2 Enhancement of social economic activities Enhancement of social-economic activities in general involves promotion of sustainable social - economic activities. 46 Specifically, in up-stream areas of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme, the measures include promotion of environmental consciousness in all social-economic activities. This should include establishment of mechanisms, which should ensure controlled acquisition and appropriate land use practices. In down -stream areas the villagers are not yet adequately conscious on high potential usefulness of irigation agriculture as a social-economic activity. There is, therefore, the need for promoting this activity through extension services. 8.3 IRRIGATION SCHEME LEVEL 8.3.1 Environmental management At irrigation sheme level the key mitigation measures related to environnental management include: water management, as well as embarking on training programs seeking to improve irrigation practice, appropriate uses of agro-chemicals, etc. Specifically, the following mitigation measures are proposed: * Training of farmers and village extension officers on good agronomic practices. Focus should be on sustainable use of these natural resources. * Training of farmers in operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. * Conduct environmental awareness campaigns and education to all soil and water users. * Efficient water use management. * Improved soil fertility management- which includes application of both mineral and organic fertilizers with measures that will raise soil fertility, e.g. limiting nutrient losses through leaching, runoff, n itrification, i mproving t illage p ractices, manuring and u se o f g reen manure c rops, c rop rotation and demand-driven mineral fertilizer application; testing and applying minimum amount of mineral fertilizer at rates that replenish seasonal up-takings by plants Moreover, apply proper crop husbandry and shifting cultivation such as reduce paddy production during the dry season and substitute with drought resistant crops (e.g. beans) or high return horticultural crops and revised and revise cropping patter for the entire catchment every year depending on the availability of water. Developing a robust inter and intra water allocation policy for different growing season of the year is also recommended. Establishing hydrological station in order to improve future availability of hydrological data. 8.3.2 Improving health situation This category of measure should be relevant for identified impacts at both scheme level, as well as in down-stream areas of the scheme. One of the known environmental impacts of irrigation activities is spread of water bome diseases, e.g. bilharziasis, dysentery, malaria, etc. Furthermore, expected influx of people, as irrigation agriculture increases will mean that promiscuity will also arise. This calls for the need to embark on a program for prevention of HIV/AIDS, as well as strengthening existing health and water supply services, as appropriate. To reduce the vulnerability of the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation community to the water, related diseases the following is recommended: * Health and sanitation campaigns should be conducted to sensitize the farming community on transmission patterns of these water-related diseases and how to avoid contact with disease- causing vectors. * Awareness raising among the community on the ecological requirements of different disease vectors e.g. Anopheline mosquitoes and aquatic snails. * Irrigation canals should be cleaned on a regular basis to prevent development of favourable habitats for vectors that transmit diseases. 47 8.3.3 Improving water quality Mitigation measures to prevent or nmiinimize pollution at water sources, rivers and canals should be undertaken; and these could include: * Special restrictions in the use of pesticides in areas with sensitive water resources, e.g. in the vicinity of drinking water points/sources. * Control and regulation in handling, storage, application and disposal of agrochemical containers * Measurements of pesticide residues in irrigation canals, drains and rivers and in soils should be carried out (once per year) * Record keeping of pesticides in use, application methods at all seasons * Adopt recommendations from TPRI regarding safe and correct handling, storage, application (pesticide selection, timing, rate and methods) and disposal. 8.3.4 Revisiting engineering designs and/or construction stages. This category of measure is relevant only at scheme level as well as for down-stream. The following are proposed: Aligning the main canal to reduce the water loss especially Mamba ya Tanga main canal Providing proper levelling on farms to ensure continual flow 48 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 9.1 INTRODUCTION The mitigation measures proposed in the previous chapter represent the core findings of the EA and are important elements in implementing the current improvement of the iirigation scheme and mitigating potentially adverse social and environmental impacts. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) in the following sections presents: * Identification and summary of major anticipated adverse environmental impacts * Description of mitigation measures * Description of elements of monitoring program * Institutional arrangement * Implementation schedule for mitigation measures * Performance monitoring and reporting procedures * Cost estimates and sources of funds The ESMP is based on the guidelines defined in the World Bank Operational Manual OP/BP 4.01. 9.2 OBJECTIVES General objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme would be to promote sustainable and efficient iiTigation agricultural activities in the area. Specifically, the objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme are therefore mainly two-fold; namely: (i) To promote sustainability of the schemes through: * Improving capacities, knowledge/skills, * Establishing/strengthening mechanisms for resolution of conflicts pertaining to uses of natural resources especially water and land resources. * Establishing /strengthening mechanisms for enforcement of regulations for water abstractions and pollution control * Strengthening local community leadership and effective mechanism for control in acquisition and uses of land resources. (ii) To promote efficiency in irrigation agricultural activities, through: * Providing/educating on appropriate irrigation practices, e.g. on proper uses of agro- chemicals, IPM approaches, * Strengthening implementation of water management concept. * Revisiting designing and construction stages of the scheme to assess the need for review of the stages. 49 9.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES A summary of major environmental impacts and identified impacts are depicted in the table below: Table 9.1: Environmental and social impacts mitigation measures ENVIRONMENTAL AND MITIGATION MEASURES SOCIAL IMPACTS Up-stream impacts: Category :Environmental Management: - Demographic trend * Embarking on anti-pollution and environmental protection (population changes program in up-stream areas - Hydrological changes * Promotion of agro-forestry, afforestation and or reforestation - Catchment degradation activities in up-stream areas. - Increased level of water * Strengthening enforcement of abstraction regulations pollution right at intake of scheme Category: Enhancement of social-economic activities: * Promoting environmental consciousness in all social - economic activities, * Strengthening mechanisms for controlled acquisition and of land use- related social-economic practices, Downstream impacts: Category: Environmental Management: - Hydrological changes * Improved water management practices Poor water quality Category: Enhancement of social-economic activities: - Increased incidences of waterbome diseases. Preparing and implementing a participatory land use plan (i.e. PLUM) Category: Improving health situation * Promoting awareness on waterbome diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, * Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services. Irrigation scheme level impacts Category: Environmental Management * Establishing effective water management system by controlled - Poor soil quality allocation and distribution of water - Poor water quality * Training of farmers and village extension officers on good - Increased fertilizer and agronomic practices. pesticides use * Training of farmers in operation and maintenance of the - Increased incidences of irrigation system. waterborne diseases. * Conduct environmental awareness campaigns and education to all water users. * Improved soil fertility management Category: Improving health situation * Promoting awareness on waterbome diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, 50 Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services. Category :Revisiting engineering designs and/or construction stages Aligning the main canal to reduce the water loss especially Kambi ya Tanga main canal Providing proper levelling on farms to ensure continual flow Positive impacts in general - Increased households incomes and broadened socio-economic base ,or eaming opportunities - Improved water and land resources management and hence ensuring effective environmental management - Improved productivity e.g. through education on appropriate agricultural practices, proper uses of agro-chemicals, provision of improved seed varieties etc. - Improved access to water services both for agriculture as well as for domestic uses. Non quantifiable negative impacts * Establishing /strengthening locally based mechanisms for - Conflicts among natural addressing conflicts in uses of natural resources resources (especially water and land resources) users 9.4 DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS OF MONITORING PROGRAM Monitoring objectives Monitoring refers to a systematic collection of data/information and due analysis, with the aim of following up on the subsequent phenomena in the wake of implementation of the ESMP. Activities are followed up, their status assessed, quantified and rectified accordingly. This process should be considered as part of the ESMP. The District Council will keep a close eye on changing conditions and keep records, as accurately as possible, to check, among others, on compliance with statutory environmental protection provisions and World Bank Safeguard Policies. Description of performance indicators that provide linkages to impacts and mitigation measures in the EA Water quality Water quality will be monitored as follows: 51 * The water quality of the Kikuletwa River will be assessed continuously to determine the overall impact of, fertilizers, insecticides or pesticides used in the irrigation project and upstream agricultural activities. * The water flow volume in the river will be measured through the established gauging stations. Water balance modeling should be done for predication proposes. This exercise will help to assess base flows, water yields, and hydrological characteristics of the catchment area. Ground water * The ground water will be checked to determine salinity o f ground water as a result of project operations. * The changes in pH of ground water will be monitored to check the impacts on ground water of the various types of crops planted. * Changes i n I evels o f water t able will b e monitored i n s ample a reas o f c rops t hat c onsume t oo much of ground water including the well-documented eucalyptus species. Soil Conservation Soil composition, texture and structure in the irrigation project area will be monitored in the sample areas to determine impacts from various agricultural practices. The fertility level of soils (i.e. nutrient concentration and soil moisture) in the sample crop areas will be monitored to determine impacts from the planted crops. Changes in salinity, porosity, pH level and types of biota in the soils will also be monitored in the sample crop areas. Alteration of these parameters could be expected in cases where crops are grown alongside water or nutrient demanding trees, which may consequently jeopardize the well being of the crops. Biodiversity indicators The following are pertinent indicators for catchment management: sedimentation rates, riverbank erosion, flashfloods and deforestation rates. The District Natural Resource Office supported by other stakeholder and RBM should monitor these. Other important ecological parameters include vegetation; (i.e. both on dry land as well as on river valleys); fish, (i.e. plankton, invertebrates); and birds, and other living organisms available in the area. Crop Diseases The type of diseases affecting planted trees will be monitored in the sample compartments to detennine common diseases to various crops that will require special treatment in the next rotation of crop farming or application of appropriate pesticides for treatment of the disease. The most damaging crop pests, especially those that have caused extensive loss of production in the farms in Tanzania will be monitored. The monitoring of emerging pests and insects in and around the project area will help determine the most suitable disease control mitigation measure. Afforestation * Provenance and species resistance to diseases and pests for planting in the community and individual's forest plots within the project will be screened. Provenance and nursery plots will be established. DBH and heights will be measured. * The amount of carbon and other greenhouse gases in the soils will be monitored in and around the project area. The amount of greenhouse gases will be monitored to assess the impacts of forest sequestration of greenhouse gases, especially carbon. 52 Socio-economic The District Office should monitor the characteristics, activities and attitudes of the adjacent communities in order to develop feasible extension programs. The major objectives will be to reduce pressure on the irrigation area inter alia through encouraging alternative enterprises. The steps would include: * Promoting agro-forestry in the local community farms. * Infrastructure development such as accessibility, marketing, education, health and other proposed activities by the local community around the project area. * Net immigration monitoring of people in the local community. Population dynamics will be monitored in sub-villages and around the project. * Fuel wood requirements for the local community will also be monitored to determine local demand and develop possible strategies such as agro-forestry, community forest areas and conservation of natural woodlands in the villages around the project. Health indicators The main health indicators to be monitored are water-bome diseases such as malaria and bilharzias. Description of parameters to be measures, methods to be employed, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate) and definition of thresholds that will signed the need for remedial actions, institutional responsibilities, timing and timescales for monitoring, Reporting aiTangements (to regulatory authorities and the Bank), and costs and financing provisions are presented in the table below. 53 Table 9.2: Monitoring Plan Dates Cost S Prese Prior Attribut Samplin Sampli Measuri Institutio ntly ity in a Esti N es to be g ng ng n Meas Level year mate Monitor Location Freque Units responsib ured s ed ncy le By US whom $/vr. 1 Water quality On the Twice For Regional None High Febr 2 (a)Surfac River annual most Water uary 0 e Water Kikulet ly paramet Engineer/ and 0 wa ers mg/l Pangani Septe 0 Nutrients intake to River mber (nitrates, the Basin (wet nitrites, irrigatio office and Ammoni n dry um, scheme, seas phosphat seven on) es, location Bicarbon s within Parts/th ates) the ousand . scheme mg/l Salinity and . down +or -7 Biologic stream Celsius( al c} Oxygen ug/l Demand( BOD) * pH Tempera ture 0 Suspend ed solids 6 Transpar ency b) Sample Once Stretch Do None Medi Do 9 Gro Compar annual depth um 0 und tments ly High 0 Wat er Relative water table Salinity *pH 54 2 Soil Sample quality compart Once Parts/th Uyole None High Do I . ments annual ousand 2 Salinity Depend ly 0 *pH s on + or -7 0 (H20,K soils CL) select 8 Mm/dia . samplin meter Texture/ g points grain size Me/100 Exchang eable Bases C/N Ca, Mg, (Mg/Kg K, Na) Organic Matter (Carbon, Nitrogen 3 Catchm ent Upstrea Once Tree DNRO None Low Feb 3 manage m annual species and 0 ment Irrigatio ly Sept 0 River n Animal flows scheme species Sedimen Down tation stream Species loads Riverban k erosion Deforest ation rates 4 Meteoro logy Kili Daily Celsius( Regional Regi High Noo I * Max / Met C) Water onal n 4 Minimu Engineer Wate 0 m r 0 Tempera Mm Engi tures neer *% Rainfall N,E,S, . W Relative (Windv humidity ane) * Wind Meters/ Directio Second n * Wind speed _ _ _ 5 C rop ______ 55 Diseases Crop Month Lab DALDO DAL High Do 5 * Pests plots ly tests DO 0 * Insects 0 * Fungi 6 Afforest ation Farm Once DBH- DFO None Medi Do 5 *Provena plots yearly M3, Mt. um 0 nce test High 0 *Disease resistanc % C/N e in soils *Carbon sequestra tion 7 Socio- econorni c Kambi Once Village Village VEO Medi June 7 ya annual Executi Records s um 5 Populati Tanga ly ve 0 on another Officers changes sub Increase villages income Improve d housing Gender balance Fuel wood demand 8 Waterb 5 orne 0 disease Upstrea Once a District Dispensa DH High Febr 0 Malaria m year Health ry 0 uary Bilharzia Irrigatio Officer Octo s n ber Others scheme Down stream 9.5 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY The fundamental area for consideration is empowerment of existing administrative and organisational arrangements. These include farmers, local comrnunities, both as a group as well as in their individual capacities, in both upstream and downstream villages .The empowerment has to be carried out through provision of capacity building, public awareness campaigns, tailor- made training, etc. As a strategic approach, SIIC should strengthen partnership among the Kambi ya Tanga comnmunity in the use of water and land resources. Based on the adopted organisational- structure and job descriptions of various committees to be established, for the operation of the scheme, a framework should be established through which the stakeholders are able to actively engaged in a dialogue aimed at equitable and sustainable use of the common resources. 56 The project should firstly embark on a programme of key and strategic activities that are part of the above outlined Environmental and Social Management Plan and should enhance attainnmient of the above objectives. More specifically, the following are proposed: * Hold meetings of various committees as per agreement * Assist: (i) to organise ward or district- based farmers' day, And (ii) participation in local and national events like farmers day * Undertake joint study visits 9.6 INPUTS REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS Inputs The following inputs will be required: * Human resources to enable capacity building for farmers, district officials and other stakeholders * Involvement of NGOs, CBOs, local associations/societies etc to enable facilitation and capacity building * Farmers labour * Private sector, residents, farmers' financial and material contributions. * Equipment/facilities * Transport/communications * Evaluation and monitoring facilities Outputs The following outputs are expected: * Enhanced capacity of district staff and stakeholders * Improved productivity * Kambi ya Tanga village land use plan prepared and under implementation * Improved water quality for domestic purposes * Improved irrigation practices * Improved partnership between and among stakeholders * Effective and efficient uses of water and soil * Upgrading of awareness on environmental management and social development * Improved health and productivity of farmers and people in the scheme area and beyond * Improved agricultural production and enhanced irrigated land * Conmmunity empowered in management of natural resources and the environment * Enhanced socio-economic activities in Kambi ya Tanga. 9.7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MITIGATION MEASURES The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is presented in Table 7.3. For all impacts, the ESMP incorporates the following elements: * Identified mitigation measures, * Institutional roles and responsibilities in relation to mitigation measures, * Expected targets, outputs/outcomes, * Proposed activity /work schedule * Provisionally estimated costs. 57 Table 9.3: The Envirounental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) MITIGATION MEASURES Responsible Target Outcomes Provision Cost Embarking on anti-pollution and District Council Establishing Improved 400 environmental protection program in environamental environmental up-stream areas protection conditions programme Promotion of agro-forestry, Scheme Ensuring efficient Less 1500 afforestation and/or reforestation Committee watershed environment activities in up-stream areas. management and land degradation Strengthening enforcement of Ensuring efficient Less conflicts of 600 abstraction regulations and rational uses of water uses District Council water Promoting awareness on waterbome Improved health Increased 1000 diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, conditions productivity Improving availability of health, District Council Improved Less diseases 2000 water and sanitation services environment Training of famnsers and village District Council Improved social- Trained farmers 800 extension officers on good econovm ic and extension agronomic practices. conditions officers Establishing effective water Farmers Improved water Increased 500 management system by controlled management production allocation and distribution of water Training of farmers in operation and District Council Improved skills and Improved 900 maintenance of the irrigation system. knowledge to local extension ______com munities activities ironmental awareness District Council Improved Increased 200 zampaigns and education to all water environmlent awareness c 58 asers. a Improved soil fertility management District Council Improved soil Increased 700 quality production Aligning the main canal to reduce the District Council Better water Increased water 400 water loss especially Kambi ya Tanga management availability main canal Providing proper levelling on farms to District Council Better farm Improved 850 ensure continual flow management production 59 Table 94 Implementation plan time schedule TIME _MITIGATION MEASURES SCHEDULE 2004 2005 2006 2007 12131411213 411123411 1213 4 Embarking on anti-pollution and environmental protection program in up-stream areas x Promotion of agro-forestry, afforestation and/or reforestation activities in up-stream areas. Strengthening enforcement o x _ abstraction regulations ...... Promoting awareness on waterborne diseases, as well as HIV/AIDS, x Improving availability of health, water and sanitation services Training of farmers and village extension officers on good agronomic practices. x _ _ _ _ ~~~~~x_x______Establishing effective water management system by controlled allocation and distribution of water Training of farmers in operation and maintenance of the irrigation system. onduct environmental awareness impaigns and education to all water sers. 60 Improved soil fertility management _ x _ x _ I Aligning the main canal to reduce the water loss especially Kambi ya Tanga main canal Providing proper levelling on farms to ensure continual flow _ _ _ 61 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10.1 CONCLUSION 10.1.1. General conclusion Based on review of baseline information, field visits to Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme and data analyses, it is evident that there are environmental and social issues and impacts, which need to be addressed in order to ensure sustainable and sound operation of the irrigation scheme. As outlined in above chapters (among others), in up-stream areas of the scheme, the key issues constraining sustainability are intensive up-stream socio-economic activities leading to extensive pollution of water e.g. use of up-stream drainage water as source for the scheme. In within-scheme areas, the constraints are general poor soil fertility. In down-stream area, sustainability is mainly constrained by inadequacy of water and inappropriate irrigation practices. These impacts manifest either to upstream enviroiulmental degradation, (particularly of the catchment area), or within-the-scheme impacts, (e.g. due to inappropriate irrigation practices), or also in down -stream areas (due to uncontrolled water abstractions) leading to community conflicts. Baseline data with comprehensive benchmark parameters related to various studies like hydrogeology, socio-economic, environment, water quality, etc. at catchment and irrigation levels were not available in the area. Environment and social assessment impact requires "before and after" studies, and perhaps experience from s imilar e nvironment t o facilitate a ssessment o f t he severity o f p erceived p roblems. Quantification of impacts requires collection of data, understanding of process and analysis of results, which take more time and resources. Through ecosystem, farming system and participatory approaches, the key impacts were identified and, as far, as was possible, quantified. Additionally, measures pertaining to prevention and/or control have been proposed. An Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme were developed. 10.1.2 Specific conclusions Location In conclusion, it was found that the location of the scheme enhances sustainability of the scheme. This is because the scheme is located near rapidly growing settlements of Mererani (which has relatively strong monetary strength) Mbuguni and Msitu wa Mbogo all of which have reliable transportation services to Usa River, Arusha and Moshi where many marketing opportunities exist. Bio-physical environment The Kambi ya Tanga scheme lies in semi -arid area of Tanzania, where without irrigation, agriculture is difficult to practice. It was therefore found in our conclusion that scheme improvement has been very beneficial to the local community. With widespread realization of this fact, competition for uses of both land and water resource uses is thence very stiff. Socio-economic environment Field observations indicated that local communities combine irrigation agriculture with several other activities (especially mining) to enable them earn a living. In other words people practicing irrigation at the scheme are those who have chosen to pursue dual socio-economic activities; namely: farming and mining of tanzanite. In this way they cleverly balance the time they should work on their farmlands, vis-a-vis the time they should spend searching for tanzanite. 62 Again field observations indicated that socio-culturally the people in the area are very hard working. They are keen on their work both as iffigation agriculturists, as well as miners of tanzanite. Identified impacts In view of the above, therefore irrigation activities at the scheme are relatively intensive, and as such, environmental and social impacts are relatively also significant. Negative impacts Negative impacts identified upstream of the Kambi ya Tanga scheme are hydrological changes, i.e. in terms of e.g. change of regime of river flow, etc. The downstream impacts are water bome diseases and poor socio-economic impacts on the community. Within the irrigation scheme, major impacts are soil quality and waterbome diseases Positive impacts It is important that the positive aspects of development emerge, especially because these are what motivate the people at village (farm) level and dictate the decisions that they take or those of others whom are willing to have taken on their behalf. Mitigation measures A number of mitigation measures were proposed to address the identified impacts. As far as possible, preventive management, measure should be given priority in combating soil and water pollution, catchment degradation, and pollution of the rivers and disease control. Compliance with the Tanzanian legislation and World Bank Safeguard Policies The study team has demonstrated that the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme is in compliance with the Tanzanian legislation and policies, and World Bank Safeguard Policies. 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Role of Local Government authorities Most of the identified mitigation measures are related with local community-based effective structural -organization. This means therefore that most of the measures can be implemented by local government authorities themselves with financial and technical assistance of funded projects e.g. .RBMSIIP, NGOs and CBOs. Partnership building By sharing experiences and information with other partners in the area could collaborate with these stakeholders in implementation of environmental management interventions, which are relevant to the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation scheme and others in Pangani River Basin. In order to minimize water and land use conflicts, stakeholders of Pangani River Basin in general should work together as partners to improve production and sustainable development of the watershed management for the scheme's sustainable development. Sinilar projects should develop institutional capacity arrangements geared towards sharing responsibility (decision making) for catchment management plan and prevention management activities in the Pangani River Basin. A partnership approach, however, also needs an appropriate institutional framework, which clearly lays on the roles and responsibilities of each project, district councils and stakeholders. Community and farmers participation could be solicited in the planning, management, financing, construction and maintenance stages of catchment areas and receiving bodies. 63 Environmental and social impact management plan and monitoring A participatory environmental and social impact plan and monitoring system has been developed for the Kambi ya Tanga irrigation schemes. There is need to establish process-based plan and monitoring, to build capacity of scheme management team and to develop a databank on the environmental and social impact management plan including the monitoring plan. Capacity Building In order to ensure sustainability of the scheme, all stakeholders of the scheme, at their various levels, are expected to participate in the capacity-building program. The levels include, individual farmers, households, farmers' committees/groups/associations etc. They should also include village/ward governments, district authorities, private/public organizations NGOs, CBOs. Baseline Studies It is vital for any sustainable smallholder irrigation development and management in the river basin that t here i s a minimum knowledge about water resources a nd quantified (baseline d ata) related to environmental and social issues. It is therefore, proposed that a mechanism be established for regular collection of baseline data in the future smallholder irrigation improvement projects. 64 REFERENCES 1. ADB/ADF (1992) Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Abidjan, Cote d'lvore. 2. FAO (1999) Participatory liTigation Development Programme, Formulation Report Volume I of 3, Main Text + Annexes, Tanzania 3. Arumeru District council budget for year 2003 and 2003/04 4. FAO (1999) Participatory Irrigation Development Programme, Formulation Report Volume 2 of 3, Working Papers 1-4, Tanzania 5. FAO (1999) Participatory Irrigation Development Programme, Formulation Report Volume 3 of 3, Working Papers 5-8, Tanzania 6. FAO (1995) Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation and Drainage Projects. FAO irrigation and Drainage paper 53, Rome, Italy 7. General Population census 1988. 8. IFC (1998) Content of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report. Intemnational Finance Cooperation. 9. IFC (1998) Environmental Assessment, Operational Policies, World Bank 10. Kamugisha et.a. (1999): Catchement degradation study in Pangani Basin. Ministry of Water. Tanzania 11. Kambi ya Tanga reconnaissance soil map. 12. MAFS (1996) Ipatagwa Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement Assessment Report, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Tanzania 13. MAFS (1996) Lemkuna Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement Assessment Report, River Basin Management and Smallholder liTigation Improvement Project, Tanzania 14. MAFS (1996) River Basin Management and Smallholder liTigation Improvement Project, 15. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Ipatagwa Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Assessment Draft Report. 16. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Lemkuna Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Assessment Draft Report. 17. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Luganga Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Assessment Draft Report. 18. MAFS (2001) Initial Environmental Examination for Lemkuna Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Assessment Draft Report. 19. MAFS (2001) Luganga Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement Assessment Report, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, , Tanzania 20. MAFS (2001) Lemkuna Smallholder Irrigation Scheme, Scheme Improvement Assessment Report, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Tanzania 21. MAFS (2001) Post-Environmental Impact Assessment, Kitivo Smallholder Irrigation Rice Project, Final Report, Tanzania 22. MW (2000) Review of Water Resources Management Policy, Legislation and Institutional Framework. Ministry of Water, Dar es Salaam. 23. MW (2000) Sustainable Management of the Usangu Wetland and Its Catchment, Supporting Vol. B Water. SMUWC project, Rujewa, Mbeya Region. 24. MW (2000) A Study of Hydrological Phenomenon and Floods and Drought in the Pangani and Rufiji Basin. Vol. 1 and 2 University of Dar es Salaam, Civil Engineering Department. 25. MW (2000) The Usangu Catchment Baseline 2000, Tanzania 26. NEMC (1997) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure, vol. 1 27. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 1, the General Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Procedure. 28. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 2 Screening and Scooping Guidelines. 29. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 3. Report Writing Guidelines and Requirements. 30. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 4 Review and Monitoring Guidelines. 31. NEMC (2002) Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and Guidelines, Vol. 5, General Checklist of Environmental Characteristics. 32. Population and housing census - General Report. 2002. 33. Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component, Sociological Issues 34. Submission of Irrigation Date for the year 2002/2003 Arumeru District Council. 65 35. Scheme improvement assessment report for Kambi ya Tanga Irrigation scheme preparedby project facilitation team (PFT) in 1998. 36. Tengeru Met. Mean Temperature 2003. 37. URT ( ... ) Guidelines for Scheme Development for Project and District Catchment Facilitation Teams. 38. URT (1996) River Basin Management Component, River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project. Tanzania. 39. URT (2001) Pollution, River Bank Erosion and Watershed Degradation of the Nzovwe River, Utengule - Usongwe liTigation Scheme. 40. URT/WB (1993) Smallholder Improvement Component, Word banik Environmental Mission. Tanzania. 41. WB (1993) The World Bank and Environmental Assessment: An Overview. Environmental Department, The World Bank. 42. WB (1998) The World Bank Safeguard Policies, Environmental Assessment. 43. WB (2001) Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, vol. 11 Sectoral Guidelines, Environmental Department. 66 67 APPENDIX 1: Terms of Reference TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT OF GROUP B IRRIGATION SCHEMES PROJECT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Govelnment of the United Republic of Tanzania has been implementing River Basin Management The and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP) since 1996 through IDA credit. project aims at (i) strengthening the government capacity to manage its water resources in an integrated of the and comprehensive manner that ensure equitable, efficiency and sustainable development and resource and address water related environmental concerns at the National level and in the Rufiji irrigation Pangani basins: and (ii) Improve irrigation efficiency of selected smallholder traditional of Water schemes in these two basins. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and the Ministry and Livestock Development are implementing the project. of The Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component of the project is focusing on the improvement 4.01), existing traditional irrigation schemes. Under existing World Bank Environimental Policy (OD een the River B asin M anagement a nd S mallholder I rrigation I mprovement P roject ( RBMSIIP) h as b the classified as a category "B" project requiring a limited environmental analysis and, if necessary inclusion of mitigation measures in project design. This is essence means that no major environmental design, impacts are expected and that only mitigation measures can be incorporated into the scheme implementation and operation (SAR 1995) SCOPE OF WORK The Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Irrigation section carried out the Initial Environmental suggest Examnination (IEEs) in 15 traditional Irrigation schemes to ascertain environmental issue and Operation mitigation measures that have to be incorporated during scheme design, Construction and Scheme and Maintenance. Based on the IEE findings, IEE Reports were prepared as part of Improvement Assessment Studies. seven The consultants in collaboration with ECU will be required to cairy out Environmental Audit in Tanga and (7) group B Scheme of Ruanda Majenje, Igomelo, Mangalali, Nyamahana, Soko, Kambi ya scheme Mahenge irrigation schemes. The consultant did environmental Review of Lemkuna irrigation are now in in 2001, thus it requires an Environmental and Social Management Plan only. The schemes operation phase. A and C The assignment is a continuation of the last activities of Environmental Audit of group irrigation schemes. This will be done in accordance with GoT and World Bank safeguard policies LOCATION OF IRRIGATION SCHEMES Name of scheme Location Area (ha) Irrigation crops 1. Igomelo Mbarali District 300 Paddy, maize, vegetables 2. Ruanda Majenje Mbarali District 450 Maize, paddy, vegetables 3. Mangalali Iringa Rural District 190 Vegetables, maize and paddy 4. Nyamahana Iringa Rural District Paddy, vegetables 5. Kambi ya Tanga Arumeru District 410 Maize, cassava, vegetables, bananas 6. Soko Moshi Rural District 370 Paddy 7. Mahenge Korogwe District 300 Paddy, maize 8. Lemkuna Simanjiro 430 Paddy I II AVAILABLE REPORTS The reports available at the Irrigation Section (PFT) include Initial Environmental Examination, Engineering, Socio-Economic, Topographical Surveys, Agronomy/Agriculture and Water Resource Studies. The consultant is therefore required to compile quantitative and qualitative information from these supplemented by field visit in order to have baseline information on environmental issues to develop a model for future review of Initial Environmental Examination reports under RBMSIIP. TIMING The consultant is expected to spend about five month starting May 2003. OUTPUTS The consultant will be required to produce 17 copies of reports for each irrigation scheme for review by NEMC in hard copy and in MS Word diskette for submission to World Bank for review. The document should address the following issues: * Analysis of Engineering, Socio Economic, Agricultural, Soils and Water Resources reports in order to provide quantitative information given the qualitative information in the IEE reports. * Compliance with EIA procedures according to the Government of Tanzania and World Bank guidelines. * Proper methodology and approach including criteria for assessment, * Integrated Pest Management. * Prepare E nvironmental M anagement p lan t o s pecify c learly who a nd when mitigation measures can be implemented. II III APPENDIX 2 List of Persons Met I . Ezekiel D. Sumari 2. Santael Freaddy 3. Godfrey Talalai 4. Ndeoya Ndeshilio 5. Kundaeli Solomon 6. Petro Mere 7. Petro Abrahamu 8. Eliaki Silas 9. Emanuel Elibariki 10. Jackson Mathayo 11. Emanuel Simon 12. Naumu Jackob 13. Danstray Toseph 14. Herman Timotheo 15. Didas Albarth 16. Dominic Senyaeli 17. Elinami Wanamangi 18. Philips Andrea 19. Gadieli Osca 20. Julius Augustino 21. Ebenezery Sangito 22. Zadock Sangito 23. Simon Elisa 24. Mashaka Kayaga 25. Hamisi Shabani 26. Ndelekwa Philimon 27. Ally Hassan 28. Modest Alballa 29. Andrea Elirehema 30. Ebenezel Sangittho 31. Zadock Sangitho 32. Fredy Andrea 33. Baltazari Eelia 34. Nkirwa Jackson 35. Martha Ndelekwa 36. Esta Paulo 37. Neema Mosses 38. Esta Solomon 39. Susana Samweli 40. Mwasiti Hassan 41. Ndekesio Sangito 42. Afrasio Rishandumi 43. Ndekarisiwa Kundaeli 44. Eliawera Elia 45. Paulina Petro III IV APPENDIX 3 Participatory Environment and Social Action Plan S/N Problems Causes Effects Mitigation Implementers Time to Rank measures implement 1. Soil erosion - Absence of Destruction of Provide/ -Farmers at 2003/04 3 at canals, bridge crossing infrastructures construction of Kambi ya roads and at for human and crossings Tanga drainage. livestock Irrigation -Unlined canals scheme -Floods during -District rain season council -Central Government 2. Dust as a -Animals -Increase -Construction -Farmers at 2003/04 2 consequence -Vehicles respiratory of roads by Kambi ya of road not infection murram. Tanga filling by diseases e.g. - To establish Irrigation murram. TB and livestock scheme Coughing. roads. -District council -Central Govemrnment 3 Water related -There is no - Increase of - Availability -Farmers at Inmmiediately I diseases clean and safe water related of good Kambi ya -Amoeba, water diseases and domestic water Tanga Typhoid,, -Lack of health farmers supply Irrigation Maralia education become weak - Health scheme - Use water of hence low education on -Village and unclean and production treatment of ward safe water. governments -District council -Central Government 4 Canals -Livestock -Reduce water - Enforce -Farmers at Sept 2003 6 destruction -Soil type availability to bylaws Kambi ya onwards and become -Cultivate up to the field -Education of Tanga deeper and canals banks -Cause water water Irrigation wider -Bad cleaning related management scheme of canals diseases from -Canal lining -District stagnant - Good council waters e.g. operation and -Central Malaria. maintenance. Government -Training institutes e.g. KATC. 5 Deforestation -There is no Low water Enforce -Farmers at Staring from 5 altemative availability bylaws Kambi ya Sept 2003 Energy sources Erosion which - Tanga No cause Environmental Irrigation environmental destruction to education scheme conservation river and canal - Use of -District training/educati banks altemative council on. sources of - Village energy instead governments. of firewood -Central Government 6. HIV/AIDS -Low income -Increase -HIV/AIDS -Farmers at Sept 2003 Indepe IV v -High income dearth rate Awareness / Kambi ya on wards ndent -Kupotoka kwa -Reduce labor sensitization Tanga issue. maadili -Increase of campaign Irrigation poverty scheme - Wastage of -Village health resources by committee helping -Religious and /treating political affected leaders. persons. -District council -Central Government 7. Agricultural -High prices -Low -Increase use -Farmers Immediately 4 inputs - Not available production of FYM -Stockiest in the scheme -Low income -To have -Credit area. enough capital. institutions 8. Lack of - Inadequate -Low -Farmers -Farmers 7 knowledge on irrigation production should be -Village good extension -Low income educated and extension agriculture services. advised on officers practices -Poor farmers good -Training participation to agricultural institutions the meeting practices. -District -Conduct council training and -Ministry of seminars to the Agriculture farmers -Ward and Village governments 9. Market Weak farmers -Low prices - Find the -Farmers, Ex 8 organization - Farmers reliable market committee discouraged to members produce more. -Village and Ward gvt members. Participatory environment and socio action plan - Kambi ya Tanga-Youth. S/N Problems Causes Effects Proposed Implementers Time to Rank Mitigation Implement measures. 1. Soil erosion Livestock Accumulatio Provision of Farmers When funds to canal intrusion to n of sands in enough Ministry of available. banks. irrigation canals canals cattle Agric and food searching for (siltation). drinking Security, water. troughs. District council. Donors 2. Water Wastage of water Water Construct Farmers When funds shortage during rain shortage reservoir. Ministry of available. season. during dry Agric and food season. Security, District council. Donors 3. Scarcity of Population Increase Village Any time when lands increase number of government. land available. ______.unemploym _ V VI ent for youth 4. Lack of safe Water System is Water Rehabilitatio Farmers When funds water and no longer related n of water Ward and available clean water function. diseases e.g. system and Village -Inadequate Typhoid, increase government water and schistomiasi water tapes. Arumeru sanitation s, chorera district council education Amoeba etc 5. Deforestation Environmen Tree Farmer Immediately tal planting MBUKITA degradation Environmen District tal education council Introduction of energy alternative sources 6. Market Unreliable Farmers get Storage MBUKITA market loss facilities for MAFS Bad roads especially perishable Ministry of condition for goods coop and vegetable Marketing crops District council 7. Capital for No credit Lack of Establishme Farmers Immediately farmers institutions purchasing nts of power to SACCOS buy inputs Low production 8. Human Lack of clean Increase Provision District From now diseases and safe water. dearth rate Clean and council - Typhoid Lack of and loss of safe water Health officers - Schstomias sanitation and labour Education of Farmers is health education hearth and - Cholera sanitation - Malaria 9 Environment 1. Excessive Diseases Use of MBUKITA Immediately al and natural Farmers From Now degradation incorrect use fertilizer of Following Agrochemic correct als within application the scheme rate of and up agrochemnica stream ls. 2. Floods during rain season 10. Inadequate Low District Extension production council services 11. Siltation in 1. Livestock Catchments MBUKITA canals drinking in conservation District canals programmen . council 2. Degradation Provide upland enough leading to livestock soil erosion drinking with points. VI . Vil sediments To prepare loads and follow entering the operation canals. and maintenance ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~plan 12 Water Scarcity of water Low Reduce area MBUKITA conflict during diy period production To abstract water according to water right. 13. Plant pests Lack of Low MBUKITA and diseases knowledge production District Capital council MAFS 14. Thefts of Unemployment Poverty Enforce Village agricultural for young people bylaws governnent products and previously most MBUKITA livestock. of them were employed at mining (Mbuguni) VIl Vill APPENDIX 4 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies Environnrental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classifies the project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and the scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. RBMSIIC is Category B.. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environmient, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its citing, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project will significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the c ountry's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12). The resettlement policy is triggered when people are affected by loss of land, loss of property and/or loss of access to resources. It is therefore irrelevant whether or not the impact will entail physical relocation of the affected people, the policy is triggered in all such cases This means that the impact may be of such kind that only compensation in cash or kind necessary. is Indigenoius Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank-financed development projects on indigenous people Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Forests (OP/BP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests, (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests, and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related c ritical habitats. I f a project involves the significant conversion or degradation o f natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its citing, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that o verall b enefits from t he p roject s ubstantially o utweigh t he e nvironmental c osts, t he B ank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Safety ofD ams (OP/BP 4.37). For the life of any dam, the owner is responsible for ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety to the dam, irrespective of its funding sources or construction status. The Bank distinguishes between small and large dams. Small dams are normally less than 15 m in height, this category includes, for example, farm ponds, local silt retention dams, and low embankment tanks. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. Cultural Property (OPN 11.03). The term "cultural property" includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank's general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed to prevent such damage, and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed VIll ix projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government's attention will be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site. Appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments will be consulted if there are any questions concemning cultural property in the area, and a brief reconnaissance survey will be undertaken in the field by a specialist. Projects on Interntational Waterways (7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparian is essential for the efficient utilisation and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparian making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. The riparian are being notified in accordance with this policy, no additional steps need to be taken at the level of the subprojects. Dispiuted Areas (OP/IBP/ 7.60): Projects in disputed areas may occur between the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concemned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. IX