Space-Based Astronomy: a Teacher's Guide with Activities
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The Early Explorers by Andrew J
The Early Explorers by Andrew J. LePage August 8, 1999 Among these programs were the next generation of Introduction Explorer satellites the ABMA was planning. In the chaos that swept the United States after the launching of the first Soviet Sputniks, a variety of The First New Explorers satellite programs was sponsored by the Department The first of the new series of larger Explorer satellites of Defense (DoD) to supplement (and in some cases was the 39.7 kilogram (87.5 pound) satellite NASA supplant) the country's flagging "official" satellite designated as S-1. Built by JPL, the spin stabilized program, Vanguard. One of the stronger programs S-1 consisted of a pair of fiberglass cones joined at was sponsored by the ABMA (Army Ballistic Missile their bases with a diameter and height of 76 Agency) with its engineering team lead by the centimeters each. The scientific payload consisted of German rocket expert, Wernher von Braun. Using instruments to study cosmic rays, solar X-ray and the Juno I launch vehicle, the ABMA team launched ultraviolet emissions, micrometeorites, as well as the America's first satellite, Explorer 1, which was built globe's heat balance. This was all powered by a bank by Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (see of 15 nickel-cadmium batteries recharged by 3,000 Explorer: America's First Satellite in the February solar cells mounted on the satellite's exterior. This 1998 issue of SpaceViews). advanced payload was equipped with a timer to turn itself off after a year in orbit. While these first satellites returned a wealth of new data, they were limited by the tiny 11 kilogram (25 Explorer S-1 was launched from Cape Canaveral on pound) payload capability of the Juno I. -
University of Iowa Instruments in Space
University of Iowa Instruments in Space A-D13-089-5 Wind Van Allen Probes Cluster Mercury Earth Venus Mars Express HaloSat MMS Geotail Mars Voyager 2 Neptune Uranus Juno Pluto Jupiter Saturn Voyager 1 Spaceflight instruments designed and built at the University of Iowa in the Department of Physics & Astronomy (1958-2019) Explorer 1 1958 Feb. 1 OGO 4 1967 July 28 Juno * 2011 Aug. 5 Launch Date Launch Date Launch Date Spacecraft Spacecraft Spacecraft Explorer 3 (U1T9)58 Mar. 26 Injun 5 1(U9T68) Aug. 8 (UT) ExpEloxrpelro r1e r 4 1915985 8F eJbu.l y1 26 OEGxOpl o4rer 41 (IMP-5) 19697 Juunlye 2 281 Juno * 2011 Aug. 5 Explorer 2 (launch failure) 1958 Mar. 5 OGO 5 1968 Mar. 4 Van Allen Probe A * 2012 Aug. 30 ExpPloiorenre 3er 1 1915985 8M Oarc. t2. 611 InEjuxnp lo5rer 45 (SSS) 197618 NAouvg.. 186 Van Allen Probe B * 2012 Aug. 30 ExpPloiorenre 4er 2 1915985 8Ju Nlyo 2v.6 8 EUxpKlo 4r e(rA 4ri1el -(4IM) P-5) 197619 DJuenc.e 1 211 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission / 1 * 2015 Mar. 12 ExpPloiorenre 5e r 3 (launch failure) 1915985 8A uDge.c 2. 46 EPxpiolonreeerr 4130 (IMP- 6) 19721 Maarr.. 313 HMEaRgCnIe CtousbpeShaetr i(cF oMxu-1ltDis scaatelell itMe)i ssion / 2 * 2021081 J5a nM. a1r2. 12 PionPeioenr e1er 4 1915985 9O cMt.a 1r.1 3 EExpxlpolorerer r4 457 ( S(IMSSP)-7) 19721 SNeopvt.. 1263 HMaalogSnaett oCsupbhee Sriact eMlluitlet i*scale Mission / 3 * 2021081 M5a My a2r1. 12 Pioneer 2 1958 Nov. 8 UK 4 (Ariel-4) 1971 Dec. 11 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission / 4 * 2015 Mar. -
Information Summaries
TIROS 8 12/21/63 Delta-22 TIROS-H (A-53) 17B S National Aeronautics and TIROS 9 1/22/65 Delta-28 TIROS-I (A-54) 17A S Space Administration TIROS Operational 2TIROS 10 7/1/65 Delta-32 OT-1 17B S John F. Kennedy Space Center 2ESSA 1 2/3/66 Delta-36 OT-3 (TOS) 17A S Information Summaries 2 2 ESSA 2 2/28/66 Delta-37 OT-2 (TOS) 17B S 2ESSA 3 10/2/66 2Delta-41 TOS-A 1SLC-2E S PMS 031 (KSC) OSO (Orbiting Solar Observatories) Lunar and Planetary 2ESSA 4 1/26/67 2Delta-45 TOS-B 1SLC-2E S June 1999 OSO 1 3/7/62 Delta-8 OSO-A (S-16) 17A S 2ESSA 5 4/20/67 2Delta-48 TOS-C 1SLC-2E S OSO 2 2/3/65 Delta-29 OSO-B2 (S-17) 17B S Mission Launch Launch Payload Launch 2ESSA 6 11/10/67 2Delta-54 TOS-D 1SLC-2E S OSO 8/25/65 Delta-33 OSO-C 17B U Name Date Vehicle Code Pad Results 2ESSA 7 8/16/68 2Delta-58 TOS-E 1SLC-2E S OSO 3 3/8/67 Delta-46 OSO-E1 17A S 2ESSA 8 12/15/68 2Delta-62 TOS-F 1SLC-2E S OSO 4 10/18/67 Delta-53 OSO-D 17B S PIONEER (Lunar) 2ESSA 9 2/26/69 2Delta-67 TOS-G 17B S OSO 5 1/22/69 Delta-64 OSO-F 17B S Pioneer 1 10/11/58 Thor-Able-1 –– 17A U Major NASA 2 1 OSO 6/PAC 8/9/69 Delta-72 OSO-G/PAC 17A S Pioneer 2 11/8/58 Thor-Able-2 –– 17A U IMPROVED TIROS OPERATIONAL 2 1 OSO 7/TETR 3 9/29/71 Delta-85 OSO-H/TETR-D 17A S Pioneer 3 12/6/58 Juno II AM-11 –– 5 U 3ITOS 1/OSCAR 5 1/23/70 2Delta-76 1TIROS-M/OSCAR 1SLC-2W S 2 OSO 8 6/21/75 Delta-112 OSO-1 17B S Pioneer 4 3/3/59 Juno II AM-14 –– 5 S 3NOAA 1 12/11/70 2Delta-81 ITOS-A 1SLC-2W S Launches Pioneer 11/26/59 Atlas-Able-1 –– 14 U 3ITOS 10/21/71 2Delta-86 ITOS-B 1SLC-2E U OGO (Orbiting Geophysical -
Cluster-C1 Observations on the Geometrical Structure of Linear Magnetic Holes in the Solar Wind at 1 AU
Ann. Geophys., 28, 1695–1702, 2010 www.ann-geophys.net/28/1695/2010/ Annales doi:10.5194/angeo-28-1695-2010 Geophysicae © Author(s) 2010. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Cluster-C1 observations on the geometrical structure of linear magnetic holes in the solar wind at 1 AU T. Xiao1,2, Q. Q. Shi1,3, T. L. Zhang4, S. Y. Fu3, L. Li1, Q. G. Zong3, Z. Y. Pu3, L. Xie3, W. J. Sun1, Z. X. Liu2, E. Lucek5, and H. Reme6,7 1School of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, China 2State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 3Institute of Space Physics and Applied Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China 4Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 8042 Graz, Austria 5Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK 6CESR, UPS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France 7UMR 5187, CNRS, Toulouse, France Received: 8 October 2009 – Revised: 1 June 2010 – Accepted: 16 July 2010 – Published: 20 September 2010 Abstract. Interplanetary linear magnetic holes (LMHs) are 1 Introduction structures in which the magnetic field magnitude decreases with little change in the field direction. They are a 10– Magnetic holes (MHs), also called magnetic decreases 30% subset of all interplanetary magnetic holes (MHs). Us- (MDs), are structures in interplanetary space with significant ing magnetic field and plasma measurements obtained by decreases in the magnetic field magnitude (e.g., Turner et Cluster-C1, we surveyed the LMHs in the solar wind at 1 AU. al., 1977; Winterhalter et al., 1994; Tsurutani and Ho, 1999; In total 567 interplanetary LMHs are identified from the Stevens and Kasper, 2007; Vasquez et al., 2007; Tsurutani magnetic field data when Cluster-C1 was in the solar wind et al., 2009). -
The Hot and Energetic Universe
The Hot And Energetic Universe The Universe was always the final frontier of the Human quest for knowledge Through all its history, humanity has observed the sky trying to understand the Cosmos outside the limits of our planet Today, this effort has yielded significant results. Now we know that our sun is a typical star, which does not differ significantly from the other stars of the starry sky. We have discovered the planets of our Solar System and we have studied the conditions prevailing in them. We studied asteroids and comets and found their important role in the formation of planets. We understand the basic principles of the formation, the life and the death of stars. We have also discovered thousands of exoplanets orbiting other stars. We studied giant star clusters. We have discovered dense clouds of interstellar dust and gas where new stars are born continuously. We have managed to describe the gigantic complex of stars to which we belong. Our Galaxy. We realized that our Galaxy is not alone in the universe and that there are hundreds of billions of galaxies. We discovered that the universe of galaxies is extremely violent and in constant motion. Finally we found that the whole universe is in accelerating expansion and we are searching urgently for its origin. This quest is an epic journey towards knowledge, which abolish superstitions and defines human existence. Vehicles for the journey of humanity in the universe are scientific instruments called telescopes, which are installed at various observatories. Telescopes collect light. Their performance depends on the diameter of the lens or mirror used. -
Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive
CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY HAER FL-8-B BUILDING AE HAER FL-8-B (John F. Kennedy Space Center, Hanger AE) Cape Canaveral Brevard County Florida PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD SOUTHEAST REGIONAL OFFICE National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 100 Alabama St. NW Atlanta, GA 30303 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD CAPE CANAVERAL AIR FORCE STATION, MISSILE ASSEMBLY BUILDING AE (Hangar AE) HAER NO. FL-8-B Location: Hangar Road, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Industrial Area, Brevard County, Florida. USGS Cape Canaveral, Florida, Quadrangle. Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinates: E 540610 N 3151547, Zone 17, NAD 1983. Date of Construction: 1959 Present Owner: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Present Use: Home to NASA’s Launch Services Program (LSP) and the Launch Vehicle Data Center (LVDC). The LVDC allows engineers to monitor telemetry data during unmanned rocket launches. Significance: Missile Assembly Building AE, commonly called Hangar AE, is nationally significant as the telemetry station for NASA KSC’s unmanned Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) program. Since 1961, the building has been the principal facility for monitoring telemetry communications data during ELV launches and until 1995 it processed scientifically significant ELV satellite payloads. Still in operation, Hangar AE is essential to the continuing mission and success of NASA’s unmanned rocket launch program at KSC. It is eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion A in the area of Space Exploration as Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) original Mission Control Center for its program of unmanned launch missions and under Criterion C as a contributing resource in the CCAFS Industrial Area Historic District. -
John F. Kennedy Space Center
1 . :- /G .. .. '-1 ,.. 1- & 5 .\"T!-! LJ~,.", - -,-,c JOHN F. KENNEDY ', , .,,. ,- r-/ ;7 7,-,- ;\-, - [J'.?:? ,t:!, ;+$, , , , 1-1-,> .irI,,,,r I ! - ? /;i?(. ,7! ; ., -, -?-I ,:-. ... 8 -, , .. '',:I> !r,5, SPACE CENTER , , .>. r-, - -- Tp:c:,r, ,!- ' :u kc - - &te -- - 12rr!2L,D //I, ,Jp - - -- - - _ Lb:, N(, A St~mmaryof MAJOR NASA LAUNCHINGS Eastern Test Range Western Test Range (ETR) (WTR) October 1, 1958 - Septeniber 30, 1968 Historical and Library Services Branch John F. Kennedy Space Center "ational Aeronautics and Space Administration l<ennecly Space Center, Florida October 1968 GP 381 September 30, 1968 (Rev. January 27, 1969) SATCIEN S.I!STC)RY DCCCIivlENT University uf A!;b:,rno Rr=-?rrh Zn~tituta Histcry of Sciecce & Technc;oGy Group ERR4TA SHEET GP 381, "A Strmmary of Major MSA Zaunchings, Eastern Test Range and Western Test Range,'" dated September 30, 1968, was considered to be accurate ag of the date of publication. Hmever, additianal research has brought to light new informetion on the official mission designations for Project Apollo. Therefore, in the interest of accuracy it was believed necessary ta issue revfsed pages, rather than wait until the next complete revision of the publiatlion to correct the errors. Holders of copies of thia brochure ate requested to remove and destroy the existing pages 81, 82, 83, and 84, and insert the attached revised pages 81, 82, 83, 84, 8U, and 84B in theh place. William A. Lackyer, 3r. PROJECT MOLL0 (FLIGHTS AND TESTS) (continued) Launch NASA Name -Date Vehicle -Code Sitelpad Remarks/Results ORBITAL (lnaMANNED) 5 Jul 66 Uprated SA-203 ETR Unmanned flight to test launch vehicle Saturn 1 3 7B second (S-IVB) stage and instrment (IU) , which reflected Saturn V con- figuration. -
Glossary of Terms Absorption Line a Dark Line at a Particular Wavelength Superimposed Upon a Bright, Continuous Spectrum
Glossary of terms absorption line A dark line at a particular wavelength superimposed upon a bright, continuous spectrum. Such a spectral line can be formed when electromag- netic radiation, while travelling on its way to an observer, meets a substance; if that substance can absorb energy at that particular wavelength then the observer sees an absorption line. Compare with emission line. accretion disk A disk of gas or dust orbiting a massive object such as a star, a stellar-mass black hole or an active galactic nucleus. An accretion disk plays an important role in the formation of a planetary system around a young star. An accretion disk around a supermassive black hole is thought to be the key mecha- nism powering an active galactic nucleus. active galactic nucleus (agn) A compact region at the center of a galaxy that emits vast amounts of electromagnetic radiation and fast-moving jets of particles; an agn can outshine the rest of the galaxy despite being hardly larger in volume than the Solar System. Various classes of agn exist, including quasars and Seyfert galaxies, but in each case the energy is believed to be generated as matter accretes onto a supermassive black hole. adaptive optics A technique used by large ground-based optical telescopes to remove the blurring affects caused by Earth’s atmosphere. Light from a guide star is used as a calibration source; a complicated system of software and hardware then deforms a small mirror to correct for atmospheric distortions. The mirror shape changes more quickly than the atmosphere itself fluctuates. -
IAC-14,A3,P,31X26111 ZEPHYR: a LANDSAILING ROVER FOR
65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada. Copyright ©2014 by the International Astronautical Federation. This work was done by employees of the United States government, and no copyright is asserted in the United States. IAC-14,A3,P,31x26111 ZEPHYR: A LANDSAILING ROVER FOR VENUS Geoffrey A. Landis, Steven R. Oleson, David Grantier, and the COMPASS team NASA John Glenn Research Center, 21000 Brookpark Road, Cleveland, OH, 44135 USA [email protected] With an average temperature of 450 °C and a corrosive atmosphere at a pressure of 90 bars, the surface of Venus is the most hostile environment of any planetary surface in the solar system. Exploring the surface of Venus would be an exciting goal, since Venus is a planet with significant scientific mysteries, and interesting geology and geophysics. Technology to operate at the environmental conditions of Venus is under development. A rover on the surface of Venus with capability comparable to the rovers that have been sent to Mars would push the limits of technology in high-temperature electronics, robotics, and robust systems. Such a rover would require the ability to traverse the landscape on extremely low power levels. We have analyzed an innovative concept for a planetary rover: a sail-propelled rover to explore the surface of Venus. Such a rover can be implemented with only two moving parts; the sail, and the steering. Although the surface wind speeds are low (under 1 m/s), at Venus atmospheric density even low wind speeds develop significant force. Under funding by the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts office, a conceptual design for such a rover has been done. -
Life on Venus, and How to Explore Venus with High-Temperature Electronics Carl-Mikael Zetterling [email protected]
Life on Venus, and How to Explore Venus with High-Temperature Electronics Carl-Mikael Zetterling [email protected] www.WorkingonVenus.se Outline Life on Venus (phosphine in the clouds) Previous missions to Venus Life on Venus (photos from the ground) High temperature electronics Future missions to Venus, including Working on Venus (KTH Project 2014 - 2018) www.WorkingonVenus.se 3 Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus Trace amounts of phosphine (20 ppb, PH3) seen by the ALMA and JCMT telescopes, with millimetre wave spectral detection 4 Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus 5 Phosphine gas in the cloud decks of Venus https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1174-4 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.06499.pdf https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/14/science/venus-life- clouds.html?smtyp=cur&smid=fb-nytimesfindings https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-life-on- venus-these-missions-could-find-it/ 6 Did NASA detect phosphine 1978? Pioneer 13 Large Probe Neutral Mass Spectrometer (LNMS) https://www.livescience.com/life-on-venus-pioneer-13.html 7 Why Venus? From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Our closest planet, but least known Similar to earth in size and core, has an atmosphere Volcanoes Interesting for climate modeling Venus Long-life Surface Package (ultimate limit of global warming) C. Wilson, C.-M. Zetterling, W. T. Pike IAC-17-A3.5.5, Paper 41353 arXiv:1611.03365v1 www.WorkingonVenus.se 8 Venus Atmosphere 96% CO2 (Also sulphuric acids) Pressure of 92 bar (equivalent to 1000 m water) Temperature 460 °C From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Difficult to explore Life is not likely www.WorkingonVenus.se 9 Previous Missions Venera 1 – 16 (1961 – 1983) USSR Mariner 2 (1962) NASA, USA Pioneer (1978 – 1992) NASA, USA Magellan (1989) NASA, USA Venus Express (2005 - ) ESA, Europa From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Akatsuki (2010) JAXA, Japan www.WorkingonVenus.se 10 Steps to lunar and planetary exploration: 1. -
Space Based Astronomy Educator Guide
* Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:53 AM Page C1 Educational Product National Aeronautics Educators Grades 5–8 and Space Administration EG-2001-01-122-HQ Space-Based ANAstronomy EDUCATOR GUIDE WITH ACTIVITIES FOR SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:54 AM Page C2 Space-Based Astronomy—An Educator Guide with Activities for Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education is available in electronic format through NASA Spacelink—one of the Agency’s electronic resources specifically developed for use by the educa- tional community. The system may be accessed at the following address: http://spacelink.nasa.gov * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:54 AM Page i Space-Based ANAstronomy EDUCATOR GUIDE WITH ACTIVITIES FOR SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION | OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES AND EDUCATION | EDUCATION DIVISION | OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE This publication is in the Public Domain and is not protected by copyright. Permission is not required for duplication. EG-2001-01-122-HQ * Space Based Atronomy.b/w 2/28/01 8:54 AM Page ii About the Cover Images 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. EIT 304Å image captures a sweeping prominence—huge clouds of relatively cool dense plasma suspended in the Sun’s hot, thin corona. At times, they can erupt, escaping the Sun’s atmosphere. Emission in this spectral line shows the upper chro- mosphere at a temperature of about 60,000 degrees K. Source/Credits: Solar & Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). SOHO is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. -
<> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA
1 SATELITES ARTIFICIALES. Capítulo 5º Subcap. 10 <> CRONOLOGIA DE LOS SATÉLITES ARTIFICIALES DE LA TIERRA. Esta es una relación cronológica de todos los lanzamientos de satélites artificiales de nuestro planeta, con independencia de su éxito o fracaso, tanto en el disparo como en órbita. Significa pues que muchos de ellos no han alcanzado el espacio y fueron destruidos. Se señala en primer lugar (a la izquierda) su nombre, seguido de la fecha del lanzamiento, el país al que pertenece el satélite (que puede ser otro distinto al que lo lanza) y el tipo de satélite; este último aspecto podría no corresponderse en exactitud dado que algunos son de finalidad múltiple. En los lanzamientos múltiples, cada satélite figura separado (salvo en los casos de fracaso, en que no llegan a separarse) pero naturalmente en la misma fecha y juntos. NO ESTÁN incluidos los llevados en vuelos tripulados, si bien se citan en el programa de satélites correspondiente y en el capítulo de “Cronología general de lanzamientos”. .SATÉLITE Fecha País Tipo SPUTNIK F1 15.05.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK F2 21.08.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 01 04.10.1957 URSS Experimental o tecnológico SPUTNIK 02 03.11.1957 URSS Científico VANGUARD-1A 06.12.1957 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 01 31.01.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1B 05.02.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 02 05.03.1958 USA Científico VANGUARD-1 17.03.1958 USA Experimental o tecnológico EXPLORER 03 26.03.1958 USA Científico SPUTNIK D1 27.04.1958 URSS Geodésico VANGUARD-2A