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Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds

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Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds Development Support Document Final July 31, 2012 Accessible 2013 Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds CAS Registry Numbers: 7440-38-2 (Arsenic) Prepared by Neeraja K. Erraguntla, Ph.D. Roberta L. Grant, Ph.D. Toxicology Division Office of the Executive Director ___________________________________________________________ TEXAS COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... I LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................. VI CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY TABLES ...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 MAJOR SOURCES AND USES, ATMOSPHERIC FATE, AMBIENT AIR CONCENTRATIONS, AND ROUTES OF EXPOSURE ........................................................................... 5 2.1 Natural Sources ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Uses and Anthropogenic Sources ......................................................................................... 5 2.3 Atmospheric Fate of Arsenic ................................................................................................ 6 2.4 Ambient Levels of Arsenic in Air and Routes of Exposure ................................................. 6 CHAPTER 3 ACUTE EVALUATION .................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Health-Based Acute ReV and ESL ....................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Physical/Chemical Properties........................................................................................ 7 3.1.2 Key Studies ..................................................................................................................... 8 3.1.2.1 Rationale for the Evaluation of Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) ....................................... 8 3.1.2.2 Human Studies ........................................................................................................ 8 3.1.2.2.1 Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Effects ......................................................... 8 3.1.2.2.2 Developmental and Reproductive Studies ....................................................... 8 3.1.2.2.2.1 Nordstrom et al. (1978, 1979a, 1979b) ..................................................... 9 3.1.2.2.2.2 Ihrig et al. (1998) ...................................................................................... 9 3.1.2.3 Animal Studies ........................................................................................................ 9 3.1.2.3.1 Developmental and Reproductive Studies ....................................................... 9 3.1.2.3.2 Holson et al. (1999) - Key study .................................................................... 10 3.1.2.3.2.1 Preliminary Exposure Range-Finding Studies ........................................ 10 3.1.2.3.2.2 Maternal Effects from the Second Preliminary Study ............................ 10 3.1.2.3.2.3 Fetal Toxicity from the Second Preliminary Study ................................ 11 3.1.2.3.2.4 Definitive Study ...................................................................................... 11 3.1.2.3.2.5 Summary of the Definitive Study ........................................................... 13 3.1.2.3.3 Nagymajtenyi et al. (1985) - Supporting Study .............................................. 13 3.1.2.3.4 Immunotoxicity Study (Supporting Study) (Burchiel et al. 2009) .................. 15 3.1.3 Mode-of-Action (MOA) Analysis ................................................................................. 16 3.1.3.1 Toxicokinetic Summary ........................................................................................ 16 3.1.3.2 Interaction with Sulfhydryl-Containing Enzymes ................................................ 17 3.1.3.3 Metabolism ........................................................................................................... 17 3.1.3.4 Oxidative Stress .................................................................................................... 19 3.1.4 Dose Metric .................................................................................................................. 19 3.1.5 Point of Departure (POD) for the Key Study ............................................................... 19 Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds Page ii 3.1.6 Dosimetric Adjustments ............................................................................................... 19 3.1.6.1 Default Exposure Duration Adjustments .............................................................. 19 3.1.6.2 Default Dosimetry Adjustments from Animal-to-Human Exposure .................... 20 3.1.6.3 Critical Effect and Adjustments to the PODHEC ................................................... 21 3.1.7 Adjustments of the PODHEC ......................................................................................... 21 3.1.8 Health-Based Acute ReV for ATO ................................................................................ 21 3.1.9 Health-Based Acute ReV and acuteESL for Arsenic....................................................... 21 3.1.10 Comparison of Results ............................................................................................... 23 3.2 Welfare-Based acuteESLs ..................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1 Odor Perception ........................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2 Vegetation Effects ........................................................................................................ 23 3.3 Short-Term ESL and Values for Air Monitoring Evaluation ............................................. 23 CHAPTER 4 CHRONIC EVALUATION ............................................................................................ 24 4.1 Noncarcinogenic Potential .................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1 Physical/Chemical Properties...................................................................................... 24 4.1.2 Key Human Studies ...................................................................................................... 24 4.1.2.1 Vascular and Cardiovascular Effects .................................................................... 24 4.1.2.1 Blom et al. (1985) ............................................................................................. 25 4.1.2.1.2 Lagerkvist and Zetterlund (1994) .................................................................. 26 4.1.2.1.3 Lagerkvist et al. (1986) .................................................................................. 27 4.1.2.2 Respiratory, Ocular, Dermal, and Gastrointestinal Effects ................................... 28 4.1.2.2.1 Perry et al. (1948) .......................................................................................... 28 4.1.2.2.2 Lubin et al. (2000) ......................................................................................... 29 4.1.2.3 Neurological Effects ............................................................................................. 29 4.1.2.3.1 Feldman et al. (1979) ..................................................................................... 30 4.1.2.3.2 Buchancova et al. (1998) ............................................................................... 30 4.1.3 MOA Analysis .............................................................................................................. 30 4.1.4 Dose Metric .................................................................................................................. 30 4.1.5 PODs for Key Studies .................................................................................................. 30 4.1.6 Health-Based Chronic ReV for ATO ............................................................................ 30 4.2 Carcinogenic Potential ........................................................................................................ 31 4.2.1 Weight of Evidence (WOE) Evaluation ........................................................................ 31 4.2.1.1 WOE from Epidemiological Studies Included in ATSDR (2007)........................ 31 4.2.1.1.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 31 4.2.1.1.2 ASARCO Copper Smelter in Tacoma, Washington ....................................... 32 4.2.1.1.3 Anaconda Copper Smelter in Montana ......................................................... 32 4.2.1.1.4 Eight US Copper Smelters ............................................................................. 33 4.2.1.1.5 Ronnskar Copper Smelter in Sweden ............................................................. 33 4.2.1.1.6 Other Types of Nonrespiratory Cancer ........................................................
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